THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 

GIFT  OF 


MISS  HELEN  R.    BLASDALE 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/ffgbotanyintroOOgrayrich 


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BOTANY, 

A    SIMPLE    INTRODUCTION    TO    1HE 

COMMON  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI, 

BOTH  WILD  AND   CULTIVATED. 


By  ASA  GEAY, 

FISHSB  PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITT. 


NEW   YOKK: 
IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  &  COMPANY, 

138  &  140  Grand  Strbet. 

1875. 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  1868,  by 

ASA     GRAY, 

1q  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


PREFACE. 


This  book  is  intended  to  furnish  botanical  classes  and  beglnnfcrs 
generally  with  an  easier  introduction  to  the  plants  of  this  country 
than  is  the  Manual^  and  one  which  includes  the  common  cultivated 
as  well  as  the  native  species.  It  is  made  more  concise  and  simple, 
1.  by  the  use  of  somewhat  less  technical  language ;  2.  by  the  omis- 
sion, as  far  as  possible,  of  the  more  recondite  and,  for  the  present 
purpose,  less  essential  characters ;  and  also  of  most  of  the  obscure, 
insignificant,  or  rare  plants  which  students  will  not  be  apt  to  meet 
with  or  to  examine,  or  which  are  quite  too  difficult  for  beginners ; 
such  as  the  Sedges,  most  Grasses,  and  the  crowd  of  Golden  Rods, 
Asters,  Sunflowers,  and  the"  like,  which  require  very  critical  study. 
On  the  other  hand,  this  small  volume  is  more  comprehensive  than 
the  Manual,  since  it  comprises  the  common  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees 
of  the  Southern  as  well  as  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  and  all 
which  are  commonly  cultivated  or  planted,  for  ornament  or  use,  in 
fields,  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  or  in  house-culture,  including  even 
the  conservatory  plants  ordinarily  met  with. 

It  is  very  desirable  that  students  should  be  able  to  use  exotic  as 
well  as  indigenous  plants  in  analysis  ;  and  a  scientitic  acquaintance 
with  the  plants  and  flowers  most  common  around  us  in  garden,  field, 
and  green-house,  and  which  so  largely  contribute  to  our  well-being 
and  enjoyment,  would  seem  to  be  no  less  important  than  in  the  case 
of  our  native  plants.  If  it  is  worth  while  so  largely  to  assemble 
around  us  ornamental  and  useful  trees,  plants,  and  flowers,  it  is  cer- 
tainly well  to  know  what  they  are  and  what  they  are  like.  To  stu- 
dents in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges  this  kind  of  knowledge 
will  be  especially  important. 

One  of  the  main  objects  of  this  book  is  to  provide  cultivators, 
gardeners,  and  amateurs,  and  all  who  are  fond  of  plants  and  flowers, 
with  a  simple  guide  to  a  knowledge  of  their  botanical  names  and 


10  PREFACE. 

structure.  There  is,  I  believe,  no  sufficient  work  of  this  kind  in 
the  English  lainguage,  adapted  to  our  needs,  and  available  even  to 
our  botanists  and  botanical  teachers,  —  for  whom  the  only  recourse  is 
to  a  botanical  library  beyond  the  reach  and  means  of  most  of  these, 
and  certainly  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  those  whose  needs  I  have 
here  endeavored  to  supply,  so  far  as  I  could,  in  this  small  volume. 
The  great  difficulties  of  the  undertaking  have  been  to  keep  the  book 
within  the  proper  compass,  by  a  rigid  exclusion  of  all  extraneous 
and  unnecet^sary  matter,  and  to  determine  what  plants,  both  native 
and  exotic,  are  common  enough  to  demand^  a  place  in  it,  or  so 
uncommon  that  they  may  be  omitted.  It  is  very  unhkely  that  I  can 
have  chosen  wisely  in  all  cases  and  for  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  in  view  of  the  different  requirements  of  botanical  students  on 
the  one  hand  and  of  practical  cultivators  on  the  other,  —  the  latter 
commonly  caring  more  for  made  varieties,  races,  and  crosses,  than 
for  specie.-!,  which  are  the  main  objects  of  botanical  study.  But  I 
have  here  brought  together,  within  less  than  350  pages,  brief  and 
plain  botanical  descriptions  or  notices  of  2,650  species,  belonging  to 
947  genera ;  and  have  constructed  keys  to  the  natural  families, 
and  analyses  of  their  contents,  which  I  hope  may  enable  students,  who 
have  well  studied  the  First  Lessons^  to  find  out  the  name,  main  char- 
acters, and  place  of  any  of  them  which  they  will  patiently  examine 
in  blossom  and,  when  practicable,  in  fruit  also.  If  the  book  an- 
swers its  purpose  reasonably  well,  its  shortcomings  as  regards  culti- 
vated plants  may  be  made  up  hereafter.  As  to  the  native  plants 
omitted,  they  are  to  be  found,  and  may  best  be  studied,  in  the  Man- 
ual of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  in  Chapman's 
Mora  of  the  Southern  United  States. 

This  book  is  designed  to  be  the  companion  of  the  First  Lessons  in 
Botany,  which  serves  as  grammar  and  dictionary ;  and  the  two  may 
be  bound  together  into  one  compact  volume,  forming  a  comprehen- 
sive School  Botany, 

For  the  account  of  the  Ferns  and  the  allied  families  of  Cryptoga- 
mous  Plants  I  have  to  record  my  indebtedness  to  Professor  D.  C. 
Eaton  of  Yale  College.  These  beautiful  plants  are  now  much  cul- 
tivated by  amateurs ;  and  the  means  here  so  fully  provided  for 
studying  them  will  doubtless  be  appreciated. 

Harvard  University  Herbarium, 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  August  29,  1868. 


PREFACE.  11 

%*  In  revising  the  sheets  for  the  present  impression,  many  small  errors 
of  the  press,  most  of  them  relating  to  accentuation,  have  now  been  cor- 
rected. 

January,  1870. 


SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

The  Signs  and  Abbreviations  employed  in  this  work  are  few. 
The  signs  are : 

®  for  an  annual  plant. 
(D    "   a  biennial  plant. 
%    "a  perennial  plant. 
The  signs  for  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds  are  used  for  feet,  inches, 
aiid  lines,  the  latter  twelve  to  the  inch. 

Thus  1°  means  a  foot  in  length  or  height,  &c. ;  2',  two  inches ;  3^',  three 
lines,  or  a  quarter  of  an  inch.    The  latter  sign  is  seldom  used  in  this  work. 
The  dash  between  two  figures,  as  "5-10,"  means  from  five  to  ten,  &c. 
"  Fl."  stands  for  flowers  or  flowering. 
«  Cult."  "     for  cultivated.  ** 

"Nat."  «      for  naturalized. 

"  N.,  E.,  S.,  W."  for  North,  East,  South,  and  West. 
The  geographical  abbreviations,  such  as  "Eu."  for  Europe,  and  the 
common  abbreviations  for  the  names  of  the  States,  need  no  particular 
explanation. 


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13     o 


0)000 

o    o    o    o 


>     2     i3 

c;    ^    c: 

o    V,    C 
■"■    o    o 

o   2   o 

o  ;ti  .S 

'>  ."S  .ti  *S  "5  "5   *-  •-        "" 

O     3    ^ 
«    ^    ^ 

cc  »2  H  cc  W 

02 


So 

£     *J      t« 
O      o      .' 

""  ^  o 
J2  c3  ^ 
O 
g  73  « 
-  •-    o 


2    s    5 

^    o    c 


^    3  2    'S 

'^'^  II 

CO     C  C    ^ 

2  «2      « 

J    S  I    o 

o  ^  o 


^1 


^  o  «J 

8  «  1 

53  O  'So 

.1i  r-  ^ 


T3     >^   S3 


:c  . 


o    o 

'Eh'E 
«   g   g 


o 


Si       r-l        ti 

^    S    o 


^  -2   I-   g 

^      to     o 

S        -2  H^ 


02 


03     e3     e3 
o    o    o 

k;  h;  I-; 


^ 


^ 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


19 


1— I  to  t^  o   o  ir^ 

■>*     «0     «5     ^     "^     -— 


pi^  Ph    pL^    ftH 


f^p:^fs^f^fL4fcif^f^ 


P3 

O 
Pi 

O 
g 

s 

o     . 


O  P  iJ  h:5  W  O  >H 

^  O  S  W  <1  ^  ^ 

«  O  g  ^  ?  f^  ^ 

*  <1  Ph  a:  (» 


^  ^  ^  ;^ 

S  S  i=5  W 

'o 
> 


«  r^ 


eS    +3 

2    S 


S  X 

o     >-> 


o 


o     ^ 
>^  o 


a 


r^  -5 


2      -^  b 


O       CO 


g.t^ 


o 

I  ^ 

n 


►I  -S  .5 

•c  ^  -c 

-tS  -T  -^ 

•'tis  773  C 

^  i3  S 


c3 

&0 

.2 

^ 

>^ 

55 

"9 

o 

rO" 

o 

o 

•S 

to 

to 

•  S 

s 

^ 

'c 

'j2 

o 

s 

s. 

&. 

2 

> 

o 

o 

O 

*-j3 

S 

o 

1 

S 

c 

Of 

O 

P 

o 

'o 

o 

S 

^ 

2 

V 

>i 

1 

o 

^ 

's 

^ 

■^ 

"^ 

■4-> 

i 

1 

V 

(N 

cS 

o 

c 

e3 

s 

03 

1     S 

'^ 

O 

•43 

C 

1 

CO 

§ 

CO 

r/T 

^ 

>-, 

^H 

O) 

'S 

1 

s 

o 
in 

1 

C 

o 

■<*< 

o 

o 
::: 
o 

w 

b 

(M 

S 

1 

r?    o 


l-H         ^ 


6        ^      rO  .         Ci 

■^^T}.  w^r"  c/;« 


O    O 
P^   P^ 


|5^ 

O      U 

Ph  Ph 


^  o  S 
.So.. 

o  O  eS 

,    ^  CO  J. 

2^  C  ,„ 

•5  -2  ^ 

.    *-"  CO  O 

to  ^  '^ 

c3  a>  Si 

>^  '=  ° 

C  O  o 

^  o 

r 


en"    O 


i" 


o   r3 


ID 

c 
o 

S   S 


2  ^ 

o    o 
o     .. 


r=    ^    -5    73 


••  a 

as 
..  a 


c    o 


0  S 

s  I 

1  .. 

r/3  CO 


20 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


J?; 
1^ 
o 
o 

O 

c 

xn 

P 


CO 

p 

O 

H^ 

<1 

H 

W 

o 
;z; 
o 
1^ 


0»    00 
i-H     CM 


ec   w   o   00 


pH  P^  ^'         pc^  Ph  P^ 


1 


C/2         ^ 


2 

£.2 


<3    i    >H 

13  t^  f^ 

s  ^  s 

•^  ^  h:? 

S  P3 
O 

w 


5  S  J 
o  o  -2 

c  3  5 


i^  s « 

P3  B  S 

f=2  p  55 

^  "^  C/3 


<  tf  P^  ^:? 


h3cc 
•  O 


O 
H 

02 


§1 


o 
W 


pS  -^ 


'5  '^  ^ 


-   6 


c  ;«  o  -r  " 


!f    > 


^     >.  o 
C   ^ 


t«       tB       O 


03   ^ 

c  13 


►3        "S 

•2       S 


•£  ^  ^ 
'^ 


o    o    S 

1^   8    12    «  -3   S  -^ 

_.:=«.-    _    -    o 


2       « 


.    o    o 

03  (N      S- 


^»  i| 


•2  c  «  5 
^    o    ^  - 


-^  B   « 


"   £   '^ 


o    o 


e3     oj 


2  •  .S, 

§  .if 

O  «      Si 

,  c    o 

O  t-      O 

"  "      r. 


m     O 


tc 


o    o 

H 

8  I 


c3  «:: 


a   ^ 


s  o  s  t: 

rQ       ^       O        Q 


0 


8  2  g  ^ 
g  .2  £  g 


c3    ^ 


o 


w  ••  ,. 

^  i2  ^ 

V3  CO  WJ 

;-.  ^-  ji 

000 

tj  ^  ^ 

^  -2  r2 

S  {*<  s 


P    o 


^  ^  ii  ^  ^ 


^  s 

g     es  « 

o    t-  2 

o    o  2 

^   c  £ 


§6  S 

a     y     3 


O      p;      CJ 
^     „-    Ci, 


o    *"^ 


o    o    c 


O  fM   ps<     g 
OQ 


="    5    o    o 

^      riS      ^      -C 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


21 


I 


.1 


^ 


J. 


M 


o   •* 


Ci    't 


{h"  ps^   Pm  pq 

M  W   <l1  >^ 

g  OQ  k)  p^ 

S  P  ^  H 

P  •  ^  s 

H  Op 

W  . 

W 


V    T3 


^     03     o 


'5   ^. 


fee ;; 


O     rC     rrt 


pj     O 
O     ^H 


in  o» 
to    Oi 


13 

s 

O  ,0 


^.2 


^  s 

;^     O 

fee  o 

e  -3 


o    a 
Pi  > 


Ph 


H 

H 

P^ 

« 

0 

0 

^ 

^ 

0 

P5 

M 

Pi5 

p 

0 

i 

^4 

cT 

pq 

g  ^ 

••  CO  ri 

^  O  w 

S  g  ^ 

w  ^  cj 

S  '-5  -^ 


o 

»-  o 
o  ^ 

^  i 


;;  °  o 


-  is  ^ 

es  ^  o 

C  ^^ 

8  l3  >^ 

=s  ■t^  ^ 

<N-     S  -1;  g 

S  S  §  2 


ao   iO   f£>  t^ 

(N     (M     (N     (N 
(N     <N     (N    <N 


CO    (M     't     Tl< 
C^    <N    (N    (N 


CZ3   O 


O  W  P5  cc 


P^  P^ 


U  r-=< 


11- 


13     to" 

(LI     rrt 

bB   03 


be  "a 


O  r-5 

5    S    « 


eg  J 
c:  .5 

C3     ^ 


s  ;^ 


^-    c3  -— ' 


eg 


"     c3 
be  q5 


■S  -2   c   S 


(M 


.S   "^ 


bf)   P^'C 
C     ••     o 


"5     ^ 


ill 

m 


O 

00  «r 


C3    -^-^ 
^     §     O 


?.     -^ 


2    ^    ^    5  tf  '^  -S 


S   in 


I 

«  CC  C«  05  CC 

2 

o 


c    >    > 

goo 

c3 


t3    -7:5    rS     Ph 

p  ^  ^   ^ 

g  ^  « 

|.0  0 


f^  > 

p    o 
B     O 


11 

bX)  "S 

.£  "^ 

cc      pi 
03     P 

P     ,P       P       M 

P  ^  o  o 
;2  o  ^  g 
^   p  *2  -p 


^    §  V  g 

§  ^  1  ^ 

bc^  2  ^ 

OS     »_  "^  83 

03     c  ^  frt 


^h5 


(N    ■*    <N     g 

03     03     03 
f>     >     > 


03     g 


O  43 
I         Ph 

03     C3 
>     > 

o  o 


22 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY. 


23 


g  Q 


CO    o 

CO     ^ 

o 


li 

-T3      CO 


^     O 


■2  ^  "^ 

o    c     ^ 

cJ5    'O    'g 


03    .S  O 

O     «  O 

^  -^  be 

^  •"  S 

MOO 

s  f  r* 

CO     ^^  "lis 

53      S  w 


.  s 


O       > 
TS       O 

1^ 


1 

s 

2 

s 

CO 

t3 

>2 

1 

^ 

r^' 

'^ 

^ 

1 

>^ 

o 

5 

>■     03 
o    . 


^1 

s  a 

c3     o 


1  3  ^ 

&  s  ^ 

^  =2  " 

g  .S  o 

_o   ^  o  d 

'o  "o  O  ^ 

Ph  P-(  -H  cc 


c3  O 

s  s 

O  00 

CO  I 

03  ^ 

U  O 

o  o  ' 


< 
H 


03 
.S 


o    ^ 

a,  V 


«  .^ 


o  ^ 


'  c  o 

o  ^ 

to  CO 

o  o 

S  6 


1^    o 


•*  o 


O     00     r^ 
t^     »0      Tjt 

<N    (N    C^ 


fH   P«H  pR   P^   Pm 


^  ^  !2; 
^  ^  5 

l-H    Ctl    ^ 

H  3  > 

^  S  « 

.t- 


^S 


o   o    5 


t3 
o 


^   2  .S 
•  •        ^ 


V   2 
in    o 


o  .— 

s  ^ 

03  ^ 

!  § 


o    ^    ^ 


I?' -3  ^ :: 


a-s^ 


O       4J 


3 
? 

o    s 


03     ^ 


CO    'u 


-^   ?>   ?^  e 


;^         o 
o         +3 


>^-9 


CO         >■         *-H 


'    2 

ii      B,    to 

2  t^  -3 


o   t:   :^   -^ 


-^    §    o 

CO  CO 


:5  a. 

-  a,  o 


"     o     c     o 

*s      CO      C    '— I 


HS    H5 


J-  O  " 

O  q  j- 

o  .  O 

O  .^  S 

O  O 


«  Ti 
'%^. 


|b 

*j     o 
§2 


<^<j 


24 


ANALYTICAL   KEY. 


O)  O)  ^4  CO  C>  O) 

e>i  CO  -««<  -^  (N  t» 

(N  (M  (M  cq  C4  (?l 

Ph  pij  Pm  pE^  Ph  jjH 

H  00  525  H  H  H 

pi  P  ►:j  ;z;  D3  > 


\^ 

W 
O 

pi) 

o 
o 

CO 

P 

O 
h5 
<1 
H 

<5 


C*l    i-<    t^ 

00  -^  « 
w  ^  ^ 


1*4   N  fe' 

H  H  K 

(^  ^  >^ 

^  g  « 

K  S  O 

K  ^  B 

Ph 


O    M 

=  O 


P^  Ph 


CO 

s  o 


^ 


p^ 


eo 


e.1 


S   b  « 


13 


&-.2 


J  :  S  S  S 


o    c    " 


C  t.  c 
*-"  O  i^ 
c     ><    o 


^  ^  «£  -^5 


>>    <D      W      2 


;=    o    o    c 
.ti    ■"    o    o 


P     O 


•^  ? 


1-      T      Cii 


'O  ,r: 


O    -TS 


-T3"   «    o 


h-cc  Ph  Ph 


"^   1=3 


I    I 


3   c^ 

6    ' 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


25 


o  »ft  o 
oi  o  o» 
(^   eo  oi 


O  «) 
o  oi 

CO    <N 


(M    t-    t^ 


Ph  f^ 


^ 

>^ 

o 

2lh 

< 

P-i 

p^ 

c 

s 

Pi 

M 

eS 

<1 

*C 

OQ 

9 

p4  Ph       Pm  Pcj       psj  Ph  PeJ       pcj  Ph  Ph       PcJ  Ph  psi       p^•  pcj  ptj 


S  cq 


I- 
o 


I 

I 

"3- 

3 

t 


'  2 


«  *!  s 


1^     I-     o 


en 

o 


B  "^ 


^  S 


^    CO 


P=3  f^ 


s 

I  I 

§p^ 

tsj 


h;  pq  o 

W  J  '-' 

J- 


S  ^  ^ 

£  W  pq 

S  N 

3  •  ^ 

3  § 


Ph        ^ 


o 


§•1 


aj  o.  'ri 

^         2    >> 
-SJ        6  2 

•5  ^  ^ 

P  .ii    a 

2  l-S 


•^    S    p,  ^  ^ 


ca 


o    c:  5^ 

OT      J-      ^ 

fe    o    2 


■2    bX) 

s 


S  -rs  -3  .2 


O 

o 


II 


^  ^ 


•13  'C  -s    h    2 


..     a; 
^     O 

o    £ 

8| 
^§ 

•1.1 


i- 


X  a? 

^  ,o 

:2  s 

>  o 

2  ^ 


5  H 

)  P^ 

rP:; 


^  Oh    ^ 

^  Mm 

ifii 


0) 

O)      O)     "^  c 

.Si     r^     ^  OJ 

.2,  c  .2  -5 


"  s 

X    fee 
>-.  "^ 

o     .. 

II 


^ 


g 

to 

a. 


'S  '*^  "5 

§      W      05 

2   'o   «*- 

g   "-^    o 

''?  s 


05     ^       CO 

^   8  21 


«  CO  -g 
^  J?  1 
P=H     b^   ^ 


I— I       c« 

"'    JO 

3 

^^ 
t.  CO 
O  I. 
>>  O 
'G  to 
g    V 

O     9 


e  s 


-►     >•     s»     P>- 

s  I  s  § 

H^   >^   t-5  H? 


03     03 

s  s 

2  2 


•■  -    r^      Q 

.2  .2  ^  +5 

S   S  Ph  s 
;2;  jzi 


I 


c  ^ 


■J3    ^    ^     O     C 


1? 

a 
P^ 


II 


26 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


CO    o 


P^  Ph  pR 

iJ  K  A^ 

!^  ^  ^ 

V  f^  K 
ui 

S    i 

O  m 

Ph  g 

•  § 

CI  i» 

•?5  o 


«   o    5 


o 


o 


r.   <^   =3 
V.  I  I 

o    c;    ^ 


C5  00 

(N        IN 


S    « 


•«    i^ 


??  a 


go  § 
.5    o 

't3      m 


*a        .       O 


^  2  ^ 


3 

.2  " 


8 

o  ^ 

3  V3 

o  Q 


s 

1 

o 

Z 

c 

J- 

3 

'o 

o 

-S 

p 

•^ 

s 

•^ 

o 

'» 

2 

o 

'h 

^^ 

03 

p. 

CO 

ij 

<y 

•—I 

o 

>% 

Ph 

*^ 

.^ 

"5 

s 

>-. 

^ 

'S 

d 

,£ 

(M 

1 

0) 

1 

3 

2 

'.' 

<u 

c 

C 

o 

^ 

^ 

o 

o 

o 

»4 

o 

1 

^ 

^ 

X 

1 

"2 

>> 

e8     fl     O 

2    c    o 


-*  Tf<  O 

00  (;d  ■»!< 

CM  -H 

Ptj  f=J  Pm 


o  w 
o  w 

§5 
03 


CO    ■* 
CI  00 


F=<  pR       F=4  P=H  Ph       Ph  P=J 


k5 

M 

o 

PS  o 
P=5  tc 
H  .S 


•  o 


o 


S5  ^ 


03      d     •  . 

•5  08  iS 


+a  «    ^ 


^2    'I       I 


CO    *? 


^-^ 


^^  o    rt 


•5  .2 


"^    *        --  o 


Pi  Ph  P4  Ph 


;=3    fee 

cs  .S 


S    5    fee 

I.    I. 


3  a 

s  2  S  -^ 

O  S  M  3 

a  ^  3  ® 

:•«  ^  "C  ei 

«  ••  r»  * 

••  CO  W  frt 

-g  «  -^  J 

c  ^  ^  2 

«  ^  1^ 

*j  ca  (U  CD 

:°  »-  ^  ^ 

g  o  o  o 

o  S  S  Ph 


i  ^ 


•A 


3 


-^      ^    ^ 


2   c 


P  -ti 


1^  a 


3 
s 

O     CO 
fcC   ^ 


I  a 


5R     "5 
cS    5 


-d  «  ;s 

=3  -3  J, 

«  ^  2 

eS  O  C 

M  O  r^ 

OS  ^  o 

d  g  T 

c  ^  ^ 

I  2 


r 


a  H  «s 


3  TJ 

o    « 


2 

^1 


a  £  -a 


^-2 


I 


.i2    o 

^     fcX) 
to"  "^ 

i! 


c  »  8  2 

A  bj)  w  a 

.5  C  o  oj 

«  'i  a  to 


^3 

"bi)  S 


a  s 


-Q  O  O  O  -2 


Ph  P^ 


CG 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


27 


to    (M 

H  ^ 

H  H 


:^ 


i  1 


a 

'•B 


o    a 


e©  O 
Oi  o 
(M     CO 

OH 


be 

c 

I 


S'-B 


00  (U      O)  (jj 


1^ 


— '    &.  « 
o    <»    c 

"     O     fcn 


^  S 


c 
o 


^1 


^     ^ 


o 


"le^  111 


i|i 

3  8  s 


i 

bX)- 

§  S 


li 
V 

a  eo 


,£=  *-  CO 

>H  ..  rj 

O  05  'u 

"»  C  ^ 


5  ^ 
«  S   ^ 

^      Ph    3 


^  «  -S 


;g.g 


O     t>     w 


c3  05  oa  ^ri 

^  =*  n  g, 

2  —  S  +3 

S  "2  2  fc.^ 

o  o  -?  9 

o  b  S 

S  ^  -^ 


5    o 


o 
B 

8  o 


•5  fl 
'^  °"  «^ 
-ell 

-C     on   "g 
fcfl  .«     *- 

c  ■s   o 

Is  'i  s 

H  PL,  H 


§   ^  S 


3    a    o  ^ 

•^  — »    a,  M 

o3      en    r^  'C 

05       M       Z  r- 

^  ^  .S  .5 


o 


=   =S   5B     O     O 


2     S 


^   ^   ^  ^ 


_  .t2  .^  -«  'a 

.5    3    d    9    a> 


o    o 


o    o 
pq  pq 


^^      ^^ 


O 


Pm  Ph 


(^  « 


^.2 


O 

o 

^  ..- 

^     1  « 
O       p"  ° 

H 

o 


If    i 

C    o 

8  a 


^  .9 
•5-3 


28 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


00  t^  t» 

CO  CO  CO 

Fh  Ph  f=H 

!^  P  P 


•a 


•i 


o   o 

TS    o 

3   «     • 

III 

S  ?i  "^ 

III 


*  ^  ^ 

o    fl  ^ 

.2  -3   g 
t3   S   Pi 

lis 

C     en     ca 

o  a  -5 

^^'^ 

e  o  I 

t,      03      ^ 

o  -^    o 
,-1  ^  E 

11 


s. 


if 


•5  ^ 

•IS 

2   o 


05 

o 
o 

o 

o 

I— I 

»— I 

> 

I— ( 

Q 

CO 

O 

W 

o 
o 

-^ 

H 


I- 

a  s^ 
|.^ 

S  'g 

cT  ^ 

§1 

O     O 

a  a 

tn 


la  ^ 

CO  00  00 

eo  (N 

(N  C^  (M 

CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO 

f^   f^ 

f^  f^  ^ 

^  LJ 

^  P3H 

a 

E  W  O 

o  e  o 

tf  2  p^ 

b 

oB^ 

.  o 

o 

« 

.P5 

f^ 

.   P3 

' 

< 

i 


il 

a    _,  J2 
>  'B    *-> 

o   ."S    o 


o 


P-     +3 


&  fee  CO 

^  .S  S 

I-   S  2 

° -^  i 

>  a  o 

o  s  ^ 

2   ";  g 


S) 


a  .t£ 

O  ^     g* 

«  2  t: 

w  3     ^J 

•S  ^  n:3 


.s  a 
a  2 


O     3     g 
O    +J     o     o 

5  "2  'S  "S 

o    v 

-r,     P-l 


S^   o    g 


to     tn 

o    o 


C    C    (3 

<5  ^  -^ 


ANALYTICAL    KET. 


29 


00    (M 

(H     CO 
CO     CO 


CO     CO 


so 


ANALYTICAL    KEY. 


w 
o 
o 

Q 
O 

o 

I— t 

P 

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SERIES  I. 

FLO  WEEING   or  PH^NOGAMOUS  PLANTS: 

Those  which  fructify  by  means  of  stamens  and  pistils, 
and  produce  true  seeds. 

Class  I.  DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS 
PLANTS :  Distinguished  by  having  the  wood  or  woody 
matter  of  the  stem  all  in  a  circle  between  pith  and  bark, 
and  in  yearly  layers  when  the  stem  is  more  than  one  year 
old :  also  the  embryo  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed 
leaves  (or  several  in  Pines,  <fec.).  Generally  known  at  once 
by  having  netted-veined  leaves.  Parts  of  the  flower  seldom 
in  threes,  most  commonly  in  fives  or  fours.  See  Lessons, 
p.  183.  This  class  includes  all  our  ordinary  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  herbs. 

Subclass  I.  ANGIOSPERMOUS :  including  all  of  the 
class  which  have  their  seeds  in  a  pericarp,  or  their  ovules  in 
a  closed  ovary,  i.  e.  all  except  the  Pine  and  Cycas  families. 

I.  POLYPETALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  families  which 
have,  at  least  in  some  species,  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter 
with  their  petals  separate,  i.  e.  not  at  all  united  into  one  body.  Yet 
some  plants  of  almost  all  these  families  have  apetalous  flowers. 

1.    RANUNCULACE^,   CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

Not  perfectly  distinguished  by  any  one  or  two  particular  marks, 
but  may  be  known,  on  ihe  wliole,  by  having  an  acrid  watery  juice 
(not  milky  or  colored),  numerous  stamens,  and  usually  more  than 
one  pistil,  all  the  parts  of  the  flower  separate  from  each  other,  and  ' 
inserted  on  the  receptacle.  The  bulk  of  the  seed  is  albumen,  the 
embryo  being  very  small.  The  plants  are  herb-:,  or  a  f(?w  barely 
shrubby.  Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  The  following  are 
the  common  genera,  with  their  chief  distinctions. 

§  1.    Sepals  valvnte  or  with  their  edqes  turned  inward  in  ihe  hud.     Petals  none  or 
viimde.      Pistils   many,    1-seeded.  becoming   akenes.      Leaves  opposite  :   the 
plants  mostly  climbing  by  their  leafstalks. 
1.   CLEMATIS.      Sepals   commonly   4.   sometimes  several,   petal-like.      Akenes 
tipped  with  the  persistent  style  or  a  part  of  it. 

3 


/ 


/ 


34  CBOWFOOT   FAMILY. 

§  2.   Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Not  climbing^  nor  woody  except  in  8  and  one  of  20. 

*  Pistils  and  akenes  several  ar  many  in  a  head,  1-seeded. 

H-  Petals  none :  sfpals  petal-like. 

2.  HEPATIC  A.    Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  exactly  imitating  a  3-leaved  calyx. 

Sepals  6  or  more,  oblong,  resembling  petals.     Pistils  12-20.     Stemless  low 
perennials,  with  rounded  3-lobed  leaves  and  1-flowered  scapes. 

3.  ANEMONE.     Involucre  of  2  or  more  opposite  or  whorled  green  leaves  much 

below  the  flower.     Sepals  4-20.     Pistils  very  many  in  a  close  head  (or  fewer 
in  one  species),  forming  pointed  or  tailed  akenes. 

4.  THAIJCTRUM.    Involucre  none,  and  stem-leaves  all  alternate,  except  in  one 

species  intermediate  between  this  genus  and  Anemone.  Sepals  4  or  more. 
Pistils  4-15,  forming  several-angled  or  grooved  akenes.  Perennials,  with 
small  flowers  in  panicles  or  umbels,  most  of  them  dioecious,  and  with 
ternately  compound  or  decompound  leaves. 
H-  H-  Petals  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  6  or  more.  Akenes  naked,  short-pointed. 
"5.  ADONIS.  Petals  and  sepals  naked,  no  pit  or  appendage  at  the  base.  Akenes 
in  a  head  or  short  spike. 

6.  MYOSURUS.     Sepals  with  a  spur  at  the  base  underneath.     Petals  on  a  slender 

claw,  which  is  lioUow  at  its  apex.     Akenes  in  a  long  tail-shaped  spike. 

7.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  naked.    Petals  with  a  little  pit  or  a  scale  on  the  short 

claw.     Akenes  in  a  head. 

«  #   Pistils  several,  2-ovuled,  becoming  l-2-8eeded  pods  or  berries. 

8.  ZANTHORHIZA.      Sepals  5.    deciduous    after   flowering       Petals    5,   small, 

2-lobed,  on   a  claw.     Stamens  6-10.     Little  pods   l-seeded.      Uudershrub, 
with  yellow  wood  and  roots. 

9.  HYDRASTIS.     Sepals  3,  falling  when  the  flower  opens.     Petals  none.     Fruit 

berry-like.     Low  perennial. 
«  «  «    Pistils  several,  feio,  or  one,  forming  several-seeded  pods  or  rarely  berries. 
+-  Sepals  (4  or  b)  falling  when  the  flower  opens,  petal-like.     PetaU  minute,  and  with 
claws,  or  none.     Stamens  numerous,  white.     Leaves  ternately  decomjjound. 

10.  ACTiEA.     Pistil  only  one,  becoming  a  berry.    Flowers  in  a  short  and  thick 

raceme  or  cluster. 

11.  CIMICIFUGA.     Pistils  1-8,  becoming  pods  in  fruit.     Flowers  in  long  racemes. 

■i-  H-  Sepals  not  falling  tchen  the  flower  opens,  in  15  and  20  persistent  even  till  the 
fiiiit  matures,  in  all  the  others  peUd-like  and  deciduous. 
t-v  Petals  none  at  all:  fl<ncers  regular. 

12.  CALTHA.     Sepiils5-9.    Pods  several.   Leaves  simple  and  undivided,  rounded. 
•M-  ++  Petals  5  or  more  inconspicuous  nectar-heanng  bodies,  very  much  smaller  than 

the  sepals :  Jlower  regular. 

13.  TROLLIUS.     Sepals   5 -many.     Petals   with   a  little  hollow  near  the  base. 

Pods  sessile.     Leaves  palmarclv  parted  and  lobed. 

14.  COPTIS.     Sepals   5-7.     Petals' club-shaped   and  tubular  at  the  top.     Pods 

raised  on  slender  stalks!     Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 

15.  HELLEBORUS.     Sepals  5,  persistent,  enlarging  and  turning  green  after  flow- 

ering!    Petals  hollow  and  2-lipped.     Leaves  palmately  or  pedately  divided. 

16.  NIGELLA.     Sepals  5.     Petals  2-lobed.     Pods  3-5  or  more  united"^  below  into 

one!     Annuals,  with  finely  dissected  leaves. 
++++++   Petals  large  holkno  spurs  projecting  between  the  sepals  :  flower  regular. 

17.  AQUILEGIA.     Sepals  5.     Pistils   about   5,  with   slender   styles,  and   forming 

narrow  pods.     Pereimials,  with  ternately  compound  or  decompound  leaves. 
^M.  +H.  -1-1-  ++  Petals  2  or  4,  much  smaller  than  the  5  unequal  sepals :  i.  e.  the  flower 
irregtilar  nnd  unsymmetrical.     Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  parted.     Pods  1-5. 

18.  DELPHINIUM.     Upper  sepal  spurred:  the  spur  enclosing  the  spurs  of  the 

upper  pair  of  petals:  lower  pair  of  petals  spurless  or  wanting. 

19.  ACONITUM.     Upper  sepals  in  the  form  of  a  hood  or  helmet,  covering  the  two 

very  long-clawed  and  peculiar  little  petals. 
HH.  ++++++  -M-  Petals  large  and  flat,  of  ordinary  shape.     Sepals  herbaceous   and 
persistent!     Flowers  large,' regular. 

20.  PiEONIA.     A  fleshy  disk  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2  or  more  pistils,  which 

form  leathery  pods  in  fruit.     Seeds  large,  rather  fleshy-coated.     Perennials, 
with  compound  or  decompound  leaves:  one  species  shrubby. 


/ 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  35 

CLEMATIS,  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.    (Ancient  Greek  name.)    U    Orna- 
mental climbers,  the  stalks  of  their  leaves  or  leaflets  clasping  the  support, 
and  with  somewhat  woody  stems,  or  a  few  are  erect  herbs. 
§  1.    Flowers  (in  sprinrj)  verij  larr/e  and  wldelif  open  (3' -6'  acroas),  with  usual! ij 
manfi  small  petals  or  petal-like  altered  stamens :  leaflets  in  threes. 

C.  fldrida,  Great-fl.  C.  Cult,  from  Japan,  not  hardy  N. ;  the  flower 
3'  -  4'  across,  its  6  or  more  sepals  broad  ovate  and  overlapping  each  other,  white, 
purplish,  or  with  a  purple  centre  of  transformed  stamens  (var.  Sieboldii); 
leaves  often  twice  compound. 

C.  patens,  (also  called  C.  ccerulea,  grandifl6ra,  and  various  names 
for  varieties.)  Cult,  from  Japan,  hardy.  Flower  5' -7'  across,  with  6-9  or 
more  oblong  or  lance-shap<  d  sepals,  blue,  purple,  &c. ;  leaflets  simply  in  threes. 

C.  verticill^is  (or  Atragene  Americana),  with  flowers  about  3' across, 
of  4  bluish  purple  sepals,  is  rather  scarce  in  rocky  woods  or  ravines  N.  and  in 
mountainous  parts. 

§  2.    Flowers  (in  summei')  prefti/  large,  of  onlu  4  sepals,  and  no  petals  whatever, 
not  white,  solitari/  on  the  naked  peduncle  as  m  §  1. 
#  Leaves  (except  the  upj}ermost)  pinnate  or  of  3  or  more  leaflets :  climbers. 

C.  Viticella,  Vine-Bower  C.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  a  hardy  climber,  with 
flower  2' -3'  across;  the  widely  spreading  sepals  obovate,  thin,  either  purple  or 
blue  ;  akenes  with  short  naked  points. 

C.  grav^olens.  Heavy-scented  C.  Cult,  from  Thibet,  recently  intro- 
duced, very  hardy  ;  with  open  yellow  flowers  l^^'  across,  long  and  feathery  tails 
to  the  akenes,  and  sharp-pointed  leaflets. 

C.  Viorna,  Leather-flowered  C.  Wild  from  Penn.  and  Ohio  S.,  in 
moist  soil ;  flower  of  very  thick  leathery  sepals,  purple  or  purplish,  1'  long  or 
more,  erect,  and  with  the  narrow  tips  only  spreading  or  recurved ;  akenes  with 
very  feathery  tails. 

#  #  Leaves  simple,  entire,  sessile  :  low  erect  herbs  :  tails  feathery. 

C.  integrif61ia,  Entire-eeaved  C.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  sparingly.  Stem 
simple  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong;  flower  blue,  1'  long. 

C.  ochroleiica,  Pale  C.  Wild  from  Staten  Island  S.,  but  scarce,  has 
ovate  silky  leaves  and  a  dull  silky  flower. 

§  3.   Flowers  (in  summer)  small,  white,  panicled,  succeeded  by  feathery -tailed  akenes. 

C.  recta,  Upright  Virgin's-Bow^er.  Cult,  from  Eu.  Nearly  erect  herb, 
3° -4°  liiLrh,  with  large  panicles  of  white  flowers,  in  early  summer;  leaves  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  slightlv  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire. 

C.  Flammula,  Sweet-scented  V.  Cult,  from  Eu.  Climbinu;  freely, 
with  copious  sweet-scented  flowers  at  midsummer;  leaflets  3-5  or  more,  of 
various  shapes,  often  lobcd  or  cut. 

C.  Virgini^na,  Common  Wild  V.  Climbing  high,  with  dioecious  flow- 
ers late  in  summer  ;  leaflets  3,  cut-toothed  or  lobed. 

2.  HEPATIC  A,  LIVER-LEAF,  HEPATIC  A.  (Shape  of  the  3-lobcd 
leaves  likrned  to  that  of  tlie  liver.)  Among  the  earliest  spring  flowers.  U  Ths 
involucre  is  so  close  to  the  flower  and  of  sucli  size  and  shape  that  it  is  most 
likely  to  be  mistaken  for  a  calyx,  and  the  colored  sepals  for  pet^ds. 

H.  triloba,  Round-lobed  H.  Leaves  with  3  bro:id  ami  rounded  lobes, 
appearing  later  than  the  flowers,  and  lasting  over  the  winter;  stalks  hairy; 
flowers  blue,  purple,  or  almost  white.  Woods,  common  E.  Full  double- 
flowered  varieties,  blue  and  purple,  are  cult,  from   Eti 

H.  acutiloba,  Sharp-lohed  H.  Wild  from  Vermont  W. ;  has  pomted 
lobes  to  the  leaves,  sometimes  5  of  them,  and  paler  flowers. 

3.  ANEMONE,  ANi^:i\IONY.  WIND-FLOWER.  (Fancifully  fo  named 
by  the  (ireeks,  because  growing  in  windv  places,  or  blossomimr  at  the  windy 
.'^eason,  it  is  doubtful  which.)  U  Erect  herbs,  with  all  the  stem-leaves  above 
and  opposite  or  whorled,  forming  the  involucre  or  involucels.  Peduncles 
l-floweied. 


36  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

§  I.    Long  hairi/  stjles  form  featherij  fails  to  the  ahenes,  like  those  ofMrgin's' 

Bower:  Jl.  large,  purple,  in  early  spring.     The  genus  Pulsatilla  of  some 

author's. 

A.  Pulsatilla,  Pasque-flower,  of  Europe.      Cult,  in  some  flower-g-ar- 

dens  ;  has  the  root-leaves  finely  thrice-pinnately  divided  or  cut ;  otherwise  much 

like  the  next. 

A.  patens,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Wild  P.  On  the  plains  N.  W. ;  the 
handsome  purple  or  purplish  flower  (2'  or  more  across  when  open)  rising  fiom 
the  ground  on  a  low  soft-hairy  stem  (3' -6'  high),  with  an  invohicre  of  many 
very  narrow  divisions  ;  the  leaves  from  the  root  appearing  later,  and  twice  or 
thricc-ternately  divided  and  cut. 

§  2.    Short  styles  not  making  long  tails,  but  only  naked  or  hairy  tips. 
*  Garden  AnemonieSj^/o/m  S  Eu.,  with  tuberous  roots  and  very  large  flowers. 

A.  coron^ria,  with  leaves  cut  into  many  fine  lobes,  and  6  or  more  broad 

oval  sepals,  also 

A.  hort^nsis,  with  leaves  less  cut  into  broader  wedge-shaped  divisions  and 
lobes,  and  many  longer  and  narrow  sepals,  —  are  the  originals  of  the  showy, 
mostly  double  or  semi-double,  great-flowered  Garden  Anemonies,  of  all  col- 
ors, red  in  the  wild  state,  —  not  fully  hardy,  treated  like  bulbs. 
#:  #   Wild  species,  smaller  flowered. 
4-  Pistils  verxj  many,  firming  a  dense  woolly  head  in  fruit:  leaves  of  the  inrolucre 
long-petioled,  compound :  flowers  of  5-  small  gmenish-white  sepals,  silky  beneath  : 
stem  2° -3°  high. 

A.  cylindrica,  Long-fruited  A.  Involucre  several-leaved  surrounding 
several  long  naked  peduncles;  fl.  late  in  spring  (in  dry  soil  N.  &.  W.),  followed 
by  a  cylindrical  head  of  fruit. 

A.  Virgini^na,  Virginian  A.  Involucre  3-1eaved ;  peduncles  formed  in 
succession  all  summer,  the  middle  or  first  one  naked,  the  others  bearing  2  leaves 
(involucel)  at  the  middle,  from  which  proceed  two  more  peduncles,  and  so  on  : 
head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong.     Common  in  woods  and  meadows. 

■*-  -I-  Pistils  fiver,  not  woolly  in  fruit :  flower  1'  or  more  broad. 

A.  Pennsylvanica,  Pennsylvanian  A.  Stem  1°  high,  bearing  an  invo- 
lucre of  3  wedge-shaped  3-cleft  and  cut  sessile  leaves,  and  a  naked  peduncle,  then 
2  or  3  peduncles  with  a  pair  of  smaller  leaves  at  their  middle,  and  so  on  ;  fl.  white, 
in  summer.     (Lessons,  fig.  179.)     Alluvial  ground,  N.  &  W. 

A.  nemordsa,  Wood  A.  Stem  4' -10'  high,  bearing  an  involucre  of  3 
long-petioled  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  and  a  single  short-ped  uncled  flower  ;  sepals 
white,  or  purple  outside.     Woodlands,  early  spring. 

4.  THALICTRUM,  MEADOW-RUE.  (Old  name  of  obscure  deriva- 
tion.) The  following  are  the  common  wild  species,  in  woodlands  and  low 
grounds. 

§  1.    Flowers  perfect,  few,  in  an  umbel:  resembling  an  Anemone:  sepals  5-10. 

T.  anemonoides,  Eue-Anemone.  A  very  smooth  and  delicate  little 
plant,  growing  with  Wood  Anemone,  which  it  resembles  in  having  no  stem- 
leaves  except  those  that  form  an  involucre  around  the  umbel  of  whiti  (rarely 
pinkish)  flowers,  appearing  in  early  spring  ;  leaflets  roundish,  3-lobed  at  the 
end,  long-stalked ;  ovaries  many-grooved,  and  with  a  flat-topped  sessile  stigma  : 
otherwise  it  would  rank  as  an  Anemone. 

§  2.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious  and  not  handsome,  small,  in  loose  compound  panicles  ; 
the  4  or  5  sepals  fallinq  early :  stigmas  slender :  akenes  several -grooved  and 
angled:  leaves  ternately  decompound  {hcssons,  fig.  138),  all altei'nate ;  the  upper- 
most not  forming  an  involucre. 

T.  dioicum,  Early  Meadow-Rue.  Herb  glaucous,  l°-20high;  flow- 
ers greenish,  in  early  spring ;  the  yellowish  linear  anthers  of  the  sterile  plant 
hanging  on  long  capillary  filaments  :  leaves  all  on  general  petioles.  Rocky 
woods. 

T.  purpur^SCens,  Purplish  M.     Later,  often  a  little  downy,  2° -4° 


CROWFOOT   FAMILY.  37 

hi^h ;  stem-leaves  not  raised  on  a  general  petiole ;  flowers  greenish  and  pur- 
plish ;  anthers  short-linear,  drooping  on  capillaiy  and  upwardly  rather  thickened 
filaments. 

T.  Corntlti,  Tall  M.      Herb  4°  -  8°  high  ;    stem-leaves  not  raised  on  a 
general  petiole;  flowers  white,  in  summer;  anthers  oblong,  not  drooping;  the 
white  filaments  thickened  upwards.     Low  or. wet  ground. 
( 

M    6.   ADONIS.     (The  red-flowered  species  fabled  to  spring  from  the  blood 
of  Adonis,  killed  by  a  wild  boar.)      Stems  leafy  ;    leaves  finely  much  cut 
into  very  narrow  divisions.     Cult,  from  Europe  for  ornament 
A.  autumnalis,  Pheasant's-eye  A.     ®     Stems  near  1°  high,  it  or  the 
branches  terminated  by  a  small  flower,  of  5-8  scarlet  or  crimson  petals,  com- 
monly dark  at  their  base.     Has  run  wild  in  Tennessee. 

A.  vern^lis,  Spring  A.  U  Stems  about  6'  high,  beawng  a  large  showy 
flower,  of  10  -20  lanceolate  light-yellow  petals,  in  early  spring. 

4    6.  MYOSURUS,  MOUSETAIL  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek).  ® 
M.  minimus.     An  insignificant  little  plant  wild  or  run  wild  along  streams 
from  Illinois  S.,  with  a  tuft  of  narrow  entire  root-leaves,  and  scapes   1'  -3'  high, 
bearing  an  obscure  yellow  flower,  followed  by  tail-like  spike  of  fruit  of  I' -2' 
long,  in  spring  and  summer. 

^  7.  RANUNCULUS,  CROWFOOT,  BUTTERCUP.  (Latin  name  for 
a  little  frog,  and  for  the  Water  Crowfoots,  living  with  the  frogs.)  A  large 
genus  of  wild  plants,  except  the  doublc-Howered  varieties  of  three  species  cult, 
in  gardens  for  ornament.     (Lessons,  p.  183,  fig.  358  -361.) 

§  I.   Aquatic;  the  /eaves  all  or  month/  under  w<tter,  and  repeatedly  dissected  into 
munj  capillary  dicisions :  flowering  all  summer. 

R.  aquatilis,  White  Water-Crowfoot.  Capillary  leaves  collapsing 
into  a  tuft  when  drawn  out  of  the  water  ;  petals  small,  white,  or  only  yellow  at 
the  base,  where  they  bear  a  spot  or  little  pit,  but  no  scale  :  akenes  wrinkled 
crosswise. 

R.  divaric^tus,  Stiff  W.  Like  the  last,  but  less  common ;  the  leaves 
stiff  and  rigid  enough  to  keep  their  shape  (spreading  in  a  circular  outline)  when 
drawn  out  of  water. 

R.  multifidus,  Yellow  W.  Leaves  under  water  much  as  those  of  the 
White  Water  Crowfoot-;,  or  rather  larger  ;  but  the  bright  yellow  petals  as  large 
as  those  of  Common  Buttercups,  and,  like  them,  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base. 
(Formerly  named  R.  Pursiiii,  &c.) 

§  2.  Tcirrstrial,  many  in  vet  places,  hut  naturally  growing  ivith  the  foliage  out  of 
water :  petals  ivith  the  little  scale  at  the  base,  yellow  in  all  the  icild  species. 

*  Akenes  not  prickly  nor  bristly  nor  striate  on  the  sides,    l]. 
•<-  Spear  WORT  Crowfoots  ;  growing  in  very  wet  places,  with  mostly  entire  and 

narrow  haves  :  fl.  ail  summer. 
R.  alism.86f61ius.     Stems  ascending,  1°  -  2°  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the 
lowest  oblong  ;  flower  fully  ^'  in  diameter  ;   akenes  beaked  with  a  straiglii  and 
slender  stvle. 

R.  Flammula.  Smaller  than  the  last,  and  akenes  short-pointed;  rare 
N.,  but  very  common  along  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers  is  the 

Var.  reptans,  or  Creeping  S  ,  with  slender  stems  creeping  a  few  inches  in 
length ;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate,  seldom  1'  long  ;  flower  only  4'  broad. 

^  •»-  Small-flowered    Crowfoots  ;    in  wet  or  moist  places,  with  upper 

leaves  3-partcd  or  divided,  and  very  small  flowers,  the  pttals  shorter  or  not  longer 

than  the  calyx :  fl.  spring  and  summer. 

R.  abortivus,    Small-flowered    C.      Very  smooth  and  slender,  6' -2° 

high  ;  root-leaves  rounded,  crcnatc  ;  akenes  in  a  globular  head.     Shady  places, 

along  watercourses. 

R.  sceler^tus,  Cursbd  C.  So  called  because  the  juice  is  very  acrid  and 
blistering ;  stouter  than  the  la^t  and  thicker-leaved,  equally  smooth,  even  the 


38  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

root-leaves  lobed  or  cut;   akenes  in  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  head.     In  water 
or  very  wet  places. 

R.  recurvatUS,  Hook-styled  C.  Hairy,  10-2°  high  ;  leaves  all  3-cleft 
and  long-petioled,  with  broad  wedge-shaped  2-3-lobed  divisions;  akenes  in  a 
globular  head,  with  long  recurved  styles.     Woods. 

R.  Pennsylvanicus,  Bristly  C.  Bristly  hairy,  coarse  and  stout,  2°- 
3°  high ;  leaves  all  3-dividcd  ;  the  divisions  stalked,  again  3-cleft,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed ;  akenes  in  an  oblong  head,  tipped  with  a  short  straight  style. 
Along  streams. 

■^  ■»-  -^  Buttercups  or  Common    Crowfoots,  with  bright  yellow  corolla, 
about  1'  in  diametor^  much  larger  than  the  cali/x  ;  leares  all  once  and  often  twice 
3  -  5-divided  or  cleft,  usuullij  hairy ;  head  of  akenes  globular. 
•*-^  Natices  of  the  country,  low  or  spreading. 

R.  fascieularis,  Early  B.  Low,  about  6'  high,  without  runners,  on 
rocky  hills  in  early  spiing ;  root-leaves  much  divided,  somewhat  pinnate  ;  petals 
rather  narrow  and  distant ;  akenes  scarcely  edged,  slender-beaked. 

R.  ripens,  Crekping  B.  Every wheie  common  in  very  wet  or  moist 
places,  floAvering  in  spring  and  summer ;  immensely  variable ;  stem  soon  as- 
cending, sending  out  some  prostrate  stems  or  runners  in  summer;  leaves  more 
coarsely  divided  and  cleft  than  those  of  the  last ;  petals  obovate  ;  akenes  sharp- 
edged  and  stout-beaked. 

•M.  ++  Introducid  Wicds  from  Europe,  common  tn  folds,  ^-c.,  especially  E.:  stem 
erect:   leaves  muvh  cut. 

R.  bulb6sus,  Bulbous  B.  Stem  about  1°  high  from  a  solid  bulbous 
base  nearly  as  larj^e  as  a  hickory  nut ;  calyx  reflexed  when  the  very  bright  yel- 
low and  showy  large  corolla  expands,  in  late  spring. 

R.  ^cris,  Tall  B.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  no  bulbous  base;  calyx  only 
spreading  when  the  lighter  yellow  corolla  expands,  in  summer.  Ck/mmoner 
than  the  last,  except  E.  A  full  double-Howered  variety  is  cult  in  gardens, 
forming  golden-yellow  balls  or  buttons, 

H_  ^_  M_  s_  Garden  Ranunculuses.  Besides  the  double  variety  of  the  last, 
the  choice  Double  luiuuuculuses  of  the  forist  come  from  the  two  following. 

R.  Asi^ticus,  of  the  Levant ;  with  3-parted  leaves  and  flowers  nearly  2' 
broad,  resembling  Ancmonies,  yellow,  or  of  various  colors.     Not  hardy  N. 

R.  aconitif61iut3,  of  Eu.,  taller,  smooth,  with  5-partcd  leaves,  and  smaller 
white  flowers,  the  full  double  called  Fair  Maids  of  France. 
*    *  Akenes  striate  or  ribbed  down  the  sides.     ® 

R.  Cymbal^ria,  Sea-ride  Crowfoot.  A  little  plant,  of  sandy  shores 
of  the  sea  and  Great  Lakes,  &c.,  smooth,  with  naked  flowering  stems  2'  -  6'  high, 
and  long  runners  ;  leaves  rounded  and  kidney -shaped,  coarsely  crenate ;  flowers 
small,  in  summer. 

8.  ZANTHORHIZA,  SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT.  (Name  composed 
of  the  two  Greek  woi'ds  i'or  yellow  and  7-oot.)  Only  one  species, 
Z.  apiifbHa.  A  shrubby  plant,  l°-2°  high,  with  deep  yellow  wood  and 
roots  (used  by  the  Indians  lor  dyeing),  pinnate  leaves  of  about  .5  cut-toothed  or 
lobed  leaflets,  and  drooping  compound  racemes  of  small  dark  or  dull-purple 
flowers,  in  enrly  spring,  followed  by  little  1-seeded  pods;  grows  in  damp,  shady 
places  along  the  Allcghanies. 

0.  HYDRASTIS,  ORANGE-ROOT,  YELLOW  PUCCOON.  (Name 
from  the  Greek,  probably  meaning  that  the  root  or  juice  of  the  plant  is  dras- 
tic.)    y.    A  single  species, 

H.  Canadensis.  Low,  sending  up  in  early  spring  a  rounded  5  -  7-lobed 
root-leaf,  and  a  stem  near  1°  high,  bearing  one  or  two  alternate  smaller  leaves 
above,  just  below  the  single  small  flower.  The  :^  greenish  sepals  fall  fi-om  the 
bud,  leaving  the  many  white  stamens  and  little  head  of  pistils  ,  the  latter  grow 
pulpy  and  produce  a  crimson  fruit  resembling  a  raspbcrrv.  Rich  woods,  from 
New  York,  W.  &  S. 


i 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  39 

IG.   ACTJEA,  BANEBERKY.  (The  old  Greek  name  of  the  Elder,  from 

some  likeness  in  the  leaves.)      Ij.  Fl.  in  spring,  ripenin<j^  the  herries  late  in 

j    summer  :  <irowing  in  rich  woods.  Leaflets  of  the  thricc-ternate  leaves  ovate, 

1  shar])ly  cleft,  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  spicata,  var.  rubra,  Red  Baneberry.  Flowers  in  a  very  short 
ovate  nicenie  or  cluster,  on  slender  pedicels;  berries  red. 

A.  ^Iba,  White  Baneberry.  Taller  than  the  other,  smoother,  and 
flowering  a  week  or  two  later,  with  an  oblong  raceme ;  pedicels  in  fruit  very 
thick,  turning  red,  the  berries  white. 

11.  CIMICIFXJGA,  BUGBANE.  (Latin  name,  meaning  to  drive  away 
bugs.)  Ij.  Like  Baneberry,  but  tall,  with  very  long  racemes  (l°-3°),  and 
dry  pods  instead  of  berries  ;  fl.  in  summer. 

C.  racemdsa,  Tall  B.  or  Black  Snakeroot.  Stem  with  the  long 
raceme  4^-8°  high;  pistil  mostly  single,  with  a  llat-topped  stigma;  short  pod 
holding  2  roAvs  of  horizontally  flattened  seeds.     Rich  woods. 

C.  Americana,  American  B.  More  slender,  only  2° -4°  high;  pis- 
tils 5,  with  slender  style  and  minute  stigma  ;  pods  raised  from  the  receptacle 
on  slender  stalks,  flattish,  containing  few  scaly-coated  seeds.  Alleghanies  from 
Penn.  S. ;  fl.  late  summer. 

12.  CALTHA,  MARSH-MARIGOLD.  (Old  name,  from  a  word  mean- 
ing (joblet,  of  no  obvious  application.)      Ij.     One  common  species,  — 

C.  palustris,  Marsh-Marigold,  wrongly  called  Cowslips  in  the 
country.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  bearing  one  or  more  rounded  or  somcAvhat  kid- 
ney-shaped entire  or  crcnatc  leaves,  and  a  few  flowers  with  showy  yellow  calyx, 
about  1^'  across  ;  followed  by  a  cluster  of  many-seeded  pods.  Marshes,  in 
spring  ;  young  plant  boiled  for  "  greens." 

13.  TROLLIUS,  GLOBE-FLOWER.  (Name  of  obscure  meaning) 
Flower  large,  like  that  of  Caltha,  but  sepals  not  spreading  except  in  our 
wild  species ;  a  row  of  small  nectary-like  petals  around  the  stamens,  and  tha 
leaves  deeply  palmately  cleft  or  parted.      ]\.     Fl.  spring. 

T.  l^XUS,  Wild  G.  Sepals  only  .5  or  6,  spreading  wide  open,  yellowish 
or  dull  greenish-white ;  petals  very  small,  seeming  like  abortive  stamens. 
Swamps,  N.  &   W. 

T.  Europseus,  True  or  European  G.  Sepals  bright  yellow  (10-20) 
broad  and  converging  into  a  kind  of  globe,  the  flower  appearing  as  if  semi- 
double.     Cult,  from  Eu. 

T.  Asi&ticus,  Asiatic  G.  Like  the  last,  but  flower  rather  more  open 
and  deep  orange  yellow.     Cult,  from  Siberia. 

14.  COPTIS,  GOLDTHREAD.  (From  Greek  word  to  cut,  from  the 
divided  leaves.)      Ij.     The  only  common  species  is,  — 

C  trifblia.  Three-leaved  G.  A  delicate  little  plant,  in  bogs  and  damp 
cold  woods  N.,  sending  up  early  in  spring  single  white  flowers  (smaller  than 
those  of  Wood  Ancmony)  on  slender  scapes,  followed  by  slender-stalked  leaves 
of  three  wedge-shaped  leaflets ;  these  become  bright-shining  in  summer,  and  last 
over  winter.  The  roots  or  underground  shoots  are  of  long  and  slender  yellow 
^   fibres,  used  as  a  popular  medicine. 

"^15.  HELLEBORUS,  HELLEBORE.  (Old  Greek  name,  alludes  to  the 
poisonous  pi'operties.)  y.  European  plants,  with  pedate  leaves  and  pretty 
large  flowers,  in  early  spring. 

H.  viridis,  Greex  H.,  has  stems  near  1°  high,  bearing  1  or  2  leaves  and 

2  or  3  pale  yellowish-green  flowers :  run  wild  in  a  few  places  E. 

H.  niger,  Black  IL,  the  flower  called  Chri.stmas  Rose  (because  flo'.v- 
ering  in  warmer  parts  of  England  in  winter),  has  single  large  flowers  (2' -.3' 
across,  white,  turning  pinkish,  then  green),  on  scapes  shorter  than  the  shining 
evergreen  leaves,  in  earliest  spring.    Rare  in  gardens. 


40  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

vJ  16.  NIGELL A,  FENNEL-FLOWER.  (Name  from  the  black  seeds.)  (i) 
Garden  plants  from  Eu.  and  Orient ;  with  leafy  stems,  the  leaves  finely  di- 
vided, like  Fennel ;  known  by  having  the  5  ovaries  united  below  into  one 
.5-styled  pod.  Seeds  large,  blackish,  spicy  ;  have  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  spice  or  pepper. 

N.  Damasc^na,  Common  F  or  Ragged-Lady.  Flower  bluish,  rather 
large,  surrounded  and  overtopped  by  a  linely-divided  leafy  involucre,  like  the 
other  leaves ;  succeeded  by  a  smooth  iniiated  5-celled  pod,  in  wliich  the  lining 
of  the  cells  separates  from  the  outer  part. 

N.  sativa,  Nutmeg-Flower.  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens  j  has  coarser 
leaves,  and  smaller  rough  pods. 

17.  AQUILEGIA,  COLUMBINE.  (From  aquila,  an  eagle,  the  spurs  of 
the  petals  fiincied  to  resemble  talons.)  U  VVeli-known,  large-flowered 
ornamental  plants  :  flowers  in  spring  and  early  summer,  usually  nodding,  so 
that  the  spurs  ascend. 

*  North  A  merican  species,  with  long  straight  spurs  to  the  corolla. 
A.  Canadensis,  Wild  C.     Flowers  about  2'  long,  scarlet  and  orange, 

or  light  yellow  inside,  the  petals  with  a  very  short  lip  or  blade,  and  stamens 

projecting.     Common  on  rocks. 

A.  Skinner i,  Mexican  C,  is  taller,  later,  and  considerably  lurger-flow- 

ered_  than  the  hist,  the  narrower  acute  sepals  usually  tinged  greenish;  otherwise 

very  similar.     Cult. 
A.  caertllea,  Long-spurred  C,  native  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  lately 

introduced  to  gardens,  and  worthy  of  special  attention  ;    has  blue  and  white 

flowers,  the  ovate  se])als  often  1^',  the  very  slender  spurs  2'  long,  the  blade  of 

tlie  petals  (white)  half  the  length  of  the  (mostly  blue)  sepals,  spreading. 
*  *  Old  World  species,  with  hoohd  or  incurved  spurs  to  the  corolla. 

A.  vulgaris,  Common  Garden  C.  Cult,  in  all  gardens,  lo-.^o  high, 
many-flowered  ;  spurs  rather  longer  than  the  blade  or  rest  of  the  petal ;  pods 
pubescent.  Flowers  varying  from  blue  to  purple,  white,  &c.,  gieatly  changed 
by  culture,  often  full  double,  with  spur  within  spur,  sometimes  all  changed 
into  a  rosette  of  plane  petals  or  sepals. 

A.  glandulbsa,  Glandular  C.  A  more  choice  species,  6'-!°  high, 
with  fewer  very  showy  deep  blue  flowers,  the  blade  of  the  petals  white  or  white- 
tipped  and  twice  the  length  of  the  short  spurs  ;  pods  and  summit  of  the  plant 
glandular-])iibcscent. 

A.  Sibirica,  Siberian  C.  Equally  choice  with  the  last,  and  like  it ; 
but  the  spurs  longer  than  the  mostly  white-tipped  short  blade,  as  well  as  the 
1   pods,  &c.  smooth. 

Vj  18.    DELPHINIUM,  LARKSPUR.     (From  the  Latin  name  of  the  dol- 
phin, alluding  to  the  shajje  of  the  flower.)     The  familiar  and  well-marked 
flower  of  this  genus  is  illustrated  in  Lessons,  p.  91,  94,  fig.  18.3,  184,  192. 
*  Garden  annuals  from  Eu.,  ivith  onhj  the  2  upper  petals,  united  into  one  body,  one 
pistil,  and  leaves  Jinelij  and  much  divided :  fi.  summer  and  fall. 

"D.  Consolida,  Field  L.  Escaped  sparingly  into  roadsides  and  fields  ; 
flowers  scattered  on  the  spreading  branches,  blue,  varying  to  pink  or  white; 
pod  smooth. 

D.  Ajaois,  Rocket  L.  More  showy,  in  gardens,  and  with  similar  flowers 
crowded  in  a  long  clo-e  raceme,  and  downy  pods  ;  spur  shorter  :  some  marks  on 
the  front  of  the  united  petals  were  fancied  to  i-ead  AIAI  =  Ajax. 

*  *  Perennials,  with  4  separate  petals  and  2-5,  mostly  3  pistils. 

D.  grandifldrum,  Great-fl.  L.  of  the  gardens,  from  Siberia  and  China, 
is  1°  -  2°  high,  with  leaves  cut  into  narrower  linear  divisions  ;  blue  flowers,  1^' 
or  more  across,  with  ample  oval  sepals,  and  the  2  lower  petals  rounded  and 
entire.     Various  in  color,  also  double-flowered  ;  summer. 

D.  eheilanthum,  of  which  D.  formosum.  Showy  L.,  is  one  of  the 
^rarious  garden  forms,  also  Siberian,  is  commonly  still  larger-flowered,  deep 


CROWFOOT   FAMILY.  41 

blue,  with  lower  petals  also  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  the  mostly  downy  leaves  have 
fewer  and  lanceolate  or  wedge-lanceolate  divisions ;  is  now  much  mixed  and 
crossed  with  others  :  summer. 

D.  aziireum,  Azure  L.  Wild  S.  &  W.,  often  downy,  10-3°  high,  with 
narrow  linear  divisions  to  the  leaves,  and  a  spike-like  raceme  of  rather  small, 
azure,  pale-blue,  or  sometimes  white  flowers,  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  2-cIeft  lower 
petals  oMong.     Var.  with  full-double  flowers  in  gardens  :  summer. 

D.  tricorne,  Dwarf  Wild  L.  Open  woods  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. : 
about  1^  high  from  a  branched  tuberous  root;  has  broader  linear  lobes  to  the 
leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  few  or  several  rather  large  showy  flowers,  deep 
blue  or  sometimes  white,  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  cleft  lower  petals  oblong ;  pods 
strongly  diverging. 

Drexalt^tum,  Tall  Wild  L.,  is  the  wild  species  (from  Penn.  W.  &  S.) 
most  resembling  the  next,  3° -5°  high,  but  the  less  handsome  flowers  and 
panic-led  racemes  hoary  or  downy:  fl.  summer. 

D.  elatum,  Bee  Larkspur.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  3°  -  6<^  high,  with  broad 
leaves  5  -  7-cleft  beyond  the  middle,  and  the  divisions  cut  into  sharp  lobes  or 
teeth  ;  many  flowers  (in  summer)  in  a  long  wand-like  raceme,  blue  or  purplish ; 
the  2-cleft  lower  petals  prominently  yellowish-bearded  in  the  common  garden 
form.  There  are  many  varieties  and  mixtures  with  other  species,  some  double- 
flowered.  •   • 

19.  ACONITUM,  ACONITE,  WOLFSBANE,  MONKSHOOD.  (An- 
cient name.)  y.  Root  thick,  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped,  a  virulent  poison 
and  medicine.  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cleft  arid  cut-lobed.  Flowers 
showy  :  the  large  upper  sepal  from  its  shape  is  called  the  casque  or  helmet. 
Under  it  are  two  long-stalked  queer  little  bodies  which  answer  for  petals. 
See  Lessons,  p.  92,  fig.  18.5,  186,  193.  The  following  are  all  cult,  from  Eu. 
for  ornament,  except  the  first :  fl.  summer. 

A.  uncinatum.  Wild  A.  or  Monkshood.    Stem  slender,  3° -5°.  erect, 

but  bending  over  above,  as  if  inclined  to  climb  ;  leaves  cleft  or  parted  into 
3-5  ovate  or  wedge- lanceolate  cut-toothed  lobes ;  flowers  loosely  panicled,  blue ; 
the  roundish  helmet  nearly  as  broad  as  high,  its  pointed  visor  turned  down. 
Low  ground^,  from  Penn   S.  &  W. 

A.  variegatum,  Variegated  A.  Erect ;  leaves  divided  to  the  base 
into  rather  broad-Iobed  and  cut  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  loose  panicle  or  raceme, 
blue  and  often  variegated  with  white  or  whitish  ;  the  helmet  considerably  higher 
than  w  ide,  its  top  curved  foiward,  its  pointed  visor  ascending  or  horizontal. 

A.  Napellus,  True  Monkshood  or  Officinal  Aconite.  Erect, 
from  a  turnip-shaped  root ;  leixves  divided  to  the  base  and  then  2-3  times  cleft 
into  linear  lobes  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  close  raceme,  blue  (also  a  white  rariety) ; 
helmet  broad  and  low. 

A.  Anthora,  a  low  species,  with  very  finely  divided  leaves,  and  crowded 
yellow  flowers,  the  broad  helmet  rather  high^  occurs  in  some  old  gardens. 

^  20.  PiEONIA,  P^EONY.  (Ancient  name,  after  a  Greek  physician,  Poron.) 
U  Well-known  large-flowered  ornamental  plants,  cult,  from  the  Old  World. 
Leaves  temately  decompound.     Roots  thickened  below. 

«  «  Herbs,  xcith  sinjle-jioicered  sfems,  in  spring,  and  doicny  pods. 

^    P.  ofQ.cill^lis,   Common  P.      Very  smooth,  and  with  large  coarsely  di- 
vided green  lea^  es  ;  the  great  flowers  red,  white,  &c..  single  or  very  double. 

P.  peregrina,  of  Eu.,  in  the  gardens  c:dled  P.  parodoxa,  has  leaves 
glaucous  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  smaller  flowers  than  the  last, 
rose-red,  &c.,  generally  full  double,  and  petals  cut  and  fringed. 

P.  tenuilblia,  S'lknder-leaved  P.  of  Siberia,  is  low,  with  early  crimson- 
red  flowers,  and  nanow  linear  divisions  to  the  leaves. 

*  *  Herbs,  with  S'  veial-jlouyred  stems,  in  summer,  and  smooth  pods. 

P.  albifl6ra,  White-fl.  or  Fragrant  P.,  or  Chinese  P.     Very  smooth 
about  3°  high,  with  bright  green  foliage,  and  white  or  rose-co!ored,  often  sweet- 
scented,  rather  small  flowers,  single,  also  double,  and  w  ith  pnrple  varieties. 
S  &  F— 13 


42  MAGNOLIA    FAMILY. 

i  *  *  ♦  Shrubby  :  fi.  in  spring  and  earhj  summer. 

^  P.  Motltan,  Tree  P^.ony,  of  China.  Stems  20-3°  high;  leaves  pala 
and  gh\ucous,  ample ;  flowers  vciy  large  (6'  or  more  across),  white  with  purple 
base,  or  rose-color,  single  or  double  ;  the  disk,  which  in  other  species  is  a  mere 
ring,  in  this  forms  a  thin-fleshy  sac  or  covering,  enclosing  the  5  or  more  ovaries, 
but  bursting,  and  falling  away  as  the  pods  grow. 


^?^*i 


2.  MAGNOLIACE^,  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Tree.-^  or  t^lirubs,  with  aromatic  bitter  bark,  simple  mostly  entire 
alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  on  the 
receptacle  and  nsually  in  threes,  but  together  occupying  more  than 
two  ranks,  and  imbricated  in  tiie  bud  ;  pistils  and  mostly  the  sta- 
mens numerous,  the  latter  with  adnate  anthers  (Lessons,  p.  113,  fig. 
233)  ;  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  carpel ;  the  embryo  small  in 
albumen. 

I.  Stipules  to  the  leaves  forming  the  butl-scales,  and  falling  early. 
FlowSrs  perfect,  large.  Stamens  and  pistils  many  on  a  long  recep- 
tacle or  axi-j,  the  carpels  imbricated  over  each  other  and  cohering 
into  a  mas,  forming  a  sort  of  cone  in  fruit.  These  are  the  charac- 
ters of  the  true  Magnolia  Family,  of  which  we  have  two  genera. 

1.  LIRIODKNDRON.     Sepals  3,  reflexed.     Corolla  bcll-shnped,  of  6  broad  green- 

ish-oraiii^e  petals.  Stamens  almost  equiilling  the  petals,  with  slender  fila- 
ments, and  long  anthers  opening  outwards.  Carpels  thin  and  scale-form, 
closely  packed  over  each  other,  dry  in  fruit,  and  after  ripening  separating 
and  falling  away  from  the  slender  axis  ;  the  wing-like  portion  answering  to 
style;  the  small  seed-bearing  cell  at  the  ba>e  and  indebisceut.  Leaf-buds 
flat :  stipules  free  from  the  petiole. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.     Sepals  3.     Petals  6  or  9.     Stamens  short,  with  hardly  any  fil- 

aments :  anthers  opening  iuwnrd.s.  Carpels  becoming  fle.shy  in  fruit  and 
forming  a  red  or  rose-colored  cone,  each  when  ripe  (in  autiiinn)  splitting 
down  the  back  anil  di>chari^M)g  1  or  2  coral-red  berrv-like  seeds,  which  hang 
on  extensile  cobwebby  threads.  Stipules  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
falling  as  the  leaves  unfold. 

II.  Stipules  none.  Here  are  two  Southern  plants  which  have 
been  made  the  representatives  of  as  many  small  orders. 

3.  ILLICIUNL     Flowers  perfect.     Petals  9-30.     Stamens  many,  separate.     Pis 

tiU  several  in  one  row,  forming  a  ring  of  almost  woody  little  pods. 

4.  SCHIZANDRA.     Flowers  moticpcious.     Petals  mostly  6.     Stamens  6,  united 

into  a  disk  or  burton-shaped  body,  which  bears  10  anthers  on  the  edges  of 
the  5  lobes.  Pistils  many  in  a  head,  which  lengthens  into  a  spike  of  scattered 
red  berries. 

1.  LIRIODENDRON,  TULIP-TREE  (which  is  the  meaning  of  the 
(         botanical  name  in  Greek).     Only  one  species, 

H  L.  Tulipifera.  A  tall,  very  handsome  tree,  in  rich  soil,  commonest  W., 
where  ir,  or  the  light  and  soft  lumber  (much  used  in  cabinet-work),  is  called 
White-wood,  and  even  Poplar;  planted  for  ornament;  fl.  late  in  spring, 
yellow  with  greenish  and  orange.  Leaves  with  2  short  side-lobes,  and  the  end 
as  if  cut  off. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.  (Named  for  the  botanist  Magnol.)  Some  species  are 
called  Umduclla-trees,  from  the  way  the  leaves  are  placed  on  the  end  of 
the  shoots ;  others,  Cucumbeu-trees,  from  the  appearance  of  the  young  fruit. 

I  *  Native  trees  of  this  country,  often  planted  for  ornament. 

M.  grandiflbra,  Gri:at-flowerei>  Magxoi>ta  of  S.,  half-hardy  in  the 
Middle  States.      The  only  perfectly  evergiccn   species  ;    splendid  tree  with 


CUSTARD-ArPLE    FAMILY.  43 

^  coriaceous  oblonj^  or  obovate  leaves,  shininf^  above,  mostly  rasty  beneath  ;  the 
flovvcis  very  fragrant,  white,  very  much  larger  than  the  next,  in  spring, 
<  M.  glauea,  Small  M.  or  Sweet  Bay.  Wild  in  swamps  N.  to  New  Jersey 
and  Mass.  ;  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  the  oblong;  obtuse  leaves  white  or 
glaucous  beneath,  and  globular  white  and  fragrant  Howcrs  (2' -3'  wide),  in 
summer.     The  leaves  are  thickish  and  almost  evergreen,  quite  so  far  south. 

M.  acuminata,  Cucumber  M.  or  Cucumber-tree.  Wild  from  N.  Y. 
W.  &  S. ;  a  stately  tree,  with  the  leaves  tliin,  green,  oblong,  acute  or  pointed 
at  both  ends,  and  somewhat  downy  beneath,  and  pale  yellowish-green  flowers 
(3'  broad),  late  in  spring. 

M.  cordata,  Yellow  Cucumber  M.,  of  Georgia,  hardy  even  in  New 
England;  like  the  last,  but  a  small  tree  with  the  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  seldom 
cordate  ;  and  the  flowers  lemon-yellow. 
\      M.  macrophylla,  Great-leaved  M.,  of  Carolina,  nearly  hardy  N.  to    ■tt^' 
^Mass.    A  small  tree,  with  leaves  ve.y  large  (2° -3°  long),  obovate-oblong  with  '^«-o'/^ 
a  cordate  base,  downy  and  white  beneath,  and  an  immense  open-bell -hape  I  hj/^jk: ' 
white  flower  (8'-  12'  wide  Avhen  outspread),  somewhat  fragrant,  in  early  sum- 
mer ;  petals  ovate,  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base. 

M.  Umbrella,  Umbrella  M.  (also  called  M.  tripetala).  Wild  in  Penn. 
and  southward.  A  low  tree,  with  the  leaves  on  the  end  of  the  flowering 
branches  crowded  in  an  umbrella-like  circle,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  l°-2°  long,  surrounding  a  large  white 
flower,  in  spring;  the  petals  2.^' -3' long,  obovatc-lanceolatc  and  acute,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;  the  ovate-oblong  cone  of  fruit  showy  in  autumn,  rose-red, 
4'  -  .5'  long. 

M.  Frkseri,  Ear-leaved  Umbrella  M.  (also  called  M.  auricul\ta). 
Wild  from  Virginia  S.,  hardy  as  the  last,  and  like  it ;  but  a  taller  tree,  with  the 
leaves  seldom  1°  long  and  auricled  on  each  side  at  the  base,  the  white  obovate- 
gpatulate  petals  more  narrowed  below  into  a  claw  ;  cone  of  fruit  smaller. 
*  *  Chinese  and  Japanese  species. 
'^  M.  COnspicua,  Yulan  of  the  Chinese,  half-hardy  in  N.  States.  A  small 
tree,  witii  very  large  white  flowers  appearing  beiore  any  of  the  leaves,  which 
are  obovate,  pointed,  and  downy  when  young. 

M.  Soulangeana  is  a  hybrid  of  this  with  the  next,  more  hardy  and  the 
petals  tinged  with  purple. 
''       M.  purpiirea,    Purple    M.  of  Japan,  hardy  N.      A  shrub,  the  showy 
flowers  (pink-purple  outside,  white  within)  beginning  to  appear  before  the  leaves, 
which  are  obovate  or  oval,  and  bright  dark  green. 

3.  ILLICIUM,  STAR- ANISE.  (From  a  Latin  word,  meaning  to  entice.) 
Shrubs,  aromatic,  especially  the  bark  and  pods,  with  evergreen  oblong  leaves. 
I.  anisatum,  of  China,  which  yields  an  oil  of  anise,  has  small  yellowish 

flowers,  is  rare  in  greenhouses. 

I.  Floridanum,  Wild  Anise-tree,  of  Florida,  &c.;  has  larger  dark 
purple  flowers,  of  20-30  narrow  petals,  in  spring. 

4.  SCHIZANDRA.     (Name  from  two  Greek  words,  means  cut-stamens.) 
S.  COCeinea,  a  twining  shrub  of  S.  States,  scarcely  at  all  aromatic,  with 

thin  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  small  crimson-purple  flowers,  in  spring. 

3.   ANONACE^,  CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  3  sepals  and  6  petals  in  two  sets,  each  set 
valvate  in  the  bud,  and  many  short  stamens  on  the  receptacle,  .sur- 
rounding several  pistils,  which  ripen  into  pulpy  fruit  containing 
large  and  flat  bony  seeds.  Embryo  small ;  the  albumen  which 
forms  the  bulk  of  the  kernel  appears  as  if  cut  up  into  small  pieces. 
Foliage  and  properties  resembling  Magnolia  Family,  but  seldom 
aromatic,  and  no  sfpulcs.     All  tropical,  except  the  single  genus 


44  BARBERRY   FAMILY. 

1.  ASIMINA,  PAPAW  of  U.  S.  (Creole  name.)  Petals. c:rccnioh  or 
yellowish,  becoming  dark  dull  pui*])lc  as  they  enlarge ;  the  3  inner  small. 
Pistils  few  in  tlie  centre  of  the  globular  head  of  anthers,  making  one  or 
more  large,  oblong,  pulpy  fruits,  sAvect  and  eatable  when  over-ripe  in  autumn. 
Flowers  in  early  spring  preceding  the  leaves. 

A.  triloba,  Commox  Papaav  (wholly  different  from  the  true  Papaw  of  W. 
Ind.),  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  wild  AY.  &  S.  and  sometimes  planted,  with  obo- 
vate-lanceolate  leaves,  and  banana-shaped  fruit  3'  -  4'  long. 

A.  parvifl6ra  is  a  small-flowered,  and  A.  grandifl6ra  a  large-flowered 
species  of  S.  E.  States,  both  small-fruited,  and  A.  pygmaea  is  a  dwarf  on« 
with  nearly  evergreen  leaves  fai*  South. 

4.   MENISPERMACE^,  MOONSEED  FAMILY. 

Woody  or  partly  woody  twiners,  with  small  dioecious  flowers; 
their  sepals  and  petals  much  alike,  and  one  before  the  other  (usu- 
ally 6  petals  before  as  many  sepals)  ;  as  many  or  2  -  3  times  as 
many  stamens;  and  2  —  6  pistils,  ripenini^  into  1-seeded  little  stone- 
fruits  or  drupes  ;  the  stone  curved,  commonly  into  a  wrinkled  or 
ridged  ring ;  the  embryo  curved  with  the  stone.  Leaves  palmate 
or  peltate  :  no  stipules.     Anthers  commonly  4-lobed. 

1.  COCCULUS.     Sepals,  petals,  aud  stamens  each  6. 

2.  MENISPERMUM.     Sepals  and  petals  G  or  8.    Stamens  in  sterile  flowers  12  -  20. 

1.  COCCULUS.     (Name  means  a  little  berry.)    Only  one  species  in  U.  S. 
C.  Carolinus,  Carolina  C.     Somewhat  downy  ;  leaves  ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed  ;   flowers  greenish,  in  summer ;  fruits  red,  as 
large  as  peas.     From  Virginia  S.  &  W. 

2.  MENISPERMUM,    MOONSEED.      (Name  from  the  shape  of  the 
stone  of  the  fruit.)     Only  one  species, 

M.  Canadense,  Canadian  Mooxseed.  Almost  smooth  ;  leaves  peltate 
near  the  edge  ;  flowers  white,  in  late  summer ;  fruits  black,  looking  like  small 
grapes. 

5.   BERBERIDACE.^,  BARBERRY  FAMILY. 

Known  generally  by  the  perfect  flowers,  having  a  petal  before 
each  sepal,  and  a  stamen  befoie  each  petal,  with  anthers  opening 
by  a  pair  of  valves  like  trap-doors,  hinged  at  the  top  ( Lessons, 
p.  114,  fig.  236),  and  a  single  simple  pistil.  But  No.  6  has  nu- 
merous stamens,  5  and  6  have  more  petals  than  sepals,  and  the 
anthers  of  2  and  6  o[)en  lengthwise,  in  the  ordinary  way.  There 
are  commonly  bracts  or  outor  sepals  behind  the  true  ones.  ~  All  blos- 
som in  spring,  or  the  true  Barberries  in  early  summer. 
»  Sln-ubs  or  shr'ubby :  stamens  Q  :  berry  few-seedtd. 

1.  BERBERIS.     Flowers  yellow,  in  racemes  :  petals  with  two  deep-colored  spots 

at  the  base.    Leaves  simple,  or  simply  pinnate.    Wood  and  inner  bark  yellow. 
Leaves  with  sharp  bristly  or  spiny  teeth, 

2.  NANDINA.     Flowers  white,  in  panicles  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.    Leaves 

twice  or  thrice  pinnate. 

#  *  Rerennial  herbs. 
•*-  With  one  to  three  twice  or  thi-ice  ternately  compound  leaves. 

3.  EPIMEDIUM      Stamens  4.     Petals  4  hollow  spurs  or  hoods.     Pod  several- 

seeded.     Leaflets  with  bristly  teeth. 


\ 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.  46 

4.  CAULOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  6.    Petals  6  broad  and  thickish  bodies  much 

shorter  than  the  sepals.  Ovary  bursting  or  disappearing  early,  leaving  the 
two  ovules  to  develop  into  naked  berry-like,  or  rather  drupe-like,  spherical 
seeds  on  thick  stalks.* 

••-  -t-  W2th  simply  2  -  2-parted  leaves,  and  solitary  white  jlowers  :  sepals  falliny  when 
the  blossom  opens.     Seeds  numerous,  paritta'l.     Pistils  rarely  more  than  one  ! 

5.  JEFFERSOiSIA.    Flower  on  a  scape,  rather  preceding  the  2-parted  root-leaves. 

Petals  (oblong)  and  stamens  mostly  8.  Fruit  an  ovate  pod,  opening  by  a 
cross-line  half-way  round,  the  top  forming  a  conical  lid.  Seeds  with"  an 
aril  on  one  side. 

6.  PODOPHYLLUM.  Flower  in  the  fork  between  the  two  peltate  5  -  9-parted 
'  leaves  :    root-leaf  single  and  peltate  in  the  middle,  umbrella-like.      Petals 

6-9,  large  and  broad.  Stamens  usually  12  - 18.  Fruit  an  oval,  large  and 
sweet,  eatable  berry  ;  the  seeds  imbedded  in  the  pulp  of  the  large  parietal 
placenta. 

1.  BERBEBIS,  BAKBERRY.     (Old  Arabic  name.)     The  two  sorts  or 
sections  have  sometimes  been  regarded  as  distinct  genera. 

§  1.  True  Barberry;  with  simple  leaves,  clustered  in  the  axil  of  compound  spines. 

B.  vulgaris,  Common  B.  of  Eu.  Planted,  and  run  wild  in  thickets  and 
by  roadsides ;  has  drooping  many-flowered  racemes,  and  oblong  red  and  sour 
berries ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  fringed  with  closely-set  bristly  teeth,  with  a  joint 
in  the  very  short  petiole  (like  that  in  an  orange-leaf),  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
triple  or  m  iltiplc  spines,  which  answer  to  leaves  of  the  shoot  of  the  previous 
season  (see  Lessons,  p.  51,  fig.  78). 

B.  Canadensis,  Wild  B.  In  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S.,  and  rarely 
cult.,  a  low  bush,  with  few-flowered  racemes,  oval  red  berries,  and  less  bristly 
or  toothed  leaves. 

§  2.  Mahonia  ;  ivith  pinnate  and  evergreen  leaves,  spiny-toothed  leaflets,  and 
clustered  racemes  of  early  spring  flowers :  berries  blue  or  black  ivith  a 
bloom.     Planted  for  ornament. 

^  B.  Aquifolium,  Holly  B.  or  Mahonia,  from  Oregon,  &c.,  rises  to 
30  _  40  iijo  ii  ;  leaflets  5-9,  shining,  finely  reticulated. 

B.  r6pens.  Creeping  or  Low  M.,  from  Rocky  Mountains,  is  more  hardy, 
rises  only  1°  or  less,  and  has  rounder,  usually  fewer,  pale  or  glaucous  leaflets. 

B.  nervbsa,  also  called  glumXcea,  from  the  husk-like  long  and  pointed 
bud-scales  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  which  rise  only  a  few  inches  above  the  ground ; 
leaflets  11-21,  along  the  strongly-jointed  stalk,  lance-ovate,  several-ribbed  from 
the  base.     Also  from  Oregon. 

B.  Japonica,  Japan  M.,  tall,  rising  fully  6°  high,  the  rigid  leaflets  with 
only  3  or  4  strong  spiny  teeth  on  each  side,  is  coming  into  ornamental  grounds. 

2.  NANDINA.     (The  native  Japanese  name.)     A  single  species,  viz. 

N.  domestica.  Cult,  in  cool  greenhouse,  &c.,  from  Japan  :  very  com- 
pound large  leaves  :  the  berries  more  ornamental  than  the  blossoms. 

3.  EPIMEDIUM,  BARREN-WORT.     (Old  Greek  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Low  herbs,  with  neat  foliage  :  cult,  for  ornament. 

E.  Alpinum,  of  European  Alps,  has  a  panicle  of  odd-looking  small  flowers  ; 
tb^  yellow  petals  not  larger  than  the  reddish  sepals. 

E.  macranthum.  Large-flowered  E.  ot'  Japan,  wath  similar  foliage, 
has  large  white  flowers  with  very  long-spuri-ed  petals. 

4.  CAULOPHYLLUM,  COHOSH.     The  only  species  of  the  genus  is 

C.  thalictroides,  Blue  Cohosh.  Wild  in  woods,  with  usually  only  one 
stem-leaf  and  that  close  to  the  top  of  the  naked  stem  (whence  the  name  of  the 
genus,  meaning  stem-leaf),  and  thrice  tcrnate,  but,  having  no  common  petiole,  it 
looks  like  three  leaves  ;  and  there  is  a  larger  and  more  compound  radical  leaf, 
with  a  long  petiole.  The  leaves  are  glaucous  and  resemble  those  of  Thalirtrum 
(as  the  specific  name  indicates),  but  the  leaflets  are  larger.  Seeds  very  hard, 
with  a  thin  blue  pulp. 


J 


46  WATER-LILY    FAMILY. 

5.  JEFFERSdNI A,  TWIN-LEAF.     {':^amed  for  Thomas  Jeferson.) 
J.  dip hy  11a,  sometimes  called  Rhedmatism-root.     Wild  in  rich  woods, 

W,  &  S.,  sometimes  cult. ;  the  pretty  white  flower  and  the  leaves  both  lon>^- 
Btalked,  from  the  ground,  appearing  in  early  spring. 

6.  PODOPHYLLUM,  MAY-APPLE,  or  MANDRAKE.   (Name  means 
foot-leaf,  the  5  -  7-parted  leaf  likened  to  a  webbed-foot. ) 

P.  pelt^tum.  Wild  in  rich  soil :  the  long  running  rootstocks  (which  are 
poisonous  and  medicinal)  send  uj)  in  spring  some  stout  stalks  terminated  by  a 
large,  7  -  9-lobed,  regular,  umbi-ella-shaped  leaf  (i.  e.  peltate  in  the  middle),  and 
some  which  bear  two  one-sided  leaves  (peltate  near  their  inner  edge),  with  a  large 
white  flower  nodding  in  the  fork.  The  sweet  pulpy  fruit  as  large  as  a  pullet's 
egg,  ripe  in  summer  :  rarely  2  or  more  to  one  flower. 

6.  NYMPHiEACE^,  WATER-LILY  FAMILY.. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  the  leaves  which  float  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  or  rise  above  it  mostly  peltate  or  roundish- 
heart-shaped,  their  margins  inrolled  in  the  bud,  long-petioled ;  axil- 
lary 1-flowered  peduncles  ;  sepals  and  petals  hardly  ever  5,  the 
latter  usually  numerous  and  imbricated  in  many  rows.  Tiie  genera 
differ  so  widely  in  their  botanical  characters  that  they  must  be 
described  separately.  One  of  them  is  the  famous  Amazon  Water- 
Lily,  Victoria  regia,  with  floatin^r  heaves  3  feet  or  more  in  diam- 
eter, and  the  magnificent  flowers  almost  in  pro|)ortion ;  while  the 
dull  flowers  of  Water-shield  are  only  half  an  inch  long. 

1.  BIiASENlA.     Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  4,  narrow,  and  much  alike,  dull  pur- 

ple. Stamens  12-18:  filaments  slender.  Pistils  4  -  18,  forming  indehiscent 
1  -  3-seeded  pods.  All  the  parts  separate  and  persistent.  Ovules  commonly 
on  tlie  dorsal  suture!     Embryo,  &c.  as  in  Water-Lily. 

2.  NELUMBIUM.     Sepals  and  petals  many  and  passing  gradually  into  each  other, 

deciduous.  Stamens  very  mnny.  on  the  receptacle,  the  upper  part  of  which 
is  enlarged  into  a  top-shaped  body,  bearing  a  dozen  or  more  ovaries,  each 
tipped  with  a  flat  stigma  and  separately  immersed  in  as  many  hollows.  (Les- 
sons, p.  126,  fig.  284.)  hi  fruit  these  form  1-seeded  nut<.  resembling  small 
acorns.  The  whole  keri>el  of  the  seed  is  embryo,  a  pair  of  Heshy  and  farina- 
ceniis  cotyledons  enclosing  a  plumule  of  2  or  6  rudimentary  green  leaves. 

3.  NYMl'll^X.     Sepals  4,  green  ourside.     Petals  numerous,  many  times  4,  pass- 

ing somewhat  gradually  into  the  numerous  stamens  (Lessons,  p.  99,  fig.  1'J8): 
both  orgnns  grow  attached  to  tlie  globular  many-ceiled  ovary,  the  former 
to  its  sides  which  they  cover,  the  latter  borne  on  its  depressed  sunnnit. 
Around  a  little  knob  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  the  numerous  stigmas  radiate  as 
in  a  poppy-head,  ending  in  long  and  narrow  incurved  lobes.  Fruit  like  the 
ovary  enlarged,  still  covered  by  the  decaying  persi>tent  bases  of  the  petals  : 
numerous  seeds  cover  the  partitions.  Kipe  seeds  each  in  an  arillus  or  b:ig 
open  at  the  top.  (Lessons,  p.  135,  fig.  318.)  Embryo,  like  that  of  Neluuibium 
on  a  very  small  scale,  but  enclosed  in  a  bag,  and  at  the  end  of  the  kernel,  the 
rest  of  which  is  mealy  albumen. 

4.  NUPHAR.     Sepals  usually  6  or  5,  partly  green  outside.     Petals  many  small 

and  thickish  bodies  inserted  under  the  ovary  along  with  the  very  numerous 
short  stamens.  Ovary  naked,  truncate  at  tlie  top,  which  is  many-rayed  by 
stigmas,  fleshy  in  fruit:  the  internal  structure  as  in  NymphiEa,  only  there  is 
no  arillus  to  the  seeds. 

1.  BRASENIA,  WATER-SHIELD.    (Name  unexplained.)    One  species, 

B.  peltata.  In  still,  rather  deep  water  :  stems  rising  to  the  sui-ftice,  slen- 
der, coated  Avith  clear  jelly,  bearing  floating  oval  centrally-peltate  leaves  (2' -3' 
long),  and  purplish  small  flowers,  produced  all  summer. 

2.  NELUMBIUM,  NELUMBO.     (Ccyloncse  name.)     Rootstocks  inter- 
rupted and  tuberous,  sending  up,  usually  out  of  water,  very  long  petioles  and 


PITCH i:R-PL ANT   FAMILY.  47 

peduncles,  bearing  very  large  {l°-2°  wide)  and  more  or  less  dish-shaped  or 
f  cup-shaped  centrally-peltate  entire  leaves,  iind  great  flowers  (5'- 10'  broad), 
1        in  summer.     Seeds,  also  the  tubers,  eatable. 

1  *  N.  luteum,  Yellow  N.  or  Water  Chinquepin.  Common  W.  &  S.  : 
introduced,  by  Indians  perhaps,  at  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.,  Lyme,  Conn.,  and  below 

A  Philadelphia.     Flower  pale  dull  yellow  :  anther  hook-tijjped. 

N.  speeidsum,  Showy  N.,  Lotus  or  Sacred  Bean  of  India,  with 
pinkish  flowers  and  blunter  anthers  :  cult,  in  choice  conservatories. 

3.  NYMPHJEA,  WATER-LILY,  POND-LILY.  (Dedicated  to  the 
Water- Nym})hs.)  Long  ])rostrate  rootstocks,  often  as  thick  as  one's  arm, 
send  up  floating  leaves  (rounded  and  with  a  narrow  cleft  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  petiole)  and  large  handsome  flowers,  produced  all  summer :  these  close  in 
the  afternoon  :  the  fruit  ripens  under  Avater. 

N.  odor^ta,  Sweet-scented  White  W.  Common  in  still  or  slow 
water,  especially  E.     Flower  richly  sweet-scented,  white,  or  sometimes  pinkish, 

/    rarely  pink-red,  variable  in  size,  as  are  the  leaves  ;  seeds  oblong. 

i  N.  tuberbsa.  Tuber-bearing  W.  Common  through  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  W.  &  S.  Flower  nearly  scentless  (its  faint  odor  like  that  of  apples), 
pure  white,  usually  larger  (4' -9'  in  diameter),  as  are  also  the  leaves  (8' -15' 
wide);  petals  broader  and  blunter;  seeds  almost  globular;  rootstock  bearing 
copious  tubers  like  "  artichokes,"  attached  by  a  narrow  neck  and  spontaneously 
separating. 

\  N.  eaerulea,  Blue  W.,  of  Egypt,  &c.,  cult,  in  aquaria  ;  a  tender  species, 
with  crenate-toothed  leave^.  and  blue  or  bluish  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  petals 
fewer  and  acute.  CUlMW"    tiHA^    Wv    ^ci/*f/h/^    v 

j  4.  NtJPHAR,  YELLOW  POND-LILY,  or  ^ATTER-DOCK.  (Old 
Greek  name.)  Rootstock,  &c.  as  in  Nymphaea :  leaves  often  rising  out  of 
water :  flowers  by  no  means  showy,  yellow,  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  pro- 
duced all  summer  :  fruit  ripening  above  water. 

"N.  advena  is  the  common  species,  everywhere  ;  has  6  unequal  sepals  or 
sometimes  more  ;  petals,  or  what  answer  to  them,  truncate,  shorter  than  the 
stamens  and  resembling  them  ;  the  thiekish  leaves  rounded  or  ovate-oblong. 

N.  luteum,  rare  N.  ;  has  smaller  flowers,  with  5  sepals,  petals  dilated 
upwards  and  more  conspicuous,  and  a  globular  fruit  with  a  narrow  neck  : 
the  var.  pumilum,  a  small  variety,  has  flowers  only  1',  and  leaves  l'-5'  in 
diameter  ;  rather  common  N. 

N.  sagittifdlia.  Arrow-leaved  N.,  from  North  Carolina  S. ;  has  sagit- 
tate leaves  (1°  by  2'),  and  6  sepals.  This  and  the  last  produce  their  earlier 
leaves  under  water  and  very  thin. 

7.  SARRACENIACE-aa,  PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY. 

Consists  of  one  South  American  plant,  of  the  curious  Darling- 
,     TONiA  Californica  in  the  mountains  of  California,  and  of  the 
following  :  — 

1.   SARRACENIA.    (Named  for  Dr.  Sarrasin  of  Quebec.)    Sidesaddle- 
Flower,  a  most  unmeaning  ])opular  name.     Leaves  all  radical  from  a  per- 
ennial root,  and  in  the  fonn  of  hollow  tubes  or  pitchers,  winged  down  the 
inner  side,  o])en  at  the  top,  where  there  is  a  sort  of  arcliing  ])lade  or  hood. 
The  whole  foliage  yellowish  green  or  purplish.     Scape  tall,  naked,  bearing  a 
single  large  nodding  flower,  in  early  summer.     Sepals  .5,  with  3  bractlets  at 
the  base,  colored,  persistent.     Petals'. 5,  flddle-shaped,  incurved  over  the  pel- 
tataand  umbrella-shaped  .5-angled  petal-like  great  top  to  the  style.     Stamens 
,       vei-y  numerous.     Ovaiy  5-eelled.     Pod  many-seeded,  rough-warty. 
""^       S.  purpurea,  Purple  S.  or  Pitcher-Plant  of  the  North,  where  it  is 
common  in  bogs.      Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  o))en,  with  an  erect  round-heart- 
shaped  hood  and  a  broad  side-wing,  purple-veiny  ;  flower  deep  purple. 


J 


\ 


48  POPPY   FAMILY. 

S.  rtlbra,  Red-flowered  Trumpet-Leaf  of  S.  States  :  sometimes  cult. 
in  greenhouses.  Leaves  trumpet-shaped,  slender,  a  foot  long,  with  a  narrow 
wing  and  an  erect  ovate  pointed  hood ;  flower  crimson-pnrple. 

S.  Drunini6ndii,  Great  Trumpet-Leaf  of  Florida :  sometimes  cult. 
Leaves  much  like  the  last,  but  2°  or  3°  long,  upper  part  of  the  tube  and  the 
roundish  erect  hood  variegated  and  purple-veiny ;  and  the  deep-pnrplc  flower 
very  large. 

S.  psittacina,  Parrot  Pitcher-Plant  of  S.  States,  and  rarely  cult. 
Leaves  short  and  spreading,  with  a  narrow  tube,  a  broad  wing,  and  an  inflated 
globular  hood,  which  is  incurved  over  the  mouth  of  the  tube,  spotted  with  white ; 
flower  purple. 

S.  variol^ris,  Spotted  Trumpet-Leaf  of  S.  States.  Leaves  erect, 
tmmpet-shaped,  white-spotted  above,  longer  than  the  scape,  with  a  broad  wing, 
and  an  ovate  hood  arching  over  the  orifice  ;  flower  yellow. 

S.  fl^va,  Yellow  Trumpet-Leaf  of  S.  States  :  cult,  more  commonly 
than  the  rest,  as  a  curiosity,  and  almost  hardy  N.  Leaves  trumpet-shaped,  2° 
long,  erect,  yellowish  or  ])urple-vciny,  with  a  narrow  wing,  and  an  erect  round- 
ish but  pointed  hood,  a  tall  scape,  and  yellow  flower. 

8.  PAPAVERACE.^,  POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers,  a  calyx  mostly 
of  2  sepals  which  fall  when  the  blossom  opens,  petals  twice  or  3  -  5 
times  as  many,  numerous  stamens  on  the  receptacle,  and  a  com- 
pound 1-celled  ovary,  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentiB.  Fruit  a 
pod,  many-seeded.  Juice  narcotic,  as  in  Poppy  (opium),  or  acrid. 
No.  5  has  watery  juice,  with  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid,  and  the 
calyx  like  a  cap  or  lid  ;  No.  7  has  no  petals  and  few  seeds. 

*  Petals  crumpled  in  the  Jloicer-bud,  tchuh  droops  on  its  peduncle  before  opening. 

1.  PAPAVKR.     Stigmas  united  into  a  many-rayed  circular  body  which  is  closely 

sessile  on  the  ovary.  l*od  gltjbulnr  or  oblona:,  imperfectly  many-celled  by 
the  projecting  placentre  which  are  covered  with  numberless  seeds,  opening 
onlv  bv  pores  or  chinks  at  the  top.    Juice  white. 

2.  STYLOPHOKUM.     Stigma  3  -  4-Iol)ed,  raised  on  a  style.     Pod  ovoid,  bristly, 

opening  from  the  top  into  3  or  4  valves,  leaving  the  thread-like  placenta}  be- 
tween them.    .Juice  yellow. 

8.  CHELIDONIUM.  Stigma  2-lobed,  almost  sessile.  Pod  linear,  with  2  placentae, 
splitting  from  below  into  2  valves.     Juice  orange. 

«  «  Petals  more  or  less  crumpled  in  the  bud,  which  is  erect  before  opening. 
'  4.   ARGEMONE.      Stigma  3-6-lobed,  almost  sessile.      Sepals  and  oblong  pod 
prickly  ;  the  latter  opening  by  valves  from  the  top,  leaving  the  thread-like 
placentae  between.    Juice  yellow. 

6.  FSCHSCHOLTZIA.  Sepals  united  into  a  pointed  cap  which  falls  off  entire. 
Receptacle  or  end  of  the  flower-stalk  dilated  into  a  top-shaped  body,  ofren 
with  a  spreading  rim.  Stigmas  4-6,  sprendinp,  unequal  ;  but  the  placentae 
only  2.     Pod  long  and  slender,  grooved.    Juice  colorless, 

«  «  «  Petals  not  crumpled  in  the  bud,  which  does  not  droop. 

6.  SANGUINARIA.     Sepals  2  :  but  the  petals  8- 12.     Stigma  2-lobed,  on  a  short 

style.     Pod  oblong,  with  2  placentae.     Juice  orange-red. 

#  «  *  *  Petals  none.     FUrwers  in  panicles,  drooping  in  the  bud. 

7.  BOCCONIA.    Sepals  2,  colored.      Stigma  2-lobed.     Pod  few-seeded.    Juice 

reddish. 

1.   PAP  AVER,  POPPY.     (Ancient  name.)     We  have  no  truly  wild  spe- 
cies :  the  following  are  from  the  Old  World. 

*  Annuals,  flowering  in  summer :  cult,  and  iveeds  of  cultivation. 

^  P.  SOmniferum,  Opium  Poppy.  Cult,  for  ornament,  especially  double- 
flowered  varieties,  and  for  medical  uses.  Smooth,  glaucous,  with  clasping  and 
wavy  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers. 


\ 


FUMITORY   FAMILY.  49 

P.  Rbceas,  Corn  Poppy  of  Eu.  Low,  bristly,  with  almost  pinnate 
leaves,  and  deep  red  or  scarlet  flowers  with  a  dark  eye,  or,  when  double,  of 
various  colors ;    pod  obovate. 

P.  dubium,  Long-headed  P.  Leaves  with  their  divisions  more  cut  than 
the  last ;  flowers  smaller  and  lighter  red,  and  pod  oblong-clavatc  :  run  wild  in 
fields  in  Penn. 

*  *  Perennial :  cult,  for  ornament :  flowering  in  late  spring. 

P.  Orient^le,  Oriental  P.     Rough-hairy,  with  tall  flower-stalks,  almost 

f)innate  leaves,  and  a  very  large  deep-red  flower,  under  which  are  usually  some 
eafy  persistent  bracts.  Var.  bracteXtum,  has  these  bracts  larger,  petals  still 
larger  and  deeper  red,  with  a  dark  spot  at  the  base. 

2.  STYLOPHORUM,    CELANDINE    POPPY.      (Name  means  style- 
bearer,  expressing  a  diflerence  between  it  and  Poppy  and  Celandine.)     H. 

S.  diph^llum.  From  Penn.  W.  in  open  woods  ;  resembling  Celandine, 
but  low,  and  with  far  larger  (yellow)  flowers,  in  spring. 

3.  CHELIDONIUM,  CELANDINE.     (From  the  Greek  word  for  the 
Swallow. )     @     H. 

C.  m^jUS,  the  only  species,  in  all  gardens  and  moist  waste  places  ;  l°-4° 
high,  branching,  with  pinnate  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers 
in  a  sort  of  umbel,  all  summer ;  the  pods  long  and  slender. 

4.  ARGEMONE,  PRICKLY  POPPY.  (Meaning  of  name  uncertain.)  (i) 

A.  Mexieana,  Mexican  P.  Waste  places  and  gardens.  Prickly,  l°-2° 
high  ;  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  blotched  with  white ;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish, 
pretty  large,  in  summer.  Var.  albiflora  has  the  flower  larger,  sometimes 
very  large,  white  ;  cult,  for  ornament. 

6.   ESCHSCHOLTZIA.     (Named  for  one  of  the  discoverers,  Eschscholtz, 

the  name  easier  pronounced  than  written.)  ® 
^  E.  Californica,  Californian  annual,  now  common  in  gardens  ;  with  pale 
dissected  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  large  flowers,  remarkable  fbr  the  top- 
shaped  dilatation  at  the  base  of  the  flower,  on  which  the  extinguisher-shaped 
calyx  rests  :  this  is  forced  off  whole  by  the  opening  petals.  The  latter  are 
bright  orange-yellow,  and  the  top  of  the  receptacle  is  broad-rimmed.  Var. 
DouglIsii  wants  this  rim,  and  its  petals  are  piire  yellow,  or  sometimes  white; 
but  the  sorts  are  much  mixed  in  the  gardens  ;  and  there  are  smaller  varieties 
under  different  names. 

6.  SAWGUINARIA,  BLOOD-ROOT.      (Name  from  the  color  of  the 
juice.)      U 

S.  Canadensis,  the  common  and  only  species  ;  wild  in  rich  woods,  hand- 
some in  cultivation.  The  thick  red  rootstock  in  early  spring  sends  up  a  roundcd- 
reniform  and  palmate-lobed  veiny  leaf,  wrapped  around  a  flower-bud  :  as  the  leaf 
comes  out  of  ground  and  opens,  the  scape  lengthens,  and  carries  up  the  hand- 
some, white,  many-petallcd  flower. 

7.  BOCCONIA.     (Named  in  honor  of  an  Italian  botanist,  Bocconi.)     U 

B.  eord^ta,-  Cordate  B.,  from  China,  the  only  hardy  species  ;  a  strong 
root  sending  up  very  tall  leafy  stems,  with  round-cordixte  lobed  leaves,  which  are 
veiny  and  glaucous,  and  large  panicles  of  small  white  or  pale  rose-colored  flow- 
ers, lato  in  summer  ^     d^      /        / 

9.   PUMARrACE^,  FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Like  the  Poppy  Family  in  the  plan  of  the  flowers  ;  but  the  4- 
petalled  corolla  much  larger  than  the  2  scale-like  sepals,  also  irrecr- 
ular  and  closed,  the  two  inner  and  smaller  petals, united  by  their 
4 


50  FUMITORY   FAMILY. 

spoon-shaped  tips,  which  enclose  the  anthers  of  the  6  stamens  in 
two  sets,  along  with  the  stigma  :  the  middle  anther  of  each  set  is 
2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Delicate  or  tender  and  very 
smooth  herbs,  with  colorless  and  inert  juice,  and  much  dissected 
or  compound  leaves. 

*  Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  base :  pod  several-seedtd. 

1.  DICENTRA.     Petals  slightly  cohering  with  each  other.     Seeds  crested. 

2.  ADLUMIA.      Petals  all   permanently  united  into  one  slightly  heart-shaped 

body,  which  encloses  the  small  pod.     Seeds  crestless.     Climbing  by  the^^ry 

compound  leaves. 

«  «  Corolla  with  only  one  petal  spurred  at  base. 
8.   CORYDALIS.     Ovary  and  pod  slender,  several-deeded.     Seeds  crested. 
4.   FUMAKIA.     Ovary  and  small  closed  fruit  globular,  1-seeded. 

1.  DICENTRA  (mcanini?  two-spurred  in  Greek).    Commonly  but  wrongly 
named  Diclvtra  or  Di elytra,      ij.     Fl.  in  spring. 

*   Wild  species,  hw,  with  delicate  decoinjx)und  leaves  and  Jeiv-Jlowered  scapes  sent 
up  from  the  ground  in  early  spring. 

D.  Cucull^ria,  Dutchman's  Breeches.  Common  in  leaf-mould  in 
woods  N.  Foliatje  and  flowers  from  a  sort  of  granular-scaly  bulb  ;  corolla 
white  tipped  with  yellow,  with  the  two  diverging  spurs  at  the  base  longer  than 
the  pedicel. 

D.  Canadensis,  Caxadiax  D.  or  Squirrel-Corn.  With  the  last  N. 
Separate  yellow  grains,  like  Indian  com,  in  place  of  a  scaly  bulb  ;  the  corolla 
narrower  and  merely  heart-shaped  at  base,  white  or  delicately  flesh-colored, 
sweet-scented  ;  inner  petals  much  crested  at  tip. 

D.  eximia  is  rarer,  wild  along  the  Alleghanies,  occasionally  cult.,  has 
coarser  folia,:j^e,  and  more  numerous  flowers  than  the  last,  j)ink-purplc,  and  pro- 
duced throughout  the  summer,  from  tufted  scaly  rootstocks. 

*  *  Cultivated  exotic,  taller  and  coarser,  leafg-stemmed,  many-flowered. 

D.  spect&bilis,  Showy  D.  or  Bleeding  Heart.  From  N.  China, 
very  ornamental  through  spring  and  early  summer,  with  ample  Peony-like 
leaves,  and  long  drooping  racemes  of  bright  pink-red  heart-shaped  flowers 
(1'  long)  :    the  two  small  sepals  fall  off  in  the  bud. 

2.  ADLX^MIA,  CLIMBING  FUMITORY.      (Named  in  honor  of  a  Mr, 
Adlum.)     (2)     The  only  species  is 

A.  Cirrhbsa.  Wild  in  low  shady  grounds  from  New  York  W.  &  S.  and 
cult.  ;  climbing  over  bushes  or  low  trees,  by  means  of  its  2  -  3-pinnately  com- 
pound delicate  leaves,  the  stalks  of  the  leaflets  acting  like  tendrils ;  flowers  flesh- 
colored,  panicle.!,  all  summer. 

3.  CORYDALIS.     (Greek  name  for  Fumitory.)     Our  species  are  leafy- 
stemmed,  ®  or  ij),  wild  in  rocky  i)laces,  fl.  spring  and  summer. 

C.  glauca,  Pale  Corydalis.  Common,  6' -3°  high,  very  glaucous,  with 
the  whitish  flowers  variegated  with  yellow  and  pink,  a  short  and  rounded  spur, 
and  erect  pods. 

C.  flkvula,  Yellowish  C.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W. :  h&s  the  flowers  pale 
yellow,  with  the  tips  of  the  oater  petals  wing-crested ;  seeds  sharp-edged  :  other- 
wise like  the  next. 

C.  atirea,  Golden  C.  From  Vermont  W.  &  S.  Low  and  spreading ; 
flowers  golden-yellow  with  a  longish  spur,  and  crestless  tips,  hanging  pods,  and 
smooth  blunt-edged  seeds. 

4.  FUM ARIA,  FUMITORY.      (Name  from /u?nws,  smoke.)     ®     Low, 
leafy-stemmed,  with  finely  cut  compound  leaves. 

P.  ofQ.cin^lis,  Common  F.  Common  in  old  gardens,  waste  places,  and 
dung-heaps  ;  a  delicate  small  weed,  with  a  close  spike  of  small  pinkish  crimson- 
tipped  flowers,  in  summer. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  51 

10.    CRUCIFER^,  MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  of  a  pungent  taste  (as  exemplified  in 
Horseradish,  Mustard,  Water-Cress,  &c.),  at  once  distinguished  by 
the  cruciferous  fiower  (of  4  sepals,  4  petals,  their  upper  part  gen- 
erally spreading  above  the  calyx  in  the  foim  of  a  cross),  the  tetra- 
dyiiamous  stamens  (i.  e.  6,  two  of  them  shorter  than  the  other  four) ; 
and  the  single  2-celled  pistil  with  two  parietal  placentae,  forming  the 
kiml  of  pod  called  a  silique,  or  when  short  a  silicle.  (See  Lessons, 
p.  92,  fig.  187,  188,  for  the  flower,  and  p.  133,  fig.  310,  for  the  fruit.) 
The  embryo  tills  the  whole  seed,  and  has  the  radicle  bent  up  against 
the  cotyledons.  Flowers  in  racemes,  which  are  at  first  short,  like 
!^imple  corymbs,  but  lengthen  in  fruiting  :  no  bracts  below  the  pedi- 
cels. The  blossoms  are  all  nearly  alike  throughout  the  family  ;  so 
that  the  genera  are  mainly  known  by  the  fruit  and  seed,  which  are 
usually  to  be  had  before  all  the  flowers  have  passed. 

§  1.   Fruit  a  true  pod,  opening  lengthwise  by  two  valves,  which  fall  away  and  leave 
the  thin  jjersisteni  partition  when  ripe. 

*  Seeds  or  ovules  more  than  two  in  each  cell. 
-^-Fod  beaked  or  pointed  beyond  the  summit  of  the  valves,  or  the  style  with  a  conical 
base.     Seeds  spherical,  the  cotyledons  wrajjped  around  the  radicle, 

1.  BRASSIGA.     Flowers  yellow.     Pods  oblong  or  linear. 

•t-  -t—  Fod  not  beaked  or  conspicuously  pointed, 
++  Neither  fattened  nor  i-sided,  but  the  cross-section  nearly  circular. 

2.  SISYMBRIUM.    Pods  in  the  common  species  shortish,  lance-awl-shaped,  close- 

pressed  to  the  stem.     Seeds  oval,  marginless.     Flowers  small,  yellowish. 

3.  NASTURTIUM.    Pods  shortish  or  short  (from  oblong-linear  to  almost  spherical). 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  globular,  marginless.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

4.  HESPERIS.     Pods  long  and  slender,  with  a  single  row  of  marginless  seeds  in 

each  cell*(as  broad  as  the  partition);  the  radicle  laid  against  the  back  of  one 
of  the  cotyledons.  Flowers  rather  large,  pink-purple.  Stigma  of  2  erect 
blunt  lobes. 

5.  MALCOLMIA.    Pods  somewhat  thickened  at  the  base.     Stigma  of  2  pointed 

lobes.     Otherwise  as  No.  4. 

6.  MATTHIOLA.     Pods  long  and  narrow  :  seeds  one-rowed  in  each  cell  (as  broad 

as  the  partition),  flat,  wing-margined;  the  radicle  laid  against  one  edge  of  the 
broad  cotyledons.     Flowers  pink-purple,  reddish,  or  varying  to  white,  large 
^nd  showy. 
***^Fod  long  and  slender,  linear,  4-sided  (the  cross  section  square  or  rhombic),  or 
if  fattened  having  a  strong  salient  midrib  to  the  valves.     Seeds  marginless, 
mostly  single-rowed  in  each  cell.     Flowers  yellow  or  orange,  never  white. 
a.  Lateral  sepals  sac-shaped  at  the  base. 

7.  CHEIRANTHUS.     Seeds  flat;  the  radicle  laid  against  the  edge  of  the  broad 

cotyledons.     Flowers  showy.     Leaves  entire. 

b.  Sepals  nearly  equal  and  alike  at  the  base. 

8.  ERYSIMUM.     Seeds  oblong;  the  radicle  kid  against  the  back  of  one  of  the 

narrow  cotyledons.     Leaves  simple. 

9.  BARBAREA.      Seeds  oval;    the  radicle  laid   against  the  edge  of  the  broad 

cotvledons.     Leaves  lyrate  or  pinnatifid. 
2.    SISYMBRIUM.     Seeds  oblong;  the  radicle  laid  against  the  back  of  one  of  the 
cotyledons.     Flowers  small.     Leaves  twice  pinnatifid. 
.♦.+  ++++  Fod  flattened  jmrallel  to  the  partition;  the  valves  fat  or  fattish  :  so  are  the 
seeds:  radicle  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons.     Flowers  white  or  purple. 

10.  ARABIS.     Pod  long  and  narrow-linear,  not  opening  elastically  ;    the  valves 

with  a  midrib.     Seeds  often  winged  or  margined. 

11.  CARDAMINE.     Pods  linear  or  lanceolate:  the  valves  with  no  or  hardly  any 

midrib,  opening  elasticnllv  from  the  base  upwards.  Seeds  marginless  and 
slender-stalked,  one-rowed  in  each  cell.     No  scaly-toothed  rootstock. 


52  MUSTARD    FAMILY. 

12.  DENTARIA.      Pods,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding.     Seed-stalks  broad  and  flat 

Stem  2-3-leaved  in  the  middle,  naked  belovr,  springing  from  a  horizontal 
scaly-toothed  or  irregular  fleshy  rootstock. 

13.  LUNARIA.     Pods  oval  or  oblong,  large  and  very  flat,  stalked  above  the  calyx. 

Seeds  winged,  2-rowpd  in  each  cell.     Flowers  pretty  large,  purple. 

14.  DRABA.      Pods  round-oval,  oblong  or  linear,  flat.      Seeds  wingless,  2-rowed  ia 

each  cell.     Flowers  small,  white  in  the  common  species. 
4-».  +♦  ++  H-»-  Podsliori,Jla(tisli  parallel  to  (he  broad  partition.    Floicers  yellotv,  small. 

15.  CAMELINA.     Pods  turgid,  obovate  or  pear-shaped. 

m.  ++++++  -M-  Pod  short,  very  muih  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrmo  partition  ;  the 
valves  Uitrefwe  deeply  boat-shaped.     Flowers  white,  small. 

16.  CAPSELLA.     Pods  obovate-triangular,  or  triangular  with  a  notch  at  the  top. 
•  «  Seeds  or  the  ovules  single  or  sometimes  2  in  each  cell.     Pods  short  and  flat. 

•«-  Corolla  iii-egular,  the  petals  being  very  uneqiud. 

17.  IBERIS.     Flowers  in  short  and  flat-topped  clusters,  whire  or  purple  ;  the  two 

petals  on  the  outer  side  of  the  flower  much  larger  than  the  oshers.  Pods 
scale-shaped,  roundish  or  ovate,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow 
partition,  notched  at  the  wing-margined  top. 

■t-  -»-  Corolla  regular,  small. 

18.  LEPIDIUM.    Pods  scale-shaped,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow 

partition,  often  notched  or  wing-margined  at  the  top.      Flowers  white. 

19.  ALYSSUM.     Pods  roundish,  flattened  [)arallel  to  the  broad  partition.     Seeds 

flat,  commonly  wing-margined.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

§  2.   Fi-uit  indehiscent,  tcing-like,  i-seeded. 

20.  ISATIS.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded,  resembling  a  small  samara 

or  ash-lruit. 
§  3.   Fruit  fleshy,  or  when  ripe  and  dry  corky,  not  opening  by  valves,  2 -many-seeded. 

21.  CAKILE.     Fruit  jointed  in  the  middle  ;  the  two  short  joints  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Seed  oblong. 

22.  RAP H ANUS.     Fruit  several-seeded,  with  cellular  matter  or  with  constrictions 

between  the  spherical  seeds.  , 

1.   BRASSICA,  CABBAGE,  MUSTARD,  &c.     (Ancient' Latin  name  of 
■  Cabba<;e.     Botanically  the  Mustards  rank  in  the  same  genus.)    (T;  (5)     Cult, 
from  Eu.,  or  run  wild  as  weeds ;  known  by  their  yellow  flowers,  beak-pointed 
pods,  and  globose  seeds,  the  cotyledons  wrapped  round  the  radicle. 

B.  oler^cea,  Cabbage.  The  original  is  a  sea-coast  plant  of  Europe,  with 
thick  and  hard  stem,  and  pretty  large  pale  yellow  flowers  ;  the  leaves  very  gla- 
brous and  glaucous ;  upper  ones  entire,  clasping  the  stem,  not  auriclcd^t  the 
base  :  cult,  as  a  biennial,  the  rounded,  thick,  and  fleshy,  strongly  veined  leaves 
collect  into  a  head  the  first  year  upon  the  summit  of  a  short  and  stout  stem. 

—  Var.  Broccoli  is  a  state  in  which  the  stem  divides  into  short  fleshy  branches, 
bearing  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.  —  Var.  Cauliflower  has  the  nour- 
ishing matter  mainly  concentrated  in  short  imperfect  flower-branches,  collected 
into  a  flat  head.  —  Var.  Kohlrabi  has  the  nourishing  matter  accumulated  in 
the  stem,  which  forms  a  turnip-like  enlargement  above  ground,  beneath  the 
cluster  of  leaves.  —  Kale  is  more  nearly  the  natural  state  of  the  species,  the 
fleshy  leaves  not  forming  a  head. 

B.  eamp6stris,  of  the  Old  World ;  like  the  last,  but  with  brighter  flowers ; 
the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid  or  divided  and  rough  w^ith  stifl*  hairs,  and  the  upp jr 
auricled  at  the  base,  is  represenTc^nTfcnrtivaltoTr  hy  the  Var,  Colza  or  Rape, 
with  small  annual  root,  cult,  for  the  oil  of  the  seed.  —  Var.  Tur.vi  v  ( B.  Napus)  ; 
cult,  as  a  biennial,  for  the  nourishment  accumulated  in  the  na})iform  white  root. 

—  Var.  Rutabaga  or  Swedish  Turnip,  has  a  longer  and  yellowish  root. 

B.  Sinip^strum,  or  Sin^pis  arvensis,  Charlock.  A  troublesome 
weed  of  cultivation  in  grainflelds,  annual,  Avith  the  somewhat  rough  leaves  barely 
toothed  or  little  lobed,  and  nearly  smooth  pods  spreading  in  a  loose  raceme,  the 
seed-bearing  part  longer  than  the  conical  (usually  empty)  beak. 

B.  (or  Sin^pis)  alba,  White  Mustard.  Cult.and  in  waste  places,  an- 
nual ;  the  leaves  all  piunatitid  and  rough-hairy  ;  pods  spreading  in  the  raccui^.'. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  53 

bristly,  the  lower  and  turgid  few-seeded  portion  shorter  than  the  1-sceded  stout 
and  flattened  beak  ;  seeds  large,  ])ale  brown. 

B.  (or  Sinkpis)  nigra,  Black  Mustard.  Cult,  and  in  waste  places; 
leaves  less  liairy  and  less  divided  than  the  last ;  pods  erect  in  the  raceme  or 
spike,  smooth,  short,  4-sided  (the  valves  having  a  strong  midrib),  and  ti])ped 
with  the  short  empty  conical  base  of  a  slender  style ;  seed.i  dark  brown,  smaller, 
and  more  pungent  than  in  the  last. 

2.  SISYMBRIUM,  HEDGE  MUSTARD.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 
S.  officinale.  Common  H.    ®    Coarse  weed  in  waste  places,  with  branch- 
ing stems,  runcinate  leaves,  and  very  small  pale  yellow  flowers,  followed  by 
awl-shaped  obscurely  6-sided  pods  close  pressed  to  the  axis  of  the  narrpw  spike. 

S.  canescens,  Hoary  H.  or  Taxsy-Mustard.  (i)  Commonly  only 
S.  &  W.,  hoary,  with  finely  cut  twice-pinnatilid  leaves,  minute  yellowish  flow- 
ers, and  oblong-club-shaped  4-sided  pods  on  slender  horizontal  pedicels. 

3.  NASTURTIUM,  WATER-CRESS,  HORSERADISH,  &c.  (Xame 
from  nasKS  tortus,  convulsed  nose,  from  tire  pungent  qualities.)  Here  are 
combined  a  variety  of  plants,  widely  different  in  ap])earance  :  the  following 
are  the  commonest. 

*  Nat.  from  Eu. :  the  white  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     "% 

N.  officinale,  Watrr-Cress.  Planted  or  run  wild  in  streamlets,  spread- 
ing and  rooting,  smooth,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-11  roundish  or  oblong  leaf- 
lets ;  fl.  all  summer ;  pods  broadly  linear,  slightly  curved  upwards  on  their 
spi'eading  pedicels.     Yountr  plants  eaten. 

N.  Armoraeia,  Ho^eradish.     Planted  or  run  wild  in  moist  soil ;  with 
very  large  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  chiefly  from  the  ground,  crenate,  rarely 
cut  or  pinnatifid ;   pods  globular,  but  seldom  seen.     The  long  deep  root  is  a 
familiar  condiment. 
,     ,  *  *  Indigencnis  species,  in  wet  places :  petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 

/'  '       N.  paMstre,  Marsh-Cress.     A  very  common  homely  weed,  erect,  1°- 3° 

j!it5^^^igh,  with  ];iunatifld  or  lyrate  leaves  of  several  oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets,  small 

ft    yellowish  flowers,  and  small  oblong  or  ovoid  jjods. 
^^/^(yJ-  •    U.  sessiliflbrum,  like  the  last,  but  with  less  lobed  leaves,  very  minute 

sessile  flowers,  and  longer  oblong  pods,  is  common  from  Illinois  S.     And  there 

are  2  or  3  more  in  some  parts,  especially  S. 

4.  HESPERIS,  ROCKET.  (Greek  for  evening,  the  flowers  being  then 
fragrant.)      U 

H.  matron^lis.  Common  or  Dame  R.  Tall  and  rather  coarse  plant  in 
country  gardens,  from  Eu.,  inclined  to  run  wild  in  riah  shady  soil ;  with  oblong 
or  lanceolate  toothed  leaves,  and  rather  large  purj^le  flowers,  in  summer,  fol- 
lowed by  (2'  -  4')  long  and  slender  pods. 

5.  MALCOLMIA.     (Named  for  W.  Malcolm,  an  English  gardener.) 

M.  maritima,  Maiion  Stock,  called  Virginia  Stock  in  England,  but 
comes  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean :  a  garden  annual,  not  much  cult., 
a  span  high,  with  pale  green  oblong  or  spatulate  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  ])retty 
pink-red  flowers  changinji-  to  violet-purple,  also  a  white  var.  (much  smaller  than 
those  of  true  Stock)  ;  pods  long  and  slender. 

6.  MATTPTIOLA,  STOCK  or  GILLIFLOWER.  (Named  for  the  early 
naturalist,  Mafthiali.)  Cult,  garden  or  house  plants,  from  Eu.,  hoary-leaved, 
much  prized  for  their  handsome  and  fragrant,  pretty  large,  pink,  reddish,  or 
white  flowers,  of  which  there  are  very  double  and  showy  varieties. 

M.  ine^na.  Common  Stock.  %  Stout  stem  becoming  almost  woody  : 
not  hardy  at  tlie  N. 

M.  ^nnua,  Ten-week  Stock.  ®  Probably  only  an  herbaceous  variety 
of  the  last ;  flowers  usually  not  double. 


51  MUSTARD    FAMILY. 

7.  CHEIRANTHUS,  WALLFOWER.  {Cheiri  is  the  Arabic  name.) 
Like  Stocks,  but  slightly  if  at  all  hoary,  and  the  flowers  orange,  brown-red- 
dish, or  yellow.      1|. 

C.  Cheiri,  Common  Wallflower.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  not  hardy  N., 
a  much-prized  house-plant ;  stem  woody,  crowded  with  the  narrow  and  pointed 
entire  leaves. 

8.  ERYSIMUM.  (Name  from  Greek,  and  meaning  to  draw  blisters,  fi-om 
the  acridity.) 

E.  asperum,  "Westerx  Wallflower.  Wild  from  Ohio  W.  &  S. ;  like 
the  wild  state  of  the  Wallflower,  with  brij^ht  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  but  the 
seeds  are  different,  and  the  long  pods  quite  square  in  the  cross-section ;  the 
leaves  somewhat  toothed  and  hoary.     (2>    U- 

Bi  cheiranthoides,  Treacle-Mustard  or  Wormseed  Mustard. 
A  rather  insigniflcant  annual,  wild  or  run  wild  in  waste  moist  places,  with  slen- 
der branches,  lanceolate  almost  entire  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers,  followed 
by  shortish  and  obscurely  4-sidcd  pods  on  slender  spreading  pedicels. 

9.  BARBAREA,  WINTER-CRESS.  (The  Herb  of  Santa  Barbara.) 
Different  from  the  last  genus  in  the  seeds,  divided  leaves,  and  in  the  general 
aspect.     Leaves  used  by  some  as  winter  salad,  but  bitterish.    (D      H, 

B.  vulgaris,  CoMMOx  W.  or  Yellow  Rocket.  Smooth,  common  in 
old  gardens  and  other  rich  soil,  with  green  lyrate  leaves,  and  bright  yellow 
flowers,  in  si)ring  and  summer ;  pods  erect,  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme,  much 
thicker  thaii  th.ir  pu-dicels. 

B.  priJSCOX,  Early  W.  or  Scurvy-Grass.  Cult,  from  Pcnn.  S.  for  early 
salad,  beginning  to  run  wild,  ))robul)ly  a  variety  of  the  last,  Avith  more  numerous 
and  narrower  divisions  to  the  leaves ;  the  less  erect  pods  scarcely  thicker  than 
their  pedicels. 

10.  ARABIS,  ROCK-CRESS.  (Name  from  Arabic.)  Fl.  spring  and 
summer.     Leaves  mostly  simple  and  undivided. 

♦  Wild  species,  on  rocks,  <J'c. :  flowers  white  or  whitish,  not  showi/.     (D 

A.  lyr^ta,  Low  R.  A  delicate,  low,  nearly  smooth  plant,  with  a  cluster 
of  lyrate  root-leaves  ;  stem-leaves  few  and  narrow  ;  bright  white  petals  rather 
conspicuous  ;  pods  slender,  spreading. 

A.  hirsuta,  Hairy  R.  Strictly  erect,  l°-2°  high;  stem-leaves  many 
and  sagittate  ;  small  greenish-white  flowers  and  narrow  pods  erect. 

A.  laevigata,  Smooth  R.  Erect,  lo-2°  high,  glaucous;  upper  leaves 
sagittate  ;  flowers  rather  small ;  pods  3'  long,  very  narrow  and  not  very  flat, 
recurving ;  seeds  winged. 

A.  Canadensis,  Caxadiax  or  Sicklepod  R.  Tall,  growing  in  ravines ; 
stem-loaves  ];ointcd  at  both  ends,  pubescent ;  petals  whitish,  narrow  ;  pods  3' 
long,  scythe-shaped,  very  flat,  hanging  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

*  *   Wild,  on  river  banks :  flowers  pink-purple,  ratlwr  sliowy.     ©     U 

A.  hesperidoides,  Rocket  R.  Smooth,  erect,  10-3°  high;  with 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  long-petioled  root-leaves,  ovate-lanceolate  stem.-leaves 
(2' -6'  long),  the  lower  on  a  winged  petiole  or  with  a  ])air  of  small  lateral 
lobes  ;  ])etals  long-clawed  ;  pods  spreading,  narrow  ;  seeds  wingless.  Banks  of 
the  Ohio  and  S.  W. 

*  *  *  Garden  species:  flowers  ivhite,  shoir>/.      U 

A.  alpina,  Alpine  R.,  and  its  variety  1  A.  Albida,  from  Eu.,  low  and 
tufted,  hairy  or  soft-downy,  are  cult,  in  gardens  ;  fl.  in  early  spring. 

n.   CARDAMINE,  BITTER-CRESS.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)      U 

C.  hirsuta,  S.^iall  B.  A  low  and  branching  insignificant  herb,  usually 
not  hairy,  with  slender  fibrous  root,  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  angled  or 
toothed,  and  small  white  flowers,  followed  by  narrow  upright  pods  :  common  in 
moist  soil,  fl.  spring  and  summer. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  55 

C.  prat^nsis,  Cuckoo-flower  or  Ladies'  Smock.  Stem  ascending 
from  a  short  perennial  rootstock  ;  the  pinnate  leaves  with  rounded  and  stalked 
entire  small  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  spring,  showy,  pink  or  white  :  in  bogs  at  the 
north,  and  a  double-flowered  variety  is  an  old-fashioned  plant  in  gardens. 

C.  rhomboidea.  Stems  upright  from  a  small  tuber,  simple,  bearing  rather 
large  white  or  rose-purple  flowers  in  spring,  and  simple  angled  or  sparingly 
toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  rounded  or  heart-shaped,  the  vipper  ovate  or  oblong : 
in  wet  places  northward. 

12.  DENTARIA,  TOOTHWORT.     (From  the  Latin  rfe«^,  a  tooth.)     U 

D.  diphylla,  Two-leaved  T.,  Pepper-root,  or  Crinkle-root.  So 
called  from  the  fleshy,  long  and  toothed  rootstocks,  which  are  eaten  and  taste 
like  Water-Cress ;  there  are  only  2  stem  leaves,  close  together,  each  of  3  rhom- 
bic-ovate and  toothed  leaflets,  and  the  root-leaf  is  similar ;  flowers  quite  large, 
white,  in  spring.     Woods  in  vegetable  mould,  N. 

D.  laeini^ta,  Laciniate  T.  Rootstock  necklace-form  or  constricted  in 
2  or  3  places,  scarcely  toothed  ;  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  each  3-parted  into 
linear  or  lanceolate  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  or  the 
lateral  ones  2-lobed  ;  flowers  purplish,  in  spring  :  banks  of  streams. 

13.  LUNARIA,  HONESTY  or  SATIN-FLOWER.  (Name  from  Luna, 
the  moon,  from  the  shape  of  the  broad  or  rounded  pods.)    ®     U 

L.  biennis,  Common  Honesty.  Not  native  to  the  country,  but  cultivated 
in  old-fashioned  places,  for  the  singular  large  oval  pods,  of  which  the  broad 
white  partitions,  of  satiny  lustre,  remaining  after  the  valves  have  fallen,  are 
used  for  ornament ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  flowers  large,  pink-purple, 
in  early  summer. 

L.  rediviva,  Perennial  Honesty,  is  a  much  rarer  sort,  with  oblong 
pods  ;    seldom  met  with  here. 

14.  DRABA,  W^HITLOW-GRASS.  (Name  is  a  Greek  word,  meaning 
acrid.)  Low  herbs,  mostly  with  white  flowers  :  the  commoner  species  are  the 
following  :  fl.  early  spring  ;  winter  annuals. 

D.  Caroliniana.  Leaves  obovate,  hairy,  on  a  very  short  stem,  bearing  a 
short  raceme  or  corymb  on  a  scape-like  peduncle  1'  -  4'  high  ;  jfetals  not  notched ; 
pods  broadly  linear,  much  larger  than  their  pedicels  :  in  sandy  waste  places. 

D.  verna.  A  diminutive  plant,  with  a  tuft  of  oblong  or  lanceolate  root- 
leaves,  and  a  scape  l'-3'  high;  petals  2-cleft ;  pods  oval  or  oblong,  in  a  ra- 
ceme, shorter  than  their  pedicels  :  in  sandy  waste  places. 

15.  CAMELINA,  FALSE-FLAX.  (An  old  name,  meaning  c?M;a?/;,/?aa:; 
the  common  species  was  fancied  to  be  a  degenerate  flax.)     ® 

C.  sativa,  Common  F.  A  weed,  in  grain  and  flax-fields,  10-2°  high, 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  sagittate  and  clasping  the  stem ;  small 
pale-yellow  flowers,  followed  by  obovate  turgid  pods  in  a  long  loose  raceme  ; 
style  conspicuous. 

16.  CAPSELLA,  SHEPHERD'S-PURSE.  (Name  means  a //«/e pot/.)  ® 
C.  Bursa-Past6ris,  Common  S.      The  commonest  of  weeds,  in  waste 

places  ;  root-leaves  pinnatifld  or  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  sagittate  and  partly 
clasping  ;  small  white  flowers  followed  by  the  triangular  and  notched  pods,  m  a 
long  raceme. 

17.  IBl^RIS,  CANDYTUFT.  (Name  from  the  country,  Ihma,  an  old 
name  for  Spain.)  Low  garden  plants,  from  Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament; 
different  from  the  rest  of  the  order  in  the  irregular  corollas. 

I.  umbell^ta,  Common  C.  ©.  Lower  l^ves  lanceolate,  the  upper 
linear  and  entire  ;  flowers  purple-lilac  (or  pale),  in  flat  clusters,  in  summer. 

I.  semp6rvirens,  Evergreen  C.  U  Rather  woody-stemmed,  tufted, 
with  bright  green  lanceolate  or  linear-spatulate  thickish  entire  leaves,  and  flat 
dusters  of  pure  white  flowers,  in  spring. 


5G  CAPER    FAMILY. 

18.  LEPIDIUM,  PEPPERGKASS.  (A  Greek  word,  meaning  Utth  scale, 
from  tlie  pods.)  Our  common  species  have  incised  or  pinnatirid  leaveS;  and 
very  small  white  or  whitish  flowers.     Q) 

L.  Virginieum,  Wild  P.  A  common  weed  by  roadsides,  with  petals, 
and  usuall\^  only  2  stamens  ;  the  little  pods  orbicular  and  scarcely  margined  at 
the  notched  top  ;  seeds  flat,  the  radicle  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons. 

L.  ruderale,  introduced  from  Europe,  is  much  less  common,  more 
branched,  with  no  petals,  smaller  scarcely  notched  pods,  and  turgid  seeds,  the 
radicle  against  the  back  of  one  of  the  cotyledons. 

L.  sativum,  Gardi:x  P.  Cult,  as  a  cress,  has  petals,  and  the  larger  ovate 
pods  are  winged  and  slightly  notched  at  the  top. 

19.  ALYSSUM,  MAD  WORT.  (Name  refers  to  being  a  fancied  remedy  for 
canine  madness.)     Cult,  for  ornament ;  from  Eu. 

A.  maritimum,  Sweet  Alyssum.  A  spreading  little  plant,  from  Eu- 
rope, fl.  all  summer  in  gardens,  or  in  the  greenhouse  in  winter,  green  or  slightly 
hoai-y,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  and  small 
white  honey-scented  flowers,  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  the  round  little 
pods  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  A  variety  much  used  for  borders  has 
paler  and  white-edged  leaves. 

A.  saxatile,  Rock  A.  Low,  hoary-leaved,  Avith  abundant  brigh^ yellow 
flowers,  in  spring  ;  cult,  from  Europe.     2^ 

20.  iSATIS,  WOAD.  (Name  of  obscure  derivation.)  ©  One  common 
species  of  Eu., 

I.  tinctdria,  Dyer's  Woad.  Rather  tall,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  with 
the  stem-leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  sessile  and  somewhat  sagittate ;  the  ra- 
cemes of  small  yellow  flowers  ]>aniclcd,  succeeded  by  the  hanging  samara-like 
closed  pods  ;  fl.  in  early  summer.     Old  gardens,  formerly  cult,  for  a  blue  dye. 

21.  CAKILE,  SEA-ROCKET.     (An  old  Arabic  name.)     ®   ® 

C.  Americana,  American  S.  A  fleshy  herb,  wild  on  the  shore  of  the 
sea  and  Great  Lakes,  with  obovate  wavy-toothed  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers. 

22.  RAPHANUS,  RADISH.     (Ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  refer  to  the 

rapid  germination  of  the  seeds.)     (i)  (2)     All  from  the  Old  World. 

R.  sativus,  Radish.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  with  lyratc  lower  leaves,  purple 
and  whitish  flowers,  and  thick  and  pointed  closed  pods  ;  the  seeds  separated  by 
irregular  fleshy  false  partitions  :  cult,  for  the  tender  and  fleshy  pungent  root : 
inclined  to  run  wild. 

R.  caud^tUS,  Rat-tail  R.,  from  India,  lately  introduced  into  gardens, 
rather  as  a  curiosity,  is  a  probable  variety  of  the  Radish,  with  the  narrow  pod 
a  foot  or  so  long,  eaten  when  green. 

R.  Raphanistrum,  Wild  R.  or  Jointed  Charlock.  Troublesome 
weed  in  cult,  fields,  with  rough  lyrate  leaves,  yellow  petals  changing  to  whitish 
or  j)urplish,  and  narrow  long-beaked  pods,  which  are  divided  across  between  the 
several  seeds,  so  as  to  become  necklace-form. 

11.   CAPPARIDACE^,  CAPER  FAMILY. 

In  our  region  tlipse  are  herbs,  resembling  Oruciferce,  but  with 
^'  >•  .stamens  not  tetrjidynamous  and  often  more  than  6,  no  partition  in 
JKa/     niig  pQj  (which  is  therefore  1-celled  with  two  parietal  placentas),  and 
uA^      kidney-shaped   seeds,    the   embryo   rolled  up  instead  of  folded  to- 
gether :  the  leaves  commonly  palmately  com{)Ound,  and  the  herbage 
""■^  .    bitter  and  nauseous  instead  of  pungent.     But  in  warm  regions  the 
Cress-like  pungency  sometimes  appears,  as  in  capers,  the  pickled 
flower-buds  of  Capparis  spinosa,  of  the  Levant.      This  and  its 
near  relatives  are  trees  or  shrubs.  . 


PITTOSPORUM   FAMILY.  .  5/ 

1.  CLEOME.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Petals  4.  Stamens  6,  on  a  short  thickened  recep- 
tacle. Ovary  and  many-seeded  pod  in  ours  raised  above  the  receptacle  on  a 
long  stalk.  Style  very  short  or  none.  Usually  an  appendage  on  one  side  of 
the  receptacle. 
2;  GYNANDKOl'SIS.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  borne  on  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovarj' 
far  above  the  petals.  Otherwise  as  in  No.  1. 
'  8.  POLANISIA.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  8-32.  Ovary  and  pod  sessile  or  short- 
stalked  on  the  receptacle.     Style  present.     Odierwise  nearly  as  No.  1. 

1.  CLEOME.     (From  a  Greek  word  meaning  closed,  the  application  not 
obvious.)     (V) 

C.  piingens.  Tall  (2°  -4°  high),  clammy-pubescent,  with  little  spines  or 
prickly  points  (whence  the  name)  in  place  of  stipules,  about  7  broadly  lanceolate 
leaflets,  but  the  l)racts  simple  and  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  and  a  raceme  of  large 
and  handsome  flowers,  with  long-clawed  pink  or  purple  petals  and  declined  sta- 
mens.    Cult,  from  S.  America,  for  ornament,  and  run  wild  S. 

C.  integrifblia,  much  smaller,  very  smooth,  with  3  leaflets  and  the  pink 
petals  without  claws,  is  wild  in  Nebraska,  &c.,  and  lately  introduced  to  gardens. 

2.  GYNANDROPSIS.     (Greek-made  name,  meaning  that  the  stamens 
appear  to  be  on  the  pistil.)     (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig.  276.) 

G.  pentaph^lla.  Nat.  from  Carolina  S.  fi-om  West  Indies,  is  a  clammy- 
pubescent  weed,  with  5  leaflets  to  the  leaves  and  3  to  the  bracts ;  the  white 
petals  on  claws. 

3.  POLANISIA.     (Greek-made  name,  meaning  many -unequal,  referring  to 
the  stamens.) 

P.  grav^olens.  A  heavy-scented  (as  the  name  denotes),  rather  clammy, 
low  herb,  with  3  oblong  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  with  short  white  petals,  about 
11  scarcely  longer  purplish  stamens,  and  a  short  style;  fl.  summer.  Wild  on 
gravelly  shores,  from  Conn.  W. 

12.   RESEDACE^,  MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes ;  rep- 
resented by  the  main  genus, 

1.  RESEDA,  MIGNONETTE,  &c.  (From  a  Latin  word,  to  assuage,  from 
supposed  medical  properties.)  Calyx  4-7-parted,  never  closed  even  in  the 
bud.  Petals  4-7,  unequal,  cleft  or  notched,  those  of  one  side  of  the  flower 
appendagcd  within.  Stamens  10-40,  borne  on  a  sort  of  disk  dilated  on  one 
side  of  the  flower.  Ovary  and  pod  composed  of  3-6  carpels  united  not 
quite  to  the  top  into  a  3  -  6-lobcd  or  3  -  6-horned  1-ccllcd  pistil  which  opens 
at  the  top  long  before  the  seeds  are  rips.  The  seeds  are  numerous,  kidney- 
shaped,  on  3  -  6  parietal  placentae.  Leaves  alternate. 
R.  odorata,  Common  Mignonette.     Cult,  (from  N.  Africa)  as  an  an. 

nual,  for  the  delicious  scent  of  the  greenish-white  flowers  ;  the  anthers  orange  ; 

petals  6,  the  posterior  ones  cut  into  several  fine  lobes  ;  stems  low  ;  some  leaves 

entire  and  oblong,  others  3-lobed. 

R.   Lut^ola,    Dyer's  M.  or  Weld.      Nat.   along  roadsides,   tall,  with 

lanceolate  entire  leaves,  and  a  long  spike  of  yellowish  flowers  ;    petals  4. 

13.   PITTOSPORACE^,  PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY. 

A  small  family  of  shrubs  and  trees,  belonsjinj^  mostly  to  ihe  south- 
ern hemisphere,  in  common  cultivation  represented  only  by  one 
house-plant,  a  species  of 

1.   PITTOSPORUM.     (Name  means  pitchy  seed  in  Greek,  the  seeds  being 
generally  covered  with  a  sticky  exudation.)"   Flowers  regular,  of  5  sepals. 


58  .  VIOLET    FAMILY. 

5  petals,  and  5  stamens  ;  the  claws  of  the  petals  sometimes  slightly  united : 

ovary  one-celled  with  three  parietal  placenta;,  a  single  style  and  stigma. 

Fruit  a  globular  woody  pod,  many-seeded. 

P.  Tobira,  Commox  P.  A  low  tree,  cultivated  as  a  house-plant  (from 
Jaj)an),  with  obovate  and  rctusc  evergreen  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of 
the  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  a  small  sessile  umbel  of  white  fragrant 
(lowers,  produced  in  winter.  ^ 

^  Ir  Ujuu'^         14.   VIOLACEiEj  VIOLET  FAMILY. 

j\  Ci-vx  Commonly  known  only  by  the  principal  genus  of  the  order,  viz. 

^^         1.  VIOLA,  VIOLET.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     Sepals  5,  persistent.     Pet- 
als 5,  more  or  less  unequal,  the  lower  one  with  a  sac  or  s])ur  at  the  base. 
(Lessons,  p.  91,  fig.  181,  182.)     Stamens  .5,  short:    the  very  broad  flat  lila- 
ments  conniving  and  slightly  cohering  around  the  pistil,  which  they  cover, 
all  but  the  end  of  the  style  and  the  (usually  one-sided)  stigma,  bearing  the 
anthers  on  their  inner  face,  two  of  these  spurred  at  the  base.     Ovary  and  pod 
1 -celled,  with  3  ))arietal  placentie,  containing  several  rather  large  seeds. — 
Herbs,  with  stipules  to  the  altcniate  leaves,  and  1-flowered  peduncles, 
»  Stemless  Violets,  wiih  leaves  and  peduncles  all  from   creeping  or  sub. 
terranean  rootstocks,  there  being  no  proper  ascending  stems  :  all  Jiowering  in 
spring,  also  producinq  im'on.<])inious  flowers  and  most  of  the  fruitful  pods, 
all  summer,  concealed  among  the  leaves. 

•<-  Garden  species,  from  Eurojye:  fmgrant. 
V.  Odor^ta,  Sweet  Violet.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  the  tufts  spreading  by 
creeping  runners  ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped,  more  or  less  downy  ;  flowers 
purple-blue  (violet-color)  varying  to  bluish  and  white,  single  or  in  cultivation 
commonly  full  double.  Hardy  ;  while  the  Italiax  Violet,  the  variety  used 
for  winter-blooming,  with  leaves  smoother  and  brighter  green  and  flowers  paler 
or  grayish-blue,  is  tender  northward. 

•«-  •»-  Wild  species  :  slightly  sweet-scented  or  scentless. 
■M-  Flowers  blue  or  lu'olef-color. 
V.  Selkirkii,  Selkirk's  V.     Small,  only  2'  high,  the  rounded  heart- 
shaped  leaves  spreading  flat  on  the  ground  ;  the  flower  large  in  projwrtion,  its 
thick  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  beardless  ])etals  :  on  shady  banks,  only  N. 

V.  sagittclta,  Arrow-leaved  V.  One  of  the  commonest  and' earliest ; 
leaves  varying  from  oblong-heart-shaped  to  ovate  and  often  rather  halberd- 
shaped,  the  earlier  ones  on  short  and  margined  petioles  ;  flower  large  in  propor- 
tion ;  spur  short  and  sac-shaped,  as  in  all  the  following. 

V.  cucull^ta,  Common  Blue  V.  The  tallest  and  commonest  of  the 
blue  violets,  in  all  low  grounds,  with  matted  fleshy  and  scaly-toothed  rootstocks, 
erect  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  obscurely  serrate  leaves,  with  the  sides 
at  the  base  rolled  in  Avhen  young,  on  long  petioles  ;  flowers  sometimes  pale  or 
variegated  with  Avhite. 

V.  palm^ta,  Hand-leaf  V.,  is  a  variety  of  the  last,  with  the  leaves,  or 
all  the  later  ones,  3  -  7-cleft  or  parted  ;  common  southward. 

V.  ped^ta,  Bird-foot  V.  Grows  in  sandy  or  light  soil,  from  a  short  and 
thick  or  tuber-like  rootstoek  ;  the  leaves  all  ctu  into  linear  divisions  or  lobes  ; 
the  flower  large,  beardless,  usually  light  violet-color :  sometimes  the  two  upper 
petals  deep  dark  violet,  like  a  pansy. 

V.  delphinifblia,  Larkspur-leaved  V.,  takes  the  place  of  the  preced- 
ing in  prairies,  &c.  W.  and  is  like  it,  but  has  the  lateral  petals  bearded. 
**  -w-  Floivers  (small)  white,  the  lower  petal  purplish-veined. 
V.  blanda,  Sweet  White  V.    Very  common,  with  faintly  sweet-scented 
flowers,  all  the  petal >  beardless;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped. 
V.  primulsefblia,  Primrose-leaved  V.     Common  S.,  between  the  last 
and  next,  has  oblong  or  ovate  leaves. 

V.  laneeol^ta.  Lance-leaved  V.  Commonest  S.,  has  lanceolate  leaves 
tapering  into  long  petioles,  and  beardless  petals. 


SUNDEW   FAMILY.  59 

4-f  ++  •♦-».  Flowers  yellow. 

V.  rotundif61ia,  Round-leaved  V,  Oiily»  in  cold  woods  N.  ;  the 
roundish  heart-sluiped  leaves  flat  on  the  {rround,  becoming  large  and  shining  in 
summer  ;  spreads  by  runners  ;  flower  small. 

*  *  Leafy-stemmed  Violets,  wild,  perennial :  Jlowering  in  spring  and  summer. 
H-  Flowers  yellow,  short-spurred :  stem  2  -  4-leaved  above,  naked  beloio. 

V.  pubescens,  Downy  Yellow  V,  Common  in  rich  woods  ;  soft- 
downy,  also  a  rather  smooth  variety  ;  leaves  l)roadly  heart-shaped. 

V.  hastata,  Halkerd-leaved  V.  Scarce  W.  &  S.  ;  smoother;  leaves 
oblong-heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  3-lobed  ;  flower  small.  / 

-»-  •*-  Flowers  not  yellow :  stem  branched,  leafy  below :  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped. 

V.  striata,  Pale  V.  Not  rare  N.  &  W,,  low;  flowers  creamy-white, 
with  lower  petal  purple-lined ;  spur  short ;  stipules  large  in  projwrtion,  strongly 
fringe-toothed. 

V.  canina,  Dog  V.,  the  Amer.  variety  :  common  in  low  grounds  ;  low. 
with  creeping  branches  or  short  runners,  fringe- toothed  stipules,  and  spur  half 
the  length  of  the  violet  flower. 

V.  rostrata,  Long-spurred  V.  Shady  hills  N.  &  W. ;  6'  high,  with 
fringe-toothed  stipules,  and  slender  spur  longer  than  the  pale  violet  ])etals. 

v.  Canadensis,  Canada  V.  Common  in  rich  woods  N.  &  W.,  taller 
than  the  others,  l°-2°  high,  larger-leaved,  with  entire  stipules;  flowers  all 
summer,  the  petals  white  or  purplish  above,  the  upper  ones  violet-purple  under- 
neath ;  spur  very  short  and  blunt. 

*  *  *  Pansy  Violets, /rom  Europe,  with  leafy  and  branching  stems,  and  large 
leaf-like  stipules  :  floivering  through  the  spring  and  summer'. 

V.  tricolor,  Pansy  or  Heart 's-ease.  Cult,  or  running  wild  in  gardens, 
low,  with  roundish  leaves,  or  the  upper  oval  and  lowest  heart-shaj)ed  ;  stipules 
.  lyrate-pinnatifid ;  petals  of  various  colors,  and  often  variegated,  and  under  culti- 
vation often  very  large  and  showy,  the  spur  short  and  blunt.  —  Var.  arvensis, 
is  a  field  variety,  slender  and  small-flowered,  thoroughly  naturalized  in  some 
places.     (\)  fi)    '11  -       ■ 

V.  COrntlta,  Horned  V.  From  the  Pyrenees,  cult,  in  borders  of  late ; 
has  stipules  merely  toothed,  and  light  violet-purple  flowers  Avith  a  very  long 
and  slender  spur.     11 

15.   DROSERACE^,  SUNDEW  FAMILY. 

l^tir  Bon^-hwbs,  with  regular  flowers,  on  scapes  ;  leaves  in  a  tuft  at 
/the  root,  glandular-bristly  or  bristly-fringed,  and  rolled  up  from  the 

^•^^^-nkpex  in  the  bud,  in  the  manner  of  Ferns  ;  the  persistent  sepals  and 
withering-persistent  petals  each  0;  stamens  5- L3  witli  their  anthers 
turned  outward  ;  and  a  1-celled  many-seeded  pod.  Represented  by 
two  genera. 

1.  DROSERA.  Stamens  5.  Styks  3-5,  but  2-parted  so  as  to  seem  like  6-10. 
Ovarv  with  3  parietal  placentae.     Reddish-colored  and  sticky-glandular. 

2.  DION^A.  Stamens  15.  Style  1:  stijrina  lobed  and  fringed.  Ovules  and 
seeds  all  at  the  broad  base  of  the  ovary  and -pod.  Leaves  terminated  by  a 
bristly-bordered  fly-trap. 

1.  DROSERA,  SUNDEW.  (Name  means  in  Greek  dewy,  or  beset  icith 
deio-drops,  the  gland  surmounting  the  bristles  of  the  leaves  ]n-odncing  a  dear 
and  dew-like  drop  of  liquid,  whicli  is  glutinous,  and  serves  to  catch  small  flies.) 
Flowers  small,  in  a  1 -sided  spike  or  raceme,  each  opening  only  once,  in  sun- 
shine, in  summer.     2/ 

*  Flowers  small,  ivhite :  leaves  with  a  blade. 
D.  rotundifblia,  Kound-leavkd  S.      The  commonest  species  in  peat- 
bogs, white  round  leaves  on  long  petioles  spreading  in  a  tuft.     When  a  small 
fly  or  other  insect  is  caught  by  the  sticky  glands  on  the  upper  face  of  the  leaf, 


GO  ROCK-ROSE    FAMILY. 

the  bristles  of  the  outer  rows  very  slowly  turn  inwards,  so  that  their  glands  help 
to  hold  the  prey  ! 

D.  longifblia,  Longek-leaved  S.  In  very  wet  bogs  or  shallow  water, 
with  spatuhite-oblong  leaves,  some  of  them  erect,  on  long  petioles. 

D.  brevifblia,  Short-leaved  S.     In  wet  sand,  only  at  the  S. ;  small ; 
scape  only  2'  -  5'  high,  few-flowered  ;  leaves  short,  wedge-shaped. 
*  *  Flowers  rose-purple :  no  blade  to  the  leaf. 

D.  filifdlia,  Thread-leaa'ed  S.  In  wet  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  from 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  Florida ;  leaves  erect,  thread-shaped;  scai)c6'-12'  high, 
from  a  bulb-like  base ;  flowers  handsome,  ^'  or  more  broad. 

2.    DION^A,  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP.    (Named  for  the  mother  of  Venus.) 

21     Only  one  species, 

D.  muscipula.  Grows  only  in  sandy  bogs  near  Wilmington,  N.  Car., 
but  kept  in  conservatories  as  a  great  curiosity.  (See  Lessons,  p.  52,  lig.  81, 
for  the  leaves,  and  the  way  they  catch  insects  !)  Flowers  white,  borne  in  an 
uinbel-like  cyme  on  a  scape  1°  high,  in  spring. 

16.   CISTACE^,  ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY. 

Shrubby  or  low  herbaceous  plants,  with  regular  flowers  ;  a  per- 
sistent calyx  of  5  sepals,  two  of  them  exterior  and  resembling  bracts; 
the  petals  and  <tameiis  on  the  receptacle;  the  style  single  or  none; 
ovary  1-celled  with  3  or  0  parietal  placenta?  (Lessons,  fig.  261), 
bearing  orthotropous  ovules.  Represented  in  greenhouses  by  one 
showy  species,  Cistus  ladanifkrus  of  Euroj)6  (not  common), 
and  in  sandy  woods  and  fields  by  the  following  wild  plants. 

1.  IIELIANTHEMUM.     Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious  (falling  at  the 

close  of  the  first  dny).     Stamena  and  ovules  many  iu  the  complete  flower: 
placentae  3.     Stvle  none  or  short. 

2.  HUDSONIA.     Petals  as  iu  the  last.     Calyx  narrow.     Stamens  9 -30.     Style 

slender.     Ovules  few. 

3.  LECIIKA.     Petals  3,  persistent,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stamens  3-12. 

Style  none.     Pod  partly  3-celled,  6-seeded. 

L   HELIANTHEMUM,  FROSTWEED.      (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  sun  and  Jlou'^tr,  the  blossoms  opening  only  in  sunshine.     Popular  name, 
from  crystals  of  ice  sliooting  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  root  late  in  the 
autumn.)     Low,  yellow-flowered,  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.     2/ 
H.  Canadense,  Canadiax  or  Common  F.     Common,  and  the  only  one 
N.  ;    has  lance-oblong  leaves  hoary  beneath  ;    flowers  ]jroduced  all  summer, 
some  with  showy  corolla  I'  broad  and  many  stamens  ;  others  small  and  clus- 
tered along  the  stem,  with  inconspicuous  corolla  and  3-10  stamens  ;  the  latter 
produce  small  few-seeded  pods. 

H.  corymbdsum,  only  along  the  coast  S.,  is  downy  all  over,  with  smaller 
flowers  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  larger  ones  long-peduncled. 

H.  Carolini^num,  gyows  only  S.,  is  hairy,  with  green  leaves,  the  lower 
obovatc  and  clustered  ;  flowers  all  laVge-petalled  and  scattered,  in  spring. 

2.    HUDSONIA.     (For  an  English  botanist,  TF///mm  Hudson.)     Ilcath-likc 
little  shrubs,  6'-  12'  high,  nearly  conflned  to  sandy  shores  of  the  ocean  and 
Great  Lakes,  with  minute  downy  leaves  closely  covering  the  branches,  and 
small  yellow  flowers,  opening  in  sunshine,  in  spring  and  summer. 
H.  ericoldes,  Heath-like  H.     Greenish;   leaves  awl-shaped;    floAvers 

pcduncled.     From  New  Jersey  N. 

H.  tomentosa,  Doww  H.      Hoary  with  .soft  down  ;    leaves  oblong  or 

oval  and  close  pressed  ;  peduncles  short  or  hardly  any.     From  New  Jersey  to 

Maine  and  Lake  Superior. 


ST.  john's-wort  family.  61 

3.   LECHEA,    PINWEED.      (For  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.)      Small, 
homely  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  and  pods 
about  the  size  of  a  pin's  head,  whence  the  popular  name  :  common  in  sterile « 
soil ;  fl.  summer  and  autumn.     11 

L.  major,  Larger  P.  Stem  upright,  hairy,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  ellipti- 
cal, mucronatc  ;  flowers  densely  clustered.     Borders  of  sterile  woodlands. 

L.  minor,  Smaller  P.  Stems  low,  6'-  18'  high,  often  straggling,  minutely 
hairy  ;  leaves  linear  ;  flowei's  loosely  racemed  on  the  branches.  Open  sterile 
ground. 

17.   HYPERICACE^,  ST.  JOHN'S -WORT  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  from  all  other  of  our  plants  by  the  opposite  and 
entire  simple  and  chiefly  sessile  leaves,  punctate  with  translucent 
and  commonly  some  blackish  dots,  perfect  flowers  with  the  stamens 
(usually  many  and  more  or  less  in  3  or  5  clusters)  inserted  on  the 
receptacle,  and  a  pod  either  1-celled  with  parietal  placentae  or  3-5- 
celled  (see  Lessons,  p.  120,  fig.  260,  262,  263),  filled  with  many 
small  seeds.  Juice  resinous  and  acrid.  All  here  described  are  wild 
plants  of  the  country. 

*  No  glands  between  the  stamens.     Petals  convolale  in  the  bud. 

1.  ASCYRUM.     Sepals  4;  the  oi;ter  pair  very  broad,  the  inner  small  and  narrow. 

Petals  4,  yellow.     Stamens  many.     Ovary  1-celled. 

2.  HYPERICUM.     Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  5.     Stamens  many,  rarely  few. 

*  «  Large  gland  between  each  of  the  3  sets  of  stamens    Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  KLODES.     Sepals  and  erect  flesh-colored.     Petals  5.     Stamens  9  to  12,  united 

in  3  sets.     Ovary  3-celled.     Flowers  axiflary. 

1.  ASCYRUM,  ST.  PETER'S-WORT.  (Greek  name  means  without 
roughness,  being  smootli  plants.)  Leafy-stemmed,  woody  at  the  base,  with 
2-edged  branches  ;  wild  in  pine  barrens,  &c.,  chiefly  S.     Fl.  summer.     "^ 

*  A  pair  ofbractlets  on  the  pedicel :  styles  short. 

A.  Crux-Andreae,  St.  Andrew's  Cross.  From  New  Jersey  to  Illmois 
&  S. ;  stems  spreading ;  leaves  thinnish,  narrow-oblong  and  tapering  to  the  base ; 
flowers  rather  small,  with  narrow  pale  yellow  petals  and  only  2  styles. 

A.  Stans,  Common  St.  Peter's-wort.  From  New  Jersey  S.  •  stems 
2°  -  3°  high ;  leaves  thickish,  closely  sessile,  oval  or  oblong ;  flowers  larger, 
with  obovate  petals  and  3  or  4  styles. 

*  *  No  bractlets  on  the  pedicel :  styles  longer  than  ovary. 

A.  amplexieaule,  Clasping-lea,ved  S.  Only  found  S.,  with  erect  stems 
many  times  forking  above,  and  closely  sessile  heart-shaped  leaves ;  styles  3. 

2.  HYPERICUM,  ST.  JO HN'S-WORT.  (Ancient  name,  of  uncertain 
derivation.)     Fl.  in  summer,  in  all  ours  yellow, 

*  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs :  stamens  very  many. 

■t-  Styles  5  [rarely  more)  united  below  into  one:  })od  ^-celled. 
H.  pyramidatum,  Great-fl.  S.    Herb,  2°  -  4°  high,  with  ovatc-oblong 
partly-clasping  leaves,  and  large  flowers,  the  petals  rather  narrow,  1'  long,  and 
5  clusters  of  stamens.     River-l)anks  N-  &  W, 

H.  Kalmi^num,  Kalm's  S.  Low  shrub,  with  glaucous  oblanceolata 
leaves  and  rather  large  flowers.     N.  W,  :  rare,  except  at  Niagara  Falls. 

"•-  •»-  Styles  3  partly  united,  or  at  first  wholli/  united  to  the  to}>  into  one  {see  Lessons, 
p.  118,  fig.  2.5G)  :  sepals  leafy,  spreadim). 
tH.  Shrubby,  deciduous-leaved,  both  Northern  and  Southern. 
H.  prolificum,  Shrubby  S.     Like  the  last,  but  leaves  scarcely  glaucous, 
lancc-dblong  or  linear ;  pod  3-celled. 


62  ST.  john's-wort  family. 

++  ++  Shr'ubby,  evergreen  or  nearly  so,  only  Southern. 

H.  fascicul^tum,  Fascicled  S.     Leaves  narrow-linear  and  small,  and 
*with  shorter  ones  clustered  in  the  axils  ;  pod  narrow.     Wet  pine  barrens. 

H.  myrtifblium,  Myktle-leaved  S.  Leaves  heart-shaped  and  partly 
clasping,  thick,  glaucous  ;  pod  conical.     Wet  pine  barrens. 

H.  atireum,  Golden  S.  Leaves  oblong  with  a  narrow  base,  glaucous 
beneath;  thick;  flowers  mostly  single,  very  large  (2'  broad),  orange-yellow; 
pod  ovate.     Kiver-banks  towards  the  mountains. 

H.  nudiflbrum,  Naked-clustered  8.  Shrubby  and  evergreen  S.,  less 
so  in  Virginia,  &c.,  has  4-angled  branches,  oblong  pale  leaves,  and  a  peduncled 
naked  cyme  of  rather  small  flowers  ;  pods  conical. 

++++++  Ilerlxxceous,  simple-stemmed,  Northern  ^  W€ste7-n. 

H.  sphserocarpon,  Spherical-fruited  S.  About  2°  high  ;  leaves 
diverging,  oblong-linear  (2'  long),  obtuse  ;  flowers  numerous,  small,  in  a  naked 
flat  cyme  ;  sepals  ovate  ;  pod  globular,  1 -celled.     Rocky  banks,  W. 

H.  adpressum,  Upright-leaved  S.  A  foot  high  ;  leaves  ascending, 
lanceolate,  often  acute ;  flowers  few  and  rather  small ;  sepals  narrow ;  pod 
oblong,  partly  3-celled.     Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Rhode  Island. 

H.  ellipticum,  Elliptical-leaved  S.  Barely  1°  high;  leaves  spread- 
ing, oblong,  thin  ;  flowers  rather  few  in  a  nearly  naked  cyme,  pale ;  the  pod 
purple,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  1 -celled.     Wet  soil,  N. 

-•-•«--•-  Styles  3  wholly  separate  {see  Lessons,  fig.  255)  :  herbs. 
++  Ovary  and  pod  S-celled :  petals  black-dotted :  styles  mostly  divenjing. 

H.  perforatum,  Common  S.  The  only  one  not  indigenous,  nat.  from 
Eu.,  a  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  &c.  ;  spreads  by  runners  from  the  base ; 
upright  stems  buanching ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots  ; 
flowers  rather  large  in  open  leafy  cymes  ;  the  deep  yellow  petals  twice  the  length 
of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals.     The  juice  is  very  acrid. 

H.  COrymb6sum,  Corymhed  S.  Conimon  N.  in  moist  ground  ;  stem 
2°  high,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  slightly  clas])ing,  having  black  as 
well  as  pellucid  dots  ;  flowers  rather  small,  crowded ;  petals  light  yellow  and 
black-lined  as  well  as  dotted  ;  sepals  oblong  ;  styles  not  longer  than  the  pod. 

H.  macul^tum,  Spotted  S.  Common's,  has  somewhat  heart-shaped 
or  more  clasping  leaves,  lanceolate  sepals,  and  very  long  and  slender  styles : 
othenvise  like  the  last. 

t-f  "^  Ovary  \ -celled :  stem  strict:  leaves  ascending,  acute,  closely  sessile,  short. 

H.  angulbsum,  Angled  ,S.  Wet  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S. 
Stem  sharply  4-angled  {l°-2°  high),  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong ; 
flowers  scattered  along  the  ascending  branches  of  the  cyme,  small,  copper- 
yellow  ;    styles  slender. 

H.  pil6sum,  ILviRY  S.  Wet  pine-barrens  S.  Stem  terete,  and  with  the 
lance-ovate  leaves  roughish-downy  ;  styles  short. 

*  *  Annual,  loiv  and  slender,  small-flowered  herbs:  stamens  5-12  :  ovary  and 
broivn-purple  pod  strictly  I -eel led :  styles  3,  separate:  sepals  narrow,  erect: 
petals  narrow. 

■*-  Leaves  conspicuous  and  spreading :  floicers  in  cymes. 

H.  miltilum,  Small  S.  Slender,  much  branched  and  leafy  up  to  the 
flowers ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  thin,  5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong ;  petals  pale 
yellow.     Everywhere  in  low  grounds. 

H.  Canadense,  Canadian  S.  Stem  and  branches  strictly  erect ;  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  3-ncrvcd  at  the  base ;  petals  copper-yellow.    Wet  sandy  soil. 

••-  ■*-  Leaves  erect,  aivl-shaped  or  scale-like  and  minute :  flowers  very  small  and 
scattered  along  the  numei-ous  bushy  and  wiry  slender  branches. 

H.  Druinni6ndii,  Drummond's  S.  In  dry  barrens,  W.  Illinois  and  S., 
with  linear-awl-shaped  leaves,  short-pedicelled  flowers,  and  pods  not  longer  than 
the  calyx. 

H.  Sardthra,  Orange-grass  or  Pine-weed.  Common  in  dry  sterile 
soil,  with  minute  awl-shaped  appressed  scales  for  leaves,  flowers  sessile  on  the 
wiry  branches,  and  slender  pods  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 


PINK   FAMILY.  63 

3.  ELODES,  MAKSH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (Greek  for  marshj.)     In 
water  or  wet  l^of-^s,  with  pale  often  purple- veined  oblon-,'  or  ovate  leaves,  and 
close  clusters  of  small  flowers  in  their  axils,  produced  all  summer.     Petals 
pale  puq)lc  or  flesh-color,  equal-sided,  erect.     Jl 
E.  Virginica,  the  commonest,  has  the  roundish  or  broadly  oblong  leaves 

clasping  by  a  broad  base. 

E.  petiolata,  commoner  S.,  has  the  leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole. 

18.  ELATINACE^,  WATER-WORT  FAMILY. 

Little  marsh  annuals,  resembling  Chickweeds,  but  with  mem- 
branaceous stipules  between  the  opposite  leaves,  and  seeds  as  in 
preceding  family.     Represented  by 

L   ELATINE,  WATER-WORT.     (Greek  name  of  some  herb.)     Sepals, 
petals,  stamens  and  cells  of  the  ovary  and  stigmas  or  styles  of  the  same  num- 
ber, each  2,  3,  or  4,  all  separate  on  the  receptacle.    Seeds 'straightish  or  curved. 
Flowers  minute  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
E.  Americana.     Creeping  and  spreading  on  muddy  shores  of  ponds,  &c., 

about  1 '  high,  not  very  common ;  leaves  obovate ;  parts  of  the  flower  2,  rarely  3 ; 

pod  very  thin. 

19.  TAMARISCINE^,  TAMARISK  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  Old  World,  represented  in  orna- 
mental grounds  by 

1.  TAMARIX,  TAMARISK.  (Named  for  the  Tamarisd,  or  the  river 
Tamaris,  on  which  these  people  lived.)  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  persistent, 
or  the  latter  withering,  and  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  all  on  the 
receptacle.  Ovary  pointed,  1-celled,  bearing  many  ovules  on  three  parietal 
placenta  next  the  base  :  styles  3.  Seeds  with  a  plume  of  hairs  at  the 
apex.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  peculiar  aspect,  with  minute  and  scale-shai)cd 
or  awl-shaped  alternate  leaves  apprcssed  on  the  slender  branches,  and  small 
white  or  purplish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  The  only  one  planted  is 
T.  Gallica,  French  T.  Barely  hardy  N.,  often  killed  to  the  ground,  a 
picturesque,  delicate  shrub,  rather  Cypress-like  in  aspect,  glaucous-whitish,  the 
minute  leaves  clasping  the  branches,  nearly  evergreen  where  the  climate  permits. 

20.  CARYOPHYLLACE^,  PINK  FAMILY. 

Bland  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  regular  flowers  with  not 
over  10  stamens,  a  commonly  l-cel!ed  ovary  with  the  ovules  rising 
from  the  bottom  of  the  cell  or  on  a  central  column,  and  with  2  —  5 
styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  mostly  separate  to  the  base.  (See  Les- 
sons, p.  120,  fig.  258,  259.)  Seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  on  the 
outside  of  a  mealy  albumen,  and  usually  curved  into  a  ring  around  it. 
Culyx  persistent.  Petals  sometimes  minute  or  wanting.  Divides 
into  two  great  divisions  or  suborders,  viz.  the  true  Pink  Family, 
and  the  Chickwkkd  Family,  to  the  latter  of  which  many  j)lants 
like  them,  but  mostly  i-ingle-seeded  and  without  jjctals,  are  aj)pended. 

I.  PINK  FAMILY  proper.  Sepals  (5)  united  below  into  a 
tube  or  cup.  Petals  with  sfender  claws  which  are  enclosed  in  the 
calyx-tube,  and  commonly  raised  within  it,  with  the  10  stamens,  on 
a  sort  of  stalk,  often  with  a  cleft  scale  or  crown  at  the  junction  of 
the  blade  and  claw.  (Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  200.)  Pod  mostly  open- 
ing at  the  top,  many-seeded. 


64  PINK    FAMILY. 

«  Cahjx  icith  a  scaly  cup  or  set  of  bracts  at  its  base:  styles  2. 

1.  DIANTHUS.    Calyx  cylindrical,  faintly  many-striate.    Petals  without  a  crown. 

Seeds  attached  by  the  face:  embryo  in  the  albumen  and  nearly  straight! 
*  «  Calyx  naked  at  base  :  seeds  attached  by  the  edge :  embryo  curved. 

2.  LYCHNIS.     Styles  5,  rarely  4.     Calyx  not  angled,  but  mostly  10-nerved. 

3.  SILENE.     Styles  3.     Calyx  not  angled,  mostly  10-nerved. 

4.  VACCARIA.'  Styles  2.     Calyx  pyramidal,  becoming  5-wing-angled. 

5.  SAPONARIA.     Styles  2.     Calyx' cylindrical  or  oblong,  not  angled,  5-toothed. 

Pod  4-valved  at  the  top. 

6.  GYPSOPHILA.     Styles  2.      Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  or  thin  and  delicate 

below  the  sinuses.     Pod  4-valved.     Flowers  small  and  panicled,  resembling 
those  of  Sandwort,  &c. 

II.  CHICKWEED  FAMILY,  &c.  Petals  spreading,  without 
claws,  occasionally  wanting.  Sepals  (4  or  5)  separate  or  united 
only  at  ba>e,  or  rarely  higher  up.  Flowers  small,  compared  with 
the  Pink  Family,  and  the  plants  usually  low  and  spreading  or  tufted. 

«   Withitut  stipules,  generally  with  petals  :  pod  several-seeded. 

7.  SAGINA.     Styles  and  valves  of  the  pod  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate 

with  tliem  (4  or  5).     Petals  entire  or  none.     Small  plants. 

8.  CERASTIL'M.     Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opj)05ite  them  (5).     Petals 

notched  at  the  end  or  2-cleft,  rarely  none.     Pod  mostly  elongated,  opening  at 
the  top  by  10  teeth. 

9.  STKLLARIA.     Styles  fewer  than  tlie  sepals  (3  or  sometimes  4)  and  opposite 

as  many  of  them.     Petals  2-clefr,  or  sometimes  none.     Pod  globular  or  ovoid, 
siilitting  into  twice  as  many  valves  as  tiiere  are  styles. 

10.  ARENAHIA.     Styles  (commonly  only  3)  fewer  than  the  sepalr,  and  opposite  as 

many  of  them.  "  Petals  entire,' rarefy  none.     Pod  globular  or  oblong,  splitting 
into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

»  #   With  scarious  stipules  between  the  leaves,  compicttous  and  entire  petals,  and  a 
many-seeded  3  -  b-valctd  j)od. 

11.  SPERGULARIA.     Styles  usually  3.     Leaves  opposite. 

12.  SPERGULA.      Styles  5,  as   many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate   with   them. 

Leaves  in  whorls. 

*  #  »   Without  petals :  the  fruit  (utricle)  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. 

13.  AXYCHIA.     Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct.      Stamens  2-5.      Stigmas  2,  sessile. 

Stipules  and   Howers  minnte. 

14.  SCLERANTHUS.    Sepals  (5)  united  be'ow  into  an  indurated  cup,  narrowed  at 

tlie   throat   where    it   bears  5  or    10   stamens,  enclosing   the  small  utricle. 
Sryles  2.     Stipules  none. 

*  «  «  «   Without  petals,  but  the  5  sepals  white  and  petal-like  inside:  stipides  obscure 

if  any  :  fruit  a  'd-celled  maiiy-seededpod. 

15.  MOLLUGO.      Stamens  generally   3,  on   the   receptacle.      Stigmas   3.      Pod 

3-v:ilveil,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  seed-bearing  axis  and  ad- 
hering to  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

1.   DIANTHUS,  PINK.     (Greek  name,  mcanin<r  Jove'.s  own  flower.)    All 
but  the  first  species  cultivated  for  onuunent :  11.  summer. 

*  Flowers  sessile  and  many  in  a  close  cluster,  with  lomj  and  narrow-pointed  bracts 

under  the  calyx,  except  in  the  last. 

"D.  Armaria,  Deptford  Pink  of  iMirope,  has  got  introduced  into  fields 
in  a  few  ))hicos  ;  a  rather  insignificant  plant,  somewhat  hairy,  narrow-leaved, 
with  very  small  scentless  flowers  ;  petals  rose-color  with  wliitish  dots.     (T) 

D.  barb^tUS,  S\vef:t  William  or  Bunch  Pink,  oi  Europe,  with  thin- 
nish  ohlong-lanccolate  green  leaves,  and  a  very  flat-to})ped  cluster  of  various- 
colored  flowers,  the  petals  sharply  toothed,  abounds  in  all  country  gardens;  the 
many  double-flowered  varieties  are  more  clioice.     2/ 

D.  Carthusiandrum,  C.\rtiilsians'  Pink,  from  Eu.,  has  linear  leaves, 
slender  stems,  and  a  dense  cluster  of  small  flowers  ;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong, 
abruptly  a\yn-tipped,  brown,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  ])etals  merely  toothed, 
short,  usually  dark  purple  or  crimson  :  now  rather  scarce  in  gardens.     ^ 


PINK   FAMILY.  65 

*  *  Flowers  sinrjleat  the  ends  of  the  branches:  leaces  narrow  and  often  grass-like, 
rather  rigid,  cjlabrous  and  (//aucous,  usually  without  anij  evident  veins. 

D.  Chinensis,  China  or  Indian  Pink,  has  lanceolate  leaves,  less  rigid 
and  greener  than  any  of  the  following,  and  linear  acute  scales  or  bracts  as  long 
as  the  calyx  ;  the  large  petals  toothed  or  cut,  of  various  colors,  red,  purple, 
violet,  &c.  The  garden  var.  Heddewigii  Is  a'more  glaucous  and  large-flowered 
fort^i,  lately  introduced,     (i;  (2) 

D.  CaryophylLus,  Clove  Pink,  the  parent  of  all  the  sorts  of  Carna- 
tion, &c.,  has  the  stems  almost  woody  below,  very  glaucous  long-linear  leaves; 
the  scales  under  the  calyx  very  short  and  broad ;  petals  merely  toothed,  of 
various  colors.     Scarcely  hardy  N.     % 

D.  plumarius,  Pheasant's-eye  or  Plumed  Pink.  A  low,  hardy  spe- 
cies, making  broad  tufts,  with  small  very  glaucous  leaves,  sending  up  flower- 
stems  in  early  summer,  the  white  or  pink  or  variegated  petals  cut  into  a  fringe 
of  slender  lobes.     2/ 

D.  SUperbus,  is  taller,  less  tufted,  and  later-flowered  ;  the  large  petals 
entirely  dissected  into  delicate  almost  capillary  divisions.     11 

2.   LYCHNIS.     (Greek  name  for  lamp,  the  down  of  the  Mullein  Lychnis 
having  been  used  for  wicking. )     All  from  the  Old  World  :  fl.  summer. 
§  1.    Calyx  with  lone/  leaf -like  lobes:  petals  naked.^    ® 

L.  GithagO,  Corn-Cockle.  A  weed  in  grain-fields,  hairy,  with  long 
linear  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  showy  red-purple  flowers  ;  in  fruit  the  calyx- 
lobes  failing  ofl";  the  black  seeds  injurious  to  the  grain, 

§  2.  Cali/r  without  long  leaf-like  lobes  :  petals  crowned  with  a  2-cleJl  little  scale  or 
pair  of  teeth  on  tl^  base  of  the  blade  or  at  the  top  of  the  claw.     Ij, 

L.  COronaria,  Mullein-Lychnis  or  Mullein  Pink.  Cult,  in  gar- 
dens;  the  flower  crimson  and  like  that  of  Corn-Cockle;  but  teeth  of  the 
calyx  short  and  slender  ;  plant  white-cottony  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong.     @    11 

tj.  Flos-J6viS,  Jupiter's  L.  Less  common  in  gardens,  downy-hairy  or 
cottony  and  whitish  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  ;  flowers  many  and  smaller,  in  a 
head-like  long-peduncled  cluster,  reddish-purple ;   petals  obcordate. 

L.  Chalcedonica,  Maltese-Cros.s  or  Scarlet  L.  Very  common  in 
country-gardens;  tall,  rather  hairy  and  coarse,  with  lance-ovate  partly  clasping 
green  leaves,  and  a  very  dense  flat-topped  cluster  of  many  smallish  flowers  ;  the 
bright  scarlet  or  brick-red  petals  deeply  2-lobed. 

L.  grandiflbra,  Large-flowered  L.  Cult  from  China;  smooth,  with 
oblong  green  leaves  taj)ering  to  both  ends,  and  the  branches  bearing  single  or 
scattered  short-j)eduncled  flowers,  which  are  2'  or  3'  across ;  the  red  or  scarlet 
petals  fringe- toothed  at  the  end. 

L.  Viscaria,  Viscid  L.  Rather  scarce  in  gardens  ;  smooth,  but  the  slen- 
der stem  glutinous  towards  the  top ;  leaves  linear  ;  flowers  many  in  a  narrow 
raceme-like  cluster,  rather  small ;  calyx  tubular  or  club-shaped  ;  petals  pink- 
red,  slightly  notched  ;  also  a  double-flowered  variety. 

L.  i'los-CUCUli,  Cuckoo  L.  Ragged  Robin  is  the  double-flowered 
variety,  in  gardens ;  slightly  downy  and  glutinous,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
an  open  panicle  of  pink'red  petals,  "these  cleft  into  4  narrow -linear  lobes. 

L.  diurna,  Day-blooming  L.  Double-flowered  form  also  called  Ragged 
Robin  in  the  gardens  ;  smoothish  or  soft-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate, 
the  upper  ones  pointed  ;  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  on  the 
branches,  rose-red. 

Ij.  vespertina,  Evening-blooming  L.  A  weed  in  some  waste  grounds, 
like  the  last,  and  more  like  the  Night-flowering  Catchfly  ;  but  has  5  styles  and 
a  more  ovate  enlarging  calyx  ;  the  flowers  are  commonly  dia'cious,  white,  and 
open  after  sunset,  the  root  biennial.  But  a  full  double-flowering  variety  in  gar- 
dens is  perennial,  day-flowering,  and  is  a  white  sort  of  Ragged  Robin. 

3.   SILENE,  CATCHFLY.     (Both  names  refer  to  the  sticky  exudation  on 
stems  and  calyx  of  several  species,  by  Avhich  small  insects  are  often  caught.) 
Besides  the  following,  some  other  wild  or  cultivated  species  are  met  with,  but 
not  common.     Fl.  mostly  all  summer. 
S&F— 14 


66  PINK    FAMILY. 

♦  AU  over  sticky-hairy :  naturalized  from  Europe,    (i) 

S.  noctiflbra,  Night-floavering  C.  Tall  coarse  weed  in  cult,  or  waste 
grounds  ;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  upper  lanceolate  and  pointed  ;  flowers  single 
or  in  loose  clusters  terminating;  the  branches,  with  awl-shaj>ed  calyx-teeth  and 
white  or  pale  rosy  2-partcd  petals,  opening  at  nightfall  or  in  cloudy  weather. 

*  *  Smooth,  a  part  of  each  of  the  upper  joint  of  stem  glutinous :  flowers  small.     0 
S.  Armaria,  Sweet-William  C.     In  old  gardens  or  running  wild,  from 

Europe;  stem  about  1°  high,  branching  into  flat-topped  cymes  of  many  flowers, 
which  are  rather  showy ;  calyx  club-shaped  ;  petals  notched,  bright  pink,  or  a 
white  variety,  opening  only  in  sunshine  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  glaucous. 

S.  antirrhina,  Sleepy  C.  Wild  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil ;  stem  slen- 
der, 6' -20'  high,  rather  simple.;  flowers  very  small,  panicled  ;  calyx  ovoid; 
petals  rose-color,  obcordate,  opening  only  at  midday  in  sunshine ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear. 

*  *  *  Somewhat  sticky-pubescent,  at  least  the  calyx,  which  is  oblong,  tubular,  or 

club-shaped :  wild  species,  with  red  or  pink  showy  flowers.     '^ 

S.  Pennsylv^niea,  Pennsylvanian  C.  or  Wild  Pink.  In  gravelly 
soil ;  stems  4'  -  8'  high,  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster 
of  short-stalked  middle-sized  flowers,  in  spring  ;  petals  pink-red,  wedge-shaped, 
slightlv  notched. 

S.  XTirginica,  Virginian  C.  or  Fire  Pink.  In  open  woods  W.  &  S. ; 
1°  -  2°  high  ;  leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate ;  flowers  few,  pcduncled ;  the  pretty 
large  bright  crimson-red  petals  2-cleft. 

S.  rdgia,  Royal  C.  Prairies,  &c.,  from  Ohio  S.  ;  like  the  last,  but  3° 
high,  with  lance-ovate  leaves,  numerous  short-pedui^cled  flowers  in  a  narrow 
.panicle,  and  narrower  scarlet-red  petals  scarcely  cleft. 

*  *  *  *  Not  sticky:  calyx  inflated  and  bladdery:  petals  rather  small,  white.     ^ 
S.  Stellata,  Starry  Campion.     Wild  on  wooded  banks ;    stem  slender, 

2° -3°  higli ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  lance-ovate,  pointed;  flowers  in  a  long  and 
narrow  panicle  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe. 

S.  infl^ta,  Bladder  Campion.  Wild  in  fields  E.,  but  nat.  from  Eu., 
glaucous  or  pale  and  very  smooth,  1°  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
leaves,  and  an  open  cyme  of  flowers  ;  the  bladdery  calyx  veiny  ;  petals  2-cleft. 

4.  VACCARIA,  COW-HERB.     (Name  from  Latin  vacca,  a  cow.)     © 

V.  vulgaris,  Common  C.  In  gardens  or  running  wild  near  them,  froni 
Eu.  ;  smooth,  l°-2°  high,  with  pale  lanceolate  partly  clasping  leaves,  anfl  a 
loose  open  cyme  of  flowers  ;  petals  pale  red,  naked,  not' notched  ;  fl.  summer. 

6.  SAPONARIA,  SOAP  WORT.  (Latin  and  common  names  from  the 
mucilaginous  juice  of  tl;ie  stem  and  root  forming  a  lather.)  From  Europe. 
S.  ofiB-Oinalis,  Common  S.  or  Bouncing  Bet.  A  rather  stout,  10-2° 
high,  nearly  smooth  herb,  in  gardens,  and  running  Avild  by  roadsides  ;  leaves 
3  -  5-ribbed,  the  lower  ovate  or  oval,  upper  lanceolate ;  flowers  rather  large, 
clustered  ;  petals  pale  rose-color  or  almost  white,  notched  at  the  end.  The 
double-flowered  is  most  common.     2/ 

6.  GYPSOPHILA.  (From  Greek  words  meaning  lover  of  gypsum  or 
chalk,  growing  on  calcareous  rocks.)  Plants  Avith  the  small  and  often  pan- 
icled flowers  and  foliage  of  Arenaria  or  Stellaria,  but  the  sepals  united  into 
a  cup  as  .in  the  true  Pink  Family,  usually  by  their  thin  Avhite  edges,  however, 
so  that  to  a  casual  glance  they  may  appear  distinct.  Cult,  in  choicer  gardens, 
from  Eu.  and  the  East,  ornamenhxl,  especially  for  dressing  cut  flowers,  &c. 
Fl.  all  summer. 

G.  panicul^ta,  Panicled  G.  Very  smooth,  pale,  \°-2°  high;  with 
lance-linear  leaves,  and  branches  repeated  forking  into  very  loose  and  light 
eymes,  bearing  innumerable  very  small  and  delicate  white  flowers.     ]!/ 

G.  dlegans,  Elegant  G.  Less  tall  or  low,  loosely  spreading;  with 
lanceolate  leaves,  much  larger  (^'  broad)  and  fewer  flowers,  white  or  slightly 
rosy.     (1) 


PINK   FAMILY.  67 

7.  SAGINA,  PEARLWORT.  (Latin  name,  means  rick  nourishment, 
which,  however,  these  small  and  insignificant  plants  can  hardly  be.)  There 
are  four  or  five  species  in  the  country,  none  very  common ;  the  most  so  is 

S.  procumbens.  Springy  places  and  damp  shores,  &c.,  N. ;  a  smooth 
little  plant,  tufted  and  spreading,  l'-3'  high,  Avith  almost  thread-shaped  leaves; 
the  blunt  sepals,  short  white  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  4  or  rarely  5, 

8.  CEEASTIUM,  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.  (Name  in  Greek 
refers  to  the  horn-shaped  pod  of  some  species.  The  popular  name  is  from  the 
shape  and  soft  hairiness  of  the  leaves  of  the  common  species.) 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  deephj  2-cleft  petals  being  shorter  or  little  longer  than 

the  cnlnx ;  the  pods  becoming  much  longer  and  curving  more  or  less.    Flower- 
ing all  summer,  white. 

C.  VUlgatum,  Common  M.,  from  Penn.  S.,  but  scarce  N.,  in  grassy  places. 
An  insignificant  soft-hairy  weed;  stems  erect,  4' -9'  high,  slightly  clammy; 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  small ;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  and  petals  shorter  than 
the  calyx,     (i) 

C.  viscdsum,  Clammy  M.  Common  in  grassy  places  ;  stems  spreading, 
6'-  15'  long,  clammy-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong  ;  pedicels  becoming  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx.     @    "^ 

C.  nutans,  Nodding-fruited  M.  Common  in  moist  or  shady  grounds, 
wild.  Clammy-pubescent,  erect,  6' -18'  high,  becoming  very  loosely-flowered 
and  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lan'ceolate  ;  petals  longer  than  calyx  ;  pods  long, 
nodding  on  the  slender  flower-stalk  and  curved  upwards,     (i) 

*  *  Flowers  conspicuous,  the  snowy  white  petals  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  (lie  calyx: 

pod  shorter :  plants  forming  matted  tufts.     Jl 

C.  arv6nse,  Field  M.  Dry  fields,  &c.  Downy  but  green  ;  leaves  vary- 
ing from  narrow-oblong  to  linear  ;  flowering  stems  4'  -  6'  high,  few-flowered  ; 
petals  notched  at  the  end. 

C.  tomentdsum,  Cottony  M.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  borders,  &c.,  its 
spreading  shoots,  crowded  with  oblong  white-woolly  leaves,  making  dense  silvery 
mats  ;  petals  deeply  2-cleft. 

9.  STELLARIA,  STARWORT-CHICKWEED.  (Name  from  Latin 
Stella,  a  star.)  Petals  white,  but  sometimes  small  or  none.  Fl.  spring  and 
summer.     None  cultivated  ;  but  the  first  is  a  weed  in  every  garden. 

*  Stems  iveak  and  spreading,  marked  with  pubescent  lines :  leaves  broad. 

S.  mddia,  Common  S.  or  Ciiickweed.  In  all  damp  cult,  grounds ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  2-parted  ;  stamens  3-10.     (Y) 

S.  ptlbera,  Gkeat  S.  Shaded  rocks,  wild  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  sessile  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  2-cleft. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  spreading,  and  whole  plant  smooth  :  leaves  narrow,  sessile.     % 

S.  longif61ia,  Long-leaved  S.  or  Stitciiwort.  Common  in  damp 
grassy  places  N.  ;  stem  weak,  8' -18'  high;  leaves  linear,  widely  spreading; 
flowers  numerous  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  in  a  very  loose  cyme ;  petals 
2-partcd,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

S.  bore^lis,  Northern  S.  Wet  grassy  places  N.  ;  stem  3' -10'  high, 
forking  repeatedly  and  with  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  leafy  branches  ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  narrow-oblong  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  or  none. 

10.  ARENARIA,  SANDWORT.  (So  named  because  several  grow  in 
sand  or  sandy  soil.)  All  the  following  are  wild,  also  some  others  less  com- 
mon.    Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

*  Petals  inconspicuous,  white. 
A.  serpyllif61ia,  Thyme-leaved    S.     An  insignificant  Utile  weed,   in 
sandy  or  gravelly  waste   places,   2'  -  6'  high  ;    stems  erect,  roughish,  much 
branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  tlic  3  -  5-ncr>xd 
pointed  sepals*     ® 


68  PINK   FAMILY. 

A.  difFtlsa,  Spreading  S.  Shady  grounds  S.  Plant  soft-downy ;  stems 
prostrate,  1°  or  more  long;  leaves  lanceolate;  peduncles  lateral,  1 -flowered  ; 
petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none.     2/ 

*  *  Petals  conspicuous,  longer  than  the  calyx,  white.     2/ 

A.  laterifldra,  Side-flowering  S.  Gravelly  shores  and  banks  N. 
Plant  minutely  downy  ;  stem  erect,  3' -10'  hiirh,  sparint^ly  branching  ;  pedun- 
cles few-tlowcred,  soon  becoming  lateral  by  the  farther  growth  of  the  leafy  stem ; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong. 

A.  Stricta.  Rocky  or  shady  banks  N.  Tufted,  smooth,  4'- 6' high  ;  stems 
crowded  with  slender  almost  bristle-form  leaves ;  flowers  several  in  a  terminal 
open  cyme ;  sepals  sharp-pointed. 

A.  squarrbsa,  Pine-barren  S.  In  sand,  coast  of  New  Jersey  and  S. 
Densely  tufted  on  a  deep  root,  3'  -  .5'  high  ;  leaves  much  crowded,  short,  awl- 
sha])eil,  smooth  ;  the  flowering  branches  or  few-flowered  peduncles  glandular ; 
sepals  obtuse. 

A.  GrCBnlandica,  Mountain  S.  On  rocky  summits  of  mountains  and 
N.  E.  coast.  Densely  tufted,  soft;  leaves  thread-form  ;  flowering  stems  2' -4' 
high,  *few-flowered,  the  flowers  large  in  proportion  ;  petals  notched  at  the  end. 

A.  peploides,  Sea  Sandwort,  in  sands  of  sea-shore  N.,  is  large,  with 
very  fleshy  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers. 

11.  SPERGULARIA,  SAND  SPURREY.  (Name  from  likeness  to 
S/Jcnptla.)  A  sort  of  Sandworts  with  scaly-mcmbranaceous  stipules,  and 
reddish  flowers,  produced  all  summer  :  chiefly  maritime,     (i)   21.  1 

S.  rubra.  The  field  form  of  this  is  common  in  sand  or  gravel,  along  roads 
and  paths,  E.,  quite  away  from  salt  water  ;  smoothish,  ])rostrate  in  tufts  ;  leaves 
thread-shaped  ;  pod  and  pink-red  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  seeds 
rough,  wingless,  half-obovatc. 

S.  salina.  Larger  and  more  fleshy,  only  in  brackish  sands ;  with  short 
peduncles,  ])ale  corolla,  pod  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rough  obovate-rouiuled 
(winged  or  wingless)  seeds. 

S.  m^dia.  Like  the  last,  in  salt  marshes  and  sands,  but  with  longer  pedun- 
cles and  smooth  seeds. 

12.  SPERGULA,  SPURREY.  (Latin  spargere,  to  scatter,  i.  e.  its  seeds.) 
S.  arv6nsis,  Corn  S.  Stems  1°  or  so  high ;  bearing  several  thread- 
shaped  leaves  in  the  whorls,  and  terminating  in  a  panicle  of  white  flowers. 
A  weed  in  grain-fields,  cult,  in  Europe  as  a  forage  plant,  sheep  being  fond  of  it : 
fl.  summer.     (£) 

13.  ANYCHI^  FORKED  CHICKWEED.  (Name  of  obscure  mean- 
ing.)    i)^ 

A.  diehotortia,  a  common  little  herb ;  in  shady  places  it  is  smooth  and 
erect,  6' -10'  high,  with  repeatedly  forking  long-jointed  very  slender  stems, 
minute  short-stalked  greenish  flowers  in  the  forks,  and  oval  or  oblong  leaves :  in 
dry  or  parched  soil  it  is  spreading  on  the  ground,  short-jointed,  narrower-leaved, 
often  pubescent,  the  flowers  more  clustered  and  nearly  sessile :  all  summer; 

14.  SCLERANTHUS,  KNAWEL.  (From  Greek  words  meaning  hard 
and  jJou-er,  referring  to  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx.) 

S.  ^nnuus,  our  only  species,  is  nat.  from  En.  in  gravelly  grounds,  around 
gardens,  &c.,  a  very  pale  little  herb,  3'  -  5'  high,  very  much  branched  and 
spreading,  with  short  awl-shaped  leaves,  and  greenish  small  flowei's  clustered  or 
sessile  in  the  forks,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

15.  MOLLtlGO,  CARPET -WEED.     (An  old  Latin  name  for  some  soft 

plant.)     (i) 

M.  verticill^ta.  A  very  common,  small,  prostrate  and  spreading  little 
Avecd,  in  waste  gravelly  soil,  gardens,  &c.,  with  spatulate  leaves  and  1 -flowered 
pedicels  in  clusters  or  whorls  at  the  joints  ;  the  sepals  white  inside  ;  stamens  3  ; 
ifl,  all  summer. 


PURSLANE   FAMILY.  69 

21.   PORTULACACE^,  PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

Succulent-leaved  herbs,  with  2  sepals  and  5  petals,  the  stamens 
sometimes  many,  sometimes  few,  and  then  one  before  each  petal ; 
ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  pod,  with  many  or  few  kidney-shaped 
seeds  on  a  central  placenta,  or  on  slender  seed-stalks  from  the  base. 
Seeds  as  in  the  Pink  Family. 

1.  PORTULACA.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Style  cleft  into 

several  slender  divisioni*.  Lower  part  of  the  ovary  and  many-seeded  pod 
united  witii  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  the  upper  pari  when  mature  falling  off 
as  a  lid.     Flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

2.  TALINUM.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Style  3-lobed  at  the 

summit.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Pod  S-valved,  many-seeded. 
Flowers  openmg  only  once,  in  sunshine, 

3.  CALANDRINIA.     Stamens  numerous.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.     Calyx 

free  from  the  ovary,  persistent,  enclosing  the  3-valved  many-seeded  pod. 
Flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

4.  CLAYTONIA.     Stamens  5,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal.     Style 

3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  few-seeded  pod. 
Flowers  usually  opening  for  "more  than  one  day. 

L  PORTULACA,  PUESLANE.  (Old  Latin  name  for  Purslane.)  Leafy 
and  branching,  low  and  spreading,  witli  fleshy  sessile  leaves ;  fl.  all  summer. 
(Lessons,  p.  103,  fig.  214.)     (1) 

P.  oleracea,  (Jommon  P.  Very  smooth,  with  prostrate  stems,  obovate  or 
wedge-form  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flowers  opening  only  in  bright  sunshine 
and  for  a  short  time  ;  tlie  petals  pale  yellow.  The  commonest  garden  weed, 
sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb. 

P.  pilosa,  Haiuy  p.  Wild  far  S.,  has  linear  terete  leaves,  with  a  tuft  of 
beai'd-likc  hairs  in  the  axils,  and  rather  large  pink  flowers. 

P.  grandifl6ra,  Great-flowered  P.,  is  probably  a  variety  of  the  last, 
from  South  America,  commonly  cult,  for  ornament ;  the  large  very  showy 
flowers  brilliant  purple,  crimson,  red,  sometimes  white  or  yellow,  or  with  light 
centre,  of  many  shades  or  variations. 

2.  TALINUM.     (Name  unexplained.)     One  wild  species  in  some  places. 
T.  teretifolium,  Terete-leaved.  T.     Low  and  smooth,  with  thick  and 

fleshy  root,  short  stems  bearing  crowded  linear  terete  leaves,  and  a  slender 
naked  peduncle,  many-flowered  ;  petals  rose-purj)le.  Sei*peutine  rocks^  Penn- 
sylvania, and  rarer  west  and  south  :  fl.  all  summer.     ^ 

3.  CALANDRINIA.  (Named  for  a  Swiss  botanist,  Calandrini.)  Culti- 
vated for  ornament  in  choice  gardens  :  fl.  all  summer. 

C.  discolor.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  from  Chili ;  very  glabrous,  making  a 
rosette  of  fleshy  spatulate  leaves  at  the  root  (these  glaucous  above  and  tinged 
with  purple  beneath),  and  sending  up  a  naked  flower-stem,  bearing  a  raceme  of 
large  rose-purple  flowers,  2'  in  diameter. 

C.  Menzi^sii,  Mexziks'  C.  Low,  spreading,  leafy-stemmed  annual,  from 
Oregon  and  California,  with  briglit  green  and  tender  lance-spatulate  leaves,  and 
crimson  flowers  (nearly  1'  broad)  in  a  short  leafy  raceme. 

4.  CLAYTONIA,  SPRING  BEAUTY.  (Named  for  John  Clm/ion,  an 
early  botanist  in  Virginia.)  Low,  smooth  herbs  :  ours  producing  only  a  pair 
of  stem  leaves  and  a  short  raceme  of  flowers. 

*  Ste7n  simple  from -a  round  tuber :  leaves  separate :  fi.  early  spring.     ^ 

C.  Virginica,  Narrow-leaved  S.     In  moist  Av^oods,  one  of  the  prettiest 

spring  flowers  ;  ]ietals  rose-color  with  pink  veins  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 
C.  Carolini^na,  Broader-leaved  S.     In  rich  woods  ;    commonest  N. 

and  along  the  Alleghanies,  smaller  than  the  other,  with  oblong-spatulatc  or 

lancc-oblong  leaves  only  1 '  or  2'  long. 


70  MALLOW   FAMILY. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  united  into  one  tisicaUi/  rounded  blade  or  cup  underneath  the  small 

and  whitish  Jloicers  :  Ji.  summer.     ® 
C.  perfoliclta  occurs  in  some  gardens,  from  Oregon  and  California;  small, 
of  no  beauty  ;  root-leaves  tufted,  spatulate  or  lanceolate. 

22.   MALVACE^,  MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  monadelphous  numerous  stamens,  their  tube  eon- 
nected  with  tlie  base  of  the  petals,  kidney -siiaped  1 -celled  anthers 
(Lessons,  p.  114,  fig.  238),  the  calyx  valvule  and  the  corolla  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately-veined 
and  often  lobed  leaves,  evident  stipules,  and  regular  Howers,  the  true 
sepals  and  the  petals  5.  There  is  commonly  an  involucre  of  several 
bracts,  resembling  an  outer  calyx.  Seeds  kidney-shaped:  tiie  leafy 
cotyledons  crumpled  or  doubled  up,  in  some  mucilaginous  albumen. 
Innocent  plants,  mucilaginous,  with  a  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

^  1.   Anthers  all  home  in  a  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  short  tube  of  Jilaments. 

*  Ovaries  numerous  and  separate,  crowded  in  a  head,  in  fruit  becominfj  little  1-seeded 

jiods  or  akenes.     Involucre  conspicuous  as  a  sort  <  fouler  calyx.     Herbs. 

4 

1.  MALOPE.     Involucre  of  3  ovate  or  lieart-'^haped  leaves.     Annuals. 

2.  KIT AI DELIA.     Involucre  of  6  -  9  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  united  at  the  base. 

Perennial. 

•  «   Ovaries  several  or  many  united  in  a  ring  around  an  axis,  in  fruit  commonly 

falling  away  separately,  each  \-seeUed.     Ours  are  all  heivs. 

•*-  Stigmas  running  down  the  side  of  the  sltiuler  styles. 

3.  ALTHAEA.     Involucre  of  6-9  bracts  united  at  the  base.     Axis  of  the  fruit  not 

Xrojecting  nor  enhvrged. 
VATEKA.     Involucre  of  3  -  6  more  united  bracts.     Axis  of  the  fruit  over- 
topping the  carpels. 

5.  MALVA.     Involucre  of  only  3  separate  bracts.     Petals  obcordate,  otherwise 

entire.     Carpels  beakless. 

6.  CALLIRRHOE.     Involucre  of  1  -  3  bracts  or  none.     Petals  wedge-shaped  and 

truncate,  deiiticuhite  or  cut-fringed  at  the  end.     Carpels  with  a  sort  of  beak 
at  the  summit. 

7.  NAPyEA.    Involucre  none.    Flowers  dioecious ! 

-.-  •*-  Stigmas  capitate  or  truncate  at  the  apex  of  the  styles. 

8.  ANODA.     Involucre   none.      Fruit  depressed,  very  flat  and  star-shaped,  the 

sides  of  the  numerous  carpels  evanescent:  seed  nearly  horizontal. 

9.  Si  DA.     Involucre  none.      Fruit  separating  into  6  or  more  closed  carpels,  or 

each  2-valved  at  the  apex:  seed  hanging. 

*#*  Ovaries  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2  -  several-seeded. 

10.  ABUTILON.     Involucre  none.     Carpels  each  3  -  several-seeded. 

11.  MODIOLA.     Involucre  of  3  bractlets.      Carpels  each  2-seeded,  with  a  cross 

partition  between  the  upper  and  lower  seed. 

^  2.   Anthers  borne  along  the  outside  of  the  tube  of  f  laments.      Ovary  and  fruit  3- 
stveral-celltd :  stigmas  capitate.     Involucre  jiresent.     Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees. 

#  Involucre  of  several  or  many  bracts. 

12.  MALVA VISCUS.     Branches  of  the  style  and  stigmas  10,  twice  as  many  as  the 

cells  of  the  ovary.     Petals  not  separating  and  spreading.     Fruit  berry-like: 
cells  1-seeded. 

13.  KOSTELETZKYA.     Branches  of  the  style  and  stigmas  5.     Pod  5-celIed;  the 

cells  single-seeded. 

14.  HIBISCUS.    Branches  of  the  style  or  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6.     Pod 

6-celled,  loculicidal;  the  cells  many-seeded. 

«  «  Involucre  of  3  large  and  heart-shaped  leaf -like  bracts. 

15.  GOSSYPIUM.     Styles  united  into  one:  stigmas  3  - 5,  as  many  as  the  cells  of 

the  pod.     Seeds  numerous,  bearing  cotton. 


\. 


MALLOW    FAMILY.  71 

1.  MAIjOPE.  (Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  kind  of  Mallow.)  Herbs, 
rescmblin;^  Mallows,  from  the  Mediterranean  region  ;  cult,  as  garden  annuals : 
fl.  summer. 

M.  trifida,  Three-lobed  M.  Smooth,  with  rounded  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  3-lobed ;  the  handsome  flowers  2'  or  more  broad,  rose-color,  veined  with 
purple  or  rose-red,  also  a  white  var.     ® 

M.  malacoides  is  rarer,  hairy,  low,  with  oblong-ovate  toothed  leaves, 
long  peduncles,  and  rose-colored  flowers.     2/ 

2.  KITAIBELIA.  (Named  for  Paul  Kitaibel,  a  botanist  of  Hungary, 
where  the  plant  grows  wild.)     Fl.  summer.     The  only  species  is 

K.  vitifdlia,  Vixe-leaved  K.  Cult,  in  gardens ;  a  rough-hairy  herb, 
2°  -  3°  high,  rather  clammy  at  the  summit,  witli  acutely  5-lobed  and  toothed 
leaves,  involucre  longer  than  the  true  calyx,  and  dull  white  corolla  1^'  broad 
when  expanded.     2/ 

3.  ALTH^A.  (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  cure,  used  in  medicine  as  an 
emollient.)  Tall  herbs  (the  Slirabhu  Althcea  belongs  not  to  this  genus,  but  to 
Hibiscus),  natives  only  of  the  Old  World  :  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  ofi&cinalis,  Maush-Mallow.  Rarely  cult.,  but  has  run  wild  on  the 
coast  E. ;  a  rather  coarse  downy  plant,  Avith  ovate,  sometimes  a  little  heart- 
ehaped  or  3-lobed  leaves,  and  ^istcrs  of  short-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils  ; 
corolla  1'  broad,  rose-color.  The  thick  root  is  used  for  its  mucilage,  and  for 
making  Marsh-Mallow  paste.     2/ 

A.  rbsea,  Hollyhock.  Cult,  from  Syria,  with  tall  and  simple  hairy 
stem,  rugose  rounded  and  heart-shaped  angled  or  5  -  7-lobcd  leaves,  and  largy 
flowers  on  very  short  peduncles,  forming  a  long  spike  ;  corolla  of  all  shades  of 
rose,  purple,  white,  or  yellow,  single  or  double,  3'  -  A'  broad.     © 

4.  LAVATERA.  (Named  for  the  brothers  iamter,  of  Zurich.)  A  sort 
of  Mallow,  sometimes  cult,  in  gardens,  from  Europe  :  fl.  all  summer. 

L.  trimestris,  Three-moxth  L.  or  Flowering  Mallow.  Smooth  or 
smoothish,  1°  -  2°  high  ;  lower  leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  ci-enale,  upper  heart- 
shaped,  uppermost  3-lobed  ;  flowers  2'  -  3'  broad,  rose-color,  rarely  white  ;  in 
fruit  a  broad  disk-shaped  or  umbrella-like  expansion  of  the  top  of  the  axis  com- 
pletely covers  the  carpels.     ® 

L.  Thuringiaca.  German  L,  Rather  downy,  smaller;  leaves  mostly 
3-lobed;  flowers  long-peduncled,  l^'-2'  broad,  rose-color;  in  fruit  the  axis  pro- 
jects much  beyond  the  ring  of  carpels  as  a  pointed  cone.     % 

L.  arbbrea,  Tree  Mallow.  Not  quite  hardy  N.,  has  a  stout  stem  2° -6° 
high,  woody  beloAv,  rounded  5  -  9-lobed  rather  downy  leaves,  pale  purple  flow- 
ers 1^'  broad,  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  narrow  panicle;  the 
axis  of  the  fruit  (like  that  of  Mallow)  not  projecting  beyond  the  carpels,     21 

6.  MALVA,  MALLOW.  (Latin  alteration  of  an  old  Greek  word,  mQoxi- 
m<x  soft  or  eynoll lent.)  All  from  Europe  or  the  Orient,  but  several  have  run 
wild  in  fields  and  along  roadsides :  fl.  all  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Flowers  small,  white  or  whitish,  not  conspicuous  nor  handsome. 
M.  rotundifblia,    Common    or    Round-leaved    M.      Weed  in  cult, 
grounds  ;    Avith  i)ro('umbcnt  stems  from  a  strong  deep  root,  rounded  kidney- 
shaped  crenate  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  rather  slender  peduncles,  and  fruit 
not  wrinkled.     (?)    2/ 

M.  crlspa,  Curled  M.  In  country  gardens,  rarely  in  waste  places  ;  with 
erect  stem  (4*^-6°  high)  leafy  to  the  top,  rounded  5-7-lobed  or  angled  leaves 
very  much  crisped  round  the  margin,  flowers  clustered  and  almost  sessile  in  the 
axils,  and  fruit  slightly  wrinkled.     (I) 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  more  or  less  showy,  l^'-2'  in  diameter;  the  purple,  rose-color, 

or  sometimes  white  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx :  stem  erect. 
M.  Mauriti^na,  sometimes  called  Tree  Mallow.     Cult.  ;  3° -5°  high, 
with  rounded  5-lobed  smooth  or  smoothish  leaves,  and  clusters  in  their  axils  of 


72  MALLOW    FAMILY. 

flowers  1^'  in  diameter,  the  petals  pale  rose-color  or  white,  striped  with  dark 
purple  or  violet  veins.     ® 

M.  sylvestris,  High  M.  Gardens  and  roadsides  ;  2°  -  3°  hig:h,  branch- 
ing, Avith  rather  sharply  5  -  7-lobed  leaves,  and  purple-rose-colored  flowers  rather 
smaller,thau  in  the  last ;  fruit  wrinkled-veiny.     @    ^ 

M.  Alcea.  Gardens  ;  2°  -  4°  high,  hairy,  with  stem-leaves  parted  almost 
to  the  base  into  3-5  divisions  which  are  again  3  -  5-cleft  or  cut-toothed  ;  and 
showy  flowers  in  clusters  or  terminal  racemes;  corolla  deep  rose-color,  l2^'-2' 
broad  ;  fniit  smooth,  minutely  wrinkled-veiny.     ^ 

M.  mosch^ta,  Musk  M.  Gardens,  and  escaped  to  roadsides,  l°-2° 
high,  rather  hairy,  with  tlie  herbage  faintly  musk-scented,  leaves  about  thrice 
parted  or  cut  into  slender  linear  lobes,  and  short-pcduncled  flowers  somewhat 
clustered  or  racemed  ;  corolla  1^'  broad,  rose-color  or  white;  fruit  downy. 

6.  CALLIRRHOE.  (A  Greek  mythological  name,  applied  to  N.American 
plants.)  Species  chiefly  farther  W.  and  S.,  becomuig  rather  common  in 
choice  gardens.  Flowcx's  crimson,  mauve,  or  red-purple,  very  showy,  pro- 
duced all  summer. 

*  Root  thick,  often  turnip-shaped,  farinaceous :  stems  roughisk-hairy  or  smoothish.   % 

C.  triangul^ta.  Dry  prairies  from  Wisconsin  S.  ;  stems  erect,  2°  high  ; 
leaves  triangular,  halberd-shaped,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  the  upper  cut- 
lobed  or  3  -  5-cleft ;  flowers  somewhat  paniclcd  and  short-pcduncled  ;  involucre 
as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  corolla  1^'  or  less  in  diameter;  carpels  of  the  fruit  even 
on  the  back,  tipped  with  a  short  point. 

C.  involucr^ta.  Wild  from  plains  of  Nebraska  S.,  and  cult,  for  orna- 
ment;  stems  spreading  on  the  ground,  l°-3°  long;  stipules  conspicuous; 
leaves  rounded,  5-parted  or  cleft  ami  cut-lobed,  shorter  than  the  axilhiry  pedun- 
cles ;  involucre  sliorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  broad  ;  carpels  of 
the  fruit  reticulated,  tipped  with  a  flat  and  inconspicuous  beak. 

C.  Pap^ver.  Wild  in  rich  woodlands  from  Georgia  to  Texas,  and  spar- 
ingly cult.  ;  stems  short,  ascending,  few-leaved  ;  leaves  3  -  5-])arted  with  lance- 
linear  divisions,  or  the  lowest  ratlier  heart-shaped  and  cleft  into  oblong  lobes  ; 
axillary  peduncles  very  (often  1°)  long;  involucre  of  1-3  bracts  or  none; 
corolla  2'  or  more  broad  ;  carpels  of  the  fruit  wrinkled  or  reticulated  and  with 
a  stout  incurved  beak. 

C.  digitata.  Wild  in  prairies  of  Arkansas  and  Texas  ;  1°  high  ;  leaves 
mostly  from  the  root,  5  -  7-parted  into  long  linear  sometimes  2  -  3-cleft  divis- 
ions ;  peduncles  long  and  slender ;  involucre  none;  corolla  1^'- 2'  broad,  the 
petals  fringe-toothed  at  the  end  ;  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last. 

*  *  Root  slender  or  tapering :  herbage  smooth.     (T)  (5) 

C.  ped^ta.  Wild  in  E.  Texas  ;  not  rare  cult. ;  stem  erect,  l°-5°  high, 
leafy  ;  leaves  rounded,  3  -  7-lobed  or  parted  and  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  cleft 
or  cut;  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  involucre  none ;  corolla  about 
1^'  broad,  the  petals  minutely  eroded  at  the  end  ;  carpels  of  the  fiiiit  smooth 
and  even  on  the  back,  and  with  a  stout  conspicuous  beak. 

7.  NAPiSA,  GLADE-MALLOW.  ,  (From  Greek  name  for  glade  or  nymph 
of  the  groves.)     Oiily  one  species, 

N.  dioica.  In  valleys,  chiefly  in  limestone  districts  of  Penn.,  Virginia, 
and  W.  A  rather  coarse,  roughisli  herb;  stem  4° -7°  high;  leaves  9-11- 
parted  and  their  lobes  cut  and  toothed,  the  lowest  often  1°  in  diameter ;  flowers 
small,  in  paniclcd  corymbs,  in  summer. 

8.  ANODA.  (Origin  of  the  name  obscure.)  Low  herbs  from  Mexico, 
Texas,  tS:c.,  sparingly  cult,  for  ornament.  Stems,  &c.  hirsute:  peduncles 
long  and  slender,  1-flowered.  Fruit  in  the  form  of  a  many-rayed  star,  sup- 
ported by  the  spreading  5-rayed  calyx  :  when  ripe  the  rim  of  each  carpel  falls 
away  with  the  seed  it  embraces,  the  sides  or  partitions  disappearing.     (T) 

A.  hast^ta  has  mostly  halberd-shaped  leaves,  and  blue  or  violet  torolla 
only  1 '  -  1^ '  in  diameter ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  scarcely  pointed. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.  ^        73 

A.  crist^ta  has  mostly  trian^lar  or  obscurely  halberd-shaped  and  toothed 
leaves,  and  j)urple  or  rose-colored  corolla  2'  in  diameter ;  lobes  of  the  calyx 
triangular,  taper-pointed. 

9.  SID  A.  (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)  Mostly  rather  small-flow- 
ered or  weedy  herbs,  with  5-12  styles  and  carpels  :  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Peduncles  axillary,  \ -flowered :  corolla  yellow.  » 

S.  Spindsa.  So  named  from  the  little  pointed  projection  or  tubercle  at  the 
base  of  the  petiole,  but  which  can  hardly  be  called  a  spine  ;  stems  much  branched, 
10' -20'  high;  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate,  minutely  soft-downy;  peduncles  very 
abort ;  floAver  very  small ;  pod  ovate,  of  5  carpels,  each  splitting  at  top  into  2 
points.     A  common  weed  S.  of  New  York,     (i) 

S.  rhombifolia.  But  the  leaves  are  hardly  rhombic,  usually  lance-oblong, 
short-petiolcd,  serrate,  pale  and  Avhitish  downy  beneath;  stems  l°-3°  high, 
much  branched;  peduncles  rather  long;  floAver  small;  fruit  of  10  or  12  one- 
pointed  carpels.     A  Aveed  only  S.     ® 

S.  Elliottii.  Nearly  smooth,  l°-4°  high;  lea\'es  linear  or  lanceolate, 
serrate,  short-pctioled ;  floAver  1'  broad,  on  a  short  peduncle;  fruit  of  10-12 
nearly  blunt  carpels.     Woodlands  S.     % 

*  Peduncles  hearing  a  corymb  of  several  white  flowers  from  the  upper  axils. 

S.  Napsea.  Smooth;  stem  simple, 4<*- 7° high  ;  leaves  rounded,  5-cleft,  the 
lobes  toothed  and  taper-pointed  ;  corolla  about  1 '  broad ;  styles  and  cells  of  the 
pod  10.     Wild  in  S.  Penn.  and  Virg.     Cult,  in  old  gardens.     2/ 

10.  ABUTILON,  INDIAN  MALLOW.  (Origin  of  name  obscure.) 
Resembles  Sida,  but  cells  more  than  one-seeded ;  flowers  usually  larger. 

A.  Avicennse,  Velvet-Leaf.  Cult,  soil  and  old  gardens,  3°  -  5°  high ; 
leaves  roundish  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  soft-velvety ;  peduncles  shorter  than 
petiole,  1  -  3-floAvered  ;  corolla  orange-yelloAV  ;  fruit  of  12-15  united  hairy 
carpels  with  spreading  beaks.     Fl.  autumn.     (T) 

A.  striatum,  Stiuped  Abutilon.  Cult,  in  greenhouses,  &c.  from  Bra- 
zil ;  a  tall  shrub,  A'cry  smooth,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  3-lobed  leaves,  the 
lobes  very  taper-pointed,  and  pretty  large  solitary  floAvers  hanging  on  a  very 
long  and  slender  peduncle ;  corolla  not  spreading  open,  orange-colored,  Avitli 
deeper  or  brownish  veining  or  stripes. 

11.  MODIOLA.     (The  shape  of  the  depressed  fruit  likened  to  the  Roman 
measure  modiolus.)     Procumbent  or  spreading,  small-floAvered,  Aveedy  plants. 
M.  multiflda.     Virginia  and  S.,  in  Ioav  grounds ;  leaves  3  -  7-cleft  and 

ciit,  or  the  earlier  ones  rounded  and  undivided ;  flowers  red,  ^'  broad ;  fruit 
hairy  at  the  top.     @   2/ 

12.  MALVAViSCUS.  (Name  composed  of  Malva,  MalloAv,  and  viscus, 
birdlime,  from  the  glutinous  pulp  of  the  berry-like  fmit.)  Shrubby  plants, 
with  shoAvy  scarlet  floAvers,  of  peculiar  appearance,  the  petals  not  expanding, 
but  remaining  convolute  around  the  loAver  part  of  the  slender  projecting  and 
soon  twisted  column,  held  together  as  it  Avere  by  a  little  side-lobe  near  the 
base  of  the  inner  edge. 

M.  arb6reus,  the  common  West  India  species,  cult,  in  some  hot-houses, 
has  heart-shaped  leaves  longer  than  bi'oad,  and  velloAvish  fruit. 

M.  Drummbndii,  of  Texas,  if  housed  in  Avintcr  floAvers  all  summer  in 
open  ground,  is  soft-doAvny,  Avith  more  rounded  and  somcAvhat  3-lobed  leaves, 
and  scarlet  fruit. 

13.  KOSTELETZSKYA.  (Named  for  a  Bohemian  botanist,  Kosteletzshj.) 
Like  Hibiscus,  only  the  cells  of  ovary  and  fruit  1-seeded.     PI.  summer. 

K.  Virginica,  Virginian  K.  In  and  near  salt  marshes,  from  Ncav  York 
and  Ncav  Jersey  S. :  roughish-hairy,  20-5°  high;  leaves  hcart-shajied  or  mostly 
3-lobed,  often  halberd-shaped ;  floAvors  someAvhat  racemtd  or  panicled,  rose- 
purple,  l'-2'  broad.     2/ 


74  MALLOW    FAMILY. 

14.^  HIBISCUS,  ROSE-MALLOW.     (Ancieni  name,  of  obscure  origin.) 
Flowers  showy,  usually  large,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

i*  Tall  shrubs  cr  even  trees,  exotics. 
H.  Syriacus,  Tree  H.  or  Shrubby  Ai^tujex,  of  gardens  and  grounds, 
common,  native  ol'  the  Levant :  nearly  smooth,  with  wedge-ovate  and  .3-lobed 
leaves,  and  short-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils,  in  autumn,  about  .3'  broad, 
purple,  rose-color,  white,  &c.,  often  double. 

H.  Rosa-Sinensis.  China  H.  or  Rose  of  China.  Cult,  in  conserva- 
tories, from  East  Indies  (where  the  splendid  corollas,  which  stain  l)lack,  are  used 
to  black  shoes)  :  very  smooth,  with  bright  green  ovate  and  pointed  somewhat 
toothed  leaves,^  and  very  showy  flowers  on  slender  ])eduncles,  4'  or  5'  broad, 
scarlet-red  (rarely  rose-purple  or  even  white),  often  double. 

*  *  Herbs,  with  persistent  and  regular  5-lobed  calyx,  and  a  short  pod. 
•t-  Wild  species,  but  sometimes  cultivated,  tall  and  large.     % 
H.  COCcineus,  Great  Red  IL  or  Rose-Mallow.    Marshes  from  Caro- 
lina S. ;  very  smooth,  4° -7°  high,  with  leaves  5-parted  or  deeply  cleft  into 
long  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  divisions,  and  bright-red  corolla  6' -11'  broad, 
the  petals  narrowed  below. 

H.  militaris,  Halberd-leaved  R.     Low  grounds  from  Pennsylvania 
and  Illinois  S. ;    smooth,  3° -4°  high,  with  ovate  or  heart-shaped  toothed  or 
3-lobed  leaves,  some  of  them  halbord-sh;\ped,  and  slender-peduncled  flowers, 
\    with  inflated  calyx,  and  flesh-colored  corolla  4'  -  5'  broad. 

^  H.  MoseheUtOS,  Swamp  R.  Common  in  brackish  marshes  and  up  the 
larger  rivers  ;  3°  -  7°  high,  soft-downy  ;  the  ovate  pointed  and  often  3-lobed 
leaves  hoary  beneath,  generally  smooth  alwve  ;  peduncles  slender;  corolla  4'  -  6' 
broad,  pale  rose  or  white,  with  or  without  a  darker  centre  ;  pod  smooth. 

H.  grandlflbrus,  Laroe-fl.  R.  Swamps,  from  Illinois  and  Carolina  S. ; 
like  the  last,  but  leaves  soft-downy  both  sides,  and  i)od  velvety-hairy. 

H.  acule^tUS,  Prickly  or  Rough  R.  Swamps  only  S.  ;' rough  with 
stiff  bristles  and  bristly  ])oints,  2°  -  6°  high  ;  leaves  3-5-cleft  and  the  divisions 
mostly  toothed  ;  flowers  short-peduncled  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  often  forked ; 
corolla  yellow  with  a  purple  centre,  4'  broad  ;  pod  bristly. 

■*-  -t-  Exotic  tow  species,  in  gardens  or  cultivated  grounds.     ® 

H.  Tri6nuin,  Bladder  Ketmia  or  Flower-of-ax-hour.  Rather 
hairy,  l°-2°  high,  with  the  leaves  toothed,  or  the  upper  3-parted  into  lanceolate 
lobes,  the  middle  lobe  much  longest;  calyx  inflated  and  bladdery;  corolla  about 
2'  broad,  sulphur-yellow  with  a  blackish  eye,  open  only  in  midifay  sunshine. 

*  *  *  Herbs,  with  calyx  splitting  down  one  side,  and  generally  falling  off  at  once, 
and  with  long  or  narrow  pyramidal  or  angled  pod:  natives  of  East  Indies. 

H.  esculentUS,  Okra  or  Gumbo.  Nearly  smooth,  Avith  rounded  heart- 
shaped  .5-lobed  toothed  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers  on  slender  peduncle  (invo- 
lucre falling  early),  and  narrow  pods  3'' or  4'  long,  which  are  very  mucilaginous, 
and  when  green  cooked  and  eaten,  or  used  to  thicken  soups :  cult.  S.     (!) 

H.  Manihot.  Smoothish,  with  leaves  .'j  -  7-parted  into  long  narrow  divis- 
ions ;  the  large  and  showy  corolla  pale  yellow  with  a  dark  eye  ;  the  leaves  of 
the  involucre  hairy  and  soon  falling  off:  introduced  or  cult.  S.  VV.     ^J. 

(15.    GOSS"^PIUM,  COTTON.    (Name  given  by  Pliny,  from  the  Arabic.) 
■'TM  *H/v*  Plants  now  diffused  over  warm  countries,  most  valuable  for  the  wool  on  the 

^1^^      seeds  :  the  species  much  mixed  up. 

T    0       G.  herb6,eeuni,  Common  Cotton.     Cult.  S.     Leaves  ^dth  5  short  and 
jj^         roundish  lobes  ;  petals  pale  yellow  or  turning  rose-color,  purple  at  base.     (T; 

k  G.  Barbadense,  Barbadoes  or  Sea-Island  C.     Cult,  on  the  coast  S. 

(5r  /-    Inclining  to  be  shrubby  at  base ;    branches  black-dotted ;    leaves  with  5  longer 
~*y,  K^  lance-ovate  and  taper-pointed  lobes  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  with  very  long  and 

/'  slender  teeth  ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish  with  purple  base. 

^.(j^      j/if»G.  arbbreum,  Tree  C.      Cult.  S.,  only  for  curiosity,  has  5-7  nearly 

y''*'*^^^  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  lobes  to  the  leaves,  leaves  of  involucre  slightly 
toothed,  and  a  purple  corolla  with  a  darker  centre.  ' 


CAMELLIA    OR    TEA    FAMILY.  70 

23.   STERCULIACEiE,  STERCULIA  FAMILY. 

Cliiefly  a  tropical  family,  to  which  belongs  the  Theobroma  or 
Chocolatk-tree  ;  in  common  cultivation  known  here  only  by  a 
single  species  of" 

1.  MAHEE.NIA.  (Name  an  anagram  of  Hermannia,  a  genus  very  like 
it.)  Calyx,  corolla,  &c.  as  in  the  Mallow  Family  ;  but  the  stamens  only  5, 
one  before  each  petal ;  the  filaments  monadelphous  only  at  the  base  and  en- 
larged about  the  middle,  and  the  anthers  with  2  parallel  cells.  The  edges  of 
the  base  of  the  petals  rolled  inwards,  making  a  hollow  claw.  Ovary  5-celled, 
with  several  ovules  in  each  cell  :  styles  5,  united  at  the  base. 

M.  verticiliata.  Cult,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  conservatories  pro- 
ducing a  succession  of  honey-yellow  sweet-scented  small  blossoms,  on  slender 
])eduncles,  all  winter  and  spring ;  a  sort  of  woody  perennial,  Avith  slender  and 
spreading  or  hanging  roughish  branches  and  small  green  irregularly  pinnatifid 
leaves ;  the  specific  name  given  because  the  leaves  seem  to  be  whorled ;  but  this 
is  because  the  stipules,  which  arc  cut  into  several  linear  divisions,  imitate  leaves. 

24.    TILIACE^,  LINDEN  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family,  represented  here  only  by  an  herbaceous 
CoRCHORUS  on  our  southernmost  borders,  and  by  the  genus  of  fine 
trees  which  gives  the  name. 

1.  TILIA,  LINDEN,  LIME-TREE,  BASS  WOOD.  (The  old  Latin 
name.)  Sepals  5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family,  but  dwidu- 
ous.  Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous ; 
their  filaments  cohering  in  5  clusters,  sometimes  with  a  petal-like  body  in  each 
cluster ;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistil  with  a  5-celled  ovary,  having  2  ovules  in 
each  cell,  in  fiaiit  becoming  a  rather  woody  globular  1  -  2-seeded  little  nut. 
Style  1 :  stigma  5-toothcd.  Embryo  with  a  slender  radicle  and  leaf-like  lobed 
cotyledons  folded  up  in  the  albumen.  Ti-ees  with  mucilaginous  shoots,  fibrous 
inner  bark  (bast),  soft  white  wood,  alternate  roundish  and  serrate  leaves  move 
or  less  heart-shaped  and  commonly  oblique  at  the  base,  deciduous  stipules, 
and  a  cyme  of  small,  dull  cream-colored,  honey-bearing  flowers,  borne  in  early 
summer  on  a  nodding  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  long  and  narrow 
leaf-like  bract. 

*  A  petal-like  scale  before  each  petal,  to  the  base  of  which  the  stamens  are  joined. 
T.  Amerie^na,  American  Linden  or  Common  Basswood.     A  hand- 
some and  large  forest-tree,  with  leaves  of  rather  firm  texture  and  smooth  or 
smoothish  both  sides,  or  in  one  variety  thinner  and  more  downy  but  not  white 
beneath. 

T.  heterophylla,  White  Linden.  Along  the  Alleghany  region  from 
Penn.  and  Kentucky  S. ;  has  larger  leaves  silvery  white  with  a  fine  down  under- 
neath. 

*  *  No  scales  with  the  stamens.     Natives  of  Europe. 

T.  Europsea,  European  L.,  embraces  both  the  Small-leaved  variety, 
which  is  commonly  planted  about  cities,  and  the  Large-leaved  or  Dutch  L., 
with  leaves  as  large  and  firm  as  those  of  our  wild  Basswood. 

25.   CAMELLTACE^,  CAMELLIA  or  TEA  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  feather-veined  leaves, 
and  no  stipules  ;  the  flowers  large  and  showy,  mostly  axillary,  reg- 
ular, witii  both  sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  the  very 
numerous  stamens  with  filaments  more  or  less  united  at  the  base 
with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  2-celled  : 
ovary  and  thick  or  woody  pod  5-celled,  with  one  or  more  seeds  iu 


76  CAMELLIA    OR    TEA    FAMILY. 

each  cell.  The  petals  themselves  are  commonly  more  or  less 
united  at  their  base ;  they  are  5  or  sometimes  6  or  even  more  in 
number  in  natural  flowers,  and  in  cultivated  plants  apt  to  be  in- 
creased  by   doubling. 

»  Exotics,  from   China,  Japan,  cfr.  :  some  of  fhe  inner  stamens  entirely  separate : 
cominunli)  there  is  a  gradation  from  bracts  to  sepals  and  petals. 

1.  CAMELLIA.     Numerous  separate  inner  stamens  within  the  ring  or  cup  forjned 

by  the  united  bases  of  tlie  very  numerous  outer  stamens,  fcjtyle  3 -^u-clett. 
Seeds  large,  usually  single  in  each  cell  of  the  thick  and  woody  pod.  'Leaves 
evergreen,  serrate. 

2.  THE  A.     Separate  interior  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals  (5  or  6):  other- 

wise nearly  like  Camellia:  flowers  less  showy;  bracts  under  the  calyx  incon- 
spicuous. 

*  *  Natives  of  Southeastern  States :  stamens  all  united  at  the  base. 

3.  GOIiDONIA.     Stamens  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal. 

Style  columnar:  stigma  5-rayed.  Seeds  several,  more  or  less  winged.  Leaves 
coriaceous  or  thickish.  • 

4.  STUARTI  A.     Stamens  uniformly  united  by  a  short  ring  at  the  base  of  the  fila- 

ments.    Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  wingless.     Leaves  thin  and  deciduous. 

1.  CAMELLIA.  (Named  for  G.  Camellus  or  Kaincl,  a  missionary  to  China 
in  the  17th  century.) 

C.  Japdnica,  Japax  Camellia,  with  oval  or  oblong  pointed  and  shining 
leaves,  and  terminal  or  nearly  terminal  flowers,  simple  or  double,  red,  white,  or 
variegated,  of  very  many  varieties,  is  the  well-known  and  only  common  species  ; 
fl.  through  the  winter,  hardy  only  S. 

2.  THEA,  TEA-PLANT.  (The  Chinese  name.)  Genus  too  slightly  dif- 
ferent from  Camellia.  Shrubs,  natives  of  China  and  Japan,  sparingly  cult, 
for  ornament. 

T.  viridis,  Green  or  Common  T.  Leaves  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate, 
much  longer  than  wide ;  the  white  flowers  (1'  or  more  broad)  nodding  on  short 
stalks  in  tlioir  axils. 

T.  Boh^a,  BoiiEA  T.  Leaves  smaller  and  broader  in  proY>ortion  ;  proba- 
bly a  mere  variety  of  the  other. 

3.  GORDONIA.  (Named  for  Dr.  Gordon  and  another  Scotchman  of  the 
same  n.ime. ) ' 

G.  Lasiauthus,  Loblolly  Bay.  A  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree,  in 
swamps  near  the  coast  from  Virginia  S.,  with  evergreen  and  smooth  lance- 
oblong  leaves  tapering  to  the  base  and  minutely  serrate,  and  sliowy  white  flow- 
ers 2'  -  3'  across,  in  spring  and  summer,  on  a  slender  peduncle  {  the  stamens 
short,  on  a  5-lobcd  cup. 

G.  pubescens,  also  called  FRAXKLfxiA,  after  Dr.  Frank/in.  Grows  only 
in  Georgia  and  Florida  ;  a  tall,  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  thinner 
and  deciduous  leaves  whitish  downy  beneath,  as  are  the  sepals  and  (white) 
petals,  and  longer  style  and  filaments,  the  latter  in  5  distinct  parcels  one  on  the 
base  of  each  petal. 

4.  STXJARTIA.  (Named  for  John  Stuart,  the  Lord  Bute  at  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution.)  Ornamental  shrubs,  with  thin  leaves  and  handsome 
white  flo\ver3  2'  or  3'  across,  in  late  spring  or  early  summer,  wild  in  shady 
woods  of  Southern  States. 

S.  Virginica,  grows  in  the  low  country  from  Virginia  S.  ;  shrub  8°-  12° 
lligh,  with  finely  serrate  leaves  soft-downy  underneath,  pure  white  petixls,  purple 
stamens^  one  style,  and  a  roundish  pod. 

S.  pentagyna,  belongs  to  the  mountains  S.  of  Virginia,  and  in  cult,  is 
hardy  N.  ;  has  smoother  leaves  and  rather  larger  very  handsome  flowers,  their 
petals  jagged-edged  and  tinged  with  cream-color,  the  sepals  often  reddish  out- 
side, 5  separate  styles,  and  a  5-angled  pointed  pod. 


GERANIUM    FAMILY.  77 

26.  LINAGES,  FLAX  FAMILY. 

A  small  family,  represented  here  only  by  the  main  genus, 

1,  LINUM,  FLAX.  (The  classical  Greek  and  Latin  name.)  Flowers  (see 
Lessons,  p.  89,  fig-.  174,  175,  and  p.  9-3,  fig.  i9i)  usually  opening  for  only 
one  day,  and  in  sunshine,  regular  and  symmetrical ;  the  persistent  sepals, 
deciduous  petals,  slightly  monadclphous  stamens,  and  mostly  the  styles  .5,  but 
the  latter  are  sometimes  fewer,  occasionally  partly  united  :  ovary  and  fod 
with  as  many  2-seeded  cells  as  there  are  styles,  or  mostly  twice  as  many  and 
one-seeded,  each  cell  being  divided  more  or  less  by  a  false  partition.  Seeds 
with  a  mucilaginous  coat  and  a  large  straight  oily  embryo.  Leaves  simple, 
nearly  sessile,  and  entire.     Fl.  all  summer. 

*   Wild  species,  annuals  or  scarcely  perennials,  with  small  yellow  flowers. 
L.  Virgini^num,  the  commonest  Wild  Flax,  in  dry  woods,  2°  high, 
with  spreading  or  recurving  terete  branches  at  the  summit' of  the  stem  ;    the 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  spatulate  and  opposite ;    flowers 
scattered  ;  styles  separate  ;  pod  little  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 

L.  striatum,  also  common,  mostly  in  boggy  grounds,  like  the  first ;  but 
has  the  branches  shorter,  scattered  along  the  stem,  and  sharply  4-angled  with 
intermediate  grooves  (Avhence  the  name)  ;  most  of  the  stem-leaves  ojjposite  and 
oblong  ;  flowers  more  crowded. 

L.  sulcatum,  much  less  common,  in  dry  soil,  also  has  grooved  (upright) 
branches,  but  the  leave?  are  linear  and  scattered  ;  flowers  and  pods  twice  as 
large;  sepals  sharp-pointed,  3-nerved  and  with  rough  glandular  margins ;  styles 
united  half-way  up. 

*  *  Cultivated,  hardy,  herbaceous,  with  .5  styles  and  largish  handsome  flowers. 

li.  USitatissimum,  Common  Flax.  Cult,  from  Old  World,  and  inclined 
to  run  wild  in  fields  ;  with  narrow  lanceolate  leaves,  corymbose  rich  blue  flow- 
ers, and  pointed  sepals.     (T) 

'  L.  perenne,  Pkrennial  Flax.  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  some  varieties,  for 
ornament,  wild  beyond  the  Mississippi ;  less  tall  than  the  foregoing,  narrower- 
leaved  ;  sepals  blunt ;  petals  sky-blue,  sometimes  pale,  at  least  towards  the 
base.     2/ 

L.  grandifl6rum,  Large-fl.  Red  Flax.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  from 
North  Africa  ;  1°  high,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  showy  crimson-red 
flowers.     0   2/ 

*  *  *  Cultivated  in  conservatories,  shruhhy,  with  3  styles  and  large  flowers. 

L.  trigynum,  of  India,  has  rather  large  elliptical  leaves,  and  a  succession 
of  large  and  showy  bright-yellow  flowers. 

27.  GERANIACEJE,  GERANIUM  FAMILY. 
As  now  received  a  large  and  multifarious  order,  not  to  be  cliar- 
flcterized  as  a  wliole  in  any  short  and  ta>y  way,  including  as^  it  does 
Geraniums,  Nasturtiums,  Wood-Sorrels,  Balsams,  &c.,  which  have 
to  be  separately  described. 

§1.   Flowers  regular  and  symmetincfd:  sepals  persistent.     Herbs. 

1.  OXALIS.     Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  imbricated,  the  latter  convolute  in 

the  bud.  Stamen*  10,  monadelphous  at  base,  th'e  alternate  ones  shorter. 
Styles  5,  sepanite  on  a  5-felled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  meuibrannceous 
severnl-seeded  pod.  Juice  sour  and  waterv.  Leaves  commonly  of  tl'.ree 
obcordate  or  two-lobeJ  leaflets,  which  droop  at  nightfall.  Flowers  usual^ 
open  onlv  in  sunshine. 

2.  LIMNAN  fHKS.     Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  valv.ite,  the  Inner  convolute 

in  the  bud.  Glands  on  the  recept:icle  5.  Stamens  10,  separate  at  the  ba^e. 
Style  1,  five-lobed  at  the  apex,  rising  from  the  centre  of  a  deeply  five-! (bod 
ovary,  winch  in  fruit  l)eeoines  5  separate  thickish  and  wrinkled  akcnes. 
Leaves  piiuiate  ;  the  leaflets  cut  or  cleft. 


78  GKRANIUM    FAMILY. 

3.  FLCERKEA.     Sepals,  small  petals,  stigmas,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3  ;  and 

stameijs  6  :  otherwise  like  Limnanthes. 

4.  GERAiSIUM.     Sepals  ami  petals  5,  the  former  imbricated,  the  latter  commonly 

convolute  in  the  biul.  Glands  on  the  receptacle  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base,  tlie  alternate  filaments  shorter,  but 
usually  bearing  an  hers.  Style  5-clefc.  Ovary  5-celled,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
separating  when  ripe  into  5  two-ovuled  but  one-seeded  carpels  or  little  pods, 
which  remain  hanging  by  their  long  naked  recurving  styles  as  these  split  off, 
from  below  upwards,  from  a  long  central  beak  or  axis.  (Lessons,  p.  125, 
fig.  277,  278.)     Leaves  with  stipules.     Herbage  scented. 

5.  ERODIUM.     Stamens  with  antliers  only  5.     Styles  when  they  split  off  from 

the  beak  bearded  inside,  often  twisting  spirally  :  otherwise  as  Geranium. 

^  2.    Flowers  somewhat  irregular,  Geranium-like.     Shrubby  or  jleshy-slemmed. 

6.  PELARGONIUM.     Sepals  and  petals  5  ;  the  base  of  one  sepal  extends  down- 

ward on  one  side  the  pedicel  forming  a  narrow  tube  or  adherent  spur,  and 
the  two  perals  on  that  side  of  the  flower  differ  from  the  rest  more  or  less  in 
size  or  shape.  Stamens  with  anthers  fewer  than  10,  commonly  7.  Pistil,  &c. 
as  in  Geranium.     Herbage  scented.     Leaves  with  stipules. 

§  3.   Flowers  very  irregular,  spurred,  also  unsymmetrical.     Tender  herbs. 

7.  TROP.EOLUM.     Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  and  in  the  upper  side  of  the 

flower  extemlcHt  into  a  long  descending  spur.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  fewer, 
usually  with  claws  :  the  two  u|)per  more  or  less  ddferent  from  the  others 
and  inserted  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur.  Stamens  8,  unequil  or  dissimilar ; 
filaments  usually  turned  downwards  and  curving.  Ovary  of  3  lobes  sur- 
rounding the  ba'se  of  a  single  r.tyle,  in  fruit  becoming  3  thick  and  Heshy 
cloied  separate  carpels,  each  containing  a  single  large  seed.  Herbs,  climbing 
by  their  long  leafstaks  ;  the  watery  juice  with  the  pungent  odor  and  taste 
of  Cress.  Leaves  alternate  :  stipules  none  or  minute.  Peduncles  axillary, 
one-flowered. 

8.  IMPATIENS.     Sepals  and  petals  similarly  colored,  the  parts  belonging  to  each 

not  readily  distinguished.  There  are  3  small  outer  pieces,  plainly  sepals,  on 
one  side  of  the  flower  ;  then,  on  the  other  side,  a  large  hanging  sac  contracted 
»t  the  bottom  into  a  spur  or  little  tail;  wirhin  are  two  small  unequally  2-lol)ed 
petals,  one  each  >ide  of  the  sac.  Stamens  5,  short,  conniving  or  lightly 
cohering  around  and  covering  the  5-celled  ovary,  which  in  fruit  becomes  a 
several-seeded  pod  :  this  bursts  elastically,  flying  in  pieces  at  the  touch, 
scattering  the  seeds,  separating  into  5  twisting  valves  and  a  thickish  axis. 
Style  none.  Seeds  rather  large.  Erect,  branching,  succulent-stemmed  herbs, 
with  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1.    OXALIS,  WOOD-SORIIEL.     (Name  from  Greek  words  meaning  sour- 
salt,  from  tlie  oxalates  or  "  salt-of-sorrel  "  contained  in  the  juice.) 

*  Native  species,  Jiower ill fj  through  the  summer :  leaflets  broadlg  obcordate. 

O.  Stricta,  Ykllow  W.  Extremely  common  in  waste  or  cultivated  soil 
and  open  woodlands  ;  stems  3'-  12'  h'v^h,  leafy  ;  sleiulor  ])edunclcs  bearing  an 
umbel  of  2-6  small  yellow  Howers,  followed  by  slender  pods.    (T)   2/. 

O.  Acetosella,'  True  W.  Common  in  mossy  woods  N.  ;  the  leafstalks 
and  1-fIowered  scapes  2' -4'  high  from  a  creeping  scaly-toothed  rootstock ; 
flower  rather  large,  Avhite  with  delicate  reddish  veins.      2/ 

O.  violaoea,  Violet  W.  Common  S.,  rarer  N.,  in  rocky  or  sandy  soil ; 
leafstalks  and  slender  scape  from  a  scaly  bulb,  the  flowers  several  in  an  umbel, 
middle-sized,  violet.     "21 

*  *  Cultivated  in  conservatories,  from  Ca]>e  of  Good  Hope. 

O.Bowiei,  a  stemlcss  species,  with  a  small  bulb  on  a  s])indle-shaped  root; 
leafstalks  and  few-flowered  scapes  6'- 10'  high;  broad  obcordate  leaflets  almost 
2'  long  ;  petals  deep  rose-color,  1'  long. 

«.  O.  specibsa  is  more  hairy  ;  leaflets  obovate  and  scarcely  notched,  com- 
monly crimson  underneath,  only  I'long;  scapes  short,  1 -flowered  ;  petals  1^' 
long,  jjink-red  with  a  yellowish  base. 

O.  fiava,*from  a  strong  bulb  sends  up  to  the  surface  a  sliort  scaly  stem, 
bearing  thick  flatfish  leafstalks  and  short  1-flowered  scapes;  the  leaflets  6-10 
and  linear ;  petals  nearly  1 '  long,  yellow,  often  edged  with  reddish. 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  79 

O.  versicolor,  the  commoner  and  prettiest  species,  from  small  bulbs  sends 
up  slender  stems,  2' -3'  hi<j;h,  bearing;  at  summit  leaves  of  3  almost  linear  loaf- 
lets  notched  at  the  end,  and  slender  1-flowereil  jjeduncles  ;  petals  1'  Ion;;,  white 
or  tinged  with  rose,  with  bright  pink-red  margins  underneath,  so  that  the  blos- 
som is  red  when  rolled  up  in  the  bud  or  closed  in  shade,  but  white  above  when 
it  opens  in  sunshine. 

*  *  *  Cultivated  from  South  America  for  the  edible  tubers. 

O.  crenata,  the  Oca  of  Peru,  rather  common  in  France,  bears  abundance 
of  potato-like  tubers  as  large  as  pullet's-eggs  ;  stem  leafy,  2°  high ;  leaflets 
obcordate ;  peduncles  several-flowered ;  petals  yellow,  rather  large,  crenate  or 
several-notched  at  the  end. 

2.  LIMNANTHES.  (Name  from  Greek  words  for  marsAyfoirer;  but  in 
fact  the  plant  flourishes  in  merely  moist  soil. )     (v) 

L.  Dougl^sii.  Cult,  for  ornament  from  California  ;  a  low  and  spreading, 
mostly  smooth,  and  slightly  succulent  garden  annual,  with  leaves  of  .5-7  oblong 
or  lanceolate  and  often  3  -  .'i-cleft  leaflets,  and  rather  neat  flowers  (in  summer), 
solitary  on  slender  axillary  peduncles  ;  the  petals  white  with  a  yelloAV  base, 
wedge-oblong,  notched  at  the  end,  tAvice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  about  ^'  long. 

3.  PLCERKEA,  FALSE  MERMAID.      (Named  for  Flcerke,  a  German 

botanist.)     ® 

P.  proserpinacoides,  in  marshes  and  wet  alluvial  soil ;  a  small  and  in- 
significant plant,  with  the  3-5  leaflets  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  rarely  2-3- 
cleft ;  the  axillary  and  peduncled  flower  inconspicuous  (in  spring  and  summer), 
the  oblong  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  entire. 

4.  GERANIUM,  CRANESBILL.  (From  old  Greek  name  for  the  Crane, 
alluding  probably  to  the  long  beak  in  fruit.)  The  following  are  wild  species 
of  the  country :  the  so-called  Geraniums  of  cultivation  belong  to  Pelargonium. 
Sepals  usually  slender-pointed.     Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

G.  maculatum,  Wild  or  Spotted  Cranesbill.  Common  in- wood- 
lands and  open  grounds  ;  stem  erect  from  a  stout  root  or  rootstock,  about  2° 
high,  hairy,  branching  and  terminating  in  long  peduncles  bearing  a  pair  of 
flowers  ;  leaves  palmately  parted  into  5-7  wedge-shaped  divisions  cut  and  cleft 
at  the  end,  sometimes  whitish-blotched  ;  petals  wcdge-obovate,  light  purple, 
I'  long,  bearded  on  the  short  claw.     If. 

G.  Carolini^nUTn,  Carolina  C.  In  open  and  mostly  barren  soil ; 
stems  erect  or  soon  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  only  6'-  18'  high  ;  leaves 
palmately  parted  into  5  much  cleft  and. cut  divisions  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
short ;  flowers  barely  half  as  large  as  in  the  foregoing,  the  pale  rose-colored  pet- 
als notched  at  the  end.     (T)  © 

G.  Roberti^num,  Heru  Robert.  Common  N.  in  shady  rocky  places  ; 
very  strong-scented,  loosely  hairy,  diff*usely  spreading  ;  leaves,fincly  cut,  being 
divided  into  3  twice-piunatifid  divisions ;  flowers  small ;  petals  pink  or  red 
purple.     © 

5.  ERODIUM,  STORKSBILL.     (From  Greek  name  for  a  Heron.) 

E.  cicutarium.  Common  S.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  in  sterile  soil,  but  not  com- 
mon, except  in  Texas  and  California,  where  it  greatly  abounds ;  low,  hairy  and 
rather  viscid  ;  the  leaves  mostly  from  the  root,  pinnate,  and  the  leaflets  finely 
once  or  twice  pinnatifid  ;  peduncle  bearing  an  umbel  of  several  small  pinkish 
flowers,  in  summer.     (T)  @ 

6.  PELARGONIUM,  the  GERANIUM,  so-called,  of  house  and  sum- 
mer-garden  culture.  (Name  from  Greek  word  for  the  Stork,  from  the  beak  of 
the  fruit,  which  is  like  that  of  Geranium. )  All  are  perennials,  and  most  of  the 
common  ones  more  or  less  shrubby,  natives  of  the  Cai)e  of  Good  Hope  ;  in 
cultivation  so  mixed  up  by  crossing  that  students  will  hardly  be  able  to  make 
out  the  species.  The  following  are  the  types  or  originals  of  the  commonest 
Sorts. 


80  GERANIUM    FA3IILT. 

§  1.    Leaves  peltate  and  fleshy,  the  5  lobes  entire :  stems  trailing. 
P.  pelt^tum,  Ivy-leaved  P.     Generally  smooth,  the  leaf  tixed  towards 
the  middle,  with  or  without  a  darkish  zone  ;  flowers  pink  or  varying  to  white. 

§  2.    Leaves  round  and  crenate,  very  ol)Scurely  many-lobed  and  with  a  deep  narrow 

sinus:  petals  all  of  one  color  [scarlet,  pink,  or  varying  to  ivhite),  the  trvo 

upper  a  little  narrower  than  the  others  :  stems  erect,  shrubby  and  succulent. 

The  two  species  greatly  mixed. 

P.  zonule,  IIonsE-siiOE  P.     So  called  from  the  dark  horse-shoe  mark  or 

zone,  which  however  is  not  always  present ;  smoothish  ;  petals  narrowish. 

P.  inquinans,  Staining  or  Scarlet  P.  In  the  unmixed  state  is  soft- 
downy  and  clammy,  the  leaver  without  the  zone ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  origi- 
nally intense  scarlet. 

§  3.    Leaves  rounded,  moderately  if  at  all  lohed :  branches  scarcely  succulent :  pet- 
als never  scarlet,  the  two  upper  more  or  less  larger  than  the  three  lower. 

*  Leaves  siveet-scented,  velvety  or  soft-downy :  flow&'s  small :   stems  or  brandies 

herbaceous  or  half  herbaceous,  spreading  or  straggling. 

P.  capit^tum,  Rose-scented  P.  Softly  hairy,  with  the  rose-scented 
leaves  moderately  lobcd,  the  lobes  short  and  broad ;  peduncle  bearing  many 
sessile  flowers  in  a  head  ;  petals  rose-purple,  barely  ^'  long. 

P.  tomentdsum,  Pei'I'eumint  P.  Densely  soft-hairy;  branches  long 
and  thickish ;  leaves  rather  large,  round-heart-shaped  and  with  5-7  open  lobes, 
velvety-hairy  both  sides  ;  flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  puniclcd  umbels,  insigniii- 
cant ;  petals  white,  the  3  lower  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

P.  odoratissimum,  Ni:tmi:g-sci:nted  p.  Branches  slender  and  strag- 
gling, from  a  very  short  scaly  stem  or  base  ;  leaves  rounded  and  crenate,  soft- 
velvety,  small ;  flowers  on  sliort  pedicels,  very  small ;  petals  white,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

*  *  Leaves  not  sweet-scented:  flowers  large,  pink,  purple,  white.  Sec,  the  tu)0 

upper  petals  longer  and  broader  than  the  three  lower  and  streaked  or  spotted: 
stirubhy  and  erect.     {All  much  mixed.) 

P.  CUCUlI^tum,  Cowled  P.  Soft-hairy,  the  rounded  kidney-shaped  leaves 
cupped,  soft-downy. 

P.  cordatum,  Heart-leaved  P.  Like  the  last  or  less  hairy,  with  flat 
ovate-heart-.shai)ed  leaves. 

P.  angulbsum,  Maple-leaved  P.  Harsher-hairy;  the  leaves  rigid,  in- 
clined to  be  lobed,  truncate  or  even  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  (scarcely  ever 
heart-shaped),  sharply  toothed. 

§  4.   Leaves  decidedly  lobed  or  cut,  in  some  .species  compound  or  decompound, 
*  Smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous,  rounded,  palmatehj  5  -  1 -cleft. 

P.  grandiflbrum,  Great-flowered  P.  Shrubby ;  peduncles  bearing 
about  3  large  flowers,  with  white  i>ctals  li'  long,  the  two  upper  larger  and  ele- 
gantly veined  or  variegated  with  pink  or  rose-color. 

*  *  Silky-hoary,  pinnately  veined  and  somewhat  pinnatifld. 

P.  tricolor.  Three-colored  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby  ;  the  long-petioled 
small  leaves  lance-oblong ;  peduncles  bearing  2  or  3  showy  floAvers  ;  the  three 
lower  petals  white,  the  two  upper  crimson,  with  a  dark  spot  at  their  base,  and 
rather  smaller,  ^'  long  :  not  common. 

*  *  *  Soft-hoary  or  velvety,  palmateJy  3-]xvted,  small :  no  obvious  stipules. 

P.  exstipul^tum,  Penny-Royal  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby ;  leaves  with 
the  sweet  scent  of  Penny-Royal  or  Bergamot,  ^'  wide,  the  lobes  wedge-shaped 
and  cut-toothed  ;  flowers  small  and  insignificant,  white. 

*  *  *  *  Hairy,  roughish,  or  downy :  leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifld  or  pinnately 

compound  or  the  main  lobes  or  divisiojis  pinnatifld,  balsamic  or  strong- 
scented  :  stipides  present. 
P.    quercifolium,    Oak-leaved    P.      Shrubby,  hairy  and  glandular; 
leaves  deeply  siuuate-pinnatiliJ,  with  wavy-toothed  blunt  lobes    (the  lowest 


RUE    FAillLY.  81 

ones  largest,  making  a  triangular-heart-shaped  outline),  often  dark-colored 
along  the  middle,  unpleasantly  scented ;  petals  purple  or  pink,  the  two  upper 
(1'  long)  much  longest. 

P.  graveoiens,  Heavy-scented  P.  Shrubby  and  hairy  like  the  last; 
leaves  palmately  5  -  7-lobed  or  parted  and  the  oblong  lobes  sinuate-pinnatifid  ; 
petals  shorter. 

P.  Radula,  Rough  P.  Shrubby,  rough  and  hairy  above  with  short  bris- 
tles ;  the  balsamic  or  mint-scented  leaves  palmately  parted  and  the  divisions 
pinnately  parted  or  again  cut  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  with  revolutc  margins  ; 
peduncles  short,  bearing  few  small  flowers  ;  petals  rose-color  striped  or  veined 
with  pink  or  purple. 

P.  fulgldum,  Brilliant  P.  Shrubby  and  succulent-stemmed,  downy  ; 
leaves  mostly  3-parted,  with  the  lateral  divisions  wedge-shaped  and  3-lobed,  the 
middle  one  oblong  and  cut-pinnatilid ;  calyx  broad  in  the  throat ;  petals 
obovate,  scarlet,  often  with  dark  lines,  ^'  long. 

P.  triste,  Sad  or  Night-scented  P.  Stem  succulent  and  very  short 
from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  or  none ;  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  hairy ;  pet- 
als dull  brownish-yellow  with  darker  spots,  sweet-scented  at  night. 

7.  TROP-aiOLUM,  NASTURTIUM  or  INDIAN  CRESS.  (Name 
from  a  Greek  word  for  a  trophy,  the  foliage  of  the  common  sort  likened  to  a 
group  of  shields.)  Cult,  from  South  America,  chiefly  Peru,  for  ornament, 
and  the  pickled  fruits  used  as  a  substitute  for  capers,  having  a  similar  flavor 
and  pungency  :  fl.  all  summer,  showy. 

T.  majUS,  Common  N.  Climbing  high,  also  low  and  scarcely  climbing ; 
leaves  roundish  and  about  6-angled,  peltate  towards  the  middle ;  petals  much 
longer  than  calyx,  varying  from  orange  to  scarlet  and  crimson,  pointless,  entire 
or  a  little  jagged  at  the  end,  and  the  3  lower  and  longer-clawed  ones  fringed  at 
the  base  :  also  a  full  double  variety.     (T) 

T.  minus,  Smaller  N.  Smaller ;  petals  paler  yellow  and  with  a  pointed 
tip.     Now  less  common  than  the  preceding,  but  mixed  with  it.     ® 

T.  tuberdsum,  Tuberous  N.  Less  common  ;  leaves  with  5  rather 
deep  lobes  ;  petals  entire,  orange,  scarcely  longer  than  the  heavy-spurred  orange- 
red  calyx  ;  tubers  edible.     % 

T.  peregrinura,  Canary-bird  Flower.  Climbing  high  ;  leaves  deeply 
5  -  7-lobed  and  cut ;  spur  hooked  or  curved  ;  petals  light  yellow,  the  2  upper 
lobed,  the  3  lower  small  and  fringed.     ® 

8.  IMPATIENS,  TOUCH-ME-NOT,   JEWEL -WEED,    BALSAM. 

(Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pod  when  touched.)     Ours  are  all 

tender  and  succulent-stemmed  annuals  :  fl.  all  summer. 

I.  pallida,  Pale  T.  Wet  ground  and  moist  shady  places,  commonest  N., 
1°  -  4°  high,  branched  ;  leaves  alternate,  oval  ;  flowers  panicled,  pale  yellow 
dotted  with  brownish-red  (rarely  spotless),  the  sac  broader  than  long  and  tipped 
with  a  short  incurved  spur. 

I.  flilva,  Spotted  T.  Commoner  S.  ;  has  smaller  orange-colored  flowers 
spotted  with  reddish-brown,  sac  longer  than  broad  and  tapering  into  an  inflexed 
spur  (spots  and  spur  rarely  wanting). 

I.  Bals^mina,  Garden  Balsam,  from  India.  Low,  with  crowded  lan- 
ceolate leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  a  cluster  of  large  and  showy  short-spurred 
flowers  in  their  axils,  on  short  stalks,  of  very  various  shades  (from  white  to  red 
and  purple)  ;  the  flner  sorts  full  double. 

28.  RUTACEiE,  RUE  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  transparent  dots  or  glands  (resembling  punctures) 
in  the  simple  or  compound  leaves,  containing  a  pungent  or  acrid 
bitter-aromatic  volatile  oil ;  and  stamens  only  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  (or  in  Orange  and  Lemon  more  numerous),  in-erted  on  the 
base  of  a  receptacle   (or  a  glandular  disk  surrounding  it)    which 


_(^fA.rl^\     J^^^'iVf:'     -  RUE    FAMILY. 

sometimes  elevates  more  or  less  the  single  compound  pistil  or  the 
2  —  5  more  or  less  separate  carpels.  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, in  ours  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  only  in 
No.  2  irregular.     Many  species  are  medicinal. 

^1.    Perennial,  strong-scenled,  hardy  (exotic)  herbs- fimoers  perfect :  stamens  8  or 
10:  ovary  4-5-l()bea,  i-b-celled:  seeds  several. 

1.  RUT  A.     Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  short,  the  latter  roundish  and  arching.     Sta- 

mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Style  1.  Pod  globular  and  many-seeded. 
Leaves  decompound. 

2.  DICTAMNUS.     Sepals  and  petals  5;  the  latter  long  and  lanceolate,  on  short 

claws,  the  lower  one  declining,  the  others  ascending.  Stamens  10;  the  long 
filaments  declining  and  curved,  partly  glandular.  Styles  5,  nearly  separate. 
Ovary  a  little  elevated,  deeply  5-lobed,  in  IVuit  becoming  5  flattened  rough- 
ghuniular  2  -  3-seeded  pods,  each  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  valves,  which 
divide  into  an  outer  and  an  inner  layer.     Leaves  pinna' e. 

^  2.  Shrubs  or  trees,  hardy,  with  polygamous,  dioecious,  or  sometimes  perfect,  stnall 
{gretuish  or  zohitish)  Jtowers:  stamens  4  or  6,  as  many  as  the  petals :  seeds 
single  or  in  pairs. 

*  Indigenous :  leaves  pinnate  or  of  ^  leaflets,  deciduous. 

3.  ZANTHOXYLUM.      Flowers  dioecious.     Pistils  2  -  5  ;  their  styles  slightly  co- 

hering ;  the  ovaries  separate,  ripening  into  rather  fleshy  at  length  dry  and 
2-valved  little  pods.  Seed  black,  smooth  and  shining.  Prickly  trees  or 
shrubs:  leaves  pinnate. 

4.  PTELKA.    4"'lo\vers  polygamons.     Pistil  a  2-celled  ovary  tipped  with  a  short 

st}  le,  forming  a  2-celle(l  2-seede  I  and  rounded  wing-fruil  or  samara,  in  shape 
like  tliat  of  the  Elm.     Mot  prickly:  leaflets  3. 

♦  *  »  Exotic :  leaves  simple  and  entire,  evergreen. 
6.   SKE\LMIA.     Flowers  polygamous  or  perfect.     Ovary  2- 5-celled,  with  a  single 
ovule  from  the  top  of  each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  red  berry  or  drupe. 

^  3.    Shi'ubs  or  trees,  exotic,  not  hardy,  rcifh  sweet-scented  foliage  and  jJerfect  flowers, 
j  having  numerous  (20  -  UO)  stamens. 

^  6.  CITRUS.  Petals  4-8,  usually  5  thickish.  Filaments  irregularly  united  more 
or  less.  Ovary  many-ceiled,  encircled  at  the  l)ase  by  a  conspicuous  disk  (see 
Lessons,  p.  l£h,  fig.  281),  in  iruit  becoming  a  thick-rinded  many -seeded  large 
berry,  liianches  usually  spiny.  Leaves  evergreen,  apparently  simple,  but 
with'  a  joint  between  tUe  blade  and  the  (commonly  wingeil  or  margined) 
petiole,  showing  that  the  leaf  is  a  compound  one  reduced  to  the  end-leaflet. 

1.  RUT  A,  RUE.     (The  ancient  name.)     Natives  of  the  Old  World.     % 
B.  grav6oIens,  Common  Rue.     Cult,  in  country  J^ardcns  ;  a  bushy  herb, 

woody  or  almost  shrubby  at  the  base,  with  bluish-green  and  stronj^iy  dotted 
oblong  or  obovate  small  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  broader  and  notched  at  the 
end,  and  corymbs  of  grccnish-yeilow  flowers,  produced  all  summer  ;  the  earliest 
blossom  has  the  parts  in  lives,  the  rest  in  fours.  Plant  very  acrid,  sometimes 
even  blistering  the  skin. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  FRAXINELLA.  (Ancient  Greek  name.)  Native  of 
Southern  Europe.      21 

D.  Praxin^Ua.  Cult,  for  ornament ;  herb  with  an  almost  woody  base, 
viscid-glandular,  and  with  a  strong  aromatic  scent ;  the  leaves  likened  to  those 
of  Ash  on  a  smaller  scale  (whence  the  common  name)  of  9  -  13  ovate  and  ser- 
rate leaflets  ;  the  large  floAvers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  in  summer,  in  one  variety 
pale  purple  with  redder  veins,  another  white. 

3.  ZANTHOXYLUM,  PRICKLY  ASH.  (Name  composed  of  two 
Greek  words,  meaning  yellow  wood.)  Bark,  leaves,  and  little  fleshy  pods  very 
pungent  and  aromatic. 

Z.  Americ^miin,  Northern  P.  or  Toothache-tree.  Rocky  woods 
and  banks  N.  ;  a  prickly  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  leaves  downy  when  young, 
of  y-  11  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets ;  the  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  in 


QUASSIA    FAMILY.  83 

spring,  prccedinf^  the  leaves,  either  the  sepals  or  petals  wanting^ ;  pistils  3-5 
with  slender  styles  ;  the  little  ])ods  about  the  size  and  shape  of  pepper-corns, 
lemon-scented,  raised  from  the  receptat-le  on  tliickish  stalks. 

Z.  Carolinianum,  Southekn  P.  Sandy  coast  S. ;  a  small  tree,  the 
bark  armed  with  warty  and  the  leafstalks  with  very  slender  prickles,  smooth, 
with  7-9  ovate  or  lance-ovate  leaflets,  and  whitish  flowers  in  a  terminal  cvn)c, 
in  early  summer,  later  than  the  leaves,  with  the  petals  and  sepals  both  present, 
3  or  2  short-styled  pistils,  and  pods  not  stalked. 

4.  PTELEA,  HOP-TREE.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Elm,  from 
the  resemblance  in  the  winged  fruit.) 

P.  trifoliata,  Threk-leaved  H.  Kocky  woods  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.  ; 
a  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  ovate  pointed  leaflets,  and  a  terminal  cvme  of 
small  greenish-white  unpleasantly  scented  flowers,  in  early  summer ;  the"^  orbic- 
ular winged  fruit  bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

5.  SKIMMIA.  (Skijiimi  is  the  name  in  Japan,  from  which  country  the 
common  sj)ecies  was  recently  introduced  into  ornamental  cultivation.) 

S.  Japonica,  a  low  quite  hardy  shrub,  smooth,  with  oblong  and  entire 
bright-green  evergreen  leaves  crowded  on  the  end  of  the  branches,  which  in 
spring  are  terminated  with  close  panicle  or  cluster  of  small  and  white  sAveet- 
scented  flowers,  of  no  beauty,  buj;  followed  by  bright  red  berries  which  last  over 
winter. 

6.  CITRUS,  CITRON,  ORANGE,  &c.  (Ancient  name' for  C/#?-o?i.)  Na- 
tives of  India,  &c.,  cultivated  with  us  only  for  ornament.  Flowers  white, 
very  sweet-scented,  rather  showy.  The  species  or  varieties  are  much  con- 
fused or  mixed. 

C.  vulgaris,  Bitter  Orange,  with  broadly  winged  petiole  ;  fruit  with  a 

thin  rougliish  rind  and  acrid  bitter  ])ul]). 

C.  Aurantium,  Sweet  Ohaxgk,  with  a  very  narrow  wing  or  slight 
margin  to  the  petiole ;  fruit  globose,  with  a  smooth  and  thin  separable  rind 
and  a  sweet  pulp. 

Var.  myrtifblia,  Myrtle-leaved  or  Chinese  Orange,  dwarf,  with 
small  leaves  (!'-  1|'  long)  and  small  fruit,  depiessed  or  sunken  at  the  apex. 

C.  Limoniuni,  Le:\iox,  with  a  narrow  wing  or  margin  to  the  petiole, 
oblong  and  acute  toothed  leaves,  petals  commonly  purplish  outside,  and  fruit 
ovoid-ob!ong,  with  adherent  rind  and  a  very  acid  ])u'p. 

C.  Limetta,  Lime,  with  wingless  petiole,  roundish  or  oval  serrate  leaves, 
and  globular  fruit  with  a  Arm  rind  and  sweetish  pul]). 

C.  Medica,  Citron  (named  from  the  country,  ]\redia),  with  wingless 
petio'e,  oblong  or  oval  acute  leaves,  petals  purplish  outside,  and  a  large  oblong 
sweet-scented  fruit  with  a  very  thick  roughish  adherent  rind,  and  slightly  acid 
pulp. 

29.   SIMARUBACE^,  QUASSIA  FAMILY. 

May  be  regarded  as  Rutaceje  without  transparent  dots  in  the 
leaves  ;    here  represented  by  a  single  tree,  the 

1.   AILANTHUS,    CHINESE    SUMACH    or    TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 

{Ai/anto,  a  native  name.)  Flowers  polygamous,  small,  greenish,  in  terminal 
branched  panicles,  with  5  short  sepals  and  5  j)eta!s,  10  stamens  in  the  sterile 
flowers  and  few  or  none  in  the  fertile  ;  the  latter  with  2  to  5  ovaries  (their 
styles  lateral,  united  or  soon  separate),  Avhich  in  fruit  become  linear-oblong 
thin  and  membranaceous  veiny  samaras  or  keys,  like  those  of  Ash  on  a 
smaller  scale,  but  1 -seeded  in  the  middle. 

A.  glandulbsus,  the  only  species  known  here,  from  China,  is  a  common 
shade-tree,  tall,  of  rapid  growth,  with  hard  wood,  very  long  ])innate  leaves,  and 
many  obliquely  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  early 
summer,  the  staminate  very  ill-scented. 


84  CASHEW    FA5IILY. 

30.   MELIACEiE,  MELIA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  chiefly  with  piniiatelv  compound  dotless  leaves,  stamens 
twice  as  many  as  tiie  ])etals  and  united  up  to  or  beyond  the  anthers 
into  a  tube,  and  a  several-celled  ovary  with  a  single  style  ;  almost 
all  tropical,  —  represented  in  Florida  and  farther  south  by  Swikte- 
Ni.v  Maiioganf,  the  Mahogany-tree,  and  by  an  exotic  shade- 
tree  at  the  South,  viz. 

1.  MELIA.  {Old  Greek  name  of  the  Ash,  transfcn-ed  to  a  widely  different 
tree.)  Calyx  5-6-parted.  Petals  5  or  G,  linear-spatulate.  Filaments  united 
into  a  cyiindriea!  tube  with  a  10-  12-cleft  mouth,  enclosing  as  many  anthers. 
Fruit  a  globose  berry-like  drupe,  with  a  bony  5-celled  stone,  and  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell.     Flowers  in  large  compound  panicles. 

M.  Az6darach,  Pkide-of-India  or  China-tree.  A  favorite  shade- 
tree  at  the  S., '30°-40°  high,  with  twice  pinnate  smooth  leaves,  ovate  and 
pointed  toothed  leaflets,  of  a  deep  green  color,  and  numerous  fragrant  lilac-col- 
ored flowers,  in  spring,  succeeded  by  the  yellovvish  frui^- 

31.  ANACARDIACE^,  CASHEW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  or  acid,  sometimes  poisonous,  often 
colored  or  milky  juice  ;  alternate  leaves  without  stij)ules  ;  small 
flowers  with  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  5  ;  and  a  1-celled  1-ovulei 
ovary  bearing  3  styles  or  biigmas,  —  represented  by  the  genus 

1.  RHUS,  SUMACH.  (Ancient  nam-.)  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious, sometimes  perfect,  whitish  or  greenish,  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles. 
Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes  of  a  flattened  disk  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  snudi  dry  or  berry-like  drupe,  the  solitary 
seed  on  a  curved  stalk  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell.  (The  astringent 
leaves  of  some  species  are  used  for  dyeing  and  tanning,  those  of  R.  coria- 
RiA  in  S.  Europe  for  mcjrocco  leather.  The  juice  of  .';ome  Japanese  species 
yield  their  famous  laccpier;  the  fruit  of  another  a  sort  of  wax.) 

§  1 .    Cultivated  from  Europe,  with  simple  entire  leaves  :  not  poisonous. 

R.  Cotinus,  Smoke-tree  or  Venetian  Sumach.  Shrub  5° -9°  high, 
smooth,  with  obovate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  loose  panicles  of  flowers  in  early 
summer,  followed  rarely  by  little  half-heart-shaped  fruits :  usually  most  of  the 
flowers  are  abortive,  while  their  pedicels  lengthen,  branch,  and  bear  long  plumy 
hairs,  making  large  and  light,  feathery  or  cloud-like  bunches,  either  greenish  or 
tinged  with  red,  which  are  very  ornaiuental.  The  same  or  one  very  like  it  is 
wild  in  Alabama. 

§  2.    Native  species,  with  compound  leaves  of  3-31  leaflets. 
*  Poisonous  to  the  touch  for  most  people,  the  juice  rejiinous  :  flowers  in  slender  axil- 
I  larxj  panicles,  in  sutnmer  :  fruit  smooth,  ivhite  or  dun-color. 

R.  Toxicodendron,  Poisox  Ivy  or  Poisox  Oak.  Common  in  low 
grounds,  climbing  by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees  ;  leaflets  3, 
rhombic-ovate,  often  sinuate  or  cut-lobed,  rather  downy  beneath.     A  vile  pest. 

R.  venenata,  Poisox  Sumach,  P.  Elder,  or  P.  Dogwood.   In  swampy 
ground;    shrub  6° -18°  high,  smooth,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-13  obovate 
entire  leaflets,  and  very  slender  panicles.     More  virulent  than  the  foregoing. 
*  *  Not  poisonous  :  fruit  red  and  beset  with  reddish  hairs,  very  acid. 

••-  Leaves  pinnate:  flowers  whitish,  in  large  and  veri/  compact  terminal  panicles, 
in  early  summer,  succeeded  by  a  compact  mass  of  crimson  fruit. 

R.  typhina,  Staghorn  Sumach.  Shrub  or  tree,  on  hillsides,  &c.,  10°  - 
30°    high,    with  resinous-milky  juice,   brownish-yellow   wood,    velvety-hairy 


/ 


VINE    FAMILY.  85 

branches  and  stalks,  and  large  leaves  of  11  -31  lance-oblong  pointed  and  serrate 
leaflets.     Worthy  to  be  planted  for  ornament, 

B-.  glabra,  Smooth  S.  Shrub  2° -12°  high,  in  rocky  places,  like  the 
last,  but  smooth,  the  leaflets  whitened  beneath.  —  Var.  laciniata,  in  Fenn., 
has  the  leaflets  cut  into  narrow  irregular  lobes  :  planted  for  ornament. 

R.  COpallina,  Dwarf  S.  Shrub  l°-.5°  high,  in  rocky  or  sandy  ground, 
spreading  by  subterranean  shoots  ;  with  downy  stalks  or  branches,  petioles 
winged  or  broadly  margined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  lance-ovate  oblique 
leaflets,  which  are  thickish  and  shining  above  ;  juice  resinous. 

•»-  ■*-  Leaves  of  3  cut-lobed  leaflets :  flowers  light  yellow,  in  sprmg  before  the  leaves 
appear,  diacious,  in  small  scaly-bracted  and  catkin-like  spikes. 

R.  arom^tica,  Fragrant  S.  A  straggling  bush  in  rocky  places,  from 
Vermont  W.  «&  S.,  with  the  small  rhombic-ovate  leaflets  pubescent  when  young, 
aromatic-scented. 

32.   VITACE^,  VINE  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  watery  and  often  acid 
juice,  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  greenish  flow- 
ers in  a  cyme  or  thyr^us  ;  with  a  minutely  4  -  5-toothed  or  almost 
obsolete  calyx  ;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud  and  very  deciduous  ;  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them  ;  a  2-ceHed  ovary 
with  a  pair  of  ovules  rising  from  the  base  of  each  cell,  becoming 
a  berry  containing  1-4  bony  seeds.  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters 
opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  VITIS.     Calyx  very  short,  a  fleshy  disk  connecting  it  with  the  base  of  tlie 

ovarv  and  bearing  the  petals  and  stamens. 

2.  AMPELOPSIS       Calyx    minutely    6-toothed  :    no  disk.      Petals   expandiag 

before  they  fall.     Leaflets  5. 

1.  VITIS,  GRAPE-VINE.    (The  classical  Latin  name.)   Fl.  in  late  spring. 

§  1.    True  Grapes.     Petals  and  stamens  5,  the  former  lightly  cohering  at  the 
top  and  throicn  off  without  expanding :  the  base  of  the  very  short  and  trun- 
cate calyx  filed  with  the  disk,  which  rises  info  5  thick  lobes  or  glands  between 
the  stamens  :  leaves  simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped,  usually  3  -  5-lobed. 
*  Flowers  all  peifect,  somewhat  fragrant :  exotic. 
V.  vinifera,  European  Graph.     Cult,  from  immemorial  time,  from  the 
East,  furnishing  the  princijial  grapes  of  our  greenhouses,  &c. ;  some  varieties 
nearly  hardy  N.  :  leaves  green,  cottony  only  when  very  young. 

*  *  Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous  {some  plants  inclined  to  produce  onlij  stami- 

nate  flowers),  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of  Mignonette :  native  species. 
•«-  Bark  of  stem  early  separating  in  loose  strips  :  panicles  compound  and  loose. 
V.  Labriisca,  Northern  Eox-Grapb,  the  original  of  the  Catawba, 
IsABKLLA,  and  furnishing  most  of  the  American  table  and  wine  grapes  ;  com- 
mon in  moist  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  leaves  and  young  shoots  very  cottony,  even 
the  adult  leaves  retaining  the  cottony  wool  underneath,  the  lobes  separated  by 
roundish  sinuses  ;  fruit  large,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp  when  wild,  dark 
purple  or  amber-color,  in  compact  clusters. 

V.  aestivalis,  Summer  Grape.  Common  N.  &  S. ;  leaves  green  above, 
and  with  loose  cobwebby  down  underneath,  the  lobes  with  roundish  open 
sinuses  ;  clusters  slender  ;  fruit  smaller  and  earlier  than  in  the  foregoing,  black 
with  a  bloom,  pleasant.     Original  of  the  Clinton  Grape,  &c. 

V.  cordifblia,  Winter  or  Frost  Grape.  Common  on  l)anks  of  streams; 
leaves  never  cottony,  green  both  sides,  thin,  heart-shaped,  little  lobed,  but  coarse- 
ly and  sharply  toothed ;  clusters  loose  ;  fruit  small,  bluish  or  black  with  a 
bloom,  very  sour,  ripe  after  frosts.  Var.  ripXp.ia,  the  common  form  along 
river-banks'  W.  has  broader  and  more  cut  or  lobed  leaves. 


86  '        BUCKTHORN    FAMILY. 

■*-  -t-  Bark  of  stem  close  and  smooth,  pale. 
V.  VUlpina,  Muscadine,  Bullace,  or  Fox-Grape  of  the  South.  River- 
banks  from  Maryhiud  and  Kentucky  S.  :  leaves  rather  small,  round  in  outline, 
seldom  and  sli;L;htly  lobed,  j^lossy  and  mostly  smooth  both  sides,  the  margin  cut 
into  coarse  and  broad  teeth  ;  clusters  small ;  fruit  large,  ^'  -  %'  in  diameter, 
purple,  thick-skinned,  musky,  or  pleasant-flavored,  ripe  in  early  autumn  :  the 
original  of  the  Sclppeknong  Grape,  &c. 

§  2.    Cissus.     Petals  and  stamens  4  or  5,  the  former  opening  regnhir/jj :  disk 
thick  and  broad,  ^-b-lobed:  Jiowers  mostly  perfect:  berries  not  larger  than 
peas,  not  eatable. 
*   Wild  species  S.  ^  W.,  smooth,  iisualli/  with, 5  stamens  and  petals. 

V.  indivisa,  a  species  with  simple  leaves  like  those  of  a  true  Grape,  heart- 
shaped  or  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely- toothed,  but  not  lobed ;  flower-clusters  small 
and  loose  ;  style  slander. 

V.  bipinu^lJil^  a  bushy  or  low-climbing  plant,  with  few  tendrils,  and  de- 
compound leaves,  the  small  leaflets  cut-toothed. 

«  *  Exotic  species,  with  mostli/  4  stamens  and  petals. 

V.  heteroph^Ua,  from  Japan,  a  form  with  the  leaves  blotched  or  varie- 
gated with  white  (small,  thin,  variously  3-5-lobed),  ami  small  blue  berries,  is 
hardy  in  gardens  ;  cult,  for  the  variegated  foliage. 

V.  discolor,  from  Java,  cult,  in  hothouses,  for  its  splendid  foliage  ;  leaves 
lance-oblong  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  crimson  underneath,  velvety-lustrous 
and  dark-green  shaded  with  ])urple  or  violet,  or  often  mottled  with  white,  on  the 
upper  surfiice,  the  shoots  reddish. 

2.  AMPELOPSIS,  VIRGINIA-CREEPER.  (Name  from  Greek  words, 
meaning  like  the  Vine:  indeed,  it  is  hardly  distinct  enough  from  the  second 
section  of  Vitis.) 

A.  quinquef6Iia,  the  only  genuine  species  :  in  all  low  grounds,  climbing 
extensively,  sometinjcs  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  the  tendrils,  the  latter  specially 
fitted  for  ascending  walls  and  trunks,  to  which  they  attach  themselves  firmly  by 
sucker-like  disks  at  the  tip  of  their  branches  (Lessons,  p.  38,  figs.  62,  63)  ;  leaf- 
lets 5,  digitate,  lance-oblong,  cut-toothed,  changing  to  crimson  in  autumn ; 
flowers  cymose,  in  summer  ;  berries  small,  black  or  blujsh. 

33.   RHAMNACEiE,  BUCKTHORN  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  tree.-5,  of  bitterish  and  astringent  properties,  with  simpK 
chiefly  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers  ;  well  marked  by  the  sta- 
mens of  the  number  of  the  valvate  sepals  (4  or  5)  and  alternate 
with  them,  i.  o.  opposite  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  lines 
the  calyx-tube  and  often  unites  it  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  this 
havinpj  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  of  the  (2  -  5)  cells.  Bi-anches 
often  thorny  :  stipules  minute  or  none :  flowers  often  apetalous  or 
polygamous.  Petals  commonly  hooded  or  involute  around  the  sta- 
men before  it.     (Lessons,  p.  126,  fig.  282,  283.) 

«  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  BERCHEMIA.    Twining  climbers,  with  straight-veined  leaves.    Petals  5,  with- 

out clsfws,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  thick,  nearly  filling  tiie  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  2-celled  small  stone-fruit,  with 
purple  and  thin  pulp. 

2.  RHAMNUS.     Erect  shrubs  or  trees,  with  loosely-veined  leaves.    Petals  4  or  5, 

with  short  claws.     Stamens  short.     Ovary  2-4-celled,  bjcoming  a  black 
berry-like  fruit,  containing  2-4  cartilaginous  seed-like  nutlets,  which  are 
grooved  on  the  back,  as  is  the  contained  seed.     Cotyledons  foliaceous. 
8.    FRANGULA.     Like  Rhamnus,  but  with  straight-veined  leaves  ;  the  nutlet* 
not  grooved  but  convex  on  the  back :  cotyledons  thick. 


STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.  87 

«  «   Cdlyx  with  the  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 
4.    CEANO  I'HUS.     P>ect  or  depressed  shrubs  or  undershrubs.     Petals  5,  hood- 
shaped,  spreading,  their  claws  and  the  filantients  slender.     Ovary  3-celled, 
when  ripe  becoming  a  cartilaginous  or  crustaceous  3-seeded  pod. 

1.  BERCHEMIA,  SUPPLE-JACK.  (Probably  named  for  some  botanist 
of  the  iiiime  of  Berchem.) 

B.  VOlubilis.  Common  in  low  grounds  S.,  climbing  high  trees,  smooth, 
with  ^'ery  tough  and  lithe  stems  (whence  the  popular  name),  small  oblong- 
ovate  and  simply  parallel-veined  leaves,  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  small 
panicles  terminating  the  branchlets,  iif  early  summer. 

2.  RHAMNUS,  BUCKTHORN.  (The  ancient  name.)  Flowers  green- 
ish, axillary,  mostly  in  small  clusters,  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in 
early  summer.     Berry-like  fruit  mawkish. 

*  Flowers  with  petals,  the  jmrts  in  fours :  leaves  minutelij  serrate. 
R.  catharticus,  Commox  Buckthorn.      Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  hedges, 
run  Avild  in  a  few  ])laees  ;  forms  a  small  tree,  with  thorny  branchlets,  ovate  or 
oblong  leaves,  and  3  -  4-seeded  fruit. 

R.  lanceol^tus,  Narrow-leaved  B.  Wild  from  Penn.  S.  &W. ;  shrub 
not  thorny,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  2-seeded  fniit. 

*  *  Flowers  without  petals  :  stamens  and  lobes  of  the  cahjx  .5 

R.  alnifdlius,  Alder-leaved  B.  Wild  in  cold  swamps  N. ;  a  low  shrub, 
with  oval  acute  serrate  leaves,  and  3-seedcd  berry-like  fruit. 

3.  PRANGULA,  ALDER-BUCKTHORN.     (From /m?u/o,  to  break,  the 
stems  brittle.)     Flowei's  greenish,  generally  perfect,  and  the  parts  in  fives. 
F.  Caroliniana.     Wild  in  wet  grounds,  from  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky 

S.  ;  a  thornlcss  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  oblong  and  almost  entire  rather  large 
leaves  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils,  in  early  summer ;  the 
3-seeded  fruit  black. 

4.  CEANOTHUS.  (An  ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning,  applied  to 
these  N.  American  plants.)  FloAvers  in  little  umbels  or  fascicles,  usually 
clustered  in  dense  bunches  or  panicles,  handsome,  the  calyx  and  even  the 
pedicels  colored  like  the  petals  and  stamens.  Ours  are  low  undcrshrubby 
plants,  with  white  flowers.  In  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  esjjecially 
in  California,  are  many  species,  some  of  them  tall  shrubs  or  small  trees,, 
loaded  with  showy  blossoms. 

C.  Americanus,  New-Jersey  Tea  or  Red-root.  Wild  in  diy  grounds, 
l°-2°  high  from  a  dark  red  root ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  ovate,  finely  serrate, 
downy  beneath,  3-ribbed  and  veiny,  deciduous  (used  as  a  substitute  for  tea  in 
early  times,  the  use  lately  revived)  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  slender-ped un- 
cled cluster,  in  summer. 

C.  OV^lis.  Wild  on  rocks  N.  from  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  :  lower  than  the 
preceding  and  smoother,  with  smaller  narrow-oval  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  and 
larger  flowers  on  a  shorter  peduncle,  in  spring. 

C.  microphyllus,  Small-leaved  C.  Dry  barrens  S. :  low  and  spread- 
ing, much  branched  ;  leaves  evergreen,  very  small,  obovate,  3-ribbed ;  flower- 
clusters  small  and  simple,  in  spring. 

34.   CELASTRACE^,  STAFF-TREE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  sometimes  twining,  with  simple  leaves,  minute  and  decid- 
uous stipules  or  none,  and  small  flowers  with  sepals  and  petals 
both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  stamens  of  the  number  of  the  latter, 
alrernate  with  them,  and  in-erted  on  a  disk  which  fills  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  often  covers  the  2-o-celled  few-ovuled  ovary  ;  the 
seeds  usually  furnished  with  or  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  aril. 


88  SOAPBERRY    FAMILY. 

Represented   both   as    to    native    and    cultivated   plants   by    two 
genera  : 

1.  CELASTRUS.    Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.    Petals  and  stamens  5,  on  the 

edge  of  a  concave  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  and 
style  rather  slender.     Fod  globular,  berry-like,  but  dry.     Leaves  alternate. 

2.  EUONYMUS.     Flowers  perfect, flat;  the  calyx-lobes  and  petals  (4  or  5)  widely 

spreading.  Stamens  mostly  with  short  filaments  or  almost  sessile  antlier-, 
borne  on  the  surface  of  a  flat  disk  which  more  or  less  conceals  or  covers 
the  ovary.  Fod  3-5-lobed,  generally  bright-colored.  Leaves  opposite: 
branchlets  4-sided.  ^ 

1.  CELASTRUS,  STAFF-TREE.  (Old  Greek  name,  of  obscure  mean- 
ing and  application.) 

C.  SC^ndens,  Climbing  Bitter-sweet  or  Wax-work.  A  twininj; 
high-climbinj^  shrub,  smooth,  with  thin  ovate-oblong  and  pointed  finely  serrate, 
leaves,  racemes  of  greenish-white  flowers  (in  early  summer)  terminating  the 
branches,  the  petals  serrate  or  crenate-toothed,  and  orange-colored  berry-like 
pods  in  autumn,  which  open  and  display  the  seeds  enclosed  in  their  scarlet 
pulpy  aril :  wild  in  low  grounds,  and  planted  for  the  showy  fruit. 

2.  EITONYMUS,  SPINDLE-TREE.  (Old  Greek  name,  means  o/'.^orxi 
repn'e.)  Shrnbs  not  twining,  with  dull<-olored  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  small 
cymes  on  axillary  i)edunc!cs,  ])rocluced  in  early  summer ;  the  pods  in  autumn 
ornamental,  especially  when  they  open  and  display  the  seeds  enveloped  in 
their  scarlet  pulpy  aril. 

♦  Leaves  deciduous,  Jine/i/  serrate:  style  short  or  nearly  none. 

•♦-  North  American  species:  anthers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

E.  atropurpureus,  Buuning-bcsii  or  Spixdle-tree.    Tall  shrub,  wild 

from  New  York  W.  &,  S.,  and  commonly  planted  ;  with  oval  or  oblong  petioled 

leaves,  flowers  with  rounded  dark  dull-purple  petals  (generally  4),  and  smooth 

deeply  4-lol)ed  red  fruit,  hanging  on  slender  peduncles. 

E.  Amsricanus,  American  STRAWUERRY-Busri.  Low  shrub,  wild 
from  New  York  NV.  &  S.,  and  sometimes  cult.  ;  with  thickish  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  almost  sessile  leaves,  usually  5  greenish-purple  rounded  petals,  and  rough- 
warty  somewhat  3-lobed  fruit,  crimson  when  ripe.  Var.  obov.Vtus,  with 
thinner  and  dull  ol)ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  has  long  and  spreading  or  trailing 
and  rooting  branches. 

•*--*-  Exotic :  anthers  raised  on  evident  filaments. 

E.  Europseus,  Europeax  Spindle-trke.  Occasionally  planted,  but 
inferior  to  the  foregoing  ;  a  rather  low  shrub,  with  lancc-ovatc  or  oblong  short- 
petio'od  leavjs,  about  3-flpwercd  peduncles,  4  greenish  oblong  petals,  and  a 
smooth  4-lobed  red  fruit,  the  aril  orange-color. 

*  *  Leaves  evergreen,  serrulate :  filaments  and  style  rather  slender. 

E.  Jap6nicus,  Japan  S.  Planted  S.  under  the  name  of  Chinese  Box, 
there  hardy,  but  is  a  greenhouse  plant  N. ;  has  obovate  shining  and  bright 
green  leaves  (also  a  form  with  white  or  yeilowish  variegation),  several-flowered 
peduncles,  4  obovate  whitish  2)etals,  and  smooth  globular  pods. 

35.   SAPINDACE^,  SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  one  or  two  herbaceous  climbers,  mostly  with 
compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  un>ymmetrical  flowers,  the  stamens 
sometimes  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  but 
commonly  rather  fewer,  when  of  equal  number  alternate  with  the 
petals  ;  these  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  oa  a  disk  in  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  often  coherent  with  it :  ovary  2  —  3-celled,  sometimes 
2  -  3-lobed,  with  1  -3  (or  in  Staphylea  several)  ovules  in  each  cell. 
The  common  plants  belong  to  the  three  following  suborders. 


SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.  89 

I.  BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY;  has  perfect  and  regular 
flowers,  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  several  bony  seeds  with 
a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen,  and  opposite  compound  leaves 
both  stipulate  and  stipe  Hate. 

1.  STAPH YLKA.     Erect  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  5;  the  latter  borne  on  the 

margin  of  a  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Styles  3,  slen- 
der, separate  or  lightly  cohering:  ovary  strongly  S-lobedj^  in  fruit  becoming 
a  bladdery  3-lobed  3-celled  and  several-seeded  large  pod.  Shrubs,  with  pin- 
nately  compound  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

IL  SOAPBERRY  FAMILY  proper  ;  has  flowers  often 
polygamous  or  diojcious,  and  more  or  less  irregular  or  unsymmetri- 
cal,  only  1  or  2  ovules,  ripening  but  a  single  seed  in  each  cell  of 
the  ovary,  the  embryo  coiled  or  curved,  without  albumen.  No 
stipules. 

«  Leaves  alternate.     Pod  bladdery-injlated,  except  in  No.  4. 

2.  CARDIOSPEHMUM.     Herbs,  with  twice  ternate  and  cut-toothed  leaves,  climb- 

ing by  hook-like  tendrils  in  the  flower-chisters.  Sepals  4,  tl:e  inner  pair 
larger.  Petals  4,  each  with  an  appendage  on  the  inner  face,  that  of  the  two 
upper  large  and  petal-like,  of  the  two  lower  crest-like  and  with  a  deflexed 
spur  or  process,  raised  on  a  claw.  Disk  irregular,  enlarged  into  two  glands, 
one  before  each  lower  petal.  Stamens  8,  turned  towards  the  upper  side  of 
the  flower  away  from  the  glands,  the  filaments  next  ^  them  shorter.  Styles 
or  stigmas  3,  short:  ovary  triangular,  3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  rising  from 
the  middle  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a  large  and  thin  bladdery  3-Iobed  pod:  seeds 
bony,  globose,  with  a  scale-like  heart-shaped  aril  adherent  to  the  base. 
8.  KCELREUTEKIA.  Small  tree,  with  pinnate  leaves.  Sepals  5.  Petals  3  or  4 
(the  place  of  the  others  vacant),  each  with  a  small  2-parted  scale-like  appen- 
dage attached  to  its  claw.  Disk  enlarging  into  a  lobe  before  each  petal. 
Stamens  5-8,  declined:  filaments  hairy.  Style  single,  slender:  ovary  trian- 
gular, 3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  'in  each  cell.  Pod  bladdery,  3-lobed, 
3-celled. 

4.  SAPINDUS.     Trees,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.     Sepals  and  petals  each  5, 

or  rarely  4;  the  latter  commonly  with  a  little  scale  or  appendage  adhering  to 
the  short  claw.  Stamens  mostly  8,  equal.  Style  single:  ovary  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  mostly  a  globular  and  fleshy 
1-celled  berry  (the  other  cells  abortive),  filled  with  a'large  globular  seed,  its 
coat  crustaceous :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy. 
*  *  Leaves  opposite,  ofb-Q  digitate  leaflets.     Pod  leathery,  not  inflated. 

5.  iESCULUS.     Trees  or  shrubs.     Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.     Petals  4  or  5, 

more  or  less  unequal,  on  claws  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  n«t  appendaged.  Sta- 
mens 7,  rarely  6  or  8:  filaments  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  single,  as 
also  the  minute  stigma:  ovary  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  ceil. 
Fruit  a  leathery  pod,  splitting  at  maturity  into  3  valves,  ripening  1  -3  very 
large,  chestnut-like,  hard-coated  seeds:  the  kernel  of  these  consists  of  the  very 
thick  cotyledons  firmly  joined  together,  and  a  small  incurved  radicle. 

III.  MAPLE  FAMILY  ;  has  flowers  generally  polygamous 
or  dioecious,  and  sometimes  apetalous,  a  mo>tly  2-lobed  and  2-celled 
ovary,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell,  ripening  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell  of  the  winged  fruit.  Embryo  with  long  and  thin  coty- 
ledons, coiled  or  crumpled.  (See  Lessons,  p.  5,  fig.  1  —  3,  &c.) 
Leaves  opposite :    no  stipules. 

6.  ACER.    Trees,  or  a  few  only  shrubs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  even  parted  leaves. 

Calyx  mostly  5-cleft.  Petals  as  many  or  none,  and  stamens  3  -  8  or  rarely 
more,  borne  on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Styles  or  stigmas  2,  slender.  Fruit 
a  pair  of  samaras  or  key-fruits,  united  at  the  base  or  inner  face  and  winged 
from  the  back.     Occasionally  the  ovary  is  3-celled  and  the  fruit  3-winge«l. 

7.  NEGUNDO.     Trees,  with  pinnate   leaves  of  3  -  7  leaflets,  and  dioecious  very 

small  flowers,  without  petals  or  disk;  the  calyx  uiiuute:  stamens  4  or  6. 
Fruit,  &.C.  of  Acer,    g  „  ,, .  _ 


90  SOAPBERRY   FAMILY. 

1.  STAPHYLEA,  BLADDER-NUT.  (Name  from  a  Greek  word  for  a 
bunch  of  grapes,  little  applicable. ) 

S.  trifolia,  American  B.  Shrub  8° -10°  liigh,  with  greenish  striped 
branches,  3  ovate  pointed  serrate  leaflets,  deciduous  stipules,  and  hanging 
raceme-like  clnsters  of  white  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  branchlcts  of  the  season, 
in  spring,  followed  by  the  large  bladdery  pods.    Low  ground,  common  N.  &  W. 

S.  piun^ta,  European  B.,  occasionally  planted,  is  very  similar,  but  has 
five  leaflets. 

2.  CARDIOSPERMUM,  BALLOON- VINE,  HEART-SEED.  (The 
latter  is  a  translation  of  the  Greek  name.) 

C.  Halic^cabura,  the  common  species,  wild  in  the  S.  W.  States,  is  cult, 
in  gardens,  for  the  curious  inflated  pods  ;  it  is  a  delicate  herb,  climbing  over 
low  plants  or  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  small  white  flowers,  in  summer. 

3.  KCELREUTERIA.     (Named  for  Kadreuter,  a  German  botanist.) 

K.  panicul^ta,  a  small  tree  from  China,  planted  in  ornamental  grounds  ; 
has  pinnate  leaves  of  numerous  thin  and  coarsely  toothed  or  cut  leaflets,  and  a 
terminal  ample  branched  panicle  of  small  yellow  flowers,  in  summer,  followed 
by  the  bladdery  pods. 

4.  SAPINDUS,  SOAPBERRY.  (5a;w/«(f«s,  i.  e.  Indian  soap,  the  berries 
used  as  a  substitute  for  soap.) 

S.  margin^tus,  %ild  S.  &  W. :  a  small  tree,  with  8  -  20  broadly  lanceolate 
falcate  leaflets  on  a  wingless  but  often  margined  common  sta'k,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  panicles,  in  summer,  the  wliitish  benies  as  large  as  bullets. 

5.  JESCULUS,  HORSE-CHESTNUT,  BUCKEYE.  (Ancient  name 
of  an  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing  tree,  applied  to  these  trees  on  account  of 
their  large  chestnut-like  seeds.  These,  although  loaded  with  farinaceous 
nourishment,  are  usually  rendered  uneatable,  and  even  poisonous,  by  a  bitter 
narcotic  principle.)  Flowers  in  a  terminal  crowded  panicic,  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer. 

§  1.    True    Horse-Ciiestnuts  :    natives  of  Asia,  with  broad  and  spreading 
petals  on  short  claws,  and  fruit  more  or  less  beset  with  prickhj  points. 

JE.  Hippo castanum,  Common  H.  Tall  fine  tree,  with  7  leaflets,  and 
large  flowers  of  5  pcta's,  white,  and  spotted  Avith  some  purple  and  yellowish  ; 
stamens  7,  declined  :  of  late  there  is  a  double-flowered  variety. 

J^.  rubiciinda,  Red  H.  Less  tall,  flowering  even*  as  a  shrub,  with 
brighter  green  leaves  of  .5-7  leaflets,  flowers  with  4  rose-red  petals  not  so 
spreading,  and  mostly  8  stamens  less  declined.  Probably  a  hybrid  between 
Horse-Chestnut  and  some  red  Buckeye. 

§  2.    Californian,  with  4  broad  spreading  petals  on  rather  slender  claws. 

Sj.  Calif6rnica,  Californian  H.  Low  tree,  of  5  slender-stalked  leaf- 
lets, and  a  long  very  compact  raceme-like  panicle  of  small  white  or  rosy-tinged 
flowers  ;  stamens  5-7,  slender  ;  fruit  large,  with  some  rough  points. 

§  3.  Buckeyes  :  of  Atlantic  U.  S.,  with  4  erect  arid  smaller  petals  on  slender  claws. 

JM.  parviflbra,  Small  Buckeye.  Wild  in  the  upper  country  S.,  and 
planted  N.  ;  shrub  3°  -  9°  high,  with  5-7  leaflets  soft  downy  underneath,  slen- 
der raceme-like  panicle  1°  long,  and  capillary  stamens  very  much  longer  than 
the  narrow  white  petals  ;  flowering  N.  as  late  as  midsummer ;  fruit  smooth ; 
seeds  small,  almost  eatable. 

.ZEj.  glabra,  Fetid  or  Ohio  Buckeye.  W.  of  the  Alleghanics  ;  tall 
tree,  with  5  nearly  smooth  leaflets,  a  short  panicle,  stamens  moderately  longer 
than  tho  somewhat  uniform  pale  yellow  petals,  and  fruit  prickly  roughened  like 
that  of  Ilorse-Chestnut. 

JE-  fl^va,  Yellow  or  Sweet  Buckeye.  W.  &  S.  ;  tree  or  shrub,  with 
5-7  smooth  or  smoothish  leaflets,  a  short  dense  panicle,  oblong  calyx,  and 


SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.  91 

Stamens  not  exceeding  the  connivent  light  yellow  petals,  these  of  two  dissimilar 
pairs,  the  longer  ])air  with  very  small  blade  ;  fruit  smooth. 

Var.  purpuraseens,  Purplish  B.,  has  both  calyx  and  corolla  tinged 
with  purple  or  reddish,  and  leaflets  generally  downy  underneath. 

TF!.  Pavia,  Kkd  Buckeye.  S.  &  W. ;  shrub  or  low  tree,  like  the  last, 
but  leaves  generally  smooth  ;  the  longer  and  tubular  calyx  and  the  petals  bright 
red  :  showy  in  cultivation. 

6.  ACER,  MAPLE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Mostly  fine  trees. 

♦  Flowers  in  late  spring  or  early  summer,  appearing  more  or  less  later  than  the 

leaves,  in  mnial/i/  drooping  racemes  or  corymbs,  commonly  terminating  a 
2  -  ^-leaved  shoot  of  the  season,  greenish  or  yellowish,  with  petals  :  stamens 
more  than  5,  generally  8. 

•«- European  Maples,  planted  for  ornament  and  shade. 

A.  Pseudo-Pl^tanus,  Sycamore  M.  A  fine  tree,  with  spreading 
branches,  ample  .5-lobed  leaves  whitish  and  rather  downy  beneath,  on  long 
i-eddish  petioles,  the  lobes  toothed,  long  racemes,  and  moderately  spi-eading 
wings  to  the  pubescent  fruit. 

A.  platanoides,  Norway  M.,  here  so  called.  A  handsome,  round- 
headed  tree,  with  thin  and  broad  smooth  leaves,  bright  green  both  sides,  their 
5  short  lobes  set  with  2-5  coarse  and  taper-pointed  teeth,  a  small  corymb  of 
flowers,  and  Hat  smooth  fruit  with  wings  2'  long,  diverging  in  a  straight  line. 
Juice  milky  •  leaves  holding  green  later  than  the  others. 

•*-  •*-  Oregon  and  Californian  Maples,  beginning  to  he  planted  East. 

A.  eircin^tum,  Round-leaved  or  Vine  M.  Tall,  spreading  shrub  with 
thin  and  rounded  moderately  7  -  9-lobed  leaves,  their  lobes  serrate,  small  corymbs 
of  purplish  flowers,  and  wings  of  fruit  diverging  in  a  sti-aight  line. 

A.  macroph^llum,  Large-leaved  M.  Small  timber-tree,  with  thick- 
ish  leaves  6'  - 12'  across  and  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  with  one  or  two  sinuate 
lobes  or  coarse  teeth,  many  yellowish  flowers  in  a  compact  raceme,  and  hairy 
fruit  with  ascending  wings. 

••-•»--•-  Native  Striped  and  Mountain  Maples. 

A.  spic^tum,  Mountain  M.  Tall  shrub,  common  N.,  with  slightly  3- 
lobed  and  coarsely  toothed  leaves  downy  beneath,  and  upright  dense  racemes  of 
small  flowers,  followed  by  small  fruits  with  diverging  narrow  wings.  The  latest- 
flowering  species. 

A.  Pennsylv&nicum,  Striped  M.,  also  called  Moose-wood  and 
Striped  Dogwood.  Small  tree,  common  N.,  with  light-green  bark  striped 
with  darker  lines,  large  thin  leaves  finely  sharply  serrate  all  round,  and  at  the 
end  with  .3  short  and  very  taper-pointed  lobes,  slender  hanging  racemes  of  rather 
large  green  flowers,  and  fruit  Avith  diverging  wings. 

*  *  Sugar  Maples.     Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  in  umbel- 

like clusters,  on  long  drooping  pedicels,  greenish-yellow,  ivithout  petals :  sta- 
mens 7  or  8. 
A.  sacch&rinum,  Rock  or  Sugar  M.  Large  tree,  common  especially 
N.,  valuable  for  timber  and  for  the  sugar  of  its  sap  ;  with  rather  deeply  3  -  5- 
lobed  leaves  pale  or  whitish  beneath,  the  sinuses  open  and  rounded,  and  the  lobes 
with  one  or  two  sinuate  coarse  teeth  ;  calyx  bell-shaped  and  hairy-fringed  ; 
winirs  of  fruit  ascending,  barely  1'  long. 

Var.  nigrum,  Black  Sugar  M.,  a  form  with  leaves  green  or  greener 
and  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  even  when  old,  the  sinus  at  the  base  apt  to  be 
deep  and  narrow. 

«  «  «  Soft  Maples.     Floivers  in  earliest  spring,  much  preceding  the  leaves,  in 
umM-like  clusters  from  separate  laterid  buds :  pedicels  at  fir'^t  short,  the 
fruiting  ones  lengthening  and  drooping :  stamens  3  -  6  :  fruit  ripe  and  fall- 
ing in  early  summer. 
A.  dasyc&rpum,   Wiutb    or    Silver   M.      A  handsome  tree  in  low 
grounds,  with  long  and  spreading  or  drooping  branches,  soft  white  wood,  very 


92  POLTGALA    FAMILY. 

deeply  5-lobed  leaves  silvery -white  and  when  young  downy  beneath,  the  narrow 
lobes  coarsely  cut  and  toothed  ;  flowers  greenish,  in  earliest  spring,  without 
petals  ;  fruit  woolly  when  young,  but  soon  smooth,  2'  -  3'  long  including  the 
great  diverging  wings. 

A.  rilbrum.  Red  or  Swamp  M.  Rather  small  tree,  in  wet  grounds, 
with  soft  white  wood,  reddish  twigs,  moderately  3  -  r)-lobed  leaves  whitish  be- 
neath, the  middle  lobe  longest,  all  irregularly  serrate ;  llowers  scarlet,  crimson, 
or  sometimes  yellowish  (later  than  in  the  foregoing  species)  ;  fruit  smooth,  with 
the  slightly  spreading  wings  1'  or  less  in  length,  often  reddish. 

7.   NEGTJNDO,  ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE,  BOX-ELDER.      (Obscure 

or  unmeaning  name.) 

N.  aceroides.  A  handsome,  rather  small  tree,  common  from  Penn.  S. 
&  W.,  with  light  green  twigs,  and  drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  llowers, 
in  spring,  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves,  the  fertile  ones  in  drooping  racemes, 
the  oblong  fruits  half  the  length  of  the  very  veiny  wing ;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed, 
coarsely  toothed,  very  veiny.  A  variety  with  white- variegated  leaves  is  lately 
cult,  for  ornament. 

38.   POLYGALACE^,  POLYGALA  FAMILY. 

Bitter,  some  of  them  medicinal  plants,  represented  mainly,  and 
here  wholly,  by  the  genus 

1.  POLYGALA,  MILKWORT.  (Name  from  Greek  words,  meaning  much 
milk;  but  the  plants  have  no  milky  juice  at  all;  they  are  thought  to  have 
been  so  named  from  a  notion  that  in  pasturage  they  increased  the  miik  of 
cows.)  Flowers  remarkably  irregular,  in  outward  appearance  as  if  papiliona- 
ceous like  those  of  the  next  family,  but  really  of  a  (luite  ditfcr.'nt  structure. 
Calyx  persistent,  of  .5  sepals  ;  three  of  them  small,  viz.  two  on  the  lower,  and 
one  on  the  upper,  side  of  the  blossom ;  and  one  on  each  side  called  wings  which 
are  larger,  colored,  and  would  be  taken  for  petals.  Within  these,  on  the 
lower  side,  are  three  petals  united  into  one  body,  the  middle  one  keel-shaped 
and  often  bearing  a  crest  or  appendage.  Stamens  8  or  sometimes  6  ;  their 
filaments  united  b^low  into  a  split  sheath,  separating  above  usually  in  two 
equal  sets,  concealed  in  the  hooded  middle  petal  :  anthers  I -celled,  opening  by 
a  hole  at  the  top.  Style  curved  and  commonly  enlarged  above  or  variously 
irregular.'  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  hanging  from  the  top  of  each 
cell,  becoming  a  small  flattish  2-seeded  pod.  Seed  with  an  ajipendage  at  the 
attachment  {caruncle)  :  embryo  straight,  with  flat  cotyledons  in  a  kittle  albu- 
men. Leaves  simple,  entire,  without  stipules.  Our  native  sy>ecies  arc  nu- 
merous, mostly  with  small  or  even  minute  flowers,  and  are  rather  difficult  to 
study.     The  following  are  the  commonest. 

§  1.    Native  species,  low  hei-bs,  mosthj  smooth. 
«  F'oicers  yellow,  some  turninf/  r/reen  in  dryimj,  in  dense  spikes  or  heads :  leaves 
alternate.     Growing  in  low  or  wet  places  in  pine-barrens,  S.  E.     Fl.  summer. 
-t-  Numerous  short  spikes  or  heads  in  a  corymb. 
P.  cyin6sa.     Stem  l°-3°  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  compound  corymb 
of  spikes  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  the  uppermost  small ;  no  caruncle  to  the  seed. 
From  North  Carolina  S. 

P.  ramdsa.     Stem  6'-  12'  high,  more  branched  ;  lowest  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  a  caruncle  at  base  of  seed.     Delaware  and  S. 
-t-  •*-  Short  and  thick  spike  or  head  single :  root-leaves  clustered. 
P.  lutea,  Yellow  Bachelor's-Buttox  of  S.     Stem  5'  -  12'  high  ;  lower 
leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  upper  lanceolate  ;  flowers  bright  orange. 

P.  n^na.  Stems  2'  -  4'  high,  in  a  cluster  from  the  spatulate  or  linear  root- 
leaves  ;  flowers  lighter  yellow. 

♦  ♦  Flowers  purple  or  rose-color,  in  a  single  dense^  spike  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches:   no  subterranean  Jlovoers.     Fl.  oM  summer.     (5) 


POLYGALA   FAMILY.  93 

•«-  Leaves  all  alternate,  naiTow. 

P.  incarnkta.  From  Penn.  W.  &  S.  ;  stem  slender,  6'-  12'  high  ;  leaves 
minute  and  awl-shaped  ;  the  three  united  petals  extended  below  into  a  long  and 
slender  tube,  the  crest  of  the  middle  one  conspicuous. 

P.  sanguinea.  Sandy  damp  ground  :  stem  4'  -  8'  high,  leafy  to  the  tO]) ; 
leaves  oblong-linear;  flowers  bright  rose-purple  (sometimes  pale  or  even  white), 
in  a  thick  globular  at  length  oblong  head  or  spike,  without  pedicels. 

P.  fastigiata.  Pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  ;  slender,  4'  - 10'  high, 
with  smaller  narrow-linear  leaves,  and  oblong  dense  spike  of  smaller  rose-puq)lc 
flowers,  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  pod  ;  bracts  falling  oflf. 

P.  Nuttallii.     Sandy  soil,  from  coast  of  Mass.  S.  ;  lower  than  the  fore- 
going ;  flowers  ratlicr  looser  in  more  cylindrical  spikes,  greenish-purple ;  awl- 
ijhaped  bracts  remaining  on  the  axis  after  the  flowers  or  fruits  have  fallen, 
-t-  -*-  Leaves  all  or  all  the  lower  ones  in  whorls  of  four. 

P.  cruciata.  Low  grounds  :  stems  3'  - 10'  high,  4-angled,  and  with  spread- 
ing branches ;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate,  mostly  in  fours ;  spike  thick  and  short, 
nearly  sessile,  its  axis  rough  with  persistent  bracts  where  the  flowers  have  fallen; 
wings  of  the  flower  broad-ovate  or  heart-shaped,  bristly-pointed. 

P.  brevif61ia.  Sandy  bogs  from  Ehodc  Island^  S.  :  differs  from  the  last 
only  in  more  slender  stems,  narroAver  leaves,  those  on  the  bi*anches  alternate, 
the  spike  stalked,  and  wings  of  the  flower  lance-ovate  and  nearly  pointless. 

*  *  *  Flowers  [all  summer)  greenish-^vk/'te  or  scarcely  tinged  ivith  purple,  very 

small,  in  slender  spikes,    none  subterranean :   leaves  linear,  the  lower  in 
whorls  of  four  or  five.     (T) 

P.  verticill^ta.  Very  common  in  dry  sterile  soil;  stem  5-10'  high, 
much  branched  ;  all  the  leaves  of  the  main  stem  whorled. 

P.  ambigua.  In  similar  places  and  very  like  the  last,  chiefly  S.  &  W., 
more  slender ;  only  the  lowest  leaves  whorled;  flowers  more  scattered  and  often 
purplish-tinged,  in  long-peduncled  spikes. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  white,  small  {in  late  spring)  in  a  close  spike  terminating  simple 

tufed  stems  which  rise  from  a  perennial  root,  none  subterranean :    leaves 
numerous,  all  alternate.     % 
P.  Senega,  Seneca   Snakeuoot.      A  medicinal  plant,  commoner  W., 
5'-  12'  high,  Avith  lanceolate  or  oblong,  or  even  lance-ovate  short  leaves,  cylin- 
drical spike,  round-obovate  wings,  and  small  crest. 

P.  alba.  Common  only  far  W.  &  S.  W. ;  more  slender  than  the  last,  with 
narrow-linear  leaves,  more  tapering  long-peduncled  spike,  and  oval  wings. 

*****  Flowers  rose-purple  in  a  raceme,  or  single,  largish  :  leaves  alternate. 

P.  grandiflbra.  Dry  soil  S. ;  pubescent,  with  branching  stems  1°  high, 
lanceolate  leaves,  crestless  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  raceme  (in  late  summer), 
bright  purple  turning  greenish.     2/ 

P.  polygama.  Sandy  barrens,  with  tufted  and  very  leafy  stems  5'  -  8' 
high,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  many-flowered  racemes  of  hand- 
some rose-purple  flowers,  their  crest  conspicuous  ;  also  on  short  underground 
runners  are  some  whitish  very  fertile  flowers  with  no  evident  corolla.  Fl.  all 
summer.     @ 

P.  paucif61ia,  Fringed  Polygala,  sometimes  called  Flowering  Win- 
tergreen.  Light  soil  in  Avoods,  chiefly  N. :  a  dciicate  little  plant,  with  stems 
3'  -  4'  high,  rising  from  long  and  slender  runners  or  subterranean  shoots,  on 
which  are  concealed  inconspicuous  fertile  flowers ;  leaves  few  and  crowded  at 
the  summit,  ovate,  petioled,  some  of  them  with  a  slender-])eduncled  showy 
flower  from  the  axil,  of  delicate  rose-red  color  (rarely  a  white  variety),  almost  an 
inch  long,  with  a  conspicuous  fringed  crest  and  only  6  stamens  ;  in  spring.    ^ 

§  2.    Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

P.  oppositif61ia,  witli  opposite  sessile  heart-sha])cd  and  mucronate  leaves, 
of  a  pale  hue,  and  large  and  showy  pur])le  flowers,  with  a  tufted  crest. 

P.  inyrtif61ia,  has  croAvded  alternate  oblong  or  obovate  leaves,  on  short 
petioles,  and  shoAvy  purple  flowers  1'  long,  Avith  a  tufted  crest. 


94  PULSE    FAMILY. 

37.  LEGUMINOS^,  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  by  the  papilionaceous  corolla  (Lessons,  p.  105,  fig. 
217,  218),  usually  accompanied  by  10  monadelphous  or  diadelphous 
or  rarely  distinct  stamens  (Lessons,  p.  112,  fig.  227,  228),  and  the 
legume  (Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  303,  304).  These  cliaracters  are  com- 
bined in  the  proper  Pulse  Family.  In  the  two  other  great  divisions 
the  corolla  becomes  less  papilionaceous  or  wholly  regular.  Alternate 
leaves,  chiefly  compound,  entire  leaflets,  and  stipules  are  almost  uni- 
'  >,/        versal  in  this  great  order. 

L  PULSE  FAMILY  proper.  Flower  (always  on  the  plan 
of  5,  and  stamens  not  exceeding  10)  truly  papilionaceous,  i.  e.  the 
standard  outside  of  and  in  the  bud  enwrapping  the  other  petals,  or 
only  the  standard  present  in  Amorpha.  (For  the  terms  used  to 
denote  the  parts  of  this  sort  of  corolla  see  Lessons,  p.  105.)  Sepals 
united  more  or  less  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Leaves  never  twice  com- 
pound. 

A.   Stamens  monadtfphoiis  or  diadclplwus. 

§  1.   Herbs,  shrubs,  or  one  a  small  tree,  never  twining,  trailinr/,  nor  tendril-bearing, 
wiOi  leaves  simple  or  oj'li  or  mure  ditjitnte  leajlets,  monadelphous  stamens,  and 
I  the  alternate  Jive  antliers  dij/'tring  in  size  and  shape  from  the  other  Jive:  pod 

,  usually  several-seeded. 

1.  LUPINUS.     Leaves  of  several  leaflets,  in  one  species  simple :  stipules  adherent 

to  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  a  long  thick  raceme.  Calyx  deeply 
2-lipped.  Corolla  of  peculiar  shape,  the  sides  of  the  rounded  standard  being 
rolled  backwards,  and  the  wings  lightly  cohering  over  and  enclos-ing  the  nar- 
row and  incurved  scythe-shaped  or  sickle-shaped  keel.  Pod  flat.  Mostly 
herbs. 

2.  CROTALARIA.    Leaves  in  our  species  simple,  and  with  ftiliaceous  stipules 

free  from  the  petiole  but  running  down  on  the  stem.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Keel 
scythe-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  with  the  tube  of  filainents  split  down  on 
the  upper  side.     Pod  inflated.     Uurs  herl).s. 

3.  GENISTA.     Leaves  simple  and  entire:  stipules  very  minute  or  none.     Calyx 

6-cleft.     Keel  oblong,  nearly  straight,  blunt,  turned  down  when  the  flower 
opens.     Pod  mostly  Mat.     L(jw  shrubby  plants. 
<  4.   CYflSUS.     Leaves  of  one  or  three  leaflets,  or  the  green  branches  sometimes 

leafless:  stipules  minute  or  wantmg.  Calyx  2-lipped  or  S-toothed.  Keel 
straight  or  somewhat  curved,  blunt,  soon  turned  down.  Style  incurved  or 
even  coiled  up  after  the  flower  opens.  Pod  flat.  Seeds  w'ltli  a  fleshy  or 
scale-like  appendage  (strophiole)  at  the  scar.     Low  shrubby  plants. 

5.  LABURNUM.      Leaves  of  three  leaflets:    stipules  inconspicuous  or  wanting. 

Calyx  with  2  short  lips,  the  upper  lip  notched.  Keel  incurved,  not  pointed. 
Ovary  and  flat  pod  somewhat  stalked  in  the  calyx.  Seeds  naked  at  the  scar. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  golden  yellow  flowers  in  long  hanging  racemes. 

\  2.  Herbs,  never  twining  noi'  tendril-bearing,  ivith  leaves  of  Z  lenjlets  {^rarely  more 
but  then  digit" te),  their  margins  commonly  more  or  less  toothed  (which  is 
remarkable  in  this  family):  stipules  conspicuous  and  united  with  the  base  oj'  the 
petiole  (Lessons,  p.  69,  fig.  lati):  stamens  diadelphous:  pod  1 -Jew-seeded, 
never  divided  across  into  Joints. 

♦  Leaves  pinnately  B-J'oliulate,  as  is  seen  by  the  end  leaflet  being  Jointed  with  the  com- 
mon petiole  above  the  side  leaj'iets. 

6.  TRIGONELLA.      Herbage  odorous.      Flowers  (in  the  common  cult,  species) 

single  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves.     Pod  elongated,  obiong  or 
\j^  linear,  tapering  Into  a  long-pointed  apex. 

7.  MEDJCAGO.     Flowers  small,  in  spikes,  heads,  &c.     Corolla  short,  not  united 

with  the  tube  of  stamens.     Pod  curved  or  coiled  up,  at  least  kidney-shaped. 

8.  MELiLOTUS.     Herbage  sweet-scented.     Flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes. 

Corolla  as  in  Aledicago.  Pod  small,  but  exceeding  the  calyx,  globular, 
wrinkled,  closed,  1-2-seeded. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  95 

*  «  Leaves  mostly  di<jitate  or  palmately  Z-foUolate,  all  (with  one  exception)  borne 

directly  on  the  apex  of  the  common  petiole. 

9.  TRIFOLIUM.  Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  head-like  umbels.  Calyx  with 
slender  or  bristle  form  teeth  or  lobes.  Corolla  slowly  witlienng  or  becoming 
dry  and  permanent  after  flowering;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals  (except  some- 
times the  standard)  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  tube  of  stamens  or 
also  with  each  other.  Pod  small  and  thin  single  -  few-seeded,  generally  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx  or  the  persistent  corolla. 

^  3.  Herbs  or  woody  plants,  sometimes  twining,  never  tendril  bearing,  with  the  leaves 
not  digitate,  or  even  diyitutely  S-foholule  (except  in  Ptoralea),  and  the  leajltts 
not  toothed.  (For  Cicer  set  the  next  section.)  Stipules  excejjt  in  No.  15,  20, 
and  27,  not  united  with  the  petiole. 

«  Flowers  (small,  in  spikes  or  heads)  indistinctly  or  imperfecthji  papilionrtceom.  Pod 
very  small  and  usually  remaining  closed,  only  1  -  2-seeded.  Calyx  b-toothed, 
persistent.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  mostly  dotted  with  dark  sjjots  or  glands. 

•»-  Petals  5,  on  very  slender  claws :  stamens  monadelphous  in  a  split  tube. 

10.  PETALOSTEMON.    Herbs,  with  crowded  leaves.    Four  petals  similar,  spread- 

ing, borne  on  the  top  of  the  tube  of  the  stamens;  the  fifth  (answering  to  the 
standard)  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and  lieart-ahaped  or  oblong. 
Stamens  ordy  5. 

11.  DALEA.     Herbs,  as  to  our  species.     Flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  more 

papilionaceous,  four  of  the  petals  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  10 
stamens. 

■i-  •*-  Petal  only  one  !     Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  the  very  base. 

12.  AMORPHA.     Shrubs,  with  leaves  of  many  leaflets.     Standard  (the  other  pet- 

als wholly  wanting)  wrapped  around  the  10  filaments  and  style.  Flowers 
violet  or  purple,  in  single  or  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

*  *  Flowers  (large  find  showy,  in  racemes)  incompletely  papilionaceous  f^om  the  wings 

or  the  keel  also  being  small  and  inconspicuous.     Pod  sever al-steded. 

80.   ERYTHRINA.     See  p.  108. 

*  «  *  Flowers  obviously  papilionaceous,  all  the  parts  conspicuously  present.    Stamens 

mostly  diadelphous. 

■*-  Ovary  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  1-seeded  indehiscent  ahene-like  fruit.     Herbs. 

13.  PSORALEA.  Leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  often  glandular-dotted.  Flowers  (never 
,  yellow)  in  spikes  or  racemes,  often  2  or  3  under  each  bract.  Pod  ovate, 
\  thick,  included  or  partly  so  in  the  5-cleft  persistent  calyx,  often  wrinkled. 

^\    14.    OXOBRYCHIS.     Leaves"^ odd-pinnate,  of  numerous  leiiflets.    Flowers  uicemed, 
rose-purple.     Pod  flattish,  wrinkled  and  spiny-roughened  or  crested. 

15.  STYLOSANTHES.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.     Flowers  yellow,  in  heads 

or  short  spikes,  leafy -bracted.  Calyx  with  a  slender  stalk-like  tube,  and 
4  lobes  in  the  upper  lip,  one  for  the  lower.  Stamens  monadelphous:  5  longer 
anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  5  alternate  ones  by  their  middle.  Pod  flat,  retic- 
ulated, sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like  empty  lower  joint.  Stipules  united 
with  the  petiole. 

16.  LESPEDEZA.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.     Stipules  small  and  free,  or  fall- 

ing early.  Flowers  purple,  rose-color,  or  white,  in  spikes,  clusters,  or  pani- 
cles, or  scattered.  Stamens  diadelphous:  antliers  uniform.  Pod  flat  and 
thin,  ovate  or  orbicular,  reticulated,  sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like  empty 
lower  joint. 

•*-  ■*-  Ovary  unth  at  least  2  ovules. 

++  Pod  separating  into  2  or  more  small  and  closed  1-seeded  joints  in  a  row. 

17.  DESMODIUM.     Leaflets  3  (rarely  only  1),  stipellate.     Pod  of  very  flat  joints 

(Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  304),  usually  roughish  and  adhesive  by  minute  hooked 
pubescence.  Herbs,  with  small  purple,  whitish,  or  purplish  flowers,  in  racemes, 
which  are  often  panicled. 

18.  ^SCHYXOMENE.      Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.      Pod  of  very  flat 

joints.  Herbs,  with  small  yellow  flowers  (sometimes  purplish  externally), 
few  or  several  on  axillary  peduncles. 

19.  CORONILLA.     Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.     Pod  of  thickish  oblong 

or  linear  joints.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  head-like  umbels  raised  on 
slender  axillary  peduncles. 


96  PULSE    FAMILY. 

•* 

♦+-M.Porf  tndehiscent,  very  thick,  l-S-seeded.      Calyx  tcitk  a  long,  thread-shaped 
I  or  stalk-like  tube.     Leaves  abruptly  pinnate :  stipules  united  with  the  petiole 

/  at  base. 

I''  20.  ARACHIS.  Annual.  Leaflets  4,  straight-veined.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in 
axillary  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  with  one  narrow  lobe  making  a  lower  lip, 
the  upper  lip  broad  and  4-toothed.  Keel  incurved  and  pointed.  Stamens 
monadelphous,  5  anthers  longer  and  fixed  by  near  their  base,  the  alternate 
ones  slioit  and  fixed  bv  their  middle.  Ovary'at  the  bottom  of  the  very  long 
and  stalk-like  tube  of  the  calyx,  containing  2  or  3  ovules :  when  the  long  style 
and  the  calyx  with  the  rest  of-the  flower  falls  away,  the  forming  pod  is  pro- 
truded on  a  rigid  deflexed  stalk  which  then  appears,  and  is  pushed  into  the 
soil  where  it  ripens  into  the  oblong,  reticulated,  thick,  coriaceous  fiuit,  which 
contains  the  1-3  hirge  and  edibie  seeds;  the  embryo  composed  of  a  pair 
of  very  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons  and  an  extremely  short  nearly  straight 
radicle. 
H-,.  ++  *+  Pod  continuous,  i.  e.  not  in  joints,  at  length -opening,  2  -  several-seeded. 

a.   Leaves  abmptly  pinnate  :  plants  not  twining.     ( Flowers  in  ours  yellow. ) 

21.  SESBANIA.  Herbs,  with  many  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  minute  or  earlv  deciduous 
stipules.  Flowers  in  axillarv  racemes,  or  sometimes  solitary.  Calyx  short, 
5-toothed.  Standard  rounded,  spreading:  keel  and  style  incurved.  Pod  usu- 
ally intercepted  internally  with  cellular  matter  or  membrane  between  the 

^2.  CARAGANA.  Shrubs,  with  mostly  fascicled  leaves  of  several  pairs  of  leaflets, 
and  a  little  spinv  tip  in  place  of  an  end  leaflet:  stipules  minute  or  spiny. 
Flowers  solitarv  or  2  -  3  together  on  short  peduncles.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or 
short-tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  nearly  erect  with  the  sides  turned  back: 
the  blunt  keel  and  the  style  nearly  straight.     Tod  linear,  several-seeded. 

/  b.   Leaves  odd-pinnate :  stems  not  twining. 

^J  1.   Anthers  tipped  with  a  little  gland  or  blunt  point. 

23.  INDIGOFERA.     Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby,    when  pubescent  the  close- 

pressed  hairs  are  fixed  by  the  middle.  Flowers  ro^e-color,  purple,  or  white, 
in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  mostly  small.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Standard  round- 
ish, often* persistent  after  the  rest  of  the  petals  have  fallen:  keel  with  a  pro- 
jection or  spur  on  each  side.  Pod  oblong,  linear,  or  of  various  shapes,  com- 
monly with  membranous  partitions  between  the  seeds. 

2.    Anthers  blunt  and  pointless. 

24.  TEPHROSIA.     Herbs,  with  ohii(|nely  parallel-veined  leaflets  often  silky  be- 

neath, and  white  or  purple  fluwers  (2  or  more  in  a  clu>ter)  in  racemes;   the 

peduncles  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves     Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.    Stand- 

/  ard  rounded,  silky  outside.      Style  incurvedj  rigid:    stigma  with  a  tuft  of 

/  hairs.     Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded. 

^  26.    ROBINIA.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  netted-veined  leaflets  furnished  with  stipels, 

and  often  with  sharp  spines  or  prickles  for  stipules.  Flowers  large  and 
showy,  white  or  rose-color,  in  axillary  r?»cemes.  Base  of  the  leafstalk  hollow 
and  covering  the  axillary  bud  of  the  next  year.  Calyx  5-toothed,  the  two 
upper  teeth  partly  united.  Standard  large,  turned  back:  keel  incurved, 
blunt.  Ovary  stalked  in  the  calyx.  Pod  broadly  linear,  flat,  several-seeded, 
margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  the  valves  thin. 

26.  COLUTEA.     Shrubs,  not  prickly,  and  no  stipels  to  the  leaflets:  the  flowers 

rather  large,  yellow  or  reddish,  in  short  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed. 
Standard  rounded,  spreading:  keel  strongly  incurved,  blunt,  on  long  united 
claws.  Style  incurved,  bearded  down  one  sirle.  Pod  raised  out  of  the  calyx 
on  a  stalk  of  its  own,  thin  and  bladdery-inflated,  flattish  on  the  seed -bearing 
side,  several-seeded. 

27.  ASTRAGALUS.  Herbs,  without  stipels,  and  with  white,  purple,  or  yellowish 
\  rather  small  flowers  in  spikes,  heads,  or  racemes  :  peduncles  axillary.  Co- 
'  rolla  narrow:  standard  erect,  mostly  oblong.     Style  and  stigma  smooth  and 

beardless.  Pod  comnionly  turgid  or  inflated  and  within  more  or  less  divided 
lengthwise  by  intrusion  of  the  back  or  a  false  partition  from  it. 

(SwAiNSONA,  SuTHEHLAM)iA,  and  Clianthus,  plants  from  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa,  with  showy  flowers  and  bladdery-inflated 
pods  (like  Colutea),  are  sometimes  cult,  in  conservatories,  but  are  not  com- 
mon enough  to  find  a  place  here.) 


PULSE   FAMILY.  97 

c.  Leaves  odd-pinnate :  stems  tmning :  stipels  obscure :  stipules  small. 

28,  WISTARIA.     Woody,  high-climbinjj,  with  nnrnerous  leaflets,  and  large  showy 

bhiish  flowers,  in  liatigiiig  terminal  dense  racemes.  Calyx  with  2  short  teeth 
on  the  upper  and  longer  ones  on  the  lower  side.  Standard  large,  roundish, 
turned  back:  keel  merely  incurved,  blunt.     Tod  knobby,  several-seeded. 

29.  APIOS.     Herbs,  twining  over   buslies,  with  5-7  leaflets,  and  sweet-scented 

chocolate-purple  flowers,  in  dense  and  short  racemes:  peduncles  axillary. 
Calyx  with  2  upper  very  short  teeth,  and  one  longer  lower  one,  the  side  teeth 
nearly  wanting.  Standard  very  broad,  turned  back :  keel  long  and  scvthe- 
shaped,  strongly  incurved,  or  at  length  coiled.  Pod  linear,  flat,  almost 
straight,  several-seeded- 

d.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets  {pinnately  3-foliolate)  or  rardy  one,  commonly  stipellate. 
1.    Shrubby,  or  from  a  woody  bast :  tolnfjs  and  sometimes  keel  small  and  inconspicuous. 

80.  ERYTHRINA.      Stem,   branches,   and   even   the  leafstalks   usually  prickly. 

Flowers  large  and  showy,  usually  red,  in  racemes.  Calyx  without  teerh. 
Standard  elongated:  wings  often  wanting  or  so  small  as  to  be  concealed  Ih 
the  calyx;  keel  much  shorter  than  the  standard,  sometimes  very  small. 
Pod  stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear,  knobby,  usually  opening  only  down  the 
seed-bearing  suture.     Seeds  scarlet. 

2.   Herbs,  mostly  twiners,  with  wings  and  keel  in  ordinary  proportion. 
=  Floicers  not  yellow:  seeds  or  at  least  the  ovules  several:  leaflets  stipellate. 

81.  PHASEOLUS.     Keel  of  the  corolla  coiling  into  a  ring  or  spiral,  usually  with 

a  tapering  blunt  apex:  standard  roimded,  turned  back  or  spreading.  "  Style 
coiled  with  the  keel,  bearded  down  the  inner  side:  stigma  oblique  or  lateral. 
Pod  linear  or  scimetar-shaped.  Flowers  usually  clustered  on  the  knotty- 
joints  of  the  raceme.     Stipules  striate,  persistent, 

82.  DOLICHOS.     Keel  of  the  corolla  narrow  and  bent  inwards  at  a  right  angle, 

but  not  coiling.  Style  bearded  under  the  terminal  stigma.  Stipules  small. 
Otherwise  nearly  as  Phascolus. 

83.  GALACriA.     Keel  straightish,  blunt,  as  long  as  the  wings:  standard  turned 

back.  Style  naked.  Calyx  of  4  pointed  lobes,  upper  one  broadest.  Pod  flat- 
tened, mostly  linear.  Flowers  clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme; 
flower-buds  taper-pointed.     Stipules  and  bracts  smalfor  deciduous. 

84.  AMPHICARPiEA.     Keel  and  very  similar  wings  nearly  straight,  blunt:  the 

erect  standard  partly  folded  around  them.  Style  naked.  Calyx  tubular, 
4-toothed.  Flowers  small;  those  in  loose  racemes  above  often  sterile,  their 
pods  when  formed  scimetar-shaped  and  few-seeded  ;  those  at  or  near  the 
ground  or  on  creeping  branches  very  small  and  without  manifest  corolla,  but 
very  fertile,  making  small  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  mostly  sub- 
terranean pods,  ripening  one  or  two  large  seeds.  Bracts  rounded  and  per- 
sistent, striate,  as  are  the  stipules. 

85.  CENTROSF^MA.     Keel  broad,  incurved,  nearly  equalling  the  wings:  standard 

large  and  rounded,  spreading,  and  with  a  spur-like  projection  behind.  Calyx 
short,  5- cleft.  Style  bearded  only  at  the  tip  around  the  stigma.  Pod  long, 
linear,  with  thickened  edges  bordered  by  a  raised  line  on  each  side.  Flowers 
showy.     Stipules,  bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  persistent, 

86.  CLITORIA,     Keel  small,  shorter  than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute:  standard 

much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  notclied  at  the  end,  erect.  Cidyx 
tubular,  5-toothed.  Style  bearded  down  the  irmer  side,  ,  Pod  oblongylinear, 
flattish,  not  bordered.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  1-3  onia  peduncle.  Stip- 
ules, bracts,  and  bractlets  persistent,  striate.  / 

87.  HARDENBKRGIA.      Keel  small,  much  shorter  than   flie   wings,  incurved, 

blunt  :  standard  large  in  proportion,  rounded,  spreading.  Calyx  short, 
5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  united  Style  short,  naked.  Pod  linear,  not 
bordered.  Flowers  rather  small,  iu  racemes.  Stipules  and  bracts  small, 
striate,  mostly  deciduous.     Leaflets  mostly  single, 

88.  KENNEDYA.     Keel  incurved,  blunt  or  acute,  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding 

the  wings:  standard  broad,  spreading.  Calyx  5-lobed:  2  upper  lobes  partly 
united.  Style  naked.  Pod  linear,  not  bordered.  Flowers  showy,  red,  single 
or  few  on  the  peduncle.     Bracts  and  stipules  striate. 

B=  =  Flotoers  yellow  ( sometimes  purple-tinged  outside ) :  ovules  oidy2:  pod  1  -  2-seeded.  * 

89.  RHYNCHOSIA.     Keel  of  the  corolla  incurved  at  the  apex:  standard  spreading. 

Calyx  4-5-parted  or  lobed.  Pod  short  and  flat.  Flowers  small.  Leaves 
mostly  soft-downy  and  resiaous-dotted,  sometimes  of  a  single  leaflet. 


98  PTTLSE    T!" A  MILT. 

§  4.  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnnte  leaves,  the  common  petiole  terminated  by  a  tendril, 
by  which  the  plant  climbs  or  supports  itstlf,  or  in  many  law  sptcies  the  tendril 
reduced  to  a  mere  bristle  or  tip.  or  in  Cicer,  which  has  toothed  leaflets,  an  odd 
leaflet  commonly  takes  iis  place :  peduncles  axillary :  stamens  almost  always 
diadelphovs.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  so  that  they  remain  underground  in  germi- 
nation, as  in  the  Pea. 

m  Leaflets  entire  or  sometimes  toothed  at  the  apex:  radicle  bent  on  the  cotyledons: 
style  inflexed:  pod  flat  w  fluttish. 

40.  PISUM.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  leafy.     Style  rigid,  dilated  above  and  the  margins 

reflexed  and  joined  together  so  that  'it  becomes  flattened  laterally,  bearded 
down  the  inner  edge.  Pod  several-seeded:  seeds  globose.  Flowers  large. 
Leaflets  only  1-3  pairs.  ^ 

41.  LATHYRUS.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  not  leafy.      Style  flattened  above  on  the 

back  and  front,  bearded  down  one  face.  Pod  several-seeded.  Seeds  some- 
times flattish.     Leaflets  few  or  several  pairs. 

42.  VICI  A.     Style  slender,  bearded  or  hairy  only  at  the  apex  or  all  round  the  upper 

part.  Pod  2  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  globular  or  flattish.  Leaflets  few  or 
many  pairs. 

43.  LENS."     Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender.     Style  flattish  on  the  back,  and  minutely 

bearded  down  the  inner  face.     Pod  1  -  2-seeded.     Seeds  flattened,  lenticular. 
Flowers  small. 
•  «  Leaflets  toothed  nil  round,  and  usually  an  odd  one  at  the  end  in  place  of  a  ten- 
dril :  style  incurved,  naked :  radicle  of  the  embryo  almost  straight. 

44.  CICER.     Calyx  5-parted.     Pod  turgid  oblong,  not  flattened,  2-seeded.     Seeds 

large,  irregu.arly  rounded-obovate,  pointed.     Peduncle  mostly  1-flowered. 

B.  Stamens  separate  to  the  base.    (Plants  not  twining  nor  climbing.) 
^  1.   Leaves  simple  or  of  3  digitate  leaflets. 

45.  CHORIZEMA.      Somewhat  shrubby,  with  simple  and  spiny-toothed  leaves, 

scarcely  any  stipules,  and  orange  or  copper-red  flowers.  Standard  rounded 
kidney-shaped:  keel  straight,  much  shorter  than  the  wings.  Pod  ovoid, 
turgid,   several-seeded. 

46.  BAP  I'ISIA.     Herbs,  with  simple  entire  sessile  leaves  and  no  stipules,  or  mostly 

of  3  leaflets  with  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules.  Flowers  yellow,  blue,  or 
white.  Standard  erect,  with  the  sides  turned  back,  about  equalled  by  the 
oblong  and  straightish  wings  and  keel.  Pod  inflated,  coriaceous,  stalked  in 
the  calyx,  manv-seeded. 

47.  TIIERMOPSIS.  '  Pod  scarcely  stalked,  linear,  flat.     Otherwise  as  Baptisia. 

§  2.   Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

48.  CLADRASTIS.    Trees,  with  large  leaflets,  no  obvious  stipules,  and  hanging 

terminal  panicles  of  white  flowers.  Standard  turned  back:  the  nearly  sep- 
arate straiglitish  keel-petals  and  wings  oblong,  obtuse.  Pod  short-stalked  in 
the  calyx,  linear,  very  flat,  thin,  margiuless,  4  -  6-seeded.  Base  of  the  petioles 
hollow  and  covering  the  axillary  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year. 

49.  SOPHORA.      Trees,  stirubs,  or  herbs,  with  numerous  leaflets,  and  mostly 

white  or  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Keel-petals  and 
wings  oblong,  obtuse,  usually  longer  than  the  broad  standard.  Pod  com- 
monly stalked  in  tlie  calyx,  terete,  several-seeded,  fleshy  or  almost  woody, 
hardly  ever  opening,  but  constricted  across  into  mostly  1-seeded  portions. 


^c-ifl^ 


II.  BRASILETTO  FAMILY.  Flowers  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar, but  not  papilionaceous:  when  they  seem  to  be  so  the  petal 
^sweriiig  to  the  standard  will  be  found  to  be  within  instead  of  out- 
side of  the  other  petals.  Stamens  10  or  .fewer,  separate.  The 
leaves  are  sometimes  twice  pinnate,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the 
true  Pulse  Family.  Embryo  of  the  seed  straight,  the  radicle  not 
turned  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons. 


§  1.   Leaves  simple  and  entire.     Corolla  appearing  as  if  pajnlionaceous. 
60.   CERCIS.     Trees,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  leaves,  miimte  early  deciduous 
stipules,  and  small  but  handsome  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  on 
wood,  earlier  than  the  leaves,  rather  acid  to  the  taste.     Calyx  short, 


stipi 
old 


PULSE    FAMILY.  99 

5-toothed.  Petals  5,  the  one  answering  to  the  standard  smaller  than  the 
wing-petals  and  covered  by  them ;  tlie  keel-petals  larger,  conniving  but  di&- 
tinct.  Stamens  10,  declining  with  the  style.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flat,  thin, 
several-seeded,  one  edge  wing-margined. 

§  2.   Leaves  simply  abrvpily  pinnate.     Calyx  and  corolla  almost  regular. 
51.   CASSIA.      Flowers  commonly  yellow.     Calyx  of  5  nearly  separate  sepals. 
Petals  5,  spreading,  unequal  (tlie  lower  larger)  or  almost  equal.     Stamens  10 
or  5,  some  of  the  upper  anthers  often  imperfect  or  smaller,  their  cells  opening 
by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  apex.     Pod  many-seeded. 

§  3.    Leaves,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  twice-pinnate. 
62.    CiESALPINIA.     Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  with  mostly  showy  red  or 
yellow  perfect  flowers.     Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.     Petals  5,  broad,  spreading, 
more  or  less  unequal.     Stamens  10,  declining,  along  with  the  thread-shaped 
style.     Pod  flat. 

53.  GYMNOCLADUS.     Tall,  thoniless  tree,  with  large  compound  leaves,  no  stip- 

ules, and  dioecious  or  polygamous  whitish  regular  flowers,  in  corymb-like 
clusters  or  short  racemes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season.  Calyx 
tubular  below,  and  with  5  spreading  lobes,  the  throat  bearing  5  oblong  petals 
and  10  short  stamens,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  generally  imperfect.  Pod 
oblong,  flat,  very  hard,  tardily  opening,  with  a  little  pulp  or  sweetish  matter 
inside,  containing  few  or  several  large  and  thick  hard  seeds  (over  ^'  in  diam- 
eter); the  fleshy  cotyledons  remaining  underground  in  germination. 

54.  GLEDITSCHIA.     Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  twice  pinnate  or  some  of  them 

once  piiniate  leaves,  the  leaflets  often  crenate-toothed,  inconspicuous  stipules, 
and  small  greenish  polygamous  flowers  in  narrow  racemes.  Calyx  3 -5-cleft, 
the  lobes  and  the  3-5  nearly  similar  petals  narrow  and  spreading.  Stamens 
3  - 10.  Pod  flat,  very  tardily  opening,  often  with  some  sweetish  matter  around 
the  1  -  several  flat  seeds.     Cotyledons  thin. 

Iir.  MIMOSA  FAMILY.  Flowers  perfectly  regular,  small, 
crowded  in  heads  or  spikes  ;  both  calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the 
bud  ;  and  the  4  or  5  sepals  usually  and  petals  frequently  united 
more  or  less  below  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Stamens  4,  5,  or  more, 
often  very  many,  usually  more  conspicuous  than  the  corolla  and 
brightly  colored,  the  long  capillary  filaments  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle or  base  of  the  corolla.  Embryo  of  the  seed  straight.  Leaves 
almost  always  twice  pinnate  and  with  small  leaflets,  or  apparently 
simple  and  parallel-veined  when  they  have  phyllodia  in  place  of 
true  leaves.  The  foliage  and  the  pods  only  show  the  leguminous 
cliaracter. 

^  1.    Stamens  once  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  4-10.     Ours  herbs  or  nearly  so, 
with  rose-colored  or  ichitisk  Jiuwers,  and  leaves  of  many  small  leajitts. 

55.  MIMOSA.     Calyx  commonly  minute  or  inconspicuous.    Corolla  of  4  or  5  more 

or  less  imited  petals.  Pod  "flat,  oblong  or  linear:  when  ripe  the  valves  fall  out 
of  a  persistent  slender  margin  or  frame  and  also  usuaUy  break  up  into  one- 
seeded  joints. 

56.  SCHRANKIA.     Calyx  minute.    Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  being  united 

up  to  the  middle.  Stamens  10.  Pod  rough-prickly  all  over,  long  and  nar- 
row, splitting  lengthwise  when  ripe  into  4  parts. 

57.  DESMANTHUS.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.     Jftamens 

5  or  10.     Pod  flat,  sniooth,  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved,  no  persistent  margin. 

§  2.    Stamens  numerous,  or  more  than  10.     Oars  all  shrubs  or  trees. 

58.  ALBIZZIA.     Flowers  flesh-color,  rose-color,  or  nearly  white;  the  long  stamens 

inonadelphous  at  the  base.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  united  beyond 
the  middle.  Pod  flat  and  thin,  broadly  linear,  not  opening  elastically. 
Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

59.  ACACIA.     Flowers  yellow  or  straw-color:   the  stamens  separate  and  very 

numerous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  or  partly  uuited  small  petals.  Pod 
various. 


100  PULSE   FAMILY. 

1.  LUPINUS,  LUPINE.  (Old  Latin  name,  from  lupous,  a  wolf,  because 
Lupines  were  thought  to  destroy  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

*   Wild  species  of  Atlantic  States,  m  mndij  soil  •  Jl.  in  spring.     21 

L.  perennis,  Wild  L.  Somewhat  hairy  ;  with  erect  stem  1°-1^°  high, 
7-11  spatulate  oblong  or  obhinccolate  green  leaflets,  and  a  long  raceme  of 
showy  purplish-blue  (rarely  paie)  flowers,  in  late  spring. 

L.    vilibsus,    One-leaved    L.      Silky-downy,   with   short   spreading  or 
ascending  stems,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  simple  leaves,  and  a  dense  raceme  of 
blue,  purple,  or  rose-colored  flowers.     Near  the  coast,  from  North  Carolina  S. 
*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament :  Ji  summer. 

L.  polyph^Uus,  Many  LEAVED  L.,  is  the  principal  hardy  perennial 
species  of  the  gardens,  from  Oregon  and  California,  3°  -  4°  high,  rather  iiairy, 
witli  13-  1;')  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaflets,  and  a  very  long  dense  raceme 
of  blue,  sometimes  purple,  variegated,  or  even  white  flowers,  in  June.     2/ 

L.  mut^bilis,  cult,  as  an  annual,  from  South  America,  is  tall,  very  smooth 
throughout,  with  about  9  narrow-oblong  blunt  leaflets,  and  very  large  SAveet- 
scented  violet-purple  flowers  (or  a  white  variety),  with  yellow  and  a  little  red 
on  the  Standard. 

L.  densifldrus,  of  California  (where  there  are  many  fine  Lupines),  l°-2° 
high,  is  well  marked  by  the  numerous  white  flowers  forming  distinct  and  sep- 
arate whorls  in  the  long  raceme,     (i) 

L.  ^Ibus,  of  Eu.,  which  the  ancients  ciiltivated  as  pulse,  has  the  several 
obovate-oblong  leaflets  smooth  above,  but  hairy  beneath,  white  flowfers  alternate 
in  the  raceme,  and  large  smooth  pods,     (i) 

L.  hirsuiUS,  cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu.,  is  clothed  with  soft  white 
hairs;  the  leaflets  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  in  loose  whorls  iu  the  raceme,  blue, 
with  rose-color  and  white  varieties  ;  pods  very  hairy.     (T) 

L.  luteus,  the  old  Yellow  L.  of  the  gardens,  from  Eu.,  silky-hairy, 
rather  low  ;  with  yellow  flowers  in  whorls  crowded  in  a  dense  spike,     (i) 

2.  CROT  AL ARI A,  R ATTLEBOX.  (From  Greek  word  for  a  rattle,  the 
seeds  rattling  in. the  coriaceous  inflated  pod.)  Native,  in  sandy  soil ;  fl.  yel- 
low, in  summer. 

C.  sagitt^lis.  Low,  3'  -  6'  higli,  branching,  beset  with  rusty-colored 
spreading  hairs,  with  nearly  sessile  oval  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  2  or  3  flowers 
on  the  peduncle.     0 

C.  OV^lis.  Spreading,  rough  with  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  short-petioled, 
oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolate  ;  peduncle  with  3-6  scattered  flowers.     21 

3.  GENISTA,  WOAD-WAXEN,  WHIN.     (Celtic  word:  little  bush.) 
G.  tinctdria,  Dyer's  W.  or  Green-weed.      Nat.  from  Eu.  in  sterile 

soil  E.,  especially  in  Mass. :  low  and  undershrubby,  not  thorny,  with  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  bright  yellow  rather  small  flowers  somewhat  raeemed  at  the  end  of 
the  striate-angled  green  branches,  in  early  summer. 

4.  CYTISUS.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  after  an  island  where  it  grows.) 
The  following  are  the  only  species  generally  cultivated. 

C.  (or  Saroth^mnus)  SCop^ius,  Scotch  Broom.  Shrub,  from 
Europe,  3°  -  5°  high,  smooth,  with  long  and  tough  erect  angled  and  green 
branches,  bearing  small  leaves,  the  lower  short-petioled  and  with  3  obovatc 
leaflets,  the  upper  of  a  single  sessile  leaflet,  and  in  the  axils  large  and  showy 
golden  yellow  tlowers  on  slender  pedicels ;  calyx  with  2  short  and  broad  lips  ; 
style  and  stamens  slender,  held  in  the  keel,  but  disengaged  and  suddenly  start- 
ing upward  when  touched  (as  when  bees  alight  on  the  deflexed  keel),  the  style 
coiling  spirally  ;  pod  hairy  on  the  edges.  Hardy  in  gardens  N. ;  running  wild 
in  Virginia  :  fl.  early  summer. 

Irish  Broom,  so' called,  but  is  from  Portugal,  is  another  species,  not  hardy 
here.     Spanish  Broom  is  Spartium  junceum,  of  another  genus. 

C.  Canari^nsis,  from  the  Canary  Islands,  is  cultivated  in  conservatories ; 
a  slirub  with  crowded  slender  branches,  soft-hoai-y  leaves  of  3  very  small  obovatc 
leaflets,  and  small  ytUow  sweet-scented  flowers,  produced  all  winter. 


/ 


PULSE    FAMILY.  101 

6.  LABURNUM.  (Ancient  Latin  name.  Genus  separated  from  Cytisns 
from  the  different  appearance,  and  the  seeds  destitute  of  strophiole  or  append- 
a<^e  at  the  scar.) 

L.  vulg^re,  Common  Laburnum,  Golden-Chain,  or  Bean-Trefoil- 
Tree  of  Europe.  Planted  for  ornament,  a  low  ti-ee,  with  smooth  green  bark, 
slender-pctioled  leaves  of  3  oblong  leaflets  (2' -3'  long),  and  pretty  large  showy 
golden-yellow  flowers  hanging  in  long  racemes,  in  late  spring ;  pods  with  one 
thicker  edge. 

6.  TRIGONELLA.  (Old  name,  from  Greek  word  for  triangular,  from  tlio 
shape  of  the  corolla  or  the  seeds.)  Low  lierbs.  T.  c^ntTLEA  is  the  plant 
used  in  Switzerland  for  imparting  the  flavor  like  that  of  Melilot  to  certain 
kinds  of  cheese.) 

T.  Fcenum-Graecum,  Fenugreek.  Occasionally  cult,  in  gardens,  in 
Europe  a  forage  and  popular  medicinal  plant,  strong-scented-;  with  wedge- 
oblong  leaflets,  one  or  two  nearly  sessile  small  flowers  in  the  axils,  yellowish  or 
whitish  corolla,  and  a  linear  long-pointed  and  somewhat  curved  pod  2' -4'  long, 
with  veiny  sides.     ® 

7.  MEDIC  AGO,  MEDICK.  (The  old  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came 
to  the  Greeks  from  Media.)  All  natives  of  the  Old  World  :  a  few  have  run 
wild  here.     Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Flowers  violet-purple  or  bluish.     21 
M.  sativa,  Lucerne  or  Spanish  Trefoil.     Cultivated  for  green  fodder, 
especially  S. :  stems  erect,  l°-2°  high,  from  a  long  deep  root;  leaflets  obovate- 
obiong  ;  racemes  oblong  ;  pod  several-seeded,  linear,  coiled  about  2  turns. 
*  *  Floioers  yellow.     ®  @ 

M.  lupulina,  Black  Medick,  Nonesuch.  A  weed  or  pasture  plant,  in 
dry  or  sandy  flelds,  &c.  :  low,  spreading,  doAvny,  with  wedge-obovate  leaflets, 
roundish  or  at  length  oblong  heads  or  spikes  of  small  flowers,  and  little  kidney- 
shaped  1-seeded  pods  turning  black  when  ripe. 

M.  maculata,  Spotted  M.  Waste  sandy  places,  S.  &  E. :  spreading  or 
trailing  ;  with  broadly  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets  marked  with  a  dark  spot, 
3  -  5-flowered  peduncles,  and  a  flat  pod  compactly  coiled  three  or  more  turns, 
its  thickish  edge  beset  with  a  double  row  of  curved  prickles. 

M.  dentictllata,  like  the  last,  but  rarer,  with  pod  of  looser  coils,  sharp 
edge,  and  mostly  shorter  prickles. 

M.  SCUtellata,  Snail  Medick,  Beehive.  Cult,  occasionally  in  gardens 
for  its  curious  pods,  which  are  pretty  large,  coiled  up  like  a  snail-shell,  in  many 
turns,  smooth  and  even. 

8.  MELILOTUS,  MELILOT,  SWEET  CLOVER.  (From  Greek 
words  for  honeij  and  Lotus,  i.  e.  Sweet  Lotus:  foliage  sweet-scented,  especially 
in  drying.)  Natives  of  the  Old  World  ;  somewhat  cult,  in  gardens,  &c.,  and 
running  wild  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground  :  fl.  all  summer.     (1)  @ 

M.  klba.  White  M.,  Bokhara  or  Tree  Clover.  Tall,  3°  -  6°  high, 
branching,  with  obovatc  or  oblong  leaflets  truncately  notched  at  the  end,  and 
loose  racemes  of  white  flowers.     Has  been  cult,  for  greon  fodder. 

M.  officinalis,  Yellow  M.  Less  tall,  2° -3°  high,  with  merely  blunt 
leaflets  and  yellow  flowei's. 

9.  TRIFOLIUM,  CLOVER,  TREFOIL.     (Latin  name  :  three  leaflets.) 

*  Low,  insi<pi{/icant  weeds,  nat.from  Europe  in  dry  waste  flelds,  SfC.     (T) 
H-  Flowers  yellow,  in  round  heads,  produced  through  late  summer  and  autumn, 
rejlejred  and  turning  chestnut-broicn,  dry  and  papery  with  age. 

T.  agr^rium.  Yellow  Hop-C.  Smoothish,  6'- 12' high,  with  obovatc- 
oblong  leaflets  all  nearly  sessile  on  the  end  of  the  petiole ;  heads  rather  large. 

T.  prociimbens,  Low  Hop-C.  Smaller,  spreading,  rather  downy,  the 
wedge-obovate  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  the  middle  one  at  a  littk  distance 
from  the  others. 


102  PULSE    FAMILY. 

H-  H-  Flowers  flesh-color  or  whitish  with  a  purplish  spot,  in  a  very  soft  silky  head. 

T.  arvense,  Rabbit-foot  or  Stone  C.  Erect,  silky-downy,  especially 
the  oblong  or  at  len<rth  cylindrical  j^rayish  heads  or  spikes,  the  corollas  almost 
concealed  by  the  plumose-silky  calyx  ;  leaflets  narrow. 

*  *  Larger,  rose-red-flowered  Clovers,  cult,  from  Europe  for  fodder,  or  running 

wild :  heads  thick  and  dense :  corolla  tubular,  withering  away  afler  flower- 
ing :  flowers  sweet-scented,  in  summer.     11 

T.  pratense,  Red  C.  Stems  ascendin^^ ;  leaflets  olwvate  or  oval,  often 
notched  at  the  end  and  with  a  pale  spot  on  the  face ;  head  closely  surrounded 
by  the  uppermost  leaves. 

T.  medium,  Zigzag  C,  with  a  zigzag  stem,  more  oblong  entire  and 
spotless  leaver,  and  head  usually  stalked,  is  rare,  but  has  run  wild  E.,  and 
passes  into  the  last. 

♦  »  ♦  Low,  wild  Clovers,  or  one  cult,  from  Europe,  with  spreading  or  running 

stems,  and  mostly  jxile  or  white  flowers  {remaining  and  turning  brownish  in 
fading)  on  pedicels,  in  round  umbels  or  heads,  on  slender  naked  peduncles : 
fl.  spring  and  summer. 

T.  reflexum,  Buffalo  C.  Wild  S.  and  especially  W.  :  somewhat 
downy,  with  ascending  stems  6' -12' high,  obovate-oblong  finely-toothed  leaf- 
lets, heads  and  rose-reil  and  whitish  flowers  fully  as  large  as  in  Red  Clover, 
calyx-teeth  hairy,  and  pods  3  -  .5-sceded.     (T)  @ 

T.  stolonit'erum,  Running  Buffalo  C.  Prairies  and  oak-openings 
W.  :  like  the  last,  or  a  variety  of  it,  but  some  of  the  stems  forming  ruimers, 
leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  flowers  barely  tinged  with 
purple,  and  p(jds  2-.seedcd.     Q)    1/.  • 

T.  Carolinianum,  Carolina  C.  Fields  and  ])astures  S. :  a  little  doAvny, 
spreading  in  tufts  5'-  10'  high,  with  small  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets,  broad 
stipules,  and  small  heads,  the  purplish  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
calyx-teeth.     ^ 

T.  ripens,  White  C.  Fields,  &c.  everywhere,  invaluable  for  pasturage  : 
smooth,  with  creeping  stems,  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets,  long  and  slender 
petioles  and  peduncles,  narrow  stipules,  loose  uyibcl-likc  heads,  and  white 
corolla  much  longer  than  the  slender  calyx-teeth.     ^ 

10.  PETALOSTEMON,  PRAIRIE  CLOVER.  (Name  composed  of 
the  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen  combined. )  In  prairies,  pine-barrens,  &c. 
W.  and  S.  :  flowers  never  yellow.     ^ 

*  Heads  crowded  in  a  corymb,  leafy-bracted :  fl.  late  in  autumn. 

P.  eorymb6sus.  In  southern  pine-barrens  ;  2°  high,  with  leaves  of  3-7 
filiform  leaflets,  and  white  flowers,  the  slender  teeth  of  calyx  becoming  plumose. 

*  *  Heads  or  mostly  spikes  single  terminating  stems  :  fl.  summer. 

P.  violaceus.  Prairies  W.  :  smoothish  or  pubescent,  l°-2°  high,  with 
mostly  5  narrow-linear  leaflets,  a  short  spike  even  when  old,  rose-purple  flowers, 
and  hoary  calyx. 

P.  carneus.  Bry  barrens  S.  :  smooth,  with  branching  stems,  5-7  linear^ 
leaflets,  long-peduncled  short  spikes,  flesh-color  or  pale  rose  flowers,  and  gla- 
brous calyx. 

P.  C^hdidus.  Prairies  W.  &  S.  :  smooth,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  7-9  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-oblong  leaflets,  long-peduncled  spikes,  with  awn-pointed  bracts, 
anil  white  flowers. 

There  are  besides  one  Or  tAvo  rarer  species  W.,  and  several  more  far  W.  &  S. 

11,  DALE  A.  (Named  for  an  English  botanist,  Thomas  Dale.)  There  are 
many  species  S.  W.  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

D.  alopecuroides.  Alluvial  river  banks  W.  «Sb  S.  ;  with  erect  stem 
l°-2°  high,  smooth  leaves  of  many  linear-oblong  leaflets,  and  whitish  smail 
flowers  in  a  dense  silky  spike,  in  summer,     (i) 


PULSE  FA:.iiLr.  103 

12.  AMdHPHA,  FALSE  INDIGO.  (Name,  amorphous,  wanting  the 
ordinary  form,  from  the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.)  There  are  usually- 
little  stipels  to  the  leaflets.     Fl.  summer. 

A.  frutic6sa,  Cojimon  A.  River-banks  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. ;  a  tall  or 
middle-sized  shrub,  smoothish,  with  petiolcd  leaves  of  1.5  -  2.5  oval  or  oblong  leaf- 
lets, violet  or  purple  flowers  in  early  summer,  and  mostly  2-seeded  pods. 

A.  herb4,Gea  (but  it  is  not  an  herb)  of  low  pine-barrens  S.,  2° -4°  high, 
often  downy,  has  the  leaflets  more  rigid,  dotted,  and  crowded,  villous  calyx- 
teeth,  later  blue  or  white  flowers,  and  1 -seeded  pods. 

A.  can6scens,  called  Lead-Plant  ;  in  prairies  and  on  rocky  banks  W. 
and  S.  W. ;  l°-3°  high,  hoary  with  soft  down,  with  sessile  leaves  of  29  -51 
elliptical  leaflets,  smoothish  above  when  old,  violet-purple  flowers  in  late  summer, 
and  1 -seeded  pods.  , 

13.  PSORALE  A.  ( Greek  word  for  scurf t/,  from  the  roughish  dots  or  glands 
on  the  leaves,  calyx,  &e.)  Wild  S.  &  W. :  fl.  early  summer,  violet,  bluish, 
or  almost  white.     21 

*  Leaves  pinnatcJy  Z-foliulate,  i.  c.  the  side-leaflets  a  little  below  the  apex  of  the 
common  petiole,  or  the  uppermost  of  a  single  leaflet. 

P.  Onobrychis.  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  S. :  3°  -  .5°  high, 
nearly  smooth,  with  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  leaflets  3'  long,  small  flowers  in 
short-peduneled  racemes  3'  -  6'  long  ;  pods  rough  and  wrinkled. 

P.  melilotoides.  Dry  places,  W.  &  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, slender,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  leaflets,  oblong  spikes  on  long 
peduncles,  and  strongly  wrinkled  pods. 

,  *  *  Leaves  digitate,  of  3-7  leaflets. 

P.  Lupin^Uus.  Dry  pine-barrens  S. :  smooth  and  slender,  with  .5-7  very 
narrow  or  thread-shaped  leaflets,  small  flowers  in  loose  racemes,  and  obliquely 
wrinkled  pods. 

P.  floriblinda.  Prairies  from  Illinois  S.  W.  :  bushy-branched  and  slen- 
der, 2° -4°  high,  somewhat  hoary  when  young,  with  3-5  linear  or  obovate- 
oblong  much  dotted  leaflets,  small  flowers  in  short  panieled  racemes,  and  glan- 
dular-roughened pods. 

P.  can^scens.  Dry  barrens  S.  E.  Bushy-branched,  2°  high,  hoary- 
pubescent,  with  3  (or  upper  leaves  of  single)  obovate  leaflets,  loose  racemes  of 
few  flowers,  and  a  smooth  pod. 

P.  argophylla.  Prairies  N.  "VV.,  mostly  across  the  Mississippi,  widely 
branched,  1'^  -3°  high,  silvery  white  all  over  with  silky  hairs,  with  3-5  broad- 
lanceolate  leaflets  and  spikes  of  rather  few  largish  flowers. 

P.  esculenta,  Pomme  Blanche  of  the  N.  W.  Voyagcurs  ;    the  turnip- 
shaped  or  tiibcrous  mealy  root  furnishing  a  desirable  food  to  the  Indians  N.  W. : 
low  and  stout,  5' -15'  high,  roughish  hairy,  with  5  lance-oblong  or  obovate 
leaflets,  a  dense  oblong  spike  of  pretty  large  (^'  long)  flowers,  and  a  hairy 
,  pointed  pod. 

•^  14.    ONOBRyCHIS,    SAINFOIN.      (Name  from  Greek,  means  Asses- 

food-)      ^^/j^ftv^*^ 

O.  sativa,  Common  S.  Sparingly  cult,  from  Europe  as  a  fodder  plant, 
but  not  quite  hardy  N. ;  herb  l°-2°high,  with  numerous  oblong  small  leaf- 
lets, brown  and  thin  pointed  stipules,  and  spikes  of  light  ])ink  flowers  on  long 
axillary  peduncles,  in  summer,  the  little  semicircular  pod  bordered  with  short 
prickles  or  teeth.     ^ 

15.  STYLOSANTHES,  PENCIT^FLOWER.  (Name  from  Greek 
words  for  column  and  flower,  the  calyx  being  raised  on  its  stalk-like  base. 
The  application  of  the  popular  name  is  not  obvious.) 

S.  el^tior,  of  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.,  is  an  incon- 
spicuous low  herb,  in  tufts  ;  the  wiry  stems  downy  on  one  side  ;  leaflets  lan- 
ceolate, with  strong  straight  veins ;  flowers  orange-yellow,  small,  in  little 
clusters  or  heads,  in  late  summer.     ^  -        ^ 


104  PULSE    FAMILY. 

16.  LESPEDJSZA,  BUSH-CLOVER.  (Named  for  Lespedez,  a  Spanish 
Governor  of  Florida.)  All  grow  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil;  ^.  late  summer 
and  autumn.     ^ 

*  Native  species  :  stipules  and  bracts  minute. 

H-  Flowers  in  close  spikes  or  heads  on  upright  {2° -4°  high)  simple  rigid  stems: 
corolla  cream-color  or  white  with  a  purple  spot,  about  the  length  ojf  the  silky- 
doiony  calyx. 

Ii.  capit^ta.  Leaflets  oblong  or  sometimes  linear,  silky  beneath,  thickish ; 
peduncles  and  petioles  short ;  flowers  in  short  spikes  or  heads ;  calyx  much 
longer  than  the  pod. 

L.  hirta.  Leaflets  roundish  or  oval,  hairy  or  downy ;  petioles  and  pedun- 
cles slender  ;  spikes  becoming  rather  long  and  loose. 

■t-  •»-  Flowers  violet-purple,  scattered  or  in  open  panicles  or  clusters,  slender-peduU' 
cled,  also  usually  some  more  fertile  ones,  mostly  without  petals,  in  small 
sessile  clusters. 

L.  Viol^cea.  The  commonest,  and  very  variable,  bushy-branching,  erect 
or  spreading,  with  leaflets  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  and  minutely  whitish- 
downy  beneath,  or  sometimes  siiky  ;  the  ordinary  flowers  loosely  panicled. 

L.  prOClimbens.  Soft-downy,  except  the  upper  surface  of  the  oval  or 
oblong  leaflets,  slender  and  trailing ;  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered. 

Ij.  ripens.  Smooth,  except  some  minute  and  scattered  close-pressed  hairs, 
very  slender,  prostrate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oval  (^'  long). 

«  *  Naturalized  in  States,  from  China  or  Japan  :  stipules  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
striate,  longer  than  the  very  shoit  petiole. 

L.  striata.  Introduced  (more  than  2.5  years  ago)  in  some  unknown  way 
into  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  now  rapidly  spreading  and  occupying  old 
fields  and  waste  places,  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  country,  being  greedily  fed 
upon  by  cattle  ;  it  is  low  and  spreading,  .3'-  10'  high,  much  branched,  almost 
smooth,  with  oblong  or  Avcdge-oblong  leaflets  \'  - 1'  long,  and  1  -  3  small  pur- 
plish flowers  almost  sessile  in  the  axils. 

17.  DESMODIUM,  TICK-TREFOIL.  (Name  from  Greek,  means  Sound/ 
together,  from  the  connected  joints  of  the  pod.)  2/  We  have  many  native 
species,"  common  in  open  woods  and  copses  ;  fl.  late  summer  :  the  following 
are  the  more  common. 

§  1.  Native  species :  the  little  joints  of  the  pod  adhere  to  clothing  or  to  the  coats  oj 
animals  :  flowers  sometimes  turning  greenish  in  withering. 

*  Pod  raised  far  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk  of  its  own,  straightish  on  the 
upper  margin,  divided  from  below  into  not  more  than  4  joints :  flowers  in 
one  long-stalked  naked  terminal  raceme  or  panicle :  plants  smooth,  l°-3° 
high :  stipules  bnstle-form. 

D.  nu.difl6runi.  Flower-stalk  and  leaf-bearing  stem  rising  separately 
from  a  common  root ;  the  leaves  all  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  latter,  and 
•with  broadly  ovate  bluntish  leaflets,  pale  beneath. 

D.  aeumin^tum.  Flower-stalk  terminating  the  stem,  which  bears  a 
cluster  of  leaves  ;  the  large  leaflets  (4'  -  5'  long)  round-ovate  with  a  tapering 
point,  or  the  end  one  blunter,  green  both  sides. 

*  *  Pod  little  if  at  all  raised  above  the  calyx. 

•t-  Stems  erect,  3°  -  6°  high :  stipules  large,  ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  pointed, 
striate,  posistent,  the  bracts  similar  but  deciduous :  floivers  large  for  the 
genus:  racemes  panicled :  pods  of  4-1  rho'mbic-oblong  joints,  each  joint 
about  ^'  long. 

D.  euspid^tum.  Very  smooth,  with  a  straight  stem,  lance-ovate  and 
taper-pointed  leaflets  (3' -5'  long)  longer  than  the  common  petiole,  and  pod 
with  sraoothish  joints. 

D.  canescens.  Hairy,  with  branching  stems,  pale  leaves  ;  the  ovate 
bluntish  leaflets  about  the  length  of  the  common  petiole,  reticulated  beneath  and 
b©th  sides  roughish  with  fine  close  pubescence  ;  joints  of  pod  very  adhesive. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  105 

•*-  H-  Stems  erect,  2°  -  6°  Inrjh  :  stipules  and  bracts  mostly  awl-shaped,  small  and 
inconspicuous  or  early  deciduous  :  racemes  panicied. 

■*■*■  Common  petiole  slender :  flowers  smallish  :  joints  ofj)od  3-5,  unequal-sided. 

D.  viridiflbrum.  Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  broad  ovate  blnnt  leaf- 
lets clothed  with  white  and  soft-velvety  down.   Pine-barrens,  from  New  Jersey  S. 

D.  Isevigatum.  Stem  and  the  thickish  ovate  and  bluntish  leaflets  smooth 
or  nearly  so.     From  New  Jersey  S. 

D.  Dillbnii.  Stem  and  the  oblong  or  oblong-ovate  bluntish  thin  leaflets 
finely  pubescent ;  the  latter  2'  -  3'  long. 

D.  paniculatum.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  leaflets  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  3'  -  5'  long ;  panicle  loose. 

D.  Strictum.  Slender  stems  smooth  below,  above  and  the  narrow  panicle 
rough-glandular;  leaflets  linear,  blunt,  reticulated,  very  smooth,  l'-2'  long. 
From  New  Jersey  S. 

•*-*■  ++  Common  petiole  very  short. 

D.  Canad^nse.  Stem  hairy,  3°  -  6^-  high,  leafy  up  to  the  panicle  ;  leaf- 
lets lance-oblong,  blunt,  2'  -  3'  long ;  racemes  dense,  the  pink-purple  flowers 
larger  than  in  any  other,  fully  k'  long ;  bracts  large,  conspicuous  before  flower- 
ing.    Chiefly  N.  &  W. 

D.  sessilifolium.  Stem  pubescent,  2° -4°  high ;  the  long  panicle  naked; 
common  petiole  hardly  any ;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  flowers  small.     Penn.  to  111.  &  S. 

••-  -1-  -t-  Stems  ascending  or  spreading,  1  °  -  3°  long :  stipules  and  bracts  awl- 
shaped  and  deciduous  :  panicle  naked,  loose :  floivers  small :  pod  of  2  or  3 
small  oval  or  roundish  Joints. 

D.  rigidum.  The  largest  of  this  section,  with  rough-pubescent  stems 
sometimes  erect ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  roughish  and  reticulated, 
1'-  2^'  long,  longer  than  the  common  petiole. 

D.  Cili^re.  More  or  less  hairy,  slender,  very  leafy  ;  common  petiole  very 
short ;  leaflets  I'ound-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  ^'  -  1'  long. 

D.  Marilaudicum.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  slender ;  leaflets  ovate  or 
roundish,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole  :  other- 
wise Uke  the  preceding. 

■»-••-■•-■*-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal, 

D.  line^tum.  Smoothish  ;  stem  striate-angled  ;  stipules  awl-shaped, 
deciduous  ;  leaflets  orbicular,  1'  or  less  in  length,  much  longer  than  the  common 
petiole  ;  flowers  and  2  or  3  rounded  joints  of  the  pod  small.  Pine-barrens  from 
Maryland  S. 

D.  rotundifdlium.  Soft-hairy ;  stems  running  3°  -  5°  along  the  ground ; 
leaflets  orbicular,  about  3'  long ;  stipules  ovate,  striate,  taper-pointed,  persist- 
ent ;  flowers  and  the  3-5  rhombic-oval  joints  of  the  pod  rather  large. 

§  2.   Exotic,  conservatory  species. 

!D.  g^rans,  of  East  Indies,  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  plants  known, 
Is  readily  grown  as  a  tender  annual :  the  smooth  leaves  are  remarkable  for  their 
movements  ;  the  end  leaflet  slowly  changing  position  with  the  light ;  the  lateral 
ones,  very  much  smaller,  moving  ,pretty  rapidly  up  and  doAvn,  in  elliptical 
sweeps,  through  the  day  when  the  temperature  is  about  80°  Fahr. 

18.  JESCHYNOMENE,  SENSITIVE  JOINT -VETCH.  (From 
Greek  word  meaning  ashamed,  the  leaflets  of  some  species  being  more  or  less 
sensitive  to  the  touch  in  the  manner  of  the  common  Sensitive  Plant.)  Sta- 
mens commonly  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  resembling  that  of  Desmodium. 
Fl.  summer. 

-ZE.  hispida.  Stem  rough-bristly,  2°  -  4°  high  ;  leaflets  very  many,  broadly 
linear;  joints  of  the  bristly  pod  6-10,  nearly  square.  Low  grounds  from 
Penn.  S.     (T) 

JE.  viscidula.  Stems  clammy-pubescent,  slender,  spreading  on  the  ground ; 
leaflets  7-9,  obovate ;  joints  of  the  bristly  pod  2  or  3,  half-orbicular.  Sandy 
shores  S.     (i) 


106  PULSE   FAMILY. 

19.  CORONILLA.  (Latin,  diminutive  of  corona,  a  crown.)  Cult,  from 
Europe  for  ornament.     11 

C.  varia,  Purple  Coromlla.  Hardy  herb,  sprcadin<^  from  underground 
running  shoots,  smooth,  2°  high,  with  15-21  obovate-oval  or  oblong  small 
leaflets,  and  head-like  umbels  of  handsome  pink-purple  and  white  or  white  and 
lilac  flowers,  all  summer. 

C.  glaiica,  Yellow  Sweet-scented  C.  Green-house  shrubby  plant, 
with  5-9  glaucous  obovate  or  obcordate  leaflets,  the  terminal  largest,  and  head- 
like umbels  of  sweet-scented  yellow  flowers ;  the  claws  of  the  petals  not 
lengthened. 

20.  ARACHIS,  PEANUT,  GROUND-NUT.  (Meaning  of  name  obscure.) 
A.  hypogaea,  the  only  common  species,  originally  from  South  America, 

cult.  S.  :  the  nut-like  pods  familiar,  the  oily  fleshy  seeds  being  largely  eaten  by 
children,  either  raw  or  roasted.     ® 

21.  SESBANIA.  (Arabic  name  Sesban,  a  little  altered. )  Fl.  late  summer. 
S.  macrocarpa,  wild  in  swamps  S.,  is  tall,  smooth,  with  linear-oblong 

leaflets,  few  flowers  on  a  ])eduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  corolla  yellow 
with  some  reddish  or  purple,  followed  by  linear  narrow  hanging  pods  8' -  12' 
long,  coutaining  many  seeds.     0 

S.  vesic^ria  (or  Glott^dium  FloridXxum),  in  low  grounds  S.,  resem- 
bles the  jjri^-ceding  in  foliage  and  small  yellow  flowers,  but  has  a  broadly  oblong 
turgid  pod,  only  1'  or  2'  long,  pointed,  raised  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk 
of  its  own,  only  2-scedcd,  the  seeds  remaining  enclosed  in  the  bladdery  white 
lining  of  the  pod  when  the  outer  valves  have  fallen.     (T) 

S.  grandifl6ra  (or  Ag.Vti  grandifloua),  a  shrub  or  tree-like  plant  of 
India,  run  wild  in  Florida,  occasionally  cult,  for  ornament  S.,  has  very  largo 
flowers,  3' -4'  long,  white  or  red,  and  slender  lumging  pods  1°  of  so  long. 

22.  CARAGANA,  PEA-TREE.  (Tartar  name.)  Natives  of  Siberia 
and  China  :  planted  for  ornament,  but  uncommon,  scarcely  hardy  N. 

C.  arbor^SCens.  Siberian  P.  Shrub  or  low  tree,  with  spiny  stipules, 
4-6  pairs  of  ovai-oblong  downy  leaflets,  a  soft  tip  to  the  common  petiole,  and 
solitary  yellow  flowers,  in  spring. 

C.  frut^scens,  has  soft  stipules,  and  only  2  pairs  of  obovate  leaflets 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  petiole,  Avhich  is  tipped  with  a  spiny  point. 

C.  Chaml^gU,  Chinese  P.,  a  low  or  spreading  shrub,  has  2  rather  dis- 
tant pairs  of  smooth  oval  or  obovate  leaflets,  the  stipules  and  tip  of  the  petiole 
spiny. 

23.  INDIGOFERA,  INDIGO-PLANT.  (Name  means  producer  of  in- 
digo.) Ours  are  tail  perennials,  sometimes  with  woody  base,  and  numerous 
small  flowers  in  racemes,  of  S.  States,  in  dry  soil :  fl.  summer. 

I.  Carolini^na.  Wild  from  North  Carolina  S.  :  smoothish,  with  10-15 
obovate  or  oblong  pale  leaflets,  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  flowers  soon 
brownish,  and  oblong  veiny  pods  only  2-seeded. 

I.  tinct6ria.  This  and  the  next  furnish  the  indigo  of  commerce,  were 
cult,  for  that  purpose  S.,  and  have  run  wild  in  waste  places  :  woody  at  base, 
with  7-15  oval  leaflets,  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  deflexed  knobby 
terete^  pods  curved  and  several-seeded. 

I.  Anil  differs  mainly  in  its  flattish  and  even  pods  thickened  at  both  edges. 

24.  TEPHROSIA,  HOARY  PEA.  (From  Greek  word  meaning  Aoary.) 
Native  plants,  of  dry,  sandy  or  barren  soil,  chiefly  S. :  fl.  summer. 

*  Stem  very  leafy  up  to  the  terminal  and  seasile  dense  raceme  or  panicle. 
T.  Virginikna.     Called  Catgut,  from  the  very  tough,  long  and  slender 
roots;    white  silky-downy,  with  erect  and  simple  stem  l°-2°  high,   17-29 
linear-oblong  leaflets,  pretty  lai'ge  and  numerous  flowers  yellowish-white  with 
purple,  and  downy  pods.     Common  N.  &  S. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  1C7 

*  *  Stems  branchim;,  often  spreading  or  decumbent :  leaves  scattered :  racemes  op- 
posite the  leaces,  loncf-pedancltd :  Jiowers  fewer  and  smaller:  pubescence 
mostlij  yellowish  or  rusty. 

T.  spicata.  From  Delaware  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  loosely  soft-hairy,  with 
9-15  wcdge-oblong  or  obovate  leatiets,  and  6-10  rather  large  scattered  white 
and  pnrpic  llowers  in  the  raceme  or  spike. 

T.  hispidula.  From  Virginians.  :  low,  closely  pubescent  or  smoothish, 
with  11-15  oblong  smail  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  above  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
and  2-4  small  reddish-purple  flowers. 

T.  chrysoph;^ila.  From  Georgia  S.  &  W.  :  nearly  prostrate,  with  5-7 
wedgc-obovate  leaflets,  smooth  above  and  yellowish  silky  beneath,  the  lowest 
pair  close  to  the  stem  ;  flowers  as  in  the  last. 

25.  ROBINIA,  LOCUST-TREE.  (Dedicated  to  two  early  French  bota- 
nists, Iio!)in.)  Natives  of  Athintie,  Middle,  and  Southern  States,  planted,  and 
the  common  Locust  running  wild  N.     Fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer. 

R.  Pseudac^cia,  Common  L.  or  False  Acacia.  Tree  of  valuable 
timber,  with  naked  branchlcts,  slender  and  loose  hanging  racenieS  of  fragrant 
white  flowers,  and  smooth  pods. 

R.  visebsa,  Clammy  L.  Smaller  tree,  Avith  clammy  branches  and  stalks, 
very  short  i)ricklcs,  short  and  dense  racemes  of  faintly  rose-colored  scentless 
flowers,  and  rough  clammy  pods. 

R.  hispida,  Bristly  L.  or  Rose-Acacia.  Ornamental  shrub,  with 
branches  and  stalks  bristly,  broad  leaflets  tipped  with  a  long  bristle,  large  and 
showy  bright  rose-colored  flowers  in  close  or  loose  racemes,  and  clammy-bristly 
pods. 

26.  COLUTEA,  BLADDER-SENNA.  (Derivation  of  name  obscure : 
the  English  name  refers  to  the  bladdery  pods  and  to  the  leaves  having  been 
used  as  a  substitute  for  those  of  Senna.) 

C.  arborescens,  Common  B.  European  shnib,  planted  in  gardens,  with 
7-11  oval  and  rather  truncate  leaflets,  a  raceme  of  5-10  yellow  flowers,  in 
summer,  succeeded  by  the  large  very  thin-walled  closed  pods. 

C.  cruenta,  Ouiextal  B.,  with  obovate  notched  leaflets,  fewer  flowers 
saffi-on-colorcd  or  reddish,  and  pods  opening  by  a  little  slit  before  they  are  ripe, 
is  scarcely  hardy  N. 

27.  ASTRAGALUS,  MILK-YETCH.  (Old  Greek  name  of  the  ankle- 
bone  ami  of  some  leguminous  plant;  application  and  meaning  uncertain.) 
Very  many  native  species  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

A.  Canadensis.  River-banks,  the  only  widely  common  species  ;  rather 
coarse,  l°-4'^  high,  slightly  pubescent,  with  leaves  of  numerous  leaflets,  long 
dense  spikes  of  greenish  cream-colored  flowers,  in  summer,  followed  by  small 
and  coriaceous  ovoid  ])0d3,  completely  divided  by  a  longitudinal  partition.      21 

A.  Co6peri.  Gravelly  shores  N.  &  W.  :  resembles  the  foregoing,  but 
smoother,  l°-2°  high,  with  small  white  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  and  inflated 
ovoid  j)ods  about  1'  long,  thin-walled,  and  not  divided  internally  ;  fl.  in  early 
summer,      i^ 

A.  glaber.  Pine-barrens  S.  :  nearly  smooth,  2°  high,  with  very  many 
oblong-linear  small  leaflets,  loosely  many-flowered  spikes  of  white  flowers,  in 
spring,  succeeded  by  oblong  curved  and  flattish  2-celled  pods.     I}. 

A.  caryOGcirpus,  Ground  Plum  of  the  Western  voyagcnrs,  so  called  from 
the  fruit,  which  is  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  plum,  and  fleshy,  but  becom- 
ing dry  and  corky,  very  thick-walled,  2-celled  ;  the  plant  low,  smoothish,  with 
many  small  narrow  oblong  leaflets,  and  short  racemes  or  spikes  of  violet-purple 
or  nearly  white  flowers,  in  spring  :  common  along  the  Upper  Mississippi  and 
W.  and  S.  on  the  plains.     2/ 

A.  vill6sus.  Pine-barrens  S.  :  low  and  spreading,  loosely  hoary-hairy, 
with  about  13  oblong  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  a  short  and  dense  raceme  or 
S])ike  of  small  yellowish  flowers,  in  spring,  and  an  oblong  3-anglcd  cun'cd  and 
soft-hairy  pod,  its  cavity  not  divided,     y. 


108  PULSE    FAMILY. 

28.  WISTARIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  Wistar  of  Philadelphia. )    Very  orna- 
mental woody  twiners  :  fl.  sprin<^. 

W.  frutescens,  American  W.  Wild  along  streams  W.  and  S.,  and 
cult,  for  ornament;  soft-downy  when  young,  with  9-1.5  lance-ovate  leaflets, 
a  dense  raceme  of  showy  blue-purple  flowers,  the  calyx  narrowish,  wing-petals 
each  with  one  short  and  one  very  Jong  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  and 
a  smooth  ovary. 

W.  Sinensis,  Chinese  W.  Cult,  from  China  or  Japan,  barely  hardy  in 
New  England,  faster  growing  (sometimes  20°  in  a  season)  and  higher  climbing 
than  the  other,  with  longer  and  more  pendent  racemes,  wing-petals  appcndaged 
on  one  side  only,  and  a  downy  ovary.     Often  flowering  twice  in  the  season. 

29.  APIOS,  GKOUND-NUT,  WILD  BEAN.     (Name  from  Greek  word 
for  }mir,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers. )     1], 

A.  tub©r6sa.  Wild  in  low  grounds  ;  subterranean  shoots  bearing  strings 
of  edible  farinaceous  tubers  l'-2'  long;  stems  slender,  rather  hairy  ;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  brownish-purple,  violet-scented,  crowded  in  short  and 
thick  racemes,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

30.  ERYTHRINA.      (From  Greek  word  for  r(,d,  which  is  the  usual  color 
of  the  flowers.) 

E.  herb^cea.  Wild  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast  S.  ;  sending  up  herba- 
ceous stems  2°  -  4°  high  from  a  thick  woody  root  or  base,  some  leafy^  the  leaf- 
lets broadly  triangular-ovate  ;  others  nearly  leafless,  terminating  in  a  long  erect 
raceme  of  narrow  scarlet  flowers,  of  which  the  straight  and  folded  lanceolate 
standard  (2'  long)  is  the  on'y  conspicuous  part ;  seeds  scarlet :  fl.  spring. 

E.  Crista-g^lli.  Cult,  in  conservatories,  from  Brazil ;  with  a  tree-like 
trunk,  oval  or  oblong  leaflets,  and  loose  racemes  of  crimson  large  flowers,  the 
keel  as  well  as  the  broad  spreading  standard  conspicuous,  the  rudimentary  wings 
hidden  in  the  calyx. 

31.  PHASEOLUS,  BEAN,  KIDNEY  BEAN.      (An  ancient  name  of 
the  Bean.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Native  species,  small-flowered. 

P.  perdnnis.  From  Connecticut  and  Illinois  S.  in  woody  places  ;  slender 
stems  climbing  high  ;  leaflets  roundish-ovate,  short-pointed  ;  racemes  long  and 
loose,  often  panicled  ;  flowers  small,  purple ;  pods  drooping,  scimitar-shaped, 
few-seeded.     2/ 

P.  diversifdlius.  Sandy  shores,  &c.  :  spreading  on  the  ground,  with 
rough  hairy  stems,  ovate  entire  or  commonly  3-lobed  or  angled  leaflets,  pedun- 
cles twice  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing  a  small  cluster  of  purplish  or  at  length 
greenish  flowers,  and  linear  nearly  terete  straight  pods.  '(T) 

P.  h^ivolus.  Sandy  soil,  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.  :  more  slen- 
der than  the  preceding,  sometimes  twining  a  little,  with  the  ovate  or  oblong 
leaflets  entire  or  obscurely  angled,  peduncles  several  times  surpassing  the  leaves, 
flowers  pale  pui-ple,  and  ])ods  narrower.     2/ 

P.  pauciflbrus.  River-banks  W.  &  S.  :  spreading  over  the  ground,  also 
twining  more  or  less,  slender,  pubescent,  with  small  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear 
leaflets,  few  and  small  purplish  flowers  on  a  short  peduncle,  the  keel  merely 
incurved,  and  the  straight  flat  pod  only  1'  long.     ® 

*  *  Exotic  species,  cultivated  main/}/ for  food,  all  icith  ovate  pointed  leaflets.     ® 

P.  vulgaris,  Common  Kidney,  String,  and  Pole  Bean.  Twining, 
with  racemes  of  white  or  sometimes  dull  purplish  or  variegated  flowers  shorter 
than  the  leaf,  linear  straight  pods,  and  tumid  seeds.  Many  varieties,  among 
which  may  be  reckoned  the  next. 

P.  n^nus,  Dwarf  or  Field  Bean  ;  low  and  bushy,  not  twining;  seeds 
very  tumid. 

P.  lunatus,  Lima  Bean,  Sieva  B.,  &c.  Twining,  with  racemes  of 
small  greenish-white  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaf,  and  broad  and  curved  or 
tocimitar-shaped  pods,  containing  few  large  and  flat  seeds. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  109 

P.  multifl6rus,  Spanish  Bean,  Scarlet  Runner  when  red-flowered ; 
twining  hij,^h,  with  the  showy  flowers  bright  scarlet,  or  white,  or  mixed,  in 
peduncled  racemes  surpassing  the  leaves  ;  pods  broadly  linear,  straight  or 
a  little  curved  ;  seeds  large,  tumid,  white  or  colored. 

*  *  *  Exotic  species,  cultivated  in  greenhouses  fof  ornament.  ^ 
P.  Carac^lla,  Snail-Flower.  Stem  twining  extensively,  rather  woody 
below,  from  a  tuberous  root ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  racemes 
longer  than  the  leaf ;  flowers  showy,  2'  long,  white  and  pvirple,  the  standard  as 
well  as  the  very  long-snouted  keel  spirally  coiled,  giving  somewhat  the  appear- 
ance of  a  snail-shell. 

32.  DOLICHOS,  BLACK  BEAN,  &c.  (Old  Greek  name  of  a  Bean, 
meaning  elongated,  perhaps  from  the  tall-climbing  stems.) 

D.  Lablab,  Egyptian  or  Black  Bean,  cult,  from  India,  for  ornament 
and  sometimes  for  food,  is  a  smooth  twiner,  with  elongated  racemes  of  showy 
violet,  purple,  or  white  flowers,  1'  long,  and  thick  and  broadly  oblong  pointed 
pods  ;  seeds  black  or  tawny  with  a  white  scar.     (I) 

D.  Sinensis,  China  Bean,  var.  melanophthalmus,  Black-eyed 
Bean,  with  long  peduncles  bearing  only  2  or  3  (wliite  or  pale)  flowers  at  the 
end,  the  beans  (which  are  good)  white'with  a  black  circle  round  the  scar,  is 
occasionally  met  with. 

33.  GALACTIA,  MILK-PEA.  (From  a  Greek  word  for  milky,  which 
these  plants  are  not.)  There  are  several  other  species  in  the  Southern  At- 
lantic States  ;  a  rare  one  has  pinnate  leaves.     FI.  summer.     IJ. 

G.  glabella.  Sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  prostrate,  nearly  smooth, 
with  rather  rigid  ovate-oblong  leaflets,  their  upper  surface  shining,  a  few  rather 
large  rose-purple  flowers  on  a  peduncle  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  and  a  4  -  6- 
sceded  at  length  smoothish  pod. 

G.  m611is.  Sandy  barrens,  from  Maryland  S. :  spreading,  seldom  twininj?, 
soft-downy  and  hoary,  even  to  the  8  -  10-seeded  pod  ;  racemes  long-peduncled, 
many-flowered ;  leaflets  oval. 

34.  AMPHICARP^A,  HOG-PEA-NUT.  (Name  from  Greek  words 
meaning  double-fruited,  alluding  to  the  two  kinds  of  pod.)     ^ 

A.  monoiea.  A  slender  much-branched  twiner,  with  brownish-hairy 
stems,  leaves  of  3  rhombic-ovate  thin  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  purplish 
flowers  in  clustered  drooping  racemes,  besides  the  more  fertile  subterranean 
ones  ;  the  turgid  pods  of  the  latter  hairy  :  herbage  greedily  fed  upon  by  cattle  : 
fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

35.  CENTROSEMA,  SPURRED  BUTTERFLY-PEA.  (Name  from 
Greek  words  meaning  spurred  standard.)     11 

C.  Virgini^num.  Sandy  woods,  chiefly  S.  :  trailing  and  low  twining, 
slender,  roughish  Avith  minute  hairs  ;  leaflets  varying  from  ovate-oblong  to 
linear,  very  veiny,  shining;  the  1  -4-flowered  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
the  showy  violet-purple  flowers  1'  or  1^'  long,  in  summer. 

36.  CLITORIA,  BUTTERFLY-PEA.     (Derivation  obscure.)     IJ. 

C.  Marikna,  our  only  species,  in  dry  ground  from  New  Jersey  S. :  smooth, 
with  erect  or  slightly  twining  stem  (l°-3°  high),  ovate-oblong  leaflets  pale 
beneath,  very  showy  light  blue  flowers  2'  long,  single  or  2-3  together  on  a 
short  peduncle,  and  a  few-seeded  straight  pod  :  fl.  summer. 

37.  HARDENBERGIA.  (Named  for  an  Austrian  botanist.)  Austra- 
lian plants.     2/ 

H.  monoph^Ua,  a  choice  greenhouse  plant,  has  leaves  of  a  single  ovate 
or  lanceolate  leaflet  2'  or  3'  long,  and  slender  racemes  of  small  violet-purple 
flowers ;  whole  plant  smooth. 


110  PULSE    FAMILY. 

38.  KENNEDYA.     (Named  for  a  distinguished  English  florist.)     Aus- 
tralian plants,  of  choice  cultivation  in  conservatories.     % 

K.  rubiciinda,  is  hairy,  free-climbing,  with  3  ovate  leaflets,  and  2-4- 
flowered  peduncles,  the  dark  red  or  crimson  flowers  over  1'  long. 

39.  RHYNCHOSIA.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  beaked,  of  no  ob- 
vious application.)     Chiefly  Southern  :  fl.  summer.     % 

R.  toment6sa.  Low,  soft-downy,  in  several  varieties,  erect,  spreading,  or 
the  taller  forms  twining  more  or  less,  with  one  or  three  round  or  sometimes 
oblong-oval  leaflets,  and  clusters  or  racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers.  Dry  sandy 
soil,  from  Maryland  S. 

R.  galaetoides.  Bushy-branched,  2° -4°  high,  not  at  all  disposed  to 
twine,  minutely  pubescent,  Avith  3  small  and  rigid  oval  leaflets,  hardly  any 
common  petiole,  and  scattered  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  the  standard  reddisli 
outside.     Dry  sand-ridges,  from  Alabama  S. 

40.  PISUM,  PEA.     (The  old  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  the  Pea.)     (D 

P.  sativum,  Common  Pea.  Cult,  from  the  Old  World  :  smooth  and 
glaucous,  with  very  large  leafy  stipules,  commonly  2  pairs  of  leaflets,  branching 
tendrils,  and  peduncles  bearing  2  or  more  large  flowers ;  corolla  white,  bluish, 
purple,  or  party-colored  ;  pods  rather  fleshy. 

41.  LATHYRUS,  VETCHLING.      (Old  Greek  name.)      Some  species 
closely  resemble  the  Pea,  others  are  more  like  Vetches.     Fl.  summer. 

*  Cult,  from  Eu.,for  ornament :  stem  and  petioles  wing-margined :  leaflets  one  pair. 

L.  Odor^tus,  Sweet  Pea.  Stem  more  or  less  roughish-hairy ;  leaflets 
oval  or  oblong  ;  Howers  2  or  3  on  a  long  peduncle,  sweet-scented,  white  with 
the  standard  rose-color,  or  purple,  with  varieties  variously  colored.     ® 

L.  latifdlius,  Everlasting  Pea.  Smooth,  climbing  high  ;  stems  broadly 
winged  ;  leallets  oval,  with  parallel  veins  very  conspicuous  beneath ;  flowers 
numerous  in  a  long-peduncled  raceme,  pink-purple,  also  a  white  variety,  scent- 
less.    ;^ 

*  *  Native  species :  stems  wingless  or  merely  margined :  leaflets  2-8  pairs.    "^ 

Ij.  maritimus,  Beach  Pea.  Sea-shore  of  New  England  especially  N., 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  :  about  1°  high,  leafy,  smooth,  with  stipules  nearly 
as  large  as  the  8-16  oval  crowdetl  leaflets,  and  the  peduncle  bearing  6-10  i-ather 
large  purple  flowers. 

fl.  veil6sus.  Shady  banks  W.  &  S. :  climbing,  with  10-17  more  scattered 
ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  often  downy  beneath,  small  and  slender  stipules,  and 
peduncles  bearing  many  purple  flowers. 

L.  OChroleUGUS.  Hillsides  and  banks  N.  &  W.  :  slender  stems  l°-3° 
high  ;  the  leaflets  6-8,  glaucous,  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  larger  than  the  leafy 
stipules  ;  peduncles  bearing  several  rather  small  yellowish-white  flowers. 

L.  pallistris.  Swamps  and  wet  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  low,  l°-2°  high, 
with  margined  or  slightly  winged  stems,  small  lanceolate  stipules,  4-8  leaflets 
varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  and  peduncles  bearing  3-5  rather  small  purple 
flowers. 

Var.  myrtif61ius,  common  W.  &  S.,  usually  appears  very  distinct,  climb- 
ing 2°  -  4°  high,  with  oblong  or  oval  leaflets,  larger  and  moi-e  leaf-like  upper 
stipules,  and  paler  flowers. 

42.  VICIA,  VETCH,  TARE.     (The  old  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

§  1.   Flowers  several  or  many  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  spring  or  summer:  pod 
several-seeded:  wikl  species  in  loio ground,  l°-4°high.     IJ. 
*  Peduncle  4  -  8-flowered :  plant  smooth. 
V.  Americana.     Common  N.  &  W. ;  with  10  - 14  oblong  and  very  blunt 
veirw  leaflets,  and  purplish  flowers  over  |'  long. 

V .  acutifblia.  Near  the  coast  S. ;  with  about  4  linear  or  oblong  leaflets, 
and  small  blue  or  purplish  flowers. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  Ill 

*  *  Peduncle  bearing  very  many  small  soon  rejlexed  flowers. 

V.  Carolini^na.  Smoothish  ;  with  8-24  obIon<,^  blunt  leaflets,  and  small 
white  or  purplish-tipped  flowers  rather  loose  or  scattered  in  the  slender  raceme. 

V.  Cracca.  Only  N.  «&  W.,  rather  downy;  with  20-24  lance-oblong 
mucronate-])ointed  leaflets,  and  a  dense  spike  of  blue  flowers  (nearly  ^'  long) 
turning  purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  1  -  5  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  summer  or  spring,  very  small :  leaf- 
lets oblong-linear,  A -S  pairs:  pod  oblong,  only  2-A-seeded:  slender  and 
delicate  European  plants,  run  wild  in  fields  and  loaste  places.     (I) 

V.  tetrasperma.     Leaflets  blunt ;  corolla  whitish  ;  pod  4-seeded,  smooth. 

V.  hirsuta.     Leaflets  truncate  ;  corolla  bluish  ;  pod  2-seeded,  hairy. 

§  3.  Flowers  single  or  few  and  sessile  or  short-pedunded  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves, 
pretty  large :  pod  several-seeded :  stem  simple,  low,  not  climbing,     (i) 

v.  sativa,  Commox  Vetch  or  Tare.  Sometimes  cult,  for  fodder,  from 
the  Old  World,  run  wild  in  some  fields  :  somewhat  hairy,  with  10-  14  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong  or  obovate  to  linear,  and  notched  and  mucronate  at  the 
apex  ;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs  and  sessile,  violet-purple  ;  seeds  tumid. 

V.  Faba,  Bean  of  England,  Windsor  or  Hokse-Bean.  Cult,  from  the 
Old  World  for  the  edible  beans  (which  are  not  much  foncied  in  this  country, 
where  we  have  better)  :  smooth,  with  stout  erect  stem  1^-2°  high,  crowded 
leaves  of  2  -  6  oblong  leaflets  (1^'  -  3'  long),  a  mere  rudiment  of  atendril,  and 
axillary  clusters  of  Avhite  flowers  having  a  black  spot  on  each  wing  ;  pod  thick 
and  fleshy,  2'  -  3'  long  ;  seeds  oval,  flattened,  large. 

43.  LENS,  LENTIL.  (Classical  Latin  name.  The  shape  of  the  seed  gave 
the  name  to  the  glass  lens  for  magnifying.)     (1) 

L.  esculdnta,  Common  Lentil,  of  Europe,  cult,  for  fodder  and  for  the 
seeds,  but  rarely  with  us  :  slender  plant,  barely  1°  high,  resembling  a  Vetch, 
with  several  pairs  of  oblong  leaflets  (.^  long),  2  or  3  small  white  or  purplish 
flowers  on  a  slender  peduncle,  and  a  small  broad  pod,  containing  2  orbicular 
shari>edged  (lens-shaped)  seeds,  which  are  generally  yellowish  or  brownish, 
a  sorry  substitute  for  beans,  but  good  for  soup. 

44.  CICER,  CHICK-PEA.     (An  old  Latin  name  for  the  Vetch.)     (T) 

C.  arietinuni,  Common  C,  of  the  Old  World,  called  Coffee-Pea  at  the 
"West,  there  cult,  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  for  coffte  :  their  shape  gave  the 
specific  name,  being  likened  to  the  head  of  a  sheep  :  plant  9-20'  high,  covered 
with  soft  glandular' acid  hairs  ;  leaves  of  8-  12  wedge-obovate  serrate  leaflets  ; 
peduncle  bearing  one  small  whitish  flower,  succeeded  by  the  turgid  small  pod. 

45.  CHORIZEMA.     (A  fanciful  name  of  Greek  derivation.)     % 

C.  ilicifdlia,  Holly-leaved  C.  Greenhouse-plant  from  Australia,  bushy, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves  cut  into  strong  spiny  teeth  or  lobes,  and  racemes  of 
small  copper-colored  flowers,  the  wings  redder. 

46.  BAPTISIA,  FALSE  INDIGO.  (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  dye, 
these  plants  yielding  a  poor  sort  of  indigo.)  Foliage  of  most  species  turning 
blackish  in  drying :  nearly  all  grow  in  sandy  or  gravelly  dry  soil :  fl.  spring 
and  early  summer.     2/ 

*  Flowers  yellow. 

B.  perfoliata.  Low  and  spreading,  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  simple 
round-ovate  leaves  surrounding  the  stem  (perfoliate,  probably  answering  to 
united  sti])ulcs),  and  single  small  flowers  in  their  axils;  pod  small  and  globular. 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

B.  tinetbria,  Common  or  Wild  False-Indigo.  Pale  or  glaucous, 
smooth,  bushy,  2°  biuh,  with  3  small  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  hardly  any  com- 
mon petiole,  minute  deciduous  stipules,  few-flowered  racemes  terminating  the 
branches,  and  small  globular  pods. 


112  PULSE    FAMILY. 

B.  lanceolkta.  Downy  when  young,  spreading,  with  3  thickish  blunt  leaf- 
lets varying  from  lanceolate  to  obovate,  a  very  short  common  petiole,  small  de- 
ciduous stipules,  and  rather  large  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  and  in  short  ter- 
minal racemes,  the  pod  globular  and  slender-pointed.     Common  S.  &  S.  W. 

B.  vill6sa.  Minutely  downy,  with  stout  stems  2°  high,  3  spatulate-oblong 
or  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  becoming  smooth  above,  a  very  short  common  petiole, 
stipules  more  or  less  persistent,  and  many-flowered  racemes  of  large  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels ;  the  pod  minutely  downy,  oblong,  taper-ijointed.  From 
Carolina  S.  W. 

*  *  Flowers  white,  in  the  first  cream-color :  leaves  all  of  3  leaflets  varip'ng  from 
ivedge-ohovate  to  ohlanceolate,  and  Jlowers  in  long  racemes  terminatimj  the 
branches. 

B.  leucophaea.  Low  and  spreading,  1°  high,  soft-hairy,  with  persistent 
large  and  leaf-like  bracts  and  stipules,  reclined  one-sided  racemes  of  cream- 
colored  large  (1'  long)  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  and  hoary  ovate  pods.  Open 
woods,  chiefly  W. 

B,  alba.  Smooth,  2° -3°  high,  with  slender  widely  spreading  branches, 
slender  petioles,  minute  deciduous  stipules  and  bracts,  loose  erect  or  spreading 
long-pedunclcd  racemes  of  small  flowers  {^'-^'  long),  and  cylindrical  pods. 
From  Virginia  S. 

B.  leucantha.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  stout,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  spreading 
branches,  rather  short  petioles,  the  lanceolate  stipules  and  biiicts  deciduous, 
erect  long  racemes  of  large  (1'  long)  flowers,  and  oval-oblong  pods  2'  long, 
raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Alluvial  soil,  from  Ohio 
W.  &  S. 

*  *  *  Flowers  blue:  leaves  ofS  leaflets  as  in  the  foregoing . 

B.  austr^lis.  Smooth  and  stout,  pale,  erect,  2° -.5°  high,  with  oblong- 
wedge-shaped  leaflets,  lanceolate  and  rather  persistent  stipules  as  long  as  the 
short  petiole,  erect  racemes  of  pretty  lartre  (nearly  1'  long)  flowers  on  short 
pedicels,  and  oval-oblong  pods  2' -3'  long,  on  a"  stalk  of  the  length  of  the 
calyx. 

47.  THERMOPSIS.  (From  Greek  words  meaning  that  the  plants  resem- 
ble the  Lupine.)     Flowers  yellow.     2/ 

T.  in611is.  Wild  in  open  woods  from  N.  Carolina  S. :  downy,  10-2°  high, 
with  spreading;  branches,  3  obovatc-obloni;  leaflets,  oblong-ovate"^  leafy  stipules, 
some  of  them  as  long  as  the  short  petioles,  and  long  narrow-linear  spreading 

Eods  short-stalked  in  the  calyx:  fl.  spring.     (There  are  two  other  species  in  the 
outhern  Alleghanies.) 

T.  fab^cea,  which  is  erect  with  oval  leaflets  and  upright  pods,  is  sparingly 
cult,  from  Siberia,  and  wild  in  N.  W.  America. 

48.  CLADRASTIS,  YELLOW- WOOD.  (Meaning  of  name  obscure, 
perha])S  from  Greek  for  brittle  branches.) 

C.  tinct6ria  (also  named  Virgilia  l^tea),  native  of  rich  woods  from 
E.  Kentucky  S.,  jjlanted  for  ornament,  one  of  the  very  handsomest  and  neatest 
of  ornamental  trees  ;  with  light  yellow  wood,  a  close"  bark  like  tlwit  of  Beech, 
leaves  of  7-11  parallel-veined  oval  or  ovate  leaflets  (3' -4'  long  and  smooth,  as 
is  the  whole  plant),  and  am])le  hanging  panicles  (1°  or  more  long)  of  pretty, 
delicately  fragrant,  cream-white  flowers,  terminating  the  branchlets  of  the  season, 
in  May  or  June. 

49.  SOPHORA.  (An  Arabic  name  altered.)  There  is  a  wild  herbaceous 
species  beyond  the  Mississippi,  a  low  shrubby  one  on  the  coast  of  Florida, 
and  a  tree  in  Arkansas  and  Texas  Avhich  in  its  fleshy  jointed  pod  and  in  ap- 
pearance much  resembles  the  following  :  — 

S.  Jap6nica,  Japan  S.  Planted  for  ornament,  hardy  to  New  England ; 
tree  20°  -  .50°  high,  with  greenish  bark,  11-13  oval  or  oblong  acute  smooth 
leaflets,  and  loose  panicles  of  cream-white  flowers,  terminating  the  branches  at 
the  end  of  summer,  the  fruit  a  string  of  fleshy  1 -seeded  joints. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  113 

50.  CERCIS,  RED-BUD,  JUDAS-TREE.  (Ancient  name  of  the  ori- 
ental species  :  tlie  Enjrlish  name  from  the  old  notion  that  this  was  the  tree 
whereon  Judas  hanged  himself.) 

C  Canadensis,  American  Red-bud.  Wild  from  New  York  S.  (but 
probably  not  in  Canada  as  the  name  implies)  :  a  small,  handsome  tree,  orna- 
mental in  spring,  wlien  the  naked  branches  are  covered  with  the  small  but  very 
numerous  flowers,  of  the  color  of  peach-blossoms  or  redder  ;  the  rounded  leaves 
are  somewhat  pointed,  and  the  pods  scarcely  stalked  in  the  calyx. 

C.  Siliquastrum,  European  R.  or  Judas-Tree.  Barely  hardy  N., 
except  as  a  shrub ;  has  larger  flowers,  pod  raised  out  of  the  calyx  on  a  short 
stalk,  and  almost  kidney-shaped  leaves.  A  seeming  variety  of  this  inhabits 
Texas  and  California. 

51.  CASSIA,  SENNA.  (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)  The  follow- 
ing all  wild  species,  the  first  sometimes  cult,  in  country  gardens,  and  the 
leaves  used  in  place  of  true,  oriental  Senna.     Fl.  summer,  in  all  ours  yellow. 

§  1.  Smooth  herbs,  in  rich  or  alluvial  soil,  with  rather  large  leaflets,  deciduous 
stipules,  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  the 
10  stamens  unequal,  some  of  the  upper  anthers  imperfect. 

C.  Marilandica,  Wild  Senna.  The  only  common  sort  at  the  north, 
3°-4°  high,  with  6-9  pairs  of  narrow-oblong  blunt  and  mucronate  leaflets, 
a  club-shaped  gland  on  the  common  petiole  near  the  base,  bright  yellow  petals 
often  turning  whitish  when  old,  blackish  anthers,  and  linear  flat  (at  first  hairy) 
pods.     H  ^  ^ 

C.  OCCidentalis,  Western  S.  or  Styptic- Weed.  Common  S.,  nat. 
from  South  America:  l°-5°  high,  with  4-6  pairs  of  lance-ovate  acute  leaf- 
lets, a  globular  gland  on  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  narrow  linear  smooth  pods 
5'  long,     d)   ,       , 

C.  obtUSif61ia.  From  Illinois  and  Virginia  S.  ;  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  ob- 
ovate  leaflets,  a  pointed  gland  between  the  lowest,  the  pale  flowers  in  pairs,  and 
slender  curved  pods  6'  -  10'  long,     (i) 

§  2.   Low  and  spreading,  smooth  or  roughish  hairy  herbs,  in  sandy  or  dry  Ixirren 
soil,  with  persistent  striate  stipules,  and  10  -  20  pairs  of  small  linear-oblong 
oblique  or  unequal-sided  leaflets,  ivhich  are  someichat  sensitive,  closing  when 
roughly  brushed;  a  cup-shaped  gland  below  the  lowest  pair :  fowers  clus- 
tered in  the  axils. 
C  Chamsecrista,  Large-fl.  Sensitive  or  Partridge  Pea.    Flowers 
pretty  large,  showy,  on  slender  pedicels,  with  the  petals  often  purple-spotted  at 
base,  a  slender  style,  and  10  unequal  stamens,  some  of  the  anthers  usually  yel- 
loAv  and  others  purple.     Like  the  next  most  common  S.     (T) 

C.  nictitans,  Small-fl.  S.  Flowers  small,  on  very  short  pedicels,  with 
a  short  style,  and  5  nearly  equal  anthers. 

52.  C^SALPINIA.  (Named  for  the  early  Italian  botanist  Ci^salpinus.) 
One  sjH'cies  of  tropical  America,  cult,  in  some  conservatories,  is  planted  out 
in  Gulf  States,  viz. 

C.  puleh6rrima  (also  named  PoinciXna  pulcherrima),  Barbadoes 
Flower-fence.  Small  tree,  prickly,  Avith  twice-pinnate  leaves,  numerous 
oblong  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  and  open  terminal  racemes  of  large  and 
showy  flowers,  the  short-clawed  broad  and  jagged-edged  petals  1'  long  and  red- 
dish-orange, and  the  crimson  filaments  3'  long. 

53.  GYMNOCLADUS,  KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE.  (Name  from 
Greek  words  for  naked  branch,  the  branches  being  very  stout,  and  when  the 
leaves  have  fallen  appearing  destitute  of  spray.) 

G.  Canadensis.    The  only  species,  a  fine  ornamental  and  timber  tree,  wild 

from  W.  New  York  S.  and  especially  W.,  with  rough  bark,  twice-pinnate  leaves 

2°  or  3^^  long,  each  })artial  leafstalk  bearing  7-13  ovate  and  stalked  leaflets, 

except  the  lowest  pair,  which  are  single  leaflets  (2' -3'  long);    the  leaflets 

S&F— 16 


114  PULSE    FAMILY. 

remarkable  for  hanging  edgewise.  Flowers  in  early  summer ;  ripening  in  late 
autumn,  the  large  and  indurated  pod  5'  -  10'  long  and  1^'  -  2'  wide ;  the  seeds 
over  ^'  across. 

64.  GLEDITSCHIA,  HONEY-LOCUST.  (Named  for  the  early  Ger. 
man  l)otani3t,  Gleditsch.)  Fl.  early  summer,  ineonspicuous,  ripening  the  i)ods 
late  in  autumn.  Thorns  simple  or  compound ;  those  ou  the  branchlets  above 
the  axils.  Leaves  on  growing  shoots  of  tlie  season  twice  pinnate ;  those  in 
clusters  on  spurs  mostly  once  pinnate. 

G.  triacanthos,  Three-thorxed  Acacia  or  Common  H.  Wild  in 
rich  soil  from  l*cnn.  S.  &  W.,  also  commonly  planted  for  shade,  sometimes  used 
for  hedges  :  a  rather  tall  tree,  with  light  foliage,  large  often  very  com])ound 
thorns  llattish  at  the  base  and  tapering,  small  lance-oblong  leaflets,  and  linear 
flat  pods  9'-  20'  long,  often-  twisted  or  curved.  A  var.  inermis  has  very  few  or 
no  thonis. 

G.  Sinensis,  Chinese  II.,  occasionally  planted,  has  stouter  conical  thorns, 
and  broader  oval  leaflets. 

G.  nionosp6rma,  Oxe-seeded  or  Water  II.  Swamps  from  Illinois 
S.  W. :  small  tree,  with  slender  thorns,  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  and  ovjU  1-seedcd 
pods,  containing  no  pulp. 

55.  MIMOSA,  SENSITIVE-PLANT.  (From  Greek  word  to  mimic,  i.  c. 
the  movements  imitating  an  animal  faculty.)  There  are  wild  shrubl)y  species 
iu  Texas  and  farther  S.  The  following  are  herbs,  procumbent  or  trailing, 
Avith  bristly  short  pods. 

M.  pudica,  Common  S.  Beset  with  spreading  bristly  hairs  and  somewhat 
prickly  ;  the  leaves  very  sensitive  to  the  touch,  of  very  numerous  linear  leaflets 
on  2  pairs  of  branches  of  the  common  petiole,  crowded  on  its  apex,  so  as  to 
appear  digitate ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  slender-peduncled  lieads,  in  sunnncr. 
Cult,  from  South  America.     (Y) 

M.  Strigill6sa,  Wild  S.  Rough  with  apprcsscd  stiff  bristles,  not  prickly  ; 
leaves  with  5  or  6  pairs  of  branches  of  the  common  i)etiolc,  each  jjcaring  10-  14 
pairs  of  oblong-linear  leaflets;  flowers  rose-color;  oblong  head  on  very  long 
peduncle.     Wild  on  river-banks  far  S. :  fl.  summer.     ^ 

56.  SCHRANKIA,  SENSITIVE-BRIER.  (Named  for  a  German  bot- 
anist, Sclirank.)  Two  species  wild  in  dry  sandy  soil,  S.  &  W.,  spreading  on 
the  ground,  appearing  much  alike,  with  leaves  closing  like  the  Sensitive- 
PJant,  but  only  under  ruder  handling :  flowers  rose-purple,  small,  in  globular 
heads  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer.     ^ 

S.  "Uncin^ta.  Stems,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  oblong-linear  short-pointed 
pods  beset  with  rather  stout  hooked  prickles  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with 
strong  veins  underneath. 

S.  angust^ta.  Trickles  scattered,  weaker,  and  less  hooked ;  leaflets  oblong- 
linear,  not  reticulated  ;  i)ods  slender,  taper-pointed. 

57.  DESMANTHUS.  (Greek-made  name,  meaning  that  the  flowers  arc 
houmi  toijether :  they  are  merely  crowded  in  a  head.  A  few  species  very  far 
S.,  and  the  following  W. 

D.  bracli;^lobus.  Prairies  from  Illinois  S.  &  W. :  nearly  smooth,  l°-4° 
high,  erect,  with  6-15  pairs  of  ])artial  petioles,  each  bearing  20  -  30  pairs  of 
very  small  narrow  leaflets,  one  or  more  glands  on  the  mahi  ])Ctiole,  small  heads 
of  whitish  flowers,  followed  by  short  2  -  G-seeded  pods  ;  stamens  5.      ^ 

58.  ALBIZZIA,  SILK-FLOWER.     (Named  for  an  Italian  botanist.) 
A.  Julibrissin,  Silk-Flower  or  Silk-Tree,  from  Asia,  planted  for 

ornament  S.  :  a  small  tree,  with  leaves  of  numerous  pairs  of  partial  petioles, 
each  bearing  about  CO  oblong  acute  leaflets,  Avhich  appear  as  if  halved,  and  with 
panicled  heads  of  rather  large  pale  rose-purple  flowers,  the  long  and  lustrous 
filaments,  like  silky  threads  in  tufts  (giving  the  popular  name),  being  mainly 
conspicuous  ;  pod  5'  --  6'  long,  oblong-iincar,  very  flat  and  thin. 


ROSE    FAMILY.  115 

69.  ACACIA.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  Acacia- trees  ;  one  spe- 
cies yields  Gum  Arabic.)  No  native  species  north  of  Texas.  The  following 
are  exotic  shrubs  or  trees,  cult,  in  conservatories  N.,  and  one  of  them  planted 
or  run  wild  far  S. 

§  1.    Leaves  twice  pinnate,  of  very  numerous  small  leaflets. 

A.  Farnesiana.s    Native  of  South  America :  nat.  along:  the  Gulf  of  Mexi-  " 
CO,  sometimes  cult.  :  a  nearly  smooth  shrub,  with  pairs  of  short  prickles  alonj^ 
the  branches,  small  linear  leaflets,  small  heads,  on  short  peduncles  (2  or  3  to- 
gether) of  yellow  very  sweet-scented  Howers,  used  by  the  perfumers.    The  plant 
also  yields  gum.     Pod  thick,  pulpy  or  pithy  within. 

A.  dealb^ta,  of  Australia  :  a  fast-growing  small  tree,  not  prickly  nor 
thorny,  pale  or  whitened  with  minute  obscure  down  or  mealiness  ;  with  leaves 
of  10-25  pairs  of  partial  petioles  (a  little  gland  on  the  main  petiole  between 
each  pair),  and  very,  many  pairs  of  closely  set  and  minute  linear  leaflets  ;  the 
bright  yellow  flowers  in  globular  heads  collected  in  an  ample  very  open  raceme 
or  panicle,  odorous. 

§  2.  Only  the  leaves  of  the  seedling  twice-pinnate  ;  the  rest  simple  and  entire  mostly 
blade-like  petioles  [called  phyllodia,  Lessons,  p.  69),  standing  edgewise 
instead  of  flatwise,  but  otherwise  imitating  rigid  simple  leaves.  Chiefly 
natives  of  Australia,  where  they  are  extremely  numei-ous. 

*  Leaves  short,  and  with  only  a  central  nerve  or  midrib, 

■*-  Linear  awl-shaped  or  almost  needle-shaped,  prickly-tipped,  small,  about  ^'  long. 

A.  juniperina.  Rigid  bushy  shrub,  Avith  the  leaves  scattered  over  the 
branches,  and  flowers  in  single  small  round  heads. 

A.  verticill^ta.     Si)rcading  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  the  leaves  crowded 
more  or  less  in  whorls  of  5  -  8  or  more,  and  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes. 
-*-  ■»-  Obliquely  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  broader,  not  prickly-tipped. 

A.  armata.  Tall-growing  shrub,  usually  with  hairy  branches,  and  with 
conspicuous  prickle-like  stipules  ;  half-ovate  oblong  or  incurved-lanccolate  leaves 
mostly  blunt,  with  somewhat  wavy  margins,  feather-veined,  not  over  1 '  long ; 
flowers  in  round  heads. 

A.  vestita.  Tall-growing  shrub,  soft-downy,  with  drooping  branches,  pale 
obliquelv  wedge-ovate  or  obovate  and  curved  bristle-pointed  leaves,  and  small 
globular  heads  of  flowers  in  racemes. 

A.  CUltriformis.  Shrub  smooth,  mealy-glaucous  when  young,  with  tri- 
angular or  lance-obovate  and  curved  minutely  pointed  leaves,  of  thick  and  firm 
texture,  and  globular  lieads  in  racemes,  forming  a  leafy  terminal  panicle. 

#  *  Leaves  3'-G'  or  more,  long,  pointless,  with  2-5  parallel  nerves,  or  when  very 
narrow  only  \ -nerved :  flowers  in  slender  loose  or  interrupted  axillary  spikes. 

A.  longifblia.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  smooth,  Avith  angular  branches,  and 
leaves  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  linear,  greatly  varying,  2  -  5-nerved,  often 
faintly  veiny  between  the  nerves. 

A.  linearis.  Like  the  ])rcceding,  but  with  leaves  (4'  -  10'  long)  very  nar- 
row-linear and  with  only  one  obvious  nerve. 

38.  ROSACE-aE,  ROSE  FAMILY. 
Plants  -with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  with 
usually  indefinite  unconnected  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  one, 
few,  or  many  simple  separate  pistils  (except  in  the  divi.-ion  to  which 
the  Pear  belongs),  and  single,  few,  or  occasionally  numerous  seeds  ; 
these  filled  with  a  straight  embryo.  Destitute  of  noxious  qualities 
(excepting  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  of  some  Cherries,  and  the 
like),  and  furnishing  the  most  important  fruits  of  temperate  climates, 
as  well  as  the  queen  of  fiowers.  We  have  three  principal  great 
divisions. 


I.  ALMOND  or  PLUM  FAMILY :  consists  of  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  stipules  tree  from  the  petiole  (often 
minute  or  early  deciduous,  so  that  there  may  appear  to  be  none), 
a  calyx  which  is  deciduous  after  flowering,  and  a  single  pistil,  its 
.  ovary  tipped  with  a  slender  style  ^Lessons,  p.  103,  fig.  213),  con- 
taining a  pair  of  ovules,  and  becoming  a  simple  drupe  or  stone  fruit. 
(Lessons,  p.  128,  fig.  285.)' 

1.  PRUNUS.     Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped  tube  and  5  spreading  lobes. 

Petals  5,  and  stamens  3-5  times  as  many,  or  indefiuirely  numerous,  inserted 
*y  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.     Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

IL  ROSE  FAMILY  proper  :  consists  of  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  stipules  either  free  from  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
calyx  persisting  below  or  around  the  fruit,  which  is  composed  of 
sometimes  one  but  commonly  several  or  many  distinct  pistds. 

§  1.    Calyx  not  icitk  a  Jleshy  tube  or  cup.  nor  closed  over  the  fruit. 

*  Ovaries  about  5  (2  -  12),  becoming  little  poiJs,  sevei'ul-(2  -  10-) seeded :  calyx  with 

only  5  or  rarely  4  lobes. 

2.  SPIRiEA.     Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  stipules  sometimes  minute  or  ob- 

solete, sometimes  conspicuous,  and  white  or  ro-e-purple  Howers.  Calyx  open 
and  short,  mostly  5-cleft,  not  enclosing  the  pods.  Petals  equal,  coinmonly 
broad.     Stamens  10-50. 

3.  GILLENIA.     Herbs,  with  nearly  white  flowers  and  almost  sessile  leaves  of  3 

leaflets.  Calyx  narrow,  oblong,  5-toothed,  enclosing  the  5  pistils  (which  at 
first  lightly  cohere  in  a  mass)  and  the  little  pods.  Petals  rather  unequal, 
lance-linear.     Stamens  10 -20,  not  projecting. 

«  «  Ovaries ftw  or  many,  sinfjle-cwuled,  becoming  dry  nl-enes  in  fruit  above  the  open 
and  mostly  spreading  calyx :  slama'is  numerous. 
■*-  Pistils /etc,  only  2-8. 

4.  KERRI  A.    Shrub,  with  long  green  brandies,  simple  and  coarsely-toothed  leaves, 

and  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branciilcts  of  the  season.  Calyx  with  6 
somewhat  toothed  large  lobes.     Petals  broad. 

5.  W.ALDS  TEINIA.     Low  pereimial  herbs,  with  chiefly  root-leaves,  either  lobed 

or  compound,  and  a  few  yellow  flowers  on  a  short  scape.     Calyx  with  a  top- 
shaped   tube  and  5  spreading  lobes,  alternate   with   which  are   sometimes 
6  minute  teeth  or  bractlets.     Petals  obovate.     Styles  decidnous  by  a  joint, 
•t-  H-  Pistils  ntwierous  and  henped  in  a  head:  calyx  (except  in  one  Geum)  augmented 

with  additional  outer  lobes  or  bractkts  alternating  toith  the  5  proper  lobes : 

leaves  mostly  compound. 

6.  GEUM.    Perennial  herbs.    Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped,  top-shaped,  or  hemispher- 

ical tube  or  cup.  Akenes  narrow,  or  tapering  to  the  base,  tipped  with  the 
long  persistent  style,  or  the  greater  portion  of  it,  in  the  form  of  a  naked  or 
hairy  tail.     Seed  erect.     Receptacle  dry,  conical  or  cylindrical. 

7.  POTENilLLA.     Herbs,  or  one  species 'shrubby.     Calyx  flat  or  widely  open. 

Akenes  small,  on  a  dry  receptacle,  from  which  they  at  length  fall. 

8.  FRAGARIA.     Perennial  low  or  stemless  herbs,  with  runners;   and  leaves  of 

3  leaflets.  Calyx  open,  flat.  Styles  short  and  lateral.  Akenes  naked,  small, 
on  the  surfiice  of  an  enlarged  pulpy  edible  receptacle.  (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig. 
279,  and  p.  129,  fig.  288.) 

♦  *  #   Ovaries  several  or  many.,  2-ovulcd,  in  fruit  becoming  Jleshy  or  pulpy  and 

\-seeded,  forming  a  head,  or  cluster  above  the  tint  or  widely  open  simply  b-cleft 
calyx :  stamens  numerous :  styles  short,  naked,  at  length  falling  off. 

9.  DALIBARDA.     Very  low  perennial  tufted  herb,  with  simple  rounded-heart- 

shaped  or  kidne^'-shaped  root-leaves  and  1  -  2-flowered  scapes.  Calyx  of  5 
or  even  6  unequal  sepals.  Ovaries  5  -  10,  in  fruit  merely  fleshy,  becoming 
almost  dry  and  bony. 
10.  RUBUS.  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plnnts.  Ovaries  numerous,  in  fruit 
pulpy  (berry-like,  or  more  properly  dVupe-like,  the  inner  hard  part  answering 
to  the  sto!ie  of  a  cherry  or  penc'h  on  a  small  scale),  crowded  on  the  dry  or 
fleshy  receptacle.    (Lessons,  p.  129,  fig.  289,  290.) 


ROSE   FAMILY.  117 

^  2.  Calyx  unth  an  urn-shnped  dry  tube,  conirncied  or  nearly  closed  at  the  mouth,  and 
enclosing  1-4  little  pistils  which  become  ukenes.  Flowtrs  small:  petals  none 
except  in  Agrimonia. 

11.  ALCHEMILLA.     Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and 

minute  greenish  flowers  in  clusters  or  corymbs.  Calyx  with  4  inner  and 
4  outer  or  accessory  spreading  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils 
1-4,  with  lateral  styles. 

12.  AGRIMONIA.     Herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  slen- 

der terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  with  the  top-shaped  tube  beset  with 
hooked  bristles  just  below  the  5  green  lobes,  the  latter  closing  together  in 
fruit.  Petals  5,  comuionly  yellow,  broad  and  spreading.  Stamens  6-15. 
Pistils  2:  styles  terminal. 

13.  POTERIUM.     Herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white,  purple,  or  greenish 

flowers  (sometimes  dioecious)  in  dense  heads  or  spikes  on  long  erect  peduncles. 
Calyx  with  a  short  4-ai)gled  closed  tube,  surmounted  by  4  broad  and  petal- 
like at  length  deciduous  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with 
long  and  slender  prnjecting  filaments.  Pistils  1-4:  the  terminal  styles  tipped 
■with  a  brush-like  or  tufted  stigma. 

^  3.    Calyx  with  an  urn-shnped  or  t/lubose  fleshy  tube,  contracted  nt  the  mouth,  enclosing 
the  many  pistils  and  akenes      Flowers  large  and  showy. 

14.  ROSA.     Shrubby,  mostly  [irickly,  with  pinnate  leaves,  of  3  -  9  or  rarely  more 

serrate  leaflets,  stipules  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  flowers  single 
or  in  corymbs  terminating  leafy  branches.  Calyx  with  5  sometimes  leafy 
lobes  which  are  often  unequal  and  some  of  them  toothed  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Petals  5,  or  more  in  cultivation,  broad,  inserted  along  with  the  many  stamens 
at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx-tube.  Pistils  numerous,  with  terminal  styles,  and 
one-ovuled  ovaries,  becoming  hard  or  bony  akenes,  enclosed  in  the  tube 
or  cup  of  the  calyx,  which  m  fruit  becomes  pulpy  and  imitates  a  berry  or 
^j  .        pome.     (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig  280.) 

(TVVl^aj-jj^  PEAR  FAMILY  :  consists  of  shrubs  or  trees,  with  stip- 
ules free  from  the  petiole  (often  minute  or  early  deciduous)  ;  the 
thick-walled  caljx-tube  becoming  fleshy  or  pulpy  and  consolidated 
with  the  2-5  ovaries  to  form  a  compound  pistil  and  the  kind  of 
fruit  called  a  pome.  (Lessons,  p.  104.  fig.  215.)  Lobes  of  the  calyx 
and  petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  or  rarely  only  10-15. 
*  Fruit  drupe-like  ;  the  seeds  solitary  in  a  hard  stone  or  stones. 

15.  CRATiEGUS.     Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  thorny  branches  and  flowers  in 

corymbs  or  cymes,  or  sometimes  solitary,  terminating  the  branchlets;  the 
leaves  lobed  or  serrate.  Styles  2-5  (or  rarely  1):  ovary  of  as  main*  2-ovuled 
cells.  Fruit  with  a  stone  of  2-5  (rarely  single)  1-seeded  cells  or  carpels, 
more  or  less  cohering  with  each  other. 

16.  COTONEAS  TER.      Shrubs  (exotic),  usually  low,  with  the  small  coriaceous 

leaves  entire  and  whitish-downy  underneatli,  small  clustered  flowers,  and  the 
calyx  white-woolly  outside.    Styles  2-5.    Fruit  small,  the  pulpy  calyx-tute 
containing  2-5  little  seed-like  hard  stones. 
«  *  F7^tiit  with  thin  and  cartilaginous  or  papery  2 -several-seeded  carpels  in  the  pome. 
•»-  Leaves  persistent. 

17.  PHOTINIA.      Trees  or  shrubs  (exotic),  not  thoniy,  with  ample  evergreen 

leaves.  Flowers  corymbed.  Styles  2  -  5,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Fruit  berry- 
like, the  2-6  partitions  thin,  or  vanishing. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  deciduous. 

18.  AMELANCHIER.     Trees  or  shrubs,  not  thorny,  with  simple  leaves,  racemed 

flowers,  and  narrow  white  petals.  Styles  5,  imited  below.  Ovary  of  5  two- 
ovuled  cells,  but  each  cell  soon  divided  more  or  loss  by  a  projection  or  growth 
from  its  back,  making  the  berry-like  fruit  10-celled. 

19.  PYRUS.     Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  rather  thorny,  with  various  foliage,  and 

flowers  in  cymes,  corymbs,  or  rarely  solitary.  Stylos  2  -  5.  Ovary  of  2-5 
two-ovnled  (or  in  cultivated  species  several-ovuledj  cells,  which  are  thin  and 
papery  or  carrilnginous  in  fruit  in  the  fleshy  or  pidpy  calyx-tube. 

20.  CYDONLA.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  merely  serrate  leaves,  and  rather 

large  flowers,  which  resemble  those  of  Pyrus,  as  does  the  fruit,  only  the  5  cell* 
are  many-ovuled  and  many-seeded. 


118  ROSE    FAMILY. 

1.  PRtJNUS,  PLUM,  &c.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Plum.)  As 
now  received,  this  genus  compi'ises  all  the  following  groups,  which  it  has 
been  found  impracticable  to  keep  up  as  botanical  genera.  Foliage  and  the 
stone  and  kernel  of  the  fruit  usually  with  the  tiavor  of  prussic  acid,  especially 
in  the  Peach  and  Cherries. 

§  1.  Almoxd  and  Peach.  Flowers  almost  sessile,  from  separate  scaly  buds, 
in  spring,  before  the  leaves,  the  latter  folded  toijether  lemjthwise  {cmduplicate) 
in  the  bad :  fruit  velvety,  large :  the  stone  with  wrinkles  and  holes. 

P.  (Am^gdalus)  n^na,  Dwarf  or  Flowering  Almond.  Cult,  for 
ornament,  from  Asia ;  a  low  shrub,  with  abundant  and  handsome  rose-colored 
(or  by  variation  white)  usually  full-double  flowers,  earlier  than  the  long  and 
narrow  smooth  leaves  ;  calyx-tube  short-cylindrical  ;  fruit  dry  when  ripe,  with 
the  outer  part  separating  as  a  husk  from  the  brittle  stone,  as  in  the  edible 
Almond. 

P.  (A.)  P^rsica,  Peach.  Cult,  from  Asia  for  the  fruit,  also  a  double-fl. 
variety,  for  ornament ;  small  tree,  with  ])urplish-rose-colored  flowers,  bell-shaped 
calyx-tube,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  globular  fruit  ripening  a  thick  pul]),  cither 
clinging  to  or  separable  from  the  rough-wrinkled  ])orous  stoiie.  Unknown  in  a 
wild  state,  probably  derived  from  the  Common  Almond,  P.  (A.)  communis. 
—  Var.  ISBviS,  the  Nectarine^  is  a  state  with  a  smooth-skinned  fruit. 

§  2.    Apricot.     Flowers  short-j)€dice'led  or  almost  sessile,  from  separate  seal// 

buds,  in  earli/  spring,  before  the  leaves,  which  are  roU<d  up  (convolute)  in 

the  bud:  drupe  velvet)/,  but  ivith  a  smooth  stone  having  groovid  margins,  one 

of  them  sharp-edged. 

P.  Armeniaca,  Apricot.      Cult,  from  Armenia;    a  low  smooth  tree, 

with  ovate  and  mostly  rather  heart-sha])ed  leaves,  white  or  slightly  rosy  flowers 

solitary  or  in  pairs,  and  early-rij)ening  fruit,  of  character  intermediate  between 

peach  and  plum. 

§  3.  Plum  and  Cherry.  Floivers  pedicrlhd  and  almost  ahvags  white :  drupe 
smooth,  its  stone  smooth  or  somewhat  rugged. 

*  Plums.  Floioers  from  separate  lateral  buds,  in  spring,  preceding  or  coetaneons 
with  the  leaves  ;  the  latter  rolled  up,  or  in  most  of  our  native  species  folded 
together,  in  the  bud :  drupe  generally  with  a  whitish  bloom  and  a  flat  or 
flattish  stone. 

■^  Exotic  {European  or  Asiatic)  species. 

P.  domdstiea,  Garden  Plum,  of  many  varieties  :  tree  with  spreading 
thornless  branches,  and  oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaves  ;  the  fruit  very  various  in 
size  and  sha])e,  with  a  flat  or  fiattish  and  roughish  stone.  Doubtless  (at  least 
in  part)  a  long-cultivated  derivative  of 

P.  insititia,  Bullace  Plum,  introduced  in  some  places  near  the  seaboard, 
hijs  been  used  as  a  stock  for  grafting,  &c.,  is  a  little  thorny,  the  pedicels  and 
lower  face  of  the  leaves  downy,  the  fruit  round  and  black. 

P.  spin6sa,  Sloe,  or  Black  Thorn.  Cult,  or  nat.  in  o-d  gardens  or 
waste  places  :  a  low  tree,  with  spreading  thorny  branches  ;  the  obovate-oblong 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  and  pedicels  soon  glabrous  ;  fruit  small,  globular,  purple- 
black,  Avith  a  turgid  stone  and  a  greenish  astringent  pulp.  Probably  this  is  the 
original  of  the  Bullace. 

•^  H-  Native  species  of  the  country,  but  two  of  them  have  been  planted  for  the  fruit. 
They  are  manifestly  Plums  rathi-r  than  Cherries,  alf.honqh  the  last  is  am- 
biguous as  to  the  fruit,  only  the  Brach  Plum  has  an  obvious  bloom  on  the 
fruit,  and  all  have  the  leaves  folded  lu  the  bud. 

P.  maritima,  Beach  Plum.  Sea-beaches  and  sandy  soil  near  the  coast ; 
a  scarcely  thorny  shrub,  2° -5°  high,  with  the  ovate  or  oval  finely  serrate  leaves 
soft-downy  underneath,  short  and  downy  pedicels,  and  globular  purple  or  crim- 
son fruit  with  a  bloom  {^'  -  1'  long),  rather  pleasant-tasted,  sometimes  used  for 
preserving. 

P.  Americana,  Wild  Red  and  Yellow  Plum.  Along  streams  through 
the  country ;    occasionally  planted ;    a  tali  shrub  or  small  tree,  often  thorny, 


ROSE    FAMILY.  119 

■vfith  tlie  oval  or  obovate  and  pointed  leaves  thin,  very  veiny,  coarsely  or  doubly 
serrate,  smooth  when  old;  the  globular  or  oval  fruit  {^' -'i'  in  diameter)  yelloCv 
.  with  some  red,  oranfre,  or  crimson,  with  a  pleasant  juice  but  a  tough  acerb  skin, 
the  stone  sharp-edged  or  margined. 

P.  Chicasa,  Chickasaw  Plum.  Planted  or  nm  wild  fromPenn.  S.  & 
W.,  native  S.  W. ,  6° -12°  high,  somewhat  thorny,  with  long  and  narrow 
almost  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  edged  with  very  fine  teeth,  a  globular  red  fruit 
(^'-§'  in  diameter)  of  pleasant  flavor,  thin-skinned,  and  containing  a  margin- 
less  almost  globular  stone. 

*  *  Cherries  of  the  Garden- Chrr  if  sort,  i.  e.  ivith  flowers  in  sessile  umbels  from 
separate  lateral  buds,  in  spring,  loith  or  rather  preceding  the  leaves,  which 
are  folded  together  lengthwise  in  the  bud. 

P.  Cerasus,  Garden  Red  Cherry.  Cult,  from  Eu.  ;  a  tree  10° -30° 
high,  with  slender  spreading  branches,  obovatc  and  lance-ovate  serrate  leaves, 
rather  large  flowers  on  shortish  ])edicels  and  somewhat  preceding  the  leaves, 
and  an  acid  red  globose  fruit.  The  Morello  Cherry  is  a  variety  with  dark 
])urple  more  astringent  fruit.  Probably  derived  from,  or  now  sometimes  mixed 
with  the  next. 

P.  ^vium,  Bird  Cherry  of  Eu.,  English  Cherry.  Cult,  from  E.  ; 
making  a  larger  tree  than  the  preceding,  with  ascending  branches,  softer  and 
coarsely  or  doubly  toothed  more  pointed  leaves,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  the 
flowers  developed  at  the  same  time  with  the  leaves,  and  the  round-ovoid  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  fruit  sweet  or  bitterish-sweet  (not  acid),  of  various 
colors.     Double-flowered  varieties  arc  cult,  for  ornament. 

P.  Pennsylvanica,  Wild  Red  Cherry.  Rocky  woods  N.  Small 
tree,  with  light  red-brown  bark,  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed  leaves  smooth 
and  green  both  sides,  their  margins  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  small  flowers  on 
long  pedicels,  and  light  red  sour  fruit  not  larger  than  peas. 

P.  pumila,  Dwarf  Cherry.  Rocks  or  sandy  bank&^N.  Shiiib  spread- 
ing or  forming  broad  tufts  on  the  ground,  seldom  rising  2° ;  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  pale  beneath,  toothed  only  towards  the  apex;  flowers  2-4  together; 
fruit  ovoid,  dark  red,  with  stone  as  large  as  a  pea. 

*  *  *  Cherries  of  small  size,  ivith  flowers  in  racemes, 
•*-  In  late  spring  or  carhj  summer,  terminating  leafy  shoots  of  the  season. 

P.  Ser6tina,  Wild  Black  Cherry.  Tree  or  shrub,  Avestward  becoming 
a  good-sized  forest  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark,  close-grained  reddish  wood 
valued  by  the  cabinet-maker ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oblong  smooth  leaves  of  thick- 
ish  or  firm  texture,  usually  tapcr-jiointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  callous 
teeth  ;  flowers  in  long  racemes,  considerably  later  than  the  next ;  purplish- 
black  bitterish  vinous  fruit  ripening  in  autumn. 

P.  Virginiana,  Choke  Chkrry.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  gray- 
ish bark,  oval-oblong  or  obovate  and  abruptly  pointed  thin  leaves  very  sharply 
serrate  with  slender  projecting  teeth  ;  flowers  in  shorter  and  closer  racemes,  in 
spring ;  the  fruit  ri])e  in  summer,  red  turning  dark  crimson,  astringent,  but 
eatable  when  fully  ripe,  the  stone  smooth. 

P.  P^dus,  Small  Bird-Cherry  of  Eu.,  is  occasionally  planted ;  resem- 
bles the  last,  has  longer  and  looser  often  drooping  racemes',  and  a  roughened 
stone. 

■*-  •*-  Erect  racemes  in  early  spring,  from  the  axils  of  evergreen  leaves. 

P.  Carolini^na,  Carolina  Laurel-Cherry,  also  called  Mock  Orange 
at  the  South,  ])rob:ibly  from  the  coriaceous  smooth  and  glossy  leaves,  which 
are  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few  sharp  and  appresscd  teeth, 
longer  than  the  racemes,  the  calyx  as  well  as  petals  Avhite;  small  fruit  black 
ami  bitter,  becoming  dry.  Ornamental  small  tree ;  the  leaves  said  to  be  poison- 
ous to  cattle. 

P.  Lauro-C6rasus,  Laurel-Cherry  of  Europe,  from  Asia  Minor,  and 

P.  Lusit^nica,  Portugal  L.,  from  Portugal  and  the  Azores,  beautiful 
evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees,  used  for  hedges  and  screens  in  Encrland,  are 
not  hardy  N.,  but  would  stan'd  south  of  Penn.  Their  leaves  and  kernels  arc 
strongly  imbued  with  the  prussic-acid  or  bitter-almond  flavor. 


120  ROSE    FAMILY. 

2.  SPIR-SIA,  MEADOW-SWEET,  &c.  (Greek  name  of  some  shrub,  of 
the  flowering  branches  of  which  garlands  Avere  made.)  All  hardy  shrubs  or 
perennial  herbs  :  fl.  late  spring  and  summer.) 

§  1.    Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves. 

*  Native  species :  but  the  last  common  in  gardens,  thejirst  occasionally  planted. 

S.  opulifblia,  Nine-Bark  ;  so-called  from  the  loose  bark,  separating  in 
thin  annual  layers  from  the  stems  :  a  tall  shrub,  with  long  recurving  branches, 
the  roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leaves  partly  3-loi)ed  and  cut-toothed, 
white  flowers  (of  no  beauty)  in  umbel-like  corymbs,  the  pods  large  for  this 
genus,  bladdcrv,  and  commonly  turning  purplish.  Wild  on  rocky,  banks,  from 
New  York  W.'&  S. 

S.  COrymbbsa.  From  S.  Penn.  S.,  not  common:  shinib  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  with  oval  leaves  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex,  and  white  flowers  in  a 
flat  compound  corymb. 

S.  tomentdsa,  Hardhack  or  Steeplebush.  Common  E.  in  low 
grounds  ;  2°  -  3°  high,  hoary-downy,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  ovate  or 
oblong  serrate  small  leaves,  the  rose-purple  or  white  flowers  crowded  in  a  very 
dense  terminal  ])anicle  ;  pistils  downy. 

S.  salieifblia,  Common  Meadow-Sweet.  Common  in  wet  grounds, 
also  in  old  gardens  :  shrub  2° -3°  high,  bushy,  smooth,  with  wedge-lanceolate 
or  oblong  leaves  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  and  white  or  barely  flesh-colored 
flowers  in  a  crowded  panicle. 

#  *  Cultivated  for  ornament,  exotic  or  W.  North  American. 
•«-  Floivers  in  close  or  spike-like  clusters  collected  in  a  close  and  narrow  or  spike- 
like  terminal  panicle,  pink-purple. 

S.  Dougl^sii,  Douglas's  Meadow-Sweet.  Cult,  from  Oregon  and 
California:  resembles  our  wild  Hardhack  (S.  tomcntosa),  but  has  longer  usu- 
ally lance-oblong  and  very  blunt  leaves  rather  whiter  beneath,  and  deeper  pink 
flowers  with  smooth  pistils. 

■<-  +-  Flowers  in  compound  corymbs  or  broad  panicles. 

S.  call6sa  (also  named  S.  FoRTfjXEr),  from  Japan:  shrub  3° - G°  liigh, 
smoothish,  with  lance-oblong  and  taper-pointed  uneqiuilly  and  very  sharply 
serrate  leaves,  branches  terminated  by  clustered  dense  corymbs  or  cymes  of  deep 
])ink  flowers,  10  glands  at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx,  the  pistils  smooth. 

S.  ariaefblia.  Tall  shrub  from  Oregon,  with  slender  branches,  terminated 
by  a  very  large  and  light  or  drooping  decompound  panicle  of  small  yellowish- 
white  flowers ;  the  leaves  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  thin,  cut  on  each  side 
into  4  or  5  blunt  and  toothed  lobes,  sometimes  almost  pinnatifid,  soft  downy,  at 
least  beneath. 

•♦-•*-■»-  Flowers  in  simple,  often  umbel-like  corymbs  terminating  leafy  shoots  of  the 
season  :  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia  :  petals  white  except  the  first  species. 

S.  bdlla,  from  Nepal :  a  low  shrub,  with  ovate  acute  and  merely  sharply 
serrate  leaves  whitish-downy  beneath,  the  simple  corymbs  sometimes  clustered, 
and  rose-pink  flowers. 

S.  chamsedrifblia,  from  E.  Europe  and  Siberia ;  a  spreading  low  bush, 
smooth,  with  ovate  or  oblong  usually  blunt  and  cut-toothed  leaves,  at  least 
towards  the  summit,  and  rather  small  floAvers  in  simple  corymbs. 

S.  trilob^ta,  from  Siberia ;  a  spreading  smooth  bush,  with  rounded  ere-, 
nately  cut  and  3-lobed  leaves  and  rather  showy  flowers. 

S.  lanceolata,  or  ReevesiXna,  from  China,  has  oblong,  lance-oblong,  or 
some  thi-ee-cleft  serrate-toothed  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

S.  hypericifdlia,  Italian  May,  or  St.  Peter's  Wreath.  Shrub 
3° -6°  high,  smooth  or  smoothish,  with  long  recurved  branches,  and  very  small 
wedge-oblong  leaves,  a  little  crenate  or  lobed  at  the  end  ;  flowers  small,  white, 
jn  small  sessile  umbels. 

•»-••--*--»-  Flowers  in  simple  sessile  umbds  along  the  slender  branches  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  subtended  only  by  greenish  bud-scales  or  imperfect  leaves,  rather 
earlier  than  the  proper  leaves,  in  spring. 


ROSE   FAMILY.  121 

S.  prunifblia,  from  Japan  ;  slender  shrub,  with  small  orate  finely  and 
sharply  serrate  leaves,  smooth  above,  often  minutely  downy  beneath  ;  the  form 
cultivated  has  full-double  pure  white  blossoms,  i'  in'diameter,  produced  in  great 
abundance. 

§  2.    Shruhbij,  with  pinnate  leaves. 
S.  SOrbifdlia.     Cult,  from  Siberia,  very  hardy,  3° -4°  hi«rh,  with  leaves 
(as  the  name  denotes)  resembHng  those  of  the  Mountain-Ash,  of  17-21  lan- 
ceolate taper-j)oint;ed  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in 
an  ample  terminal  panicle,  the  narrow  pods  a  little  cohering. 

§  3.  Herbs,  with  thrice  pinnately-compound  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  dioecious  Jlowers. 

S.  Artincus,  Goatsbeard,  Rich  woods  from  New  York  S.  &  W.,  also 
in  some  gardens  :  smooth,  3°  -  .5°  high ;  with  lance-oblong  or  lance-ovate  taper- 
pointed  leaflets  sharply  serrate  and  cut,  and  yellowish-white  very  small  flowers 
in  great  numbers,  crowded  in  slender  spikes  which  are  collected  in  a  great  com- 
pound panicle  ;  petals  narrow  ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

§  4.    Herbs,  ivith  interruptedly  pinnate  learcs,  conspicuous  stipules,  perfect  Jlowers, 
rejiexed  sepals  and  petals  sometimes  4,  and  5-12  little  1  -  ^-seeded  pods. 

S.  Filipendula,  Dropwort.  Cult,  from  Europe :  some  of  the  coarse 
long  fibrous  roots  swollen  at  the  lower  end  into  oblong  tubers ;  herbage  smooth 
and  green  ;  leaves  chiefly  from  or  near  the  ground,  witli  many  oval  or  lanceolate 
leaflets  deeply  toothed,  cut,  or  pinnately  cleft,  and  gradually  diminishing  in  size 
downwards  ;  the  nearly  naked  stems  l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  compound  terminal 
cyme  of  white  or  rosy-tipped  flowers,  one  variety  full-double. 

S.  Ulmaria,  English  Meadow-Sweet.  Cult,  from  Europe;  10-3° 
high,  nearly  smooth,  except  the  lower  surface  of  the  lyrate  and  interruptedly 
pinnate  leaves  which  is  minutely  white-downy ;  the  yellowish-white  small  antl 
SAveet-scented  floAvers  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  compound  cyme  at  the 
naked  summit  of  the  stems ;  little  pods  twisting  spirally. 

S.  lob^ta,  Queex-of-tiie-Prairie.  Wild  in  meadows  and  prairies  W., 
also  cult.  :  smooth  and  green  ;  the  leaves  mostly  fi*om  or  near  the  ground  ;  the 
end  leaflet  very  large,  7  -  9-parted,  and  its  lobes  cut-toothed  ;  stems  2°  -  .5°  or 
even  8°  high,  bearing  an  ample  and  panicled  compound  cyme  crowded  with  the 
handsome  peach-blossom-colored  flowers.  Bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of 
Sweet  Birch. 

3.  GILLENIA,  INDIAN  PHYSIC,  AMERICAN  IPECAC.     (Named 
for  a  Z)?-.  Gillen  or  Gillenius.)     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

G.  trifoli^ta,  Common  I.  or  Bowman's-Root.  Rich  woods,  from  New 
York  S.  &  W.  ;  smooth,  branching,  2°  high,  with  the  3  ovate-oblong  pointed 
leaflets  cut-toothed,  entire  stipules  small  and  slender,  and  rather  pretty  white  or 
scarcely  rosy-tinged  flowers  loosely  panicled  on  the  slender  branches. 

G.  stipiil^cea,  Large-stipuled  I.  or  American  Ipecac.  Open  woods, 
W.  :  has  the  lanceolate  leaflets  and  leaf-like  stipules  deeply  cut  and  toothed  : 
otherwise  like  the  other. 

4.  KERRIA.     (Named  for  5e//cr2c?en /Ter,  a  British  botanist.) 

K.  Jap6nica,  Corchorus,  so-called,  of  the  gardens,  from  Japan  :  a  fa- 
miliar, smooth,  ornamental  shrubby  plant,  4°  -  8°  high,  Avith  lance-ovate  thin 
leaves,  and  handsome  yellow  floAvers,  in  summer,  usually  full-double  ;  —  the 
natural  state,  with  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens  only  recently  introduced 
and  rare. 

6.   WALDSTEINIA.     (Named  fbr  F.  von  Waldstein,  an  Austrian  bota- 
nist.) 

W.  fragarioldes,  Barren  Straavberry.  Woodcc^banks,  chiefly  N. ; 
in  aspect  and  esi)ecially  in  the  3  broadly  Avedge-shapcd  leaflets  resembles  a 
StraAv berry- plant  (as  the  specific  and  the  popular  names  denote),  but  is  smooth- 
ish  and  yelloAv-floAvered  :  in  summer.     ^ 


122  ROSE    FAMILY. 

6.  GBUM,  AVENS.  (From  Greek  word,  meaning  to  give  an  agreeable 
flavor;  the  roots  of  some  species  somewhat  scented.)  Several  wild  species, 
only  the  following  common  :  fl.  late  spring  and  summer.    -^ 

G.  riv^le,  Purple  or  Water  Avens.  In  bogs  and  low  grounds  N.  : 
thickish  rootstock  (sometimes  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent)  sending  up 
lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  naked  several-flowered 
stems  {2°  high)  ;  the  flowers  pretty  large,  nodding,  with  purplish-orange  and 
broadly  obovate  or  obcordate  petals  narrowed  at  the  base,  never  spreading  ;  in 
fruit  the  head  of  akenes  erect,  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  the  persistent 
styles  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  part  plumose-hairy. 

G.  vernum,  Spring  A.  Thickets,  from  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky  : 
slender,  2° -3°  high;  root-leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  and  3-5-lobed,  or  some 
of  them  pinnate  and  cut ;  flowers  small,  with  yellow  petals  about  the  length  of 
the  simply  5-lobed  calyx  ;  the  head  of  fruit  raised  above  the  calyx  on  a  con- 
spicuous stalk  ;  the  styles,  &c.  smooth,  the  upper  joint  falling  oft^". 

G.  Strictum,  Field  A.  Moist  grounds  and  fields  :  a  coarse  herb,  3°-. 5° 
high,  rather  hairy,  with  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  and  the  leaflets  wedge- 
obovate,  those  of  the  stem  with  3-5  narrower  leaflets  ;  in  summer  bearing 
panieled  flowers  witli  broadly  obovate  golden-yellow  petals  exceeding  the  calyx ; 
stijjules  large,  deeply  cut;  head  of  fruit  close  in  the  calyx  ;  the  persistent  naked 
style  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  short  uj)per  joint  falls ;  receptacle  downy. 

G.  Virgini^num,  White  A.  Thickets  and  border  of  woods  :  coarse 
and  bristly-hairy  herb  l°-3°  high,  with  root  and  lower  leaves  of  several  pin- 
nate leaflets,  the  upper  3-i)arted  and  cut ;  the  panieled  flowers  small,  with  incon- 
spicuous greenish-white  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  head  of  fruit  like  the 
last,  but  its  receptacle  smooth. 

G.  Alburn,  White  A.  Grows  in  similar  places  with  the  preceding,  and 
like  it,  but  smooth  or  soft-pubescent,  with  root-leaves  of  3  -  .5  leaflets,  or  some 
of  them  rounded  and  simple  except  a  few  minute  leaflets  below  ;  the  petals  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  pale  greenish-yellow  ;  receptacle  of  fruit  bristly. 

7.  POTENTILLA,  CINQUEFOIL,  FIVE-FINGER.  (Name  from 
potens,  powerful,  from  reputed  medicinal  virtues,  but  these  plants  are  merely 
mild  astringents.)  Wild  plants  of  the  country,  except  those  of  the  last 
section,  and  one  yellow  one  :  but  the  Shrubby  CinqxiefoU  is  also  planted. 

§  1 .   Petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  surpassing  the  calyx.     ©  © 

P.  Norv^giea,  Norway  C.  An  erect,  hairy,  weedy  plant,  \°-2°  high, 
branching  above,  with  only  3  obovate-oblong  and  cut-toothed  leaflets  :  fl.  sum- 
mer, in  fields. 

P.  parad6xa.  A  spreading  or  procumbent,  pubescent,  weedy  plant,  on 
river-banks  W.,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  5  -  9  obovate-oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets, 
and  akenes  with  a  thick  appendage  at  their  base  :  fl.  summer. 

§  2.    Petals  whitish  or  cream-color,  broad,  surpassing  the  calyx:  akenes  smooth.    % 

P.  argtlta.  A  stout,  erect,  brownish-hairy,  coarse  plant,  l°-4°  high, 
rather  clammy  above,  on  rocky  hills  N.  &  W.,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3  -  9  oval 
or  ovate  cut-toothed  leaflets  soft-downy  beneath,  and  a  close  terminal  cluster  of 
rather  large  flowers,  of  no  beauty,  in  summer. 

§  3.    Petals  bright  yellow,  larger  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.     ^ 
*  Leaves  ofb  digitate  leaflets. 

P.  r6cta.  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens,  from  Eu.  :  a  coarse,  erect,  hairy 
plant,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  sometimes  7  narrowly  wedge-oblong  leaflets  coarsely 
toothed,  and  rather  large  cymose  flowers. 

P.  Canadensis,  Common  Wild  C.  or  Five-finger.  Open  diy  ground  : 
dwarf,  silky-hairy,  with  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  pedun- 
cles ;  flowering  from  early  s])ring  to  midsummer,  and  spreading  by  runners. 

Var.  simples^  in  moister  or  richer  soil,  usually  well  marked  by  its  greater 
size  and  greener  foliage  ;  the  stems  l°-2°  long,  ascending  or  spreading  from 
a  short  tuberous  rootstock;  leaflets  more  oblong ;  flowers  produced  through  the 
summer. 


ROSE   FAMILY.  123 

P.  arg6ntea,  Silvery  C.  Dry  fields,  banks,  and  roadsides  N.  :  a  low, 
spreading  or  prostrate,  much  branched,  white-woolly  weed,  with  wedge-oblonj^ 
cut-pinnatiiid  leaflets  green  above,  white  with  silvery  wool  beneath,  and  the 
margins  revolute  ;  the  small  flowers  somewhat  panicled,  all  summer. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate :  receptacle  and  partly  the  akenes  white-hairy. 

P.  Anserina,  Silver- Weed.  Wet  banks  and  shores,  N.  &  W.  :  leaves 
all  from  the  root  or  in  tufts  on  the  long  slender  runners,  green  above,  silvery 
with  silky  down  beneath,  of  9-19  oblong  cut-toothed  principal  leaflets  and 
some  pairs  of  minute  ones  intermixed;  stipules  conspicuous  and  many-cleft; 
flowers  solitary  on  long  scape-like  peduncles,  all  summer. 

P.  frutic6sa,  SnRunnY  C.  Wet  grounds  N. :  2° -4°  high,  woody,  silky, 
very  nnxch  branched,  with  5  or  7  crowded  oblong-lanceolate  entire  leaflets, 
scale-like  stipules,  and  loose  clusters  of  rather  showy  flowers,  all  summer. 

§  4.   Petals  ichite  :  akenes  and  receptacle  hairy :  leaflets  only  3,  digitate.     "^ 

P.  trident^ta,  Three-toothed  C.      Coast  of  N.  England  N.  and  on 

mountains  ;  4' -6'  high,  tufted,  spreading,  with  3  thickish  nearly  smooth  leaflets 

coarsely  3-toothed  at  the  end,  and  several  flowers  in  a  cyme,  in  early  summer. 

§  .5.    Petals  purple,  rose-color,  or  crimson  :  akenes  smooth.     If. 

*   Wild  in  wet  and  cold  hogs  N. :  petals  narrow,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

P.  pallistris,  Marsh  Five-finger.  Stems  ascending  from  an  almost 
woody  creeping  base ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5  -  7  lance-oblong  serrate  and  crowded 
leaflets,  whitish  beneath;  flowers  in  a  small  cyme,  the  calyx  nearly  1'  broad, 
the  inside  as  well  as  the  petals  dull  dark  purple ;  receptacle  becoming  large  and 
spongy  :  fl.  all  summer. 

*  *  From  Himalaya,  cult,  for  ornament :  petals  broad  and  large,  ohcordate. 

P.  Nepalensis,  Nepal  C.  Leaflets  3  in  the  upper,  5  in  the  lowest  leaves, 
digitate,  hairy  but  green  both  sides,  wedge-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers 
rose-red,  all  summer.  P.  HopwoodiXna,  with  flesh-colored  flowers,  is  a  gar- 
den hybrid  of  this  and  P.  recta. 

P.  atrosanguinea,  Dark  Nepal  C,  is  soft  silky-hairy,  with  3  leaflets 
to  ail  the  leaves,  and  much  darker-colored  flowers  than  in  the  preceding,  brown- 
purple  or  crimson. 

\     8.   FRAGARIA,  STRAWBERRY.     (Name  from  fraga,  the  old  Latin 
name  of  the  strawberry. )     ^ 

§  1.  True  Strawberries.  Petals  white:  receptacle  ofthe  fruit  high-flavored : 
scapes  several -flowered :  runners  naked.  Fl.  in  spring  and  early  summer, 
those  of  all  but  the  first  species  inclined  more  or  less  to  be  dioecious.  In 
cultivation  the  species  are  considerably  mixed  by  crossing. 

P.  v6sca,  CoMMQN  S.  of  Europe,  yields  the  Alpixe,  Perpetual,  &c., 
plentifully  native  N. ;  is  mostly  slender,  with  thin  dull  leaflets  strongly  marked 
by  the  veins,  calyx  remaining  open  or  reflexed  after  flowering,  small  ovoid- 
conical  or  elongated  fruit  high-scented,  and  the  akenes  superficial. 

P-  el^tior,  IlAUTnois  S.,  of  Europe,  sometimes  cult.  ;  is  taller  and  quite 
difccious,  with  the  calyx  strongly  reflexed  away  from  the  fruit,  which  is  dull 
reddish  and  musky-scented. 

P.  Virgini^iia,  Virginian  Wild  S.,  original  of  the  American  Scar- 
let, &c.  ;  has  leaflets  of  firm  texture,  their  smooth  and  often  shining  upper 
surface  with  sunken  veins,  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flowering  and  closing 
over  the  hairy  receptacle  Avhen  iinfructified  ;  fruit  with  a  narrow  neck,  mostly 
globular,  its  surface  with  deep  pits  in  which  the  akenes  are  sunken. 

Var.  lUinoensis,  perhaps  a  distinct  s])ecies,  is  coarser  and  larger,  grows  in 
richer  soil,  from  W.  New  York  W,  &  S.,  the  hairs  of  the  scape,  &c.  shaggy,  is 
the  supposed  original  of  Hovey's  Seedling,  Boston  Pine,  &c. 

P.  Chilensis,  native  of  Pacific  coast  from  Oregon  S.  ;  its  varieties  and 
crosses  with  the  foregoing  have  given  rise  to  the  Pine-apple  S.  and  the  like: 
a  large  and  robust  species,  with  very  firm  and  thick  leaflets  soft-silky  beneath  or 
on  both  faces,  and  a  hairy  receptacle,  the  large  rose-colored  fruit  erect  in  the 
pure  state  (instead  of  hanging),  I'ipcning  late. 


/ 


124  ROSE    FAMILY. 

§2.  Petals  yell 0X0  :  receptacle  tasteless  :  runners  hearing  leaves  and  \-flnn'pred 
peduncles  :  calyx  ivitli  5  external  pieces  very  large,  leaf-like,  and  3-lobed. 

F.  Indica,  Indiax  S.,  of  Upper  India,  &c.  :  cult.,  running  wild  S.  E., 
rather  handsome  both  in  flower  and  (red)  fruit,  which  are  produced  all  summer 
and  autumn. 

9.  DALIBARDA.     (Named  for  Dalibard,  an  early  botanist  of  Paris.)     1^ 
D.  ripens,  of  wooded  slopes  N.,  is  a  low,  stemless,  tufted,  downy  little 

plant,  spreading  more  or  less  by  subterranean  runners,  with  the  aspect  of  a 
Violet,  the  scapes  bearing  one  or  two  delicate  white  flowers,  in  summer. 

10.  RIJBXJS,  BRAMBLE,  &c.     (The  Roman  name,  connected  with  ruber, 
red.)      11 

§  1.  Flowering  Raspberries,  icitli  simple  leaves  and  broad  fl<xttish  fruit,  the 
very  small  and  numerous  reddish  or  amber-colored  grains  at  length  sejuirat- 
ingfrom  the  persistent  receptacle. 

R.  odor^tUS,  Purple  F.  Dells,  &c.,  N. :  shrubby,  3° -5°  high,  clammy- 
bristly  and  odorous,  not  prickly  ;  with  ample  3-5-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed 
and  the  middle  one  longest,  peduncles  many-flowered,  calyx-lobes  with  long 
slender  tips,  and  petals  purple-rose-color  ;  the  showy  flowers  l'-2'  across,  pro- 
duced all  summer. 

R.  Nutk^nus,  White  F.  From  Upper  Michigan  to  Pacific,  and  cult.  : 
like  the  other,  but  less  bristly  and  clammy,  with  leaves  more  equally  5-lobed  and 
coarsely  toothed,  and  fewer  flowers  with  narrower  white  petals. 

§2.  True  Raspberries,  ?tvVA  3-h  leaflets,  the  fruit  falling  ivhen  ri/ye  from 
the  then  dry  narrow  receptacle :  flowers  with  small  white  erect  petals,  in  early 
summer,  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  season  which  (in  all  but  the  flrst)  spring 
from  prickly  more  or  less  woody  stems  of  the  preceding  yar. 

R.  triflbrus,  Dwarf  Raspberry.  Low  woods  N.  ;  almost  wholly  her- 
baceous, sleiuler,  trailing,  not  prickly,  with  thin  smooth  leaves,  of  3  rhombic- 
ovate  acute  leaflets,  or  the  side-leaflets  parted,  making  5,  all  doubly  serrate, 
peduncle  bearing  I  -  3  small  flowers,  and  the  fruit  of  few  grains. 

R.  OCCidentalis,  Black  R.  or  Thimbleuerry.  Borders  of  fields  and 
thickets  N.,  especially  where  ground  has  been  burned  over :  glaucous-whitened, 
the  long  recurving  stems,  stalks,  &c.  armed  with  hooked  prickles,  but  no  bris- 
tles ;  leaflets  mostly  3,  ovate,  pointed,  white-downy  beneath,  coarsely  doubly 
toothed,  the  lateral  ones  stalked  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  se])als ;  fruit  purple- 
black  (or .an  amber-colored  variety),  flattisb,  ripe  at  midsummer. 

R.  Idseus,  Gardf;n  R.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  fruit :  tall  and  nearly 
erect,  beset  with  straight  slender  prickles  or  many  of  them  mere  bristles ;  leaves 
thicker,  and  fruit  firmer  and  larger  than  in  the  next  red  or  yellowish,  ripening 
through  the  summer. 

R.  Strig6sus,  Wild  Red  R.  Common  especially  N.  :  2° -3°  high,  the 
upright  stems,  stalks,  &c.  beset  with  copious  bristles,  and  some  of  them  becom- 
ing weak  prickles,  also  glandular  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate, 
white-downy  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  (either  one  or  two  pairs)  not  stalked; 
petals  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  fruit  liglit-rcd,  tender  and  watery  but  high-flaV^- 
ored,  ripening  all  summer. 

§  3.    Blackberries,  with  the  pulpy  grains  of  the  fruit  rrmaining  attached  to  the 

pulpy  receptacle,  which  at  length  falls  away  from  the  calyx  :  stems  prickly  : 

leaves  of  3  or  pedately  5-7  leaflets  :  flowers  on  leafy  shoots  from  stems  of 

the  preceding  year,  in  spring  and  early  summer,  with  white  spreading  petals. 

*  Stems  more  or  less  woody :  fruit  black  when  ripe,  eatable,  the  blackberries  of  the 

market,  ripening  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 
R.  villbsus.    High    Blackberry.      Everywhere  along  thickets,  fence- 
rows,  &c.,  and  several  varieties  cult.:   stems  l°-6°  high,  furrowed;   prickles 
strong  and  hooked  ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  pointed,  their  lower  sur- 
face and  stalks  hairy  and  glandular,  tlic  middle  one  long-stalked  and  sometimes 


ROSE    FAMILY.  125 

hoart-shaped  ;  flowers  racemcd,  rather  large,  with  short  bracts;  fruit  oblong 
or  cylindrical. 

R.  Canadensis,  Low  B.  or  Dewberry.  Rocky  and  sandy  soil :  long- 
trailing,  slightly  prickly,  smooth  or  smoothish,  and  with  3-7  smaller  leaflets 
than  in  the  foregoing,  the  racemes  of  flowers  with  more  leaf-like  bracts,  the  fruit 
of  fewer  grains  and  ripening  earlier. 

R.  cuneifblius,  Sand  B  Sandy  ground  and  barrens  from  N,  Jersey  S.  : 
erect,  l^-S-"  high,  with  stout  hooked  prickles  ;  the  branchlets  and  lower  surface 
of  the  3-5  wedgc-obovate  thickish  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  peduncles  2-4- 
flowered. 

R.  trivialis,  Southern  Low  B.  Sandy  soil  from  Virginia  S.  :  trailing 
or  creeping,  bristly  and  prickly;  the  smooth  partly- evergreen  leaves  of  3-5 
ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaflets  ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered. 

*  *  Ste7Jis  scarceli)  woody  but  lasting  over  winter,  wholly  prostrate:  fruit  sour. 

R.  hispidus,  Running  Swamp  B.  Low  woods,  &c.  N. :  with  very  long 
and  slender  running  stems,  beset  with  small  rcflexed  prickles,  sending  up  short 
leafy  and  floweiing  shoots  ;  leaves  of  mostly  3  obovate  blunt  smooth  and  shin- 
ing leaflets,  of  Arm  and  thickish  texture,  somewhat  evergreen  ;  flowers  small  and 
few  on  a  leafless  peduncle  ;  fruit  of  few  grains,  red  or  purple. 

§  4.   Flowering  Bramble  :  cultivated  for  the  flowers  only. 

R.  rossefolius,  from  China,  called  Brier  Rose.  Cult,  in  greenhouses 
and  apartments,  has  pinnate  leaves,  and  bears  a  succession  of  full-double  white 
flowers  resembling  small  roses. 

11.  ALCHEMILLA.  (Name  said  to  come  from  the  Arabic.)  A  minute 
annual  species,  A.  arvensis,  called  Parsley  Piert  in  England,  has  got 
introduced  in  Virginia,  &c. 

A.  vulgaris,  Lady's  Mantle,  from  Europe,  is  cult,  in  some  gardens ; 
it  is  a  low  herb,  not  show}',  with  somewhat  doAvny  rounded  slightly  7-9-lobed 
leaves  chieflfjfrom  the  root,  on  long  stalks,  and  loose  corymbs  or  panicles  of 
small  light  green  flowers,  through  the  summer.     2/ 

12.  AGRIMbWIA,  AGRIMONY.  (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
Weedy  herbs,  in  fields  and  border  of  woods,  producing  their  small  yellow 
flowers  through  the  summer ;  the  fruiting  calyx,  containing  the  2  akenes, 
detached  at  maturity  as  a  small  bur,  lightly  adhering  by  the  hooked  bristles 
to  the  coats  of  animals.     21 

A.  Eupat6ria,  Common  A.  Principal  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-obovate  and 
coarsely  toothed,  with  many  minute  ones  intermixed ;  petals  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10-15. 

A.  parvifl6ra,  chiefly  S.,  has  smaller  flowers,  11-19  lanceolate  principal 
leaflets,  and  10-15  stamens. 

A.  incisa,  only  S.,  has  7-9  oblong  or  obovate  and  smaller  principal  leaf- 
lets, small  flowers,  and  5  stamens. 

13.  POTERIUM,  BURNET.  (Old  Greek  name,  of  rather  obscure  appli- 
cation.)    21. 

P.  Sanguisorba,  Garden  or  Salad  B.  Common  in  old  gardens,  from 
Europe :  nearly  smooth,  growing  in  tufts  ;  leaves  of  many  small  ovate  and 
deeply  toothed  leaflets  ;  stems  al)out  1°  high,  bearing  a  few  heads  of  light 
green  or  purplish  monoecious  flowers,  in  summer,  the  lower  flowers  with  nu- 
merous drooping  stamens,  several  of  the  uppermost  with  pistil,  the  style  ending 
in  a  purple  tufted  stigma. 

P.  Canad6nse,  or  SANcnsoRRA  Canadensis,  Canadian  or  Wild  B. 
Wet  grounds  N.  :  3°  -  6°  high,  nearly  smooth,  with  numerous  lance-oblong 
coarsely-toothed  leaflets  often  heart-shaped  at  base,  and  cylindrical  spikes  of 
white  j)erfect  flowers,  in  late  summer  and  autumn  ;  stamens  only  4,  their  long 
white  filaments  club-shaped. 


12G  ROSE    FAMILY. 

^        14.   ROSA,  ROSE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Rose.) 

§  1.    Wild  Roses  of  the  country :  only  the  first  species  cultivated. 

*  Styles  lightly  cohering  in  a  column  and  projecting  out  of  the  calyx-cup. 

R.  setigera,  Prairie  or  Climhixg  Wild  Rose.  Rich  ground,  W.  & 
S.  :  also  planted,  and  partly  the  original  of  Queen-of-the-Praiuie,  &c.  dou- 
ble roses.  Tall-climbing,  armed  Avith  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bnstly  ; 
leaves  with  only  3-5  OA-ate  acute  leaflets ;  the  corymbed  flowers  produced 
towards  midsummer ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  petals  deep  rose  becoming 
nearly  white. 

*   *  Styles  separate,  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  the  stigmas  closing  its  orifice: 
petals  rose-color :  stems  not  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  Carolina,  Swamp  Rose.  Wet  grounds  :  stems  4°  -  8°  high,  with 
hooked  prickles  and  no  bristles  ;  leaflets  5-9,  smooth,  dull  above  and  pale  be- 
neath ;  flowers  numerous  in  the  corymb  (in  summer) ;  the  calyx  and  globular 


V. 


Iticida,  Dwarf  Wild  Rose.  Dry  or  moist  ground:  l°-2°  high, 
with  bristly  or  slender  straight  prickles,  5-9  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate  leaf- 
lets shining  above,  1  -3-flowcrcd  peduncles,  bristly  calyx,  but  the  depressed  hip 
nearly  smooth  :  fl.  all  summer. 

R.  bl^nda,  Early  Wild  Rose.  Rocky  banks  N.  :  10-3°  high,  with 
straight  weak  prickles  or  none,  5-7  oval  or  oblong  blunt  and  pale  leaflets, 
sometimes  hoary  beneath,  large  stipules,  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles  and  the  calyx 
smooth  and  glaucous,  the  hip  globular :  fl.  spring  or  early  summer. 

§  2.   Brier-Roses,  naturalized  from  Europe,  by  roadsides  and  in  thickets,  or 
sometimes  planted :  fiowering  in  summer. 

R.  rubigin6sa,  Swket-Brier.  Tall,  disposed  to  climb,  armed  with 
strong  and  hooked  and  some  slender  and  awl-shaped  prickles,  the  roundish  and 
doubly-serrate  small  leaflets  downy  and  beset  with  russet  glands  beneath,  giving 
the  aromatic  fragrance  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  pink ;  hip  pear-shaped  or  obo- 
vate,  crowned  with  the  calyx-lobes. 

R.  mierantha,  Small  S.  Probably  a  mere  variety  of  the  common  Sweet- 
Brier,  with  uniform  hooked  prickles,  smaller  flower,  and  more  oblong  or  oval 
hip,  from  which  the  calyx-lobes  fall  early. 

R.  canina.  Dog  Rose.  Roadsides  E.  Penn.  and  probably  elsewhere : 
resembles  Sweet-Brier,  but  the  leaflets  smooth  or  destitute  of  aromatic  glands 
and  simply  serrate  ;  flowers  3  or  4  together,  pink  or  nearly  white. 

§  3.  Evergreen  Roses,  naturalized  in  the  Southern  States  from  China : 
fiowering  in  spring,  the  fiowers  not  double. 

R.  Sinica  (or  l^vigXta),  Cherokee  Rose.  Planted  for  garden- 
hedges,  &c.,  also  run  wild  S.,  disposed  to  climb  high,  armed  with  strong  hooked 
prickles,  very  smooth,  with  bright  green  and  glossy  evergreen  leaves  of  mostly 
only  3  leaflets,  and  single  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  bristly  calyx- 
cup  and  large  pure-white  petals. 

R.  bracteata,  Bracted  Rose,  fn  hedges  far  S.,  not  common ;  has 
downy  branches  armed  with  strong  hooked  prickles,  5-9  roundish  leaflets,  and 
single  large  white  flowei's  on  very  short  peduncle,  the  calyx  covered  by  leafy 
bracts. 

§  4.  Exotic  Garden  Roses  proper,  f-om  Europe  and  Asia.  M<rely  the 
principal  types :  the  greater  part  of  the  modern  garden  roses  too  much 
mixed  by  crossing  and  changed  by  variation  to  be  subjects  of  botanical  study. 

*  Styles  united  in  a  column  which  projects  out  of  the  calyx-cup.  All  with  long 
rambling  shoots,  or  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  Semp6rvirens,  Evergreen  Rose  of  S.,  not  hardy  nor  holding  its 
leaves  N.,  with  coriaceous  bright-green  oblong  leaflets,  curved  prickles,  and 
nearly  solitary  Avliite  flowers,  not  double.  The  AYRSiiiKii  Rose  is  a  more 
hardy  form  of  it. 


ROSE   FAMILY-  127 

R.  moschata,  Muscat  or  Musk  Rose  ;  not  climbin;:^,  with  slender 
curved  prickles,  leaves  of  5  or  7  lanceolate  and  pointed  leailets,  a  corymb  of 
white  flowers  with  a  yellowish  base  to  the  petals,  very  sweet  scented,  especially 
at  CA'ening. 

R.  raultiflbra,  Many-floavered  Rose.  A  well-known  climbing  species, 
from  .Japan  and  China,  hardy  in  Middle  States,  with  5  or  7  soft  and  somewhat 
rugose  leaflets,  slender  scattered  prickles,  and  full  corymbs  of  small  flowers, 
white,  pale  red,  or  rose-purple,  not  sweet-scented.  The  Boursalt  Rose,  said 
to  come  from  the  multiflora,  is  probably  from  a  cross  with  some  hardy  European 
species. 

*    *  Stijles  not  sensibly  projecting  nor  united. 
•t-  Tender,  tall-climbing,  and  wholly  destitute  of  pHckJes. 

R.  B^nksise,  Banksia  Rose,  from  China,  a  slender  conser\'atory  species, 
very  smooth,  with  3  -  5-lanceolate  glossy  leaflets,  and  umbels  of  very  small 
white  or  buff  and  violet-scented  flowers.  • 

•t-  -4-  Tender,  armed  only  with  distant  hooked  prickles,  smooth,  with  leaves  of 

mostly^  [^-^)  rather  coriaceous  and  shini7ig  leaflets,  and  awl-shaped  or 

narrow  stipules. 

R.  Indica,  India  or  China  Roses  :  includes  the  Tea,  Perpetual  or 

Bengal,  Bourbon,  and  Noisette  Roses;  and  the  Bengal  Pompons,  &c. 

are  miniature  forms  of  similar  origin. 

-t-  -t-  -t-  Hardy  or  mainly  so  at  the  north,  not  climbing,  more  or  less  prickly,  and 
with  leaves  of  5  or  more  leaflets. 

R.  Gallica,  Fkench  or  Provence,  Red  Rose,  has  slender  stems  beset 
with  both  stout  curved  and  slender  straight  prickles,  leaves  of  .5-7  rather  rigid 
doubly  and  glandular-toothed  leaflets  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  erect  1 -flow- 
ered peduncles,  and  pink-red  or  crimson  spreading  petals  (or  variegated  with 
white),  which  have  some  astringency,  and  are  used  for  conserve  ofrosos,  &c. 

R.  centifolia,  Hundred-leaved  or  Cabbage  Rose,  perhaps  derived 
from  the  preceding  .  has  mostly  straight  prickles,  .5-7  oval  leaflets  with  glan- 
dular teeth  or  edges,  peduncle  and  calyx  clammy  with  odorous  glands,  th%hip 
bristly  and  glandular,  the  flowei's  mostly  nodding,  large,  and  full-double,  rose- 
purple,  or  of  various  shades,  rarely  white.  Pompon  Roses  are  miniature 
varieties.  Moss  Roses  are  abnormal  states  with  the  glands  and  bristles  of  the 
calyx  and  peduncle  developed  into  a  moss-like  substance.  Petals  used  for  rose- 
water,  essence  of  roses,  &c. 

R.  Damascena,  Damask  Rose,  &c.  Known  from  the  foregoing  by  the 
greener  bark,  larger  curved  prickles,  corymbed  flowers  oblong  in  the  bud,  and 
with  the  long  sepals  (some  of  them  pinnatifid  or  lobed)  reflexed  during  flower- 
ing, the  hip  oblong  and  pulpy  :  petals  rose-purple,  white,  &c. ;  used  in  prefer- 
ence for  attar-of-roses  and  rose-water. 

R.  alba,  White  Rose,  is  between  the  preceding  and  the  Dog  Rose;  leaf- 
lets 5,  glaucous  and  a  little  downy  beneath;  prickles  straightish  and  slender; 
petals  pure  white. 

R.  cinnambniea,  Cinnamon  Rose,  of  Eu.,  met  with  in  country  gar- 
dens, is  related  to  our  wild  R.  l)landa,  .5°  to  8°  high,  with  brownish-red  bark, 
and  some  straightish  prickles,  pale  leaves  downy  underneath,  and  small  pale-red 
cinnamon-scented  (mostlv  double)  flowers,  not  showy. 

R.  spinosissima,  Burnet  or  Scotch  Rose,  of  Eu.  Low,  1°  or  2° 
high,  exceedingly  prickly  with  straight  prickles,  with  7  to  9  small  and  roundish 
smooth  leaflets,  and  small  early  flowers,  either  single  or  double,  and  white, 
pink,  and  even  yellow,  the  hjps  cartilaginous. 

R.  Eglantdria,  Yellow  Eglantine  Rose.  Like  a  Swect-Brier,  but 
lower,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  scattered  straight  prickles  ;  leaves  deep-green  and 
sweet-scented  ;  flowers  deep  yellow,  orange,  or  buflf,  and  sometimes  variegated 
with  red,  either  single  or  double. 

R.  SUlphtirea,  the  old  Yellow  Rose,  from  the  Far  East.  Tall,  with 
scattered  prickles,  glaucous  or  pale  scentless  leaves,  and  sulphur-yellow  ( full- 
double)  nowers. 


128  KOSE    FAMILY. 

15.  CRAT^GTJS,  HAWTHOTIN,  WHITE  THORN.  (Old  Greek 
name.)  Small  trees  or  shruhs,  with  hard  wood;  flowers  white,  except  in 
some  varieties  of  English  Hawthoi-n,  in  spring  or  early  summer ;  ripening  the 
red  or  reddish  fruit  mostly  in  autumn. 

§  1 .   Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  small,  with  5  styles  ;  fruit  not  larfjer  than  small 
peas,  scarlet  or  coral-red :  leaven,  ^'c,  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

C.  Pyracantha,  Evergrekn  Thorx.  Planted  for  ornament  and  spar- 
ingly nat.  from  S.  Teun.  S.  (from  S.  Europe)  :  shrub  4° -6°,  with  the  shining 
evergreen  leaves  lance-spatulate  and  crenulate,  only  1'  long,  and  small  clusters 
of  flowers  terminating  short  branches. 

C.  spathul^ta.  Tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  from  Virginia  S.,  with  almost 
evergreen  shining  spatulate  leaves,  crcnate  towards  the  apex,  or  on  vigorous 
shoots  cut-lobed,  and  with  hardly  any  petiole. 

C.  COrd^ta,  Washington  T.  Small  tree,  from  Virg.  and  Kentucky  S., 
and  has  l)cei?  planted  for  hedges ;  has  broadly  triangular-ovate  or  heart-shaped 
tliinnirih  leaves,  often  3  -  5-cleft  or  cut  and  serrate,  on  slender  petiole. 

§  2.    Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  middle-sized :  fruit  coral-red,  ovoid,  rather  small. 

C  arboreseens.  River-banks  far  S.  :  tree  with  few  stout  thorns  or  none, 
thin  oblong-  serrate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  on  slender  petioles  ;  styles  5. 

C  Oxyac^ntha,  English  Hawthorn.  Planted  from  En.  for  orna- 
ment and  hedges  ;  tree  or  shrub  with  obovate  smooth  leaves  wedge-shaped  at 
base,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  above  ;  styles  2  or  3,  rarely  only  1.  With  single  or 
double,  white,  rose,  or  pink-red  flowers.  \ 

C.  apiifdlia,  Parsley-leavkd  T.  Common's.  Small  tree  soft-downy 
when  young ;  the  leaves  smootliish  Avith  age,  pinnatifid,  the  5-7  lobes  crowded, 
cut  and  toothed  ;  jjetioles  slender  ;  styles  1-3. 

§  3.  Floivers  many  in  the  corymb,  larrje ;  the  calvx-tepth  with  the  bracts  and 
stivules  often  beset  ivith  y lands  :  fruit  edible,  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  its 
cells  or  stoius  and  the  styles  variable  in  number,  1-5.  All  tall  shrubs  or 
low  trees,  of  thickets  and  rocky  banks,  or  planted. 

O.  eoecinea,  Scarlet-fruited  T.  Smooth,  with  the  leaves  thin,  round- 
ish-ovate, sliarply  cut-toothed  or  lol)ed,  on  slender  petioles,  the  coral  or  scarlet 
fruit  much  smaller  than  in  the  next  and  hardly  eatable. 

C.  tomentbsa,  Pear  or  Black  T.  Downy  or  soft-hairy  Avhen  young; 
the  leaves  thickish,  oval,  ovate,  or  obovate,  sharply  toothed  oV'cut,  below  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole,  the  uj)per  surface  im]n-essed  along  the 
main  veins  or  ribs ;  flowers  often  1 '  broad,  and  scarlet  or  orange  fruit  from  two 
thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  pleasant-tasted.  Of  many  varieties  :  the 
two  which  differ  most  from  the  common  one  with  the  well-flavored  fruit  are  : 
Var.  punctata,  with  smaller  and  wedge-obovate  leaves  irregularly  toothed 
towards  the  summit,  and  dull  red  and  yellowish  fruit,  sometimes  white-dotted. 
Var.  MOLLIS,  of  the  Western  States,  with  rounded  soft-downy  leaves,  not  taper- 
ing but  sometimes  even  heart-shaped  at  base,  sharply  doubly  toothed  and  cut ; 
fruit  dull  red  and  less  pleasant-tasted. 

C.  Crus-g&lli,  CocKSPUR  T.  Smooth  ;  the  wedge-olx)vate  or  oblanceo- 
late  leaves  thick  and  firm,  deep-green  and  glossy,  serrate  above  the  middle,  ta- 

?ering  into  a  very  short  petiole  ;  thorns  very  long  and  sharp  ;  fruit  bright  red. 
'he  best  species  for  hedges  :  has  both  narrow  and  broad-leaved  varieties. 

§  4.  Flowers  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  only  3-6  in  the  corymb ;  styles,  and  cells, 
4  -  5  :  leaves  mostly  pubescent  underneath  :  fruit  often  eatable. 

C  sestiv^Hs,  Summer  Haav  of  S.  States.  Along  pine-barren  ponds, 
from  S.  Car.  S.  &  W.  :  tree  with  spatulate  or  wedge-obovate  coriaceous  leaves, 
crcnate  above  the  middle,  no  glands,  3  -  5-flowered  peduncles,  and  large  red 
juicy  fruit,  pleasantly  acid,  used  for  tarts,  &c. :  ripe  in  summer. 

C  flava,  Yellow  or  Summer  Haw.  Sandy  soil,  from  Virginia  S.  : 
small  tree,  Avith  wedge-obovate  leaves  downy  or  smoothish,  toothed  or  cut  above 
the  middle,  the  tettn  or  margins  anu  snort  pet.oie  giancuuar ,  the  uear-shaped 
or  globular  fruit  yellowish,  greenish,  or  tinged  with  red. 


ROSE    FAMILY.  129 

C.  parvif61ia,  Small-leaved  or  Dwarf  Tiiorx.  Pinc-l)arrens  from 
N.  Jersey  S.  •  ylirnb  3°  -  6°  high,  downy,  with  thick  and  firm  spatiilatc-obovate 
crenate  leaves,  these  as  well  as  the  mostly  solitary  flowers  almost  sessile,  calyx- 
lobes  glandular-toothed  and  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  the  large  f'niit  pear-shaped 
or  globular,  at  first  hairy,  greenish  and  yellowish. 

16.  COTONEASTER.  ( CotonPMm  was  a  Roman  name  of  the  Quince. 
Name  here  alludes  to  the  cottony  covering  of  the  shoots,  lower  face  of  the 
leaves,  &c.  of  these  small-leaved  and  small-flowered,  chiefly  Old -World 
shrubs.) 

C.  vulgaris.  Planted  from  Eu. :  hardy  shrub,  2°  -  4°  high,  much  branched, 
with  deciduous  ovate  or  rounded  leaves  hardly  1'  long,  glabrous  calyx,  flesh- 
colored  or  white  flowers  in  spring,  and  reddish  fruit.  And  some  rarer,  evergreen 
species  are  in  choicer  ornamental  grounds. 

17.  PHOTINIA.  (From  Greek  woi-d  for  shining,  alluding  to  the  glossy 
leaves  of  the  uenuine  species.)  Choice  greenhouse  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
hardy  S.,  with  large  evergreen  leaves. 

P.  arbutifblia,  of  California,  a  smooth  shrub,  Avith  rigid  sharply-toothed 
leaves  and  broad  panicle  of  white  liowers,  should  be  hardy  8.  of  Fenn. 

P.  serrulata,  of  Japan  and  China,  is  smooth,  with  longer  finely  sen-ulate 
leaves,  and  copious  white  flowers. 

P.  (or  Eriob6trya)  Japonica,  the  Loquat-Tree,  of  Japan,  Avith 
almost  entire  leaves  nearly  1°  long,  the  lower  surface  and  corymb  clothed  with 
dense  rather  rusty  wool,  has  fewer  and  larger  downy  yellowish-white  flowers, 
and  an  edible  yellow  fruit,  resembling  a  small  apple,  with  1-5  large  seeds. 

18.  AMELANCHIER,  JUNE-BERRY,  SERVICE-BERRY.  (Pop- 
ular name  of  the  European  species  in  Savoy.)  Flowering  in  spring,  and  pro- 
ducing the  berry-like  purplish  fruit  (edible,  sweet,  sometimes  very  pleasant- 
flavored)  in  summer.  We  have  apparently  two  or  three  wild  species;  but 
they  run  together  so  that  botanists  incline  to  regard  them  as  forms  of  one. 
A.  Canadensis,    also   called    Siiadbush   in  New  England,    because  it 

blossoms  just  when  shad  appear  in  the  rivers.  Var.  Botryapium  is  the 
tree,  smooth  even  from  the  first,  or  nearly  so,  with  ovate-oblong  very  shar])ly 
serrate  leaves,  long  loose  racemes,  and  oblong  jjctals  4  times  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  Var.  oblongifolia  is  either  tree  or  shrub,  with  the  oblong  leaves  and 
branchlets  white-cottony  when  young,  and  the  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 
Var.  alnifolia,  chiefly  W.,  is  a  shrub  with  roundish  blunt  leaves  toothed  only 
towards  the  summit,  and  flowers  like  the  preceding.  Var.  oligocArpa,  is  a 
shrub  of  cold  bogs  N.,  very  smooth,  with  thin  oblong  sharply-serrate  leaves,  and 
only  2-5  flowers  in  the  raceme. 

19.  PYRUS,  PEAR,  APPLE,  &c.  (Classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree. ^ 
Botanically  the  genus  is  made  to  include  a  great  variety  of  things,  agreeing 
in  the  cartilaginous,  parchment-like,  or  thin-walled  cells  that  contain  the 
seeds.     Wood  hard  and  tough.     Fl.  spring. 

§  1.   Pear.     Leaves  simple  :  flowers  in  a  simple  conjmb  or  cluster :  fruit  ivitli  its 
base  taperimj  down  to  the  stalk. 

P.  COmmtinis,  Commox  Pear.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  a  smooth  tree,  with 
branches  inclined  to  be  thorny,  ovate  leaves,  and  pure  white  flowers,  the  an- 
thers purple. 

§  2.   Apple.     Leaves  simple :  flowers  showi/,  in  a  simple  cluster  or  simple  umbel: 
fruit  sunken  (umbilicate)  at  both  ends,  especial  I  ij  at  the  base. 
*  Exotic :  leaves  simply  and  evenlij  seirate,  ovate  or  oblong. 
P.  Mklus,  CoMMOx  Apple.     Cult,  from  Eu.  :  tree  with  buds,  lower  face 
of  the  leaves  when  young,  and  calyx  woolly,  flowers  white  and  tinged  with 
pink,  and  large  fruit. 

9 


130  CALYCANTHUS    FAMILY. 

P.  spectabilis,  Chinese  Flowering-A.  Cult  from  China,  for  its 
shoAvy  bri<4ht  rose-colored  flowers,  which  are  double  or  semi-double  ;  the  leaves 
&c.  smooth,  except  when  very  young. 

P.  pruniiolia,  Siberiax  Crab-A.  Cult,  for  the  fruit :  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  excej>t  the  newly  developed  leaves  and  the  peduncles  ;  styles  woolly 
at  the  base  ;  fruit  yellowish.  The  better  Crab-Apples  are  perhaps' crosses  of 
this  with  the  Common  Apple. 

*  *  Wild  species,  icith  some  of  the  leaves  irrerjalarly  cut-toothed,  or  even  lolied : 
the  bright  rose-colored  flowers  and  the  greenish  f nut  venj  fragrant. 

P.  COron^ria,  American  or  Garlaxd  Crab-A.  Glades  from  W.  New 
York  W.  &  S.  :  small  tree,  soon  smooth,  with  the  mostly  ovate  leaves  rounded 
or  obscurely  heart-shaped  at  base  and  inclined  to  be  3-lobed. 

P.  ang'ustif61ia,  Narhow-leaved  Crar-A.  Glades  W.  &  S.,  with 
narrow-oblonj^  or  lanceolate  leaves  :  othei-wise  too  like  the  last. 

§  3.    Chokeberry.     Leaves  simple,  the  upper  face  with  some  small  glands  along 

the  midrib:  flotvers  (white)  in  compound  cymes  terminating  the  branches: 

styles  united  at  base :  fruit  berry-like. 

P.  arbutif61ia,  Common  Chokeberry.  ^  Low  woods  and  bogs ;   shi-ub 

with  small  ohovate  or  oblong  finely  serrate  leaves,  and  a  juicy  insipid  berry,  not 

larger  than  a  pea,  either  purple  or  black,  pear-shaped  or  globular. 

§  4.  Rowan-Tree  or  Mouxtaix-Ash.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  several 
(9-17)  leaflets  :  flowers  (numerous  and  white)  in  ample  compound  flat 
cymes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season :  fruit  berry-like,  scarlet-red 
when  ripe.  Trees  oflen  planted  for  ornament,  especially  for  the  clusters  of 
showy  fruit  in  autumn. 

P.  Americcina,  American  Mountain-Ash.  Slender  tree  or  tall  shrubj 
wild  in  the  cooler  districts  ;  smooth  or  soon  becoming  so,  with  lanceolate 
taper-pointed  and  sharply  serrate  bright-green  leaflets  on  a  reddish  stalk,  pointed 
and  smooth  glutinous  leaf-buds,  and  berries  not  larger  than  peas. 

P.  sambucifblia,  Elder-leaved  K.  or  M.  AVild  along  the  northern 
frontiers  ;  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  and  bhmt  or  ab- 
ruptly short-pointed  leaflets,  coarsely  serrate  with  more  spreading  teeth,  spar- 
ingly hairy  leaf-buds,  and  larger  berries. 

P.  aucup^ria,  European  R.  or  M.  Planted  from  Eu.  ;  forms  a  good- 
sized  tree,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  paler  leaflets,  their  lower  surflice,  stalks,  and 
the  leaf-buds  downy ;  and  the  berries  larger  (^'  in  diameter). 

20.   CYDOlSriA,  QUINCE.     (Named  from  a  city  in  Crete.) 

C.  vulgaris,  Common  Quince.  Cult,  from  the  Levant  ;  small  tree, 
nearly  thornless,  with  oval  or  ovate  entire  leaves  (Lessons,  p.  55,  fig.  83)  cot- 
tony beneath  ;  flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  branches  of  the  season,  in 
late  spring,  with  leafy  calyx-lobes,  white  or  pale-rose  petals,  and  stamens  in  a 
single  row ;  the  large  and  hard  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  in  one  variety  apple-shaped, 
fragrant ;  seeds  mucilaginous. 

C.  Japonica,  Japan  Quince  (also  named  Pyrus  Japonica).  Thorny, 
smooth,  widely  branched  shrub,  from  Japan  ;  cult,  for  the  large  showy  flowers, 
which  are  ]>i*oduced  in  spring,  eai'lier  than  the  oval  or  wedge-oblong  leaves,  on 
side  spurs,  in  great  abundance,  single  or  more  or  less  double,  scarlet-red,  or 
sometimes  with  rose-colored  or  even  almost  white  varieties ;  calyx  with  short 
and  rounded  lobes ;  fruit  green,  very  hard,  resembling  a  small  apple,  but  totally- 
uneatable. 

39.  CALYCANTHACE.^,  CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  sepals  and  petals 
imbricated  and  indefinite  in  number  and  passing  one  into  the  other, 
stamens  few  or  many  with  anthers  turned  outwards,  all  these  parts , 
on  a  hollow  receptacle  or  calyx-cup  in  the  manner  of  a  rose-hip, 


SAXIFRAGE   FA:\nLY.  131 

enclosing  numerous  pistils  which  ripen  into  akenes.  Cotyledons 
rolled  up  from  one  margin.  Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  aromatic, 
as  is  the  wood  also. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS.     Flowers  livid-purple  or  dull  red,  solitary  in  the  fixils  or 

terminating  leafy  brandies,  with  loose  bracts  passing  to  colored  lanceolate 
sepals,  and  these  into  similar  thickisli  petals,  which  arc  borne  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  closed  calyx-tube:  within  these  are  numerous  short  stamens;  the 
outer  12  or  more  having  anthers  ending  in  a  tip;  tiic  inner  smaller  and  with 
imperfect  anthers  or  none.  Pistils  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  cup;  ovary  with  2 
ovules;  styles  slender.  Akenes  oval,  coriaceous,  enclosed  in  the  leathery  hip, 
which  becomes  about  2'  long. 

2.  CHLMONANTHUS.     Flowers  yellow  and  ^jurplish,  along  naked  shoots,  sessile 

in  axils  of  fallen  leaves.  Bracts  and  sepals  scale-like,  ovate,  purplish  or 
brownish.  Petals  honey-yellow,  or  the  innermost  red.  Stamens  with  an- 
thers only  5. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS,  CAKOLINA  ALLSPICE  or  SWEET-SCENT^ 
ED  SHRUB.  (Name  from  Greek  for  cup  and  foicer.)  All  wild  in  U.  S., 
and  cult.,  especially  the  first,  which  has  the  more  fragrant  strawberry -seen  ted 
blossoms.     FI.  sprin^^  and  all  summer. 

C.  floridus.  Wild  S.  of  Virginia  in  rich  woods  :  leaves  soft-downy  be- 
neath, l'-3'  long,  oval  or  oblong. 

C.  IsevigatUS.  Wild  from  S.  Pcnn.  S. :  smooth  and  green,  with  oval  or 
oblong  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  rather  small  flowers  (1-V  across). 

C.  glaucus.  Wild  from  Virginia  S.  :  like  the  foregoing,  but  with  mostly 
larger  and  taper-pointed  leaves,  glaucous  beneath. 

C.  OCCident^lis,  Western  C.  Cult,  from  California :  smooth,  with 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong  and  slightly  heart-shaped  larger  leaves  (.t'-C  long), 
green  both  sides,  the  upper  surface  roughish ;  the  brick-red  flowers  3'  across, 
scentless  ;  akenes  hairy. 

2.  CHIMOWANTHUS,  JAPAN  ALLSPICE.  (Name  in  Greek  means 
winter- fl oicc.r ;  it  f.ov,crs  in  the  winter  in  a  mild  temperate  climate.) 

C.  frasrans.  Shrub  with  long  branches,  which  may  be  trained  like  a 
climber,  smooth  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  rather  small  fragrant  flowers, 
hardy  S.  of  Penn. 

40.   SAXIFRAGACE.^,  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

A  large  family  not  readily  defined  by  any  single  characters ; 
distinguished  generally  from  Ro.-^aceai  by  having  albumen  in  the 
seeds,  ovaries  partly  or  wholly  united,  and  seldom  any  stipules  ; 
ihe  herbs  and  most  of  the  shrubs  of  the  family  have  only  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  stamens,  and  fewer  styles  or  stigmas,  tlian  tliere 
are  petals  or  sepals.  Flowers  mostly  perfect.  —  Besides  the  plants 
described,  there  may  be  met  with  in  choice  conservatories : 

CuNONiA  Capensis,  a  small  tree  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with 
opposite  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  a  large  stipule  between  their  peti- 
oles on  each  side  : 

Baiiera  RUBioiDES,  from  Australia,  a  slender  bushy  shrub,  with 
opposite  leaves  of  3  almost  sessile  narrow  leaflets,  looking  like  6 
simple  leaves  in  a  whorl,  and  pretty  rose-colored  widely  open  flow- 
ers in  their  axils. 

I.  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  (includes  plants  which  have  been 
ranked  in  two  or  three  different  families).  None  of  the  following 
have  stipules,  except  Ribes.     Seeds  numerous. 


132  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

§  1.   Leaven  alternate. 

1.  RIBES.     Leaves  palmately  veined  and  Ibbed  ;  sometimes  with  narrow  stipules 

united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Calyx  with  its  tube  cohering  with  tiie 
ovary,  and  often  extended  beyond  it,  the  5  lobes  usually  colored  like  the 
petals.  Petals  and  stamens  each  5,  on  the  throat  of  tlie  calyx,  the  former 
small  and  mostly  erect.  Styles  2  or  partly  united  into  one  ; 'ovary  1-celled 
with  2  parietal  placenta?,  in' fruit  becoming  a  juicy  berry,  crowned  with  the 
shrivelled  remains  of  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

2.  ITEA.     Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.     Flowers   in   a  raceme.     Calyx 

nearly  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  lanceolate,  much  longer 
than  the  c^ilyx,  and  inserted  along  with  the  5  stamens  near  its  base.  Pod 
slender,  2-celIed,  splitting  through  the  style  and  the  partition. 

§  2.    Leaves  opposite.    Calyx-tube  tolwlJy  coherent  tdlli  the  top-shaped  or  hemispherical 
ovary,  but  not  at  all  exttndtd  beyond  it. 

*  Stamens  indtjiiiite,  20 -40. 

3.  DECUMARIA.     Flowers  small,  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme.     Calyx  mi- 

imtely  7-10  toothed.  Style  thick.  Petals  7  -  10,  valvate  in  the  bud'.  Pod 
small,  top-shaped,  many- ribbed,  bursting  at  the  sides  between  the  ribs. 

4.  PHILADELPHUS.     Flo'wers  showy,  often  corymbed  or  panicled.    Calyx  with 

4  or  5  valvate  lobes.  Petals  4  or  5,  broad,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Styles 
3-5,  usually  somewhat  united  below.  Ovary  3-5-celled,  becoming  a  pod, 
which  splits  at  length  into  as  many  pieces. 

«  «  Stamens  only  ticice  as  many  as  the  petals.  8  or  10. 
§.    DEUTZIA.     Flowers   all   alike   and   perfect,  more  or  less   panicled,  showy. 
Lobes  of  the  calyx  5.     I'etals  o,  valvate  with  the  edges  turned    inwards. 
Filaments  flat,  the  5  alternate  ones  longer,  commonly  with  a  tooth  or  fork  on 
each  side  next  the  top.     Styles  3-5,  slender.     Pod  3-  5-celled. 

6.  HYDRANGEA.     Flowers  in'cymes,  commonly  of  two  sorts,  the  marginal  ones 

(or  in  high-cultivated  plants  almost  all)  enlarged  and  neutral,  consisting  of 
corolla-like  calyx  only  (Lessons,  p.  84,  fig.  167)  :  the  others  perfect,  with  a 
4-6-toothed  calyx,  as  many  small  petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  twice  as 
many  sta<nens  with  slender  fihiments.  Style  2  -  5,  diverging.  Ovary  2-5- 
celled,  becoming  a  small  pod  which  opens  at  the  top  between  the  styles. 

II.    Herbs,  forming  the  Saxifrage  Family  proper.     Stipules 
none  or  confluent  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.     Seeds  usually  many. 

*  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  usually  5,  and  a  cluster  of 

yland-tipptd  sterile  Jilnmtnts  before  each  petal:  stiymas  mostly  4,  directly  over 
as  many  parietal  placentce. 

7.  PARNASSIA.     Flower  solitary,  terminating  a  scape-like  stem  ;  the  leaves 

mostly  from  the  root,  rounded,  smooth,  and  entire.  Calyx  free  from  the 
ovary,  of  5  sepals.  Petals  5,  veiny,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Styles  none. 
Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  4  or  5 :  r?o  sterile  filaments :  styles  2  and 

alternate  with  the  placentce  or  partition.' 

8.  HEUCHERA.     Flowers  small,  in  a  long  panicle,  mostly  on  a  scape.     Calyx 

bell-shaped,  the  tube  cohering  below  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  and  continued 
beyond  it,  above  5-cleft,  and  bearing  5  small  spatulate  erect  petals  at 
the  sinuses.  Styles  slender.  Pod  1-ceUed,  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  opening 
between  the  beaks. 

9.  BOYKINIA.     Flowers    in   a  corymb-like   cyme.     Calyx   5-lobed,  the  tube 

cohering  with  the  2-celled  ovary.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Styles  2,  short.     Pod  2-celled,  opening  between  the  two  beaks. 

*  *  *  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  mostly  10  j 

2)od  commonly  2-lobed,  beaked,  or  2,  rarely  3-4,  nearly  separate  jjods. 

-t-  Petals  entire,  mostly  5. 

10.  SAXIFRAGA.     Flowers  in   cymes  or   panicles,   or  rarely  solitary,  perfect. 

Leaves  simple  or  palmately 'cut.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Pod  2- 
celled  below,  or  2  (rarel}'  more)  separate  pistils  and  pods,  many-seeded. 

11.  ASTILBE.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  collected  in  an  ample  compound 

panicle,  sometimes  polygamous  or  dioecious.     Leaves  ample,  decompound. 


SilXIFRAGE   FAMILY.  133 

Petals  small,  spatulate  or  linear.     Little  pods  2  or  3,  nearly  separate,  opening 
down  tlie  inner  sntnre,  several-seeded. 

12.  TIAKELLA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme.  Calyx  colored  (white),  5-parted,  and 
in  the  sinuses  bearing  5  very  narrow  sleader-clawed  petals.  Filumeiits  and 
styles  long  and  slender.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  ovules  towards  the  baso 
of  the  2  parietal  placentae,  2-beaked;  one  of  the  beaks  or  carpels  growing 
much  more  than  the  other  and  making  the  larger  part  of  the  lance-shaped 
membranaceous  pod,  which  is  few-seeded  towards  the  bottom. 
4-  •4-  Petals  5,  pinnatijid,  very  ddicate. 

18.  MITELLA.  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike,  small.  Petals  colored  like 
the  short  open  calyx  (white  or  green).  Stamens  short.  Stvles  2,  verv  short. 
Ovary  and  pod  globular,  1-celled,  wich  2  parietal  placentae  at  the  base,"^  many- 
seeded,  opening  across  the  top. 

■^  •*-  •*—  Petals  none. 
14.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  solitary  or  in  a  leafv  cyme. 
Oulyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  tube  or  expanded  border  with '4  or 
6  blunt  lobes.  Stamens  8  or  10,  ve'ry  short.  Styles  2,  short,  recurved.  Pod 
obcordate,  thin,  its  notched  summit  risiug  above  the  calyx-tube,  1-celled 
with  2  parietal  placeutse,  several -many-seeded. 

1.   RIBES,  CURRANT,  GOOSEBERRY.     (An  Arabic  name.)     Leaves 
plaited  in  the  bud,  except  the  last  species,  often  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
those  of  previous  season.     Fl.  spring.     Fruit  mostly  eatable. 
§  1.    GoosEHERRY.     Stems  commonly  with  I  or  2  thorns  below  the  leafstalks  or 

the  dusters  of  leaves,  often  with  numerous  scattered  prickles  besides,  these 

sometimes  on  the  berry  also. 

*  Cultivated  species. 

R.  specibsum,  Showy  Flowering-Gooseberry,  of  California:  ciilt. 
for  ornament,  especially  in  England,  likely  to  succeed  in  Southern  Middle 
States,  is  trained  like  a  climber  ;  has  small  and  shining  leaves,  1-3  very  hand- 
some flowei's  on  a  hanging  peduncle,  the  short-tubular  calyx,  ])etals,  and  long- 
projecting  stamens  deep  red,  so  that  the  blossom  resembles  that  of  a  Fuchsia ; 
berry  prickly,  few-seeded. 

R.  Grossul^ria,  Garden  or  English  Gooseberry.  Cult,  from  Eu. 
for  the  Avell-known  fruit;  thorny  and  prickly,  Avith  small  obtusely  3 - .5-lobed 
leaves,  green  flowers  1  -  3  on  short  pedicels,  bell-shaped  calyx,  and  large  berry. 

*  *  Native  species  {chiefly  N.  Sf  W.),  passing  under  the  general  name  of  Wija) 

Gooseberry,  with  greenish  or  dull-purplish  blossoms,  only  1-3  on  each 
peduncle. 

R.  hirt^Uum,  the  commonest  E.,  is  seldom  downy,  with  very  short  thorns 
or  none,  very  short  peduncles,  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  scarcely  longer  than 
the  bell-shaped  calyx  ;  and  the  smooth  berry  purple,  small,  and  sweet. 

R.  rotundifblium,  commoner  W.,  is  often  downy -leaved  ;  peduncles 
slender,  the  slender  stamens  and  2-parted  style  longer  than  the  narrow  calyx ; 
berry  smooth. 

R.  Cynosbati,  of  rocky  woods  N.,  is  downy-leaved,  with  .slender  pedun- 
cles, stamens  and  undivided*  style  not  exceeding  the  broad  calyx,  and  large 
berry  usually  prickly. 

*  *  *  Native  species  icith  the  prickly  stems  of  a  Gooseberry,  but  tvith  a  raceme  of 

flowers  like  those  of  a  Currant. 

R.  laciistre,  Lake  or  Swamp  G.  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods  N.  :  low, 
with  3  -  .5-)iartcd  leaves,  their  lobes  deeply  cut,  very  small  flowers  with  broad 
and  flat  calyx,  short  stamens  and  style,  and  small  bristly  berries  of  unpleasant 
flavor. 

§  2.    Currant.    No  thorns  nor  prickles,  and  the  flowers  numerous  in  the  racemes. 
*   Wild,  or  cultivated  for  the  fruit :  flowei's  greenish  or  whitish. 
•*--  Leaves  u'itliout  resinous  dots  :  calyx  flat  and  open  :  berries  red  {or  white). 

R.  prostr^lum,  Fetid  C.  Cold  woods  N. ;  with  reclining  stems,  deejdy 
heart-shaped  and  acutely  5  -  7-lobed  leaves,  erect  racemes,  pedicels  and  jmle-red 


134  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

berries  jE^landular-bristly ;  these  and  the  bniised  herbage  exhale  an  unpleasant, 
skunk-like  odor. 

R.  rtlbrum,  Rep  C  Cnlt  from  Fai.,  also  wild  on  our  northern  borders  ; 
with  straggling  or  reclining  stems,  somewhat  heart-shaped  moderately  3  -  5- 
lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  roundish,  and  drooping  racemes  from  lateral  buds  dis- 
tinct from  the  leaf-buds  ;  edible  berries  red,  or  a  white  variety. 

•t-  •»-  Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinom  dots :  flowers  Innjer,  ivifh  ohl on g-hell -shaped 
calyx :  berries  larger,  black,  aromatic  and  spicy,  (jlandular-dotted. 

R.  floridum,  Wild  Black  C.  Woods  N  ;  leaves  slightly  heart-shaped, 
sharply  3-5-lol>ed  and  doubly  serrate;  racemes  drooping,  downy,  bearing 
many  whitish  dowers,  with  conspicuous  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

B,.  nigrum,  Garden  Black  C.  Cult,  from  Eu. :  like  the  preceding, 
but  has  greener  and  fewer  flowers  in  the  raceme,  minute  bracts,  and  a  shorter 
calyx. 

*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament  fro7n  far  W.  •  the  flowers  highli/  colored. 

R,  sanguineum,  Red-fl.  C,  from  Oregon  and  California  ;  glandular 
and  somewhat  clammy,  with  3  -  .5-lobed  leaves  whitish-downy  beneath,  nodding 
racemes  of  rose-red  flowers,  the  calyx-tube  oblong-bcU-shaped,  the  berries  gland- 
ular and  insipid. 

R.  aureum,  Golden,  Buffalo,  or  Missouri  C.  :  from  W.  Missouri 
to  Oregon  ;  abundantly  cult,  for  its  s])icy-scented  bright-yellow  flowers  in  early 
spring;  smooth,  with  rounded  3-lobed  and  cut-toothed  leaves  (which  are  rolled 
up  in  the  bud),  short  racemes  with  leafy  bracts,  and  tube  of  the  yel'ow  calyx 
very  much  longer  than  the  spreading  lobes  ;  the  berries  blackish,  insipid. 

2.  ITEA.     (Greek  name  of  Willow,  applied  to  something  widely  different.) 
I.  Virginica,  a  tall  shrub,  in  low  pine-barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.,  smooth, 

with  oblong  minutely  serrate  leaves,  and  racemes  of  pretty  white  flowers,  in 
early  summer. 

3.  DECUMARIA.  (Name  probably  meaning  that  the  parts  of  the  flower 
are  in  tens,  which  is  only  occasionally  the  case.) 

D.  b^rbara.  Along  streams  S.  :  a  tall,  mostly  smooth  shrub,  with  long 
branches  disposed  to  climb,  ovate  or  oblong  shining  leaves,  and  a  compound 
terminal  cyme  of  small  white  odorous  flowers,  in  late  spring. 

4.  PHILADELPHUS,  MOCK-ORANGE,  SYRINGA  (Avhich  is  the 
botanical  name  of  the  Lilac.  The  generic  name  is  an  ancient  one,  afterwards 
applied  to  these  shi*ubs  for  no  particular  reason).  Ornamental  shrubs;  na- 
tives of  the  S.  Atlantic  and  Pacific  States,  Japan,  &c. ;  the  species  mixed  or 
much  varied  in  cultivation.     The  following  are  the  principal  types. 

P.  Cdronarius,  Common  Mock-Orange.  Cult,  probably  from  Japan. 
Shrub  with  erect  branches,  smoothish  oblong-ovate  leaves  having  the  taste  and 
smell  of  cucumbers,  and  crowded  clusters  of  handsome  and  odorous  cream-white 
flowers,  in  late  spring. 

P.  latifolius,  Buoad-leaved  M.  Cult.,  unknown  wild,  has  the  erect 
stems  of  the  first,  is  robust,  6°  -  12°  high,  with  the  ovate  and  toothed  .5-ribbed 
leaves  hairy  beneath,  and  large  pure-white  and  nearly  scentless  flowers  clus- 
tered, in  early  summer. 

P.  inoddrus,  Scentless  M.  Wild  in  upper  districts  S. :  shrub  smooth, 
with  spreading  slender  branches,  mostly  entire  ovate-oblong  leaves,  rather  small 
flowers  scattered  at  the  end  of  the  diverging  branchlets,  and  calyx-lobes  not 
longer  than  the  ovary. 

P.  grandiflbrus,  Large-fl.  M.  Wild  along  streams  from  Virginia  S., 
and  planted  in  several  varieties  :  tall  shrub,  with  long  recurving  branches,  ovate 
and  pointed  usually  toothed  smoothish  or  slightly  downy  leaves,  and  very  large 
pure-white  scentless  flowers,  in  early  summei',  either  single  or  in  loose  clusters 
}'.t  the  end  of  the  branches,  the  slender-pointed  caljrx-lobes  much  longer  than  the 
ovary. 


SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.  135 

P.  Gordoniinus,  ciilt.  from  Oregon,  is  seemingly  a  variety  of  the  last, 
very  tall,  and  the  large  flowers  appearing  at  midsummer. 

P.  hirsutus,  Hairy  M.  Wild  in  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  sparingly  cult.  : 
slender,  with  recurving  branches,  the  small  ovate  and  acute  sharply-toothed 
leaves  hairy,  and  beneath  even  hoary  ;  the  small  white  flowers  solitary  or 
2-3  together  at  the  end  of  short  racemose  side  branchlets. 

6.  DEIJTZIA.  (Named  for  one  Deutz,  an  amateur  botanist  of  Amsterdam.) 
Fine  flowering  shrubs  of  Ja])an  and  China,  with  numerous  ])anicles  of  white 
blossoms,  in  late  S])ring  and  early  summer  ;  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves,  the 
calyx.  Sec.  beset  with  minute  starry  clusters  of  hairs  or  scurf 
D.  gracilis,  the  smallest  species,  is  2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  sharply  ser- 
rate leaves  bright  green  and  smooth,  and  rather  small  snow-white  flowers,  earlier 
than  the  rest,  often  forced  in  greenhouses  ;  filaments  forked  at  the  top. 

D.  crenclta.  Commonly  planted  ;  a  tall  shrub,  rough  with  the  fine  pube- 
scence, with  pale  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  minutely  crenate-serrate  leaves,  and 
rather  dull  white  blossoms  in  summer ;  the  filaments  broadest  upwards  and 
with  a  blunt  lobe  on  each  side  just  below  the  anther.  This  is  generally  cult, 
under  the  name  of  the  next,  viz. 

D.  seabra,  with  more  rugose  and  rougher  finely  sharp-serrate  leaves,  and 
entire  taper-pointed  filaments  :  seldom  cult.  here. 

6.  HYDRANGEA.  (Name  of  two  Greek  words  meaning  tracer  and  rase; 
the  application  obscure.)     Fl.  summer. 

*  Cultivated  from  China  and  Japan:  house-plants  N.,  tin'ned  out  for  summer. 

H.  Hortensia,  Common  Hydrangea,  is  very  smooth,  with  large  and 
oval,  coarsely  toothed,  bright-green  leaves,  and  tlie  flowers  of  the  cyme  nearly  . 
all  neutral  and  enlarged,  blue,  purple,  pink,  or  Avliite. 

*  *   Wild  species,  on  shad//  banks  of  riveis,  ^"C,  but  often  planted  for  ornament. 

Stjjlts  most  I  11  onlji  2  :  flowers  white,  the  sterile  enlarged  ones  turning  green- 
ish or  purplish  ivith  age,  persistent. 

H.  quereifolia,  Oak-leaved  H.  Stout  shrub  3°  -  6°  high,  very  leafy, 
downy,  with  oval  .5-lobed  large  leaves,  and  cymes  clustered  in  oblong  panicle, 
with  numerous  sterile  flowers.     W^'d  from  Georgia  S.,  hardy  N.  in  cult. 

H.  radiata,  called  more  fittingly  H.  nivea,  having  the  ovate  or  some- 
what hcart-shajied  pointed  leaves  very  white-woolly  beneath,  but  smooth  and 
green  above  ;  the  flat  cyme  with  a  few  enlarged  sterile  flowers  round  the  mai*- 
gin.     Wild  8.  of  Virginia. 

H.  arborescens,  wild  from  Pcnn.  and  111.  S.,  rarely  planted,  is  smooth, 
with  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  serrate  pointed  leaves  green  both  sides,  the 
flat  cyme  often  without  any  enlarged  sterile  flowers,  but  sometimes  with  a  full 
row  round  the  margin. 

7.  PARNASSIA,  GP.ASS-OF-PARNASSUS.  Wild  on  wet  banks; 
the  large  white  flower  handsome,  in  summer  and  autumn.     IJ. 

P.  Carolini^na,  the  only  common  species,  both  N.  &  S.,  has  the  scape  or 
stem  10-2°  hiuh,  bearing  one  clasping  leaf  low  down,  and  terminated  with  a 
flower  over  1'  broad,  the  many-veined  petals  sessile,  with  3  stout  small  sterile 
filaments  before  each. 

P.  pallistris,  scarce  on  northern  borders,  is  small  throughout,  with  several 
slender  filaments  before  each  few-veined  petal. 

P.  asarifblia,  along  the  Alleghanies  S.,  has  rather  kidney-shaped  leaves, 
and  petals  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  claw ;  otherwise  like  the  first. 

8.  HEUCHERA,  ALITM-'ROOT,  the  rootstock  being  astringent.  (Named 
for  a  German  botanist,  Heurher.)  Wild  plants  of  rocky  woods,  chiefly  W. 
and  S.  along  the  middle  country  ;  the  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  and  more 
or  less  lobed  or  cut,  mostly  from  the  rootstock,  often  one  or  two  on  the  tail 
stalk  of  the  paniclo.     Flowers  mostly  greenish,  in  summer.     ^ 


136  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

*  Fhioers  very  small :  stamens  and  sfi/les  protrudinrj. 

H.  Americana,  Common  A.  :  the  only  one  N.  and  E.  of  Pcnn.,  has 
scapes  and  loose  panicle  (2° -3°  high)  clammy-glandular  and  often  hairy, 
leaves  with  rounded  lobes,  and  greenish  Howers  in  early  summer. 

H.  vill6sa,  from  Maryland  and  Kentucky  S.  along  the  tipper  country,  is 
lower,  beset  with  soft  often  rusty  hairs,  has  deeper-lobed  leaves,  and  very  small 
white  or  whitish  flowers,  later  in  summer. 

*  *  Flowers  larger  [the  calyx  fully  ^'  long),  in  a  narrower  panicle,  greenish,  with 

stamens  little  if  at  all  protruding :  leaves  round  and  slightly  5-  9-lobed. 

H.  hispida.  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  N.  W.  Tall  (scape  2° -4° 
high),  usually  with  spreading  hairs  ;  stamens  a  little  protruding. 

H.  pubescens.  From  S.  Penn.  S.  Scapes  (1°- 3°  high)  and  petioles 
roughish-glandular  rather  than  pubescent ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx. 

9.  BOYKINIA.     (Namcdfor  the  late  Dr.  Bo^/b'n,  of  Georgia.)     ^ 

B.  aconitifblia,  occurs  only  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S.  : 
stem  clammy-glandular,  bearing  3  or  4  alternate  palmately  5-7-cleft  and  cut 
leaves  and  a  cyme  of  rather  small  white  flowers,  in  summer.  There  is  one  very 
like  it  in  Oregon  and  California. 

10.  SAXIFRAGA,  SAXIFRAGE.  (Latin  name,  means  rock-breaker; 
many  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.)  Besides  the  following,  there  are 
a  number  of  rare  or  local  Avild  species. 

*  Wild  species,  icith  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  perennial  root,  the  naked  scope 

clammy  above  and  bearing  many  small  flowers  in  a  panicle  or  cyme,  the  two 
ovaries  united  barely  at  tlie  base,  making  at  length  a  pair  of  nearly  separate 
divergent  pods. 

S.  Virgini6nsis,  Early  S.  On  rocks  and  moist  banks  ;  Avith  obovate 
or  wcdge-sijatulate  thickish  more  or  less  toothed  leaves  in  an  open  cluster,  scape 
3' -9'  high,  bearing  in  early  spring  white  lloWers  in  a  dense  cluster,  which 
at  length  opens  into  a  loose  panicled  cyme;  calyx  not  half  the  length  of  the 
petals  ;  pods  turning  purple. 

S.  Pennsylvanica,  Swamp  S.  In  low  wet  ground  N. ;  with  lance- 
oblong  or  oblanccolate  obtuse  leaves  (4' -8'  long)  obscurely  toothed  and  nar- 
rowed into  a  very  short  broad  petiole,  scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing  small 
greenish  flowers  in  an  oblong  cluster,  opening  with  age  into  a  looser  panicle  (in 
Sjjring) ;  the  rcflexed  lobes  of  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  lance-linear  petals. 

S.  erosa,  Lettuce  S.  Cold  "^ brooks,  from  Penn.  S.  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies ;  the  lance-oblong  obtuse  leaves  (8'- 12'  long)  sharply  erosely  tootbed  ; 
scape  l°-3°  high,  bearing  a  loose  panicle  of  slendcr-pedicelled  small  white 
flowers  (in  summer)  ;  with  reflexed  sepals  as  long  as  the  oval  petals,  and  club- 
shaped  fllaments. 

*  *  Exotic  species,  cult,  for  ornament :  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  perennial  root: 

ovaries  2,  or  sometimes  3-4,  almost  separate,  becoming  as  many  nearly  dis- 
tinct pods. 

S.  erassifolia,  Thick-leaved  S.  Cult,  from  Siberia,  very  smootli,  with 
fleshy  and  cree])ing  or  prostrate  nx)tstocks,  sending  up  thick  roundish-obovate 
nearly  evergreen  leaves,  6' -9'  long,  and  scapes  bearing  an  ample  at  first  com- 
pact cyme  of  large  bright  rose-colored  floAvers,  in  early  spring. 

S.  sarmentosa,  Beefsteak  S.,  also  called  Stkawuerry  Geranium. 
Cult,  from  Cliina  and  Japan  as  a  house-plant,  not  quite  hardy  N.,  rather  hairy, 
with  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  doubly  toothed  leaves  of  fleshy 
texture,  pur])le  underneath,  green-veined  or  mottled  with  wliite  above,  on  shaggy 
petioles,  from  their  axils  sending  off  slender  straAvberry-like  runners,  by  which 
the  plant  is  multi])lied,  and  scapes  bearing  a  light  very  open  i)anicle  of  irregular 
flowers,  with  3  of  the  petals  small  rose-i)ink  and  yellow-spotted,  and  2  much 
longer  and  nearly  white  ones  lanceolate  and  hanging. 


ORPINE   FAMILY.  137 

11.  ASTILBE.  (Name  means  not  shining.)  Also  called  Hote5:a,  after  a 
Japanese  botanist.     Fl.  snmmer.     ^ 

A.  decandra.  Rich  woods  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S. :  a  tall, 
rather  pubescent  herb,  3°  -  5°  high,  imitating  Si)irgea  Aruncus  {]>.  121)  in  ap- 
pearance, but  coarser ;  leaflets  of  the  decompound  leaves  mostly  heart-shaped, 
cut  toothed  (2' -4'  long)  ;  flowers  greenish-white,  with  inconspicuous  petals. 

A.  Japoniea,  or  IIoriiiA  Japonica.  Cult,  from  Japan  for  ornament: 
only  l°-2°  high,  witli  leaflets  of  the  thrice-tcrnate  leaves  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
and  crowded  white  flowers  of  considerable  beauty. 

12.  TIARELLA,  FALSE  MITRE  WORT.  (Diminutive  of  tiara,  a  tur- 
ban ;  name  not  very  appropriate.)     y. 

T.  COrdifblia,  our  only  s])ecies,  in  rocky  woods,  especially  N.  :  a  low  and 
hairy  herb,  spreading  by  summer  leafy  runners ;  leaves  round'ed  heart-shaped, 
sharply  lobcd  and  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  short  raceme  on  a  leafless  scape,  bright 
white,  in  spring. 

13.  MITELLA,  MITRE  WORT,  BISHOP'S-CAP.  (Name  means  a  lit- 
tle mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  2-clcft  ovary  and  young  pod.)  Delicate  plants 
of  moist  woods,  especially  N.,  s])reading  by  summer  leafy  runners  or  root- 
stocks  :  fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer,     "^l 

M.  diphylla,  Cojimox  or  Two-leaved  M.  Hairy,  with  rounded  heart- 
shaped  and  somewhat  3  -  5-lobed  root-leaves  on  slender' petioles,  and  a  pair  of 
opposite  nearly  sessile  leaves  on  the  scape  below  the  slender  raceme  of  many- 
white  flowers. 

M.  nilda,  Naked-stalked  M.  Mossy  woods  N.  :  a  delicate  little  plant, 
with  roundish  kidney-shaped  doubly  crenate  leaves,  and  leafless  scape  (4' -6' 
high)  bearing  a  few  greenish  blossoms. 

14.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM,  GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE.  (Name  in 
(jYQc'k  m.cixw~,  yolden  spleen.)     Fl.  spring.      % 

C.  Amerieanum,  our  only  species,  in  springs  or  shady  wet  places  N.  : 
a  low  and  delicate  smooth  herb,  with  spreading  repeatedly  forked  stems,  tender 
succulent  small  leaves,  which  arc  roundish,  obscurely  crenatc-lobed,  and  mainly 
opposite  ;  the  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  forks. 

41.   CRASSULACE^,  ORPINE  FAMILY. 

Succulent  plants,  differing  from  the  Saxifrage  Family  mainly  in 
the  complete  symmetry  of  the  flowers,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistils  equal  in  number,  or  the  stamens  of  just  double  the  num- 
ber ;  the  pistils  all  separate  and  forming  as  many  (mostly  many- 
seeded)  little  pods,  except  in  Penthorum,  where  they  are  united 
together.  (Lessons,  p.  86,  fig.  1G8-171.)  Penthorum,  which  is 
not  succulent,  is  just  intermediate  between  this  family  and  the  fore- 
going. Several  are  monopetalous,  i.  e.  have  their  petals  united 
below  into  a  cup  or  tube. 

\  1.   Leaves  not  at  all  fleshy,  but  thin  and  memhranaceons :  the  5  ovaries  united  into 
I        one  b-hormd  b-ctlled  pod:  no  scales  behind  the  ovaries. 

1.  PENTHORUM.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  small,  or  usually  none.     Stamens  10. 

Pod  opening  by  the  falling  away  of  the  5  beaks,  many-seeded.     Rarely  the 
parts  are  in  sixes  or  sevens. 

\  2.    Leaves  thickened  and  succidenl :  ovaries  separate,  a  minute  scale  behind  each. 
*  Petals  separate  :  sep(ds  nearly  so  or  united  at  the  base. 

2.  SEMPERVIVUM.     Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  6  -12  or  even  more,  and 

stamens  twiee  as  many.     Plants  usually  multiplying  by  leafv  offsets,  on 
which  the  leaves  are  crowded  in  close  tufts  like  I'osettes. 
S&F— 17 


138  ORPINE    FAMILY. 

3.  SEDUM.     Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  4  or5 ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many, 

the  alternate  ones  commonly  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal. 

4.  TILLiEA.     Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  few-seeded  pistils  3  or  4.     Very  small 

annuals,  with  axillary  flowers. 
6.    CRASSULA.     Sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  stamens,  and  many-seeded 
pistils  5.     Perennial  herbs  or  fleshy-shrubby  plants,  with  flowers  in  cymes 
or  clusters. 

*  *  Petals  united  by  their  edges  bdow,  and  bearing  the  stamens. 
H-  Calyx  b-clefl  or  b-paried:  pistils  5. 

6.  ROCHE  A.     Corolla  salver-form,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stamens  5. 

7.  COTYLEDON.     Corolla  urn-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  sometimes 

5-angled.     Stamens  10. 

•t-  •»-  Calyx  and  corolla  both  A-lobed  at  summit :  pistils  4. 

8.  BRYOPHYLLUM.     Calyx  inflated ;  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  at  length  projecting 

and  spreading.     Stamens  8,  projecting.     Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  simple  or 
odd-pinnate,  crenate. 

1.  PENTHORUM,  DITCH  STONE-CROP.  (Name  from  the  Greek, 
apparently  alludini,^  to  the  parts  of  the  flower  being  in  fives.)     2/ 

P.  sedoides.  Wet  places,  especially  hy  roadsides  :  a  homely  weed,  about 
1°  high,  Avith  alternate  lanceolate  and  serrate  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  incon- 
spicuous flowers  loosely  spiked  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  an  open  cyme,  all 
summer  and  autumn. 

2.  SEMPERViVUM,  HOUSELEEK.     {Lixtin  for  live-for-ever.)     ^ 

S.  tectbrum,  Commox  or  Roof  Houseleek,  the  plant  in  Europe 
usually  grown  upon  roofs  of  houses  :  propagating  abundantly  by  offsets  on 
short  and  thick  runners  ;  leaves  of  the  dense  clusters  oval  or  obovatc,  smooth 
except  the  margins,  mucronate  ;  those  on  the  flowering  stems  scattered,  oblong, 
clammy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  clustered  purplish  or  greenish  flowers  ;  sepals, 
petals,  and  pods  mostly  12.  Cult,  in  country  gardens,  and  on  walls,  roofs,  &c. : 
rarely  flowering,  in  summer. 

3.  SEDUM,  STONE-CROP,  ORPINE.  (Old  name,  from  sedeo,  to  sit, 
i.  e.  upon  rocks,  walls,  &c.,  upon  which  these  plants  often  flourish,  with  little 
or  no  soil.)  The  following  are  all  smooth  perennials,  and  hardy  N.  except 
the  first  species. 

§  1.  Leaves  flat  and  broad,  oblong,  obovatc,  or  rounded, 
*  The  lower  ones  at  least  ivhorled  in  threes. 
S.  Sieb61dii,  Siebold's  S.  Cult,  from  Japan,  mostly  in  pots ;  with 
slender  and  weak  or  spreading  stems,  glaucous  and  mostly  reddish-tinged  round 
.and  often  concave  leaves  (1'  or  less  long),  with  a  wedge-shaped  base  and  wavy- 
toothed  margin,  all  in  whorls  up  to  the  cyme  of  rosy-purple  flowers,  which  all 
have  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  tern^tum,  Three-leaved  S.  Wild  in  rocky  woods  from  Penn.  S. 
&  W.,  and  common  in  gardens  ;  with  spreading  stems  creeping  at  base  and 
rising  3'  -  6'  when  they  blossom  ;  the  lower  leaves  wedge-obovate  and  whorled ; 
the  upper  oblong  and  mostly  scattered,  about  ^'  long ;  flowers  white,  the  first 
or  central  one  with  ])art3  generally  in  fives,  the  others  sessile  along  the  upper 
side  of  the  usually  3  spreading  branches  and  mostly  with  their  parts  in  fours  ; 
in  late  spring. 

*  *  All  or  most  of  the  leaves  alternate :  flowers  in  a  corymb-like  terminal  cyme, 
purple  or  purplish,  in  summer,  all  ivith  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  Telephium,  Garden  Orpixe  or  Live-for-ever.  Cult,  from  Eu. 
in  old  country  gardens  :  erect,  about  2°  high,  with  oval  and  mostly  wavy- 
toothed  pale  and  thick  leaves,  small  and  dull-colored  flowers  in  a  compound 
cyme,  and  short-pointed  pods. 

S.  telephioides,  Wild  O.  or  L.  Dry  rocks  on  mountains,  chiefly  along 
the  AUeghanies  ;  6'-  12'  high,  very  like  the  last,  but  with  fewer  flowers,  and 
pods  tapering  into  a  slender  style. 


ORPINE   FAMILY.  139 

§  2.   Leaves  narrow  and  thick,  harehj  flattish  or  terete :  low  or  creepinrj  plants. 

S.  ^cre,  Mossy  S.,  or  Wall-Pepper.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  edgings  and 
rock-work,  running  wild  in  some  places  :  a  moss-like  little  plant,  forming  mats 
on  the  ground,  yellowish-green,  with  very  succulent  and  thick  ovate  small  and 
crowded  leaves, *^and  yellow  flowers  in  summer,  their  parts  in  lives. 

S.  pulch^Uum,  Beautiful  S.  Wild  S.  W.  on  rocks  ;  also  cult,  in 
gardens,  &c.  ;  spreading  and  rooting  stems  4'- 12'  long ;  leaves  crowded,  terete, 
linear-thread-shaped  ;  flowers  rose-purple,  crowded  on  the  upper  side  of  the  4 
or  .5  spreading  branclies  of  the  cyme,  their  parts  mostly  m  fours,  while  those  of 
the  central  or  earliest  flower  are  in  fives  :  in  summer. 

S.  earneum,  varieg^tum.  Cult,  of  late  for  borders,  &c.,  of  unknown 
origin  ;  has  creeping  stems,  and  the  small  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sometimes  in 
threes,  linear,  flattish,  acute,  very  pale  green,  and  white-edged  :  flowers  not  yet 
seen. 

4.  TTT.T.^.A.     (Named  for  an  Italian  botanist,  T////.)    Fl.  all  summer.    © 
T.  simplex,  is  a  minute  plant  of  muddy  river-banks  along   the  coast, 

spreading  and  rooting,  only  l'-2'  high,  with  linear-oblong  ojiposite  leaves,  and 
solitary  inconspicuous  white  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils. 

5.  CRASSULA.     (So  named  from  the  incrassated  leaves.)     House-pl-ants, 
occasionally  cult.,  from  Cape  of  Good  Plope.     2/ 

C.  arborescens.  Fleshy  shrub,  with  glaucous  roundish-obovate  leaves 
(2'  long)  tapering  to  a  narrow  base,  and  dotted  on  the  upper  face;  the  flowers 
rather  large  and  rose-colored. 

C.  lactea,  has  greener  and  narrowcr-obovate  leaves,  connate  at  the  base  in 
pairs,  and  a  panicle  of  smaller  white  flowers. 

C.  falc^ta,  has  slightly  woody  stems,  oblong  and  rather  falcate  or  curved 
leaves  connate  at  base,  3' -4'  long,  powdery -glaucous,  and  a  compound  cyme  of 
many  red  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  petals  with  erect  claws  partly  united  be- 
low, and  spreading  abruptly  above ;  so  that  the  plant  has  been  placed  under 
the  next  genus,  and  named  Rochea  falcata. 

6.  ROCHEA.      (Named  for  a  Swiss  physician,  Larochc.)      Half-shrubby 
succulent  house-plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     2/ 

R.  COCCinea,  Stems  l°-2°  high,  thickly  beset  wdth  the  oblong-ovato 
(1'  long)  leaves  up  to  the  terminal  and  umbel-like  sessile  cluster  of  handsome 
flowers  ;  tube  of  the  scarlet-red  corolla  1'  long. 

7.  COTYLEDON.     (From  Greek  word  for  a  shallow  cup.)     House-plants, 
not  common.     2/ 

C.  orbiculclta.  Plalf-shmbby  succulent  plant,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
with  opposite  white-powdery  or  glaucous  wedgc-obovato  leaves  (2' -4'  long), 
and  a  cluster  of  showy  red  flowers  (nearly  1'  long)  raised  on  a  slender  nuked 
petiole,  the  cylindracco'us  tnb^  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  recurved  lobes. 

C.  (or  Eeheveria)  eocclnea,  from  Mexico,  is  shmbby  at  base,  with 
the  wcdge-obovatc  acute  leaves  in  rosettes,  and  alternate  and  scattered  on  the 
flowering  stems  ;  flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  the  5-partcd  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  spreading  calyx,  5-angled  at  base,  red  outside,  yellow  within. 

8.  BRYOPHYLLUM.     (Name  of  Greek  words  for  sprout  or  hud  and 
leaf.)      H 

B.  calycinum.  A  scarcely  shrubby  succulent  plant,  originally  from 
tropical  Africa,  cult,  in  houses,  &c.,  w^ith  opposite  pctiolcd  leaves,  3  or  5  pinnate 
leaflets,  or  the  upper  of  single  leaflets,  and  an  open  panicle  of  large  and  nUhcr 
handsome  hanging  green  flowers  tinged  with  ptirple  :  the  calyx  is  oblong  and 
bladdery ;  out  of  it  the  tubular  corolla  at  length  projects,  arid  has  4  slightly 
spreading  acute  lobes  ;  the  leaflets  oval,  2-3  inches  long,  crenatc  ;  Avhen  laid  on 
the  soil,  or  kept  in  a  moist  place,  they  root  and  bud  at  the  notches  and  pro- 
duce little  plants.    The  name  refers  to  tlie  propagation  of  the  plant  in  this  way. 


140  WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILT. 

42.   HAMAMELACEiE,  WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  deciduous  stipules, 
small  flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  little  clusters,  the  calyx  united 
below  with  tlie  base  of  tlie  2-styled  ovary,  which  forms  a  hard  or 
woody  2-celled  and  2-beaked  pod,  opening  at  the  summit.  Sta- 
mens and  petals  when  present  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Three  wild 
plants  of  the  country,  belonging  to  as  many  genera. 

§  1.    Shrubs,  with  perfect  or  merely  polygamous  flowers,  a  regular  calyx,  and  a  single 
ovule,  becoming  a  bony  seed,  suspended  from  the  top  of  each  cell. 

1.  HAMAMELIS.     Flowers  in-smull  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  expanding 

late  in  autumn,  ripeniiig  the  seeds  late  the  next  summer.  Calyx  4-parted. 
Petals  4,  strap-shaped.  Stamens  8,  very  short;  the  4  alternate  with  the  pet- 
als bearing  anthers,  the  4  opposite  them  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles 
short.     Pod  with  an  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.     Flowers  in  a  scaly-bracted  spike,  in  spring,  rather  earlier 

than  the  leaves.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  slightly  5  -  7-toothed.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  about  24,  rather  showy,  the  long  and  club-shajjed  filaments  bright 
white.     Styles  slender.     Pod  hairy. 

§  2.  Tree,  icith  monoecious  small  flowers,  in  dense  heads  or  clustei's,  destitute  both  of 
calyx  and  corolla,  the  fertile  with  many  ovtdts  in  each  cell,  but  only  one  or  two 
ripening  into  scale-like  seeds. 

3.  LIQUID  AMB  A  R.    Heads  of  flowers  each  with  a  deciduous  involucre  of  4  bracts, 

the  sterile  in  a  conical  cluster,  consisting  of  numerous  short  stamens  with 
little  scales  intermixed;  the  fertile  loosely  racemed  or  spiked  on  a  drooping 
peduncle,  composed  of  many  ovaries  (surrounded  by  some  little  scales),  each 
with  2  awl-shaped  beaks,  all  coherhig  together  and  hardening  in  fruit. 

1.  HAMAMELIS,  WITCH-HAZEL.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  Medlar, 
inap])ropriately  transferred  to  diis  wholly  unlike  American  shrub.) 

H.  Virginica.  Tall  shrub,  of  damp  woods,  with  the  leaves  obovatc  or 
oval,  wavy-toothed,  straifi:ht-veined  like  a  Hazel,  slightly  downy  ;  the  yellow 
flowers  remarkable  for  their  appearance  late  in  autumn,  just  as  the  leaves  are 
turning  and  about  to  fall.     Seeds  eatable. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.  (Named  for  Dr.  Foihergill  of  London,  a  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Bartram.) 

F.  alnifdlia.^  Loav,  rather  ornamental  shrub,  in  swamps,  from  Virginia  S., 
with  oval  or  obovate  straight-veined  leaves,  toothed  at  the  summit  and  often 
hoary  beneath,  the  white  tiowcrs  in  spring. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAR,  SWEET-GUM  TREE  or  BILSTED.  (Names 
allude  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  or  balsam  which  exudes  wlien  the 
trunk  is  wounded.) 

L.  Styraciflua,  the  only  species  of  this  country  :  a  large  and  beautiful 
tree  in  low  grounds,  from  S.  New  England  to  III.  and  especially  S.,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  gray  bark  forming  corky  ridges  on  the  branches,  and  smooth  and 
glossy  deeply  5  -  7-lobcd  leaves,  which  are  fragrant  when  bruised,  changing  to 
deep  crimson  in  autumn,  their  triangular  lobes  pointed  and  beset  with  glandular 
teeth  :  greenish  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early  spring. 

43.    HALORAGE^,  WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

Contains  a  few  insignificant  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  small 
greenish  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  (often  whorled)  leaves 
or  bracts,  and  a  single  ovule  and  seed  suspended  in  each  of  the 
1-4  cells  of  the  ovary. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  141 

1.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.    Flowers  mostly  monoecious,  with  sepals  or  teeth  of  the 

calyx,  petals  when  there  are  any,  lobes  and  cells  of  the  ovary  and  nut-like 
fruit,  and  the  sessile  stigmas  each  4;   the  stamens  4  or  8. 

2.  PKOSKKPINACA.     FloweVs  perfect,  with  loi)es  of  the  calyx,  stamens,  stig- 

mas, and  cells  of  the  3-angled  nut-lilie  fruit  each  3:  petals  none. 

3.  HIPPURIS.     Flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  truncate  calyx  not  continued  above 

the  adherent  ovary,  and  a  single  stamen,  slender  style,  and  seed. 

1.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  WATER-MILFOIL.  (Botanical  name,  from 
the  Greek,  like  the  popular  name,  means  thousand-leaved.)  PlantS  usually 
all  under  water,  except  their  floweriiif^  tijjs  ;  all  but  the  up])ermost  or  emerg- 
ing leaves  pinnatcly  dissected  into  line  hair-like  divisions.    Fl.  summer.     21 

M.  spic^tum.  Leaves  whorlcd  in  threes  or  fours,  those  at  the  summit  of 
flowering  stems  reduced  to  small  ovate  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers,  which 
therefore  form  an  interrupted  spike ;  petals  deciduous  ;  stamens  8 ;  fruit  smooth. 

M.  vertieillatum.  Like  the  first,  but  the  uppermost  leaves  longer  than 
the  flowers  and  jnnnatifid. 

M.  heteroph;y^lluin.  Chiefly  W.  &  S. ;  with  leaves  whorled  in  fours  or 
fives,  those  under  the  flowers  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  serrate  or  merely  pinnatifid ; 
stamens  and  ])etals  4  ;  fruit  roughish  on  the  back. 

M.  SCabratum.  Chiefly  S.  &  W. ;  with  leaves  and  flowers  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  more  slender,  the  leaves  under  the,  flowers  linear  and  cut-toothed, 
and  the  lobes  of  the  fruit  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back. 

M.  ambiguum.  Common  only  E.  :  with  mostly  scattered  very  delicate 
or  capillary  leaves,  often  perfect  flowers,  4  petals  and  4  stamens,  and  a  minute 
smooth  fruit. 

2.  PROSERPINACA,  MEKM AID-WEED.  (Name  from  Latin  pro- 
serpo,  to  creep,  or  after  Proserpine.)  Stems  creeping  at  base  in  the  mud  or 
shallow  water,  the  upper  part  emerging  :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  alternate 
leaves,  produced  all  summer.     "21 

P.  paltistris.  Leaves  above  water  lanceolate  and  merely  serrate ;  fruit 
sharply  3-angled. 

P.  pectinacea.  Leaves  all  pinnatcly  divided  into  veiy  slender  divisions  ; 
angles  of  the  fruit  bluntish.     Chiefly  E.  &  S. 

3.  HIPPURIS,  MARESTAIL  (which  the  botanical  name  means  in 
Greek). 

H.  vulgaris.  In  ponds  and  springs  N.  &  W.,  but  rare:  stems  l°-2° 
liigh,  the  linear  acute  leaves  in  whorls  of  8  - 12,  the  upper  ones  with  minute 
flowers  in  their  axils,     y. 

44.  ONAGRACEiS,  EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs,  without  stipules ;  the  parts  of  the 
symmetrical  flowers  in  fours  (rarely  in  twos  to  fives)  throughout ; 
the  tube  of  the  calyx  usually  prolonged  more  or  less  beyond  the 
adherent  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  its  throat  bearing  the 
petals  (convolute  in  the  bud)  and  the  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens  ;  styles  always  united  into  one.  Embryo  filling  the  seed  : 
no  albumen.  Comprises  many  plants  with  showy  blossoms,  culti- 
vated for  ornament;  these  almost  all  American.  (Lopezia  has 
irregular  flowers  with  only  one  perfect  stamen.) 

§  1.    Paris  offhejioicer  in  ticos. 
1.   CIRCiEA.     Delicate  low  herbs,  with   opposite  thin  leaves,  and  very  small 
whitish  flowers  in  racemes.      Calyx  with  2  reflexed  lobes,  its  tube 'slightly 

Erolonged  beyond  the  1-2-cellcd  ovary,  which  becomes  a  i-2-seeded  little 
ur-like  indehiscent  fruit,  coTered  with  weak  hookrd  bristles.     Petals  2,  ob- 
cordate.     Stamens  2.     Style  slender,  tipped  with  a  capitate  stigma. 


142  EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY. 

§  2.   Parti  of  the  flower  in  fours,  or  fives  in  No.  8. 
*  Ovary  and  dry  nut-like  fruit  with  a  single  ovule  or  seed  in  each  cell. 
2.   GAURA.     Herbs  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  small  or  smallish  flowers  in 
racemes  or  spikes      Calyx  with  slender  tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the 
4-celIed  ovary.     Petals  4,  on  claws,  mostly  turned  toward  the  upper  side  of 
the  flower.     Stamens  8,  these  and  the  lon'g  style  turned  town.     A  little  scale 
before  each'fihunent.     Kruit  small,  4-angled  oV  ribbed,  1  -  4-seeded. 
«  «  Ovary  and  fruit  with  many  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  of  the  cells. 
•         •»-  He7-bs :  fruit  a  chiefly  4-ceUed  and  i-valved  dry  pod. 
*+  -^-i^  Seeds  furnished  icith  a  coma  or  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs  at  one  end,  by  which 
they  are  widely  dispersed  by  the  wind. 
8.   EPILOBIUM.    Calyx  with  tube  scarcely  at  all  extended  beyond  the  linear 

ovary.     Petals  4.'  Stamens  8. 
4.   ZAUSCHNERIA.     Calyx  extended  much  beyond  the  linear  ovary  into  a  fun- 
nel-shaped tube,  with' an  abruptly  inflated  base  where  it  joins  the  ovary,  and 
with  4  lobes  as  long  as  the  4  oblong-obcordate  petals,  both  of  bright  scarlet 
color.     Stamens  8  and,  as  well  as  the  long  style,  projecting. 
++  •*-*■  Seeds  naked,  i.  e.  witliout  a  downy  tuft. 
=  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical:  calyx-tube  extended  moi^e  or  less  beyond  the 
ovary,  the  lobes  mostly  reflexed:  petals  4. 
6.  CLARKIA.     Calyx-tube  continued  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  short  funnel-form 
cup.     Petals  broad,  wedge-shaped  or  rhombic,  sometimes  3-lobed,  raised  on 
a  slender  claw.     Stamens  8,  with  slender  filaments,  the  alternate  ones  short- 
er: anthers  curved  or  coiled  after  opening,^hose  of  the  short  stamens  much 
smaller,  or  deformed  and  sterile.     Stigmas  4,  oval  or  oblong.     Pod  linear 
and  tapering  upwards,  4-sided.     Flowers  never  yellow. 

6.  EUCHARIDIUM.     Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  and  slender  beyond  the  ovary. 

Petals  wedge-shaped  and  3-lobed  at  summit,  tapering  into  a  short  claw. 
Stamens  only  4,  on  slender  filaments.  Stigmas  2  or  4.  Pod  oblong-linear. 
Seeds  slightl)'  wing-margined.     Flowers  never  yellow. 

7.  (ENOTHERA.     Calyx-tube  either  much  or  little  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Petals  usually  obovate  or  obcordate,  with  hardly  any  claw.  Stamens  8. 
Flowers  yellow,  purple  or  white. 

=  =r=  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  but  often  without  petals :  the  calyx-tube  not 
in  the  least  extended  beyond  the  brood  summit  of  the  ovary,  on  which  the 
green  lobes  mostly  persist :  style  usually  short :  stigma  capitate. 

8.  JUSSI-iE  A.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  cells 

of  the  pod:  i.  e.  8  or  10,  rarely  12. 

9.  LUDWIGIA.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  cells  of  the  pod, 

almost  always  4.     Petals  4,  often  small,  or  none. 

====  =  Flowers  irregular  and  unsyynmetrical :  calyx-tube  not  extended. 

10.  LOPEZIA.     Flowers  small.     Calyx  with  4  linear  purplish  lobes.     Petals  with 

claws,  4,  turned  towards  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  the  two  uppermost  nar- 
rower and  with  a  callous  gland  on  the  summit  of  the  claw,  and  what  seems 
to  be  a  fifth  small  one  (but  is  a  sterile  stamen  transformed  into  a  petal)  stands 
before  the  lower  lobe  of  the  calyx.  Fertile  stamen  only  one  with  an  oblong 
anther.  Style  slender:  stigma  entire.  Pod  globular. 
H-  •*—  Shrubs  :  fruit  a  4-celled  berry. 

11.  FUCHSIA.     Flowers  showy;  the  tube  of  the  highly  colored  calyx  extended 

much  beyond  the  ovary,  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  tubular,  the  4  lobes 
spreading.  Petals  4.  'Stamens  8.  Style  long  and  thread-shaped:  stigma 
club-shaped  or  capitate. 

1.  CIRC^A,   ENCHANTER'S   NIGHTSHADE.     (Named  from  Circe, 

the  enchantress,  it  is  not  obvious  why ;    the  plants  are  insignificant  and 

inert,  natives  of  damp  woods,  flowering  in  summer. )     2/ 

C.  Lutetiana,  the  common  species,  is  lo-2°  high,  branching,  with  ovate 
and  slightly  toothed  leaves,  no  bracts  under  the  pedicels,  the  rounded  little 
fruit  2-cellcd  and  beset  with  bristly  hairs. 

C.  alpina,  common  only  N.  or  in  mountainous  regions,  smooth  and  deli- 
cate, 3'  -  6'  high,  with  thin  and  heart-shaped  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  minute 
bracts,  and  obovate  or  club-shaped  fruit  1-celled  and  soft-hairy. 


ETENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  143 

2.  GAURA.  (Name  in  Greek  means  superb,  which  these  plants  are  not; 
only  one  of  them  is  Avorth  cultivating.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

G.  Lindheimdri,  of  Texas,  cult,  for  ornament,  nearly  hardy  N.,  about 
3°  high,  hairv,  with  lanceolate  sparingly  toothed  leaves,  long  weak  branches 
producing  a  continued  succession  of  handsome  white  flowers  ;  the  calyx  hairy 
outside  ;  petals  nearly  1'  long.     "y. 

G.  biennis,  the  common  wild  species,  3° -8°  high,  soft-hairy  or  downy, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  obscurely  toothed  leaves,  small  white  or  flesh-colored 
flowers,  and  downy  fruit.     (2) 

3.  EPILOBIXJM,  WILL0W-HP:RB.  (Name  compounded  of  three 
Greek  words,  meaning  violet  on  a  pod.)  Fl.  summer.  The  pods  opening 
give  to  the  winds  great  numbers  of  the  downy-tufted  seeds.     2/. 

§  1 .   Flowers  large  and  showy,  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme,  the  widely  spreading 

petals  on  shoH  claws,  the  stamens  and  long  style  bent  downwards,  and  the 

stigma  of  4  long  lobes  :  leaves  alternate. 

E.  angustifblium,  Great  W.  or  Fire-Weed.     One  of  the  plants  that 

spring  up  abundantly,  everywhere  northward,  where  forests  have  been  newly 

cleared  and  the  ground  burned  over:  tall  (4° -7° high)  and  simple-stemmed, 

smooth,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  long  succession  of  pink-purple  flowers, 

§2.  Flowers  small  in  corymbs  or  panicles  terminating  the  branches,  icith  petals, 
stamens,  and  style  erect,  a  club-shaped  stigma,  and  all  the  lower  leaves 
opposite  :  stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

E.  COlor^tum.  Almost  everywhere  in  w^et  places,  fl.  through  late  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  nearly  smooth  ;  with  thin  lance-oblong  leaves  generally  with 
purple  veins,  and  purplish  petals  deeply  notched  at  the  end  and  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

E.  mblle.  In  bogs  N.,  less  common,  soft  downy  all  over ;  leaves  crowded, 
linear-oblong,  blunt ;  petals  rose-color,  notched,  2" -3"  long. 

E.  pallistre.  In  wet  bogs  N.,  slender,  minutely  hoary  all  over ;  leaves 
linear  or  lance-linear,  nearly  entire ;  petals  purplish  or  white,  small. 

4.  ZAUSCHNERIA.  (Named  for  Z3!«sc/i;zer,  a  Bohemian  botanist.)  % 
Z.  Californica.     Cult,  for  ornament,  from  California,  flowering  through 

late  summer  and  autumn,  1°  -  2°  high,  the  oval  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  the  pods 
with  downy-tufted  seeds  resembling  those  of  Epilobium  ;  but  the  handsome 
scarlet  flowers  more  like  those  of  a  Fuchsia  :  these  are  single  and  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  and  alternate  leaves,  or  at  length  somewhat  racemed,  about 
2'  long. 

5.  CLARKIA.  (Named  for  Capt.  Clark,  w^ho  with  Capt.  Lewis  made  the 
first  oflicial  exploration  across  the  mountains  to  the  Pacific,  and  brought  home 
one  of  the  species.)  Herbs  of  Oregon  and  California,  with  alternate  mostly 
entire  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  or  the  upper  running 
into  a  loose  raceme :  cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  summer.     (T) 

C.  pulchella.  About  1°  high,  with  narrow  lance-linear  leaves,  deeply 
3-lobal  petals  (purple,  with  rose-colored  and  white  varieties),  bearing  a  pair  of 
minute  teeth  low  down  on  the  slender  claw,  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad  and 
petal-like.     There  is  a  ])artly  double-flowered  variety. 

C.  elegans.  Fully  2°  high,  more  commonly  flowered  in  the  consen^atory, 
with  long  branches,  lance-ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  lilac-pui-ple 
entire  petals  broader  than  long  and  much  shorter  than  their  naked  claw, 
smaller  lobes  to  the  stigma,  and  a  hairy  ovary  and  pod. 

6.  EUCHARIDIUM.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  charming.)     ® 
E.  COncinnum,  of  California,  cult,  for  ornament;  a  low  and  branching 

plant,  like  a  Clarkia  in  general  appearance,  except  in  the  long  tube  to  the  calyx, 
and  with  ovate-oblong  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  middle-sized  rose- 
purple  jor  wliite  flowers,-  in  summer. 


144  EVENING-rRlMROSE    FAMILY. 

7.  CSNOTHERA,  EVENING-PRIMROSE.  (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  ivine  and  hunt;  application  obscure.)  Very  many  species,  all  originally 
American,  and  most  of  them  from  the  U.  S.,  especially  from  S.  W.  and  W. 
The  following  are  the  principal  common  ones,  both  wild  and  cult,  for 
ornament :  H.  summer.  (Pollen-grains  loosely  connected  by  cobwebby  threads, 
strongly  3-lobed.     See  Lessons,  p.  115,  tig.  230.) 

§  1.    Stigmas  4,  long  and  slender,  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross  :  tube  of  the 
calyx  beyond  the  ovary  long  and  mostly  slender. 

*  Yellow-flowered  Evexing-Primroses,  properly  so-called,  the  flowers 

opening  {usually  suddenly)  in  evening  twilight,  and  fading  away  when  sun- 
shine returns,  odorous  ;  the  yellow  petals  commonly  obcordate. 

-*-  Stems  elongated  and  leafy  :  pod  cylindrical  or  spindle-shaped,  sessile.     ®  @ 

CE.  biennis,  Common  E.  Wild  in  open  grounds,  and  the  large-flowered 
forms  cult,  for  ornament;  erect,  20-5°  high,  hairy  or  smoothish,  with  lance- 
oblong  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  flowers  at  length  forming  a  terminal 
leafy-bracted  spike,  and  petals  obcordate.  Runs  into  several  varieties,  of  which 
the  largest  and  finest  now  cultivated  is 

Var.  Lamarcki^na,  from  S.  W.,  which  is  tall  and  stout,  with  corolla 
3' -4'  in  diameter  :  the  sudden  opening  at  dusk  very  striking. 

CE.  rhorabip^tala.  Wild  on  our  western  limits ;  more  slender,  hoary, 
1°  -  3°  high,  the  rather  small  flowers  with  rhombic  ovate  and  acute  petals. 

CE.  Drummdndii,  cult,  from  Texas;  has  its  stems  spreading  on  the 
ground,  and  large  flowers,  like  those  of  the  first,  in  the  upper  axils,  the  lance- 
ovatc  leaves,  &c.  soft-downy. 

CE.  sinuata.      Wild  from  New  Jersey  S.,  in  sandy  ground;    low  and 
spreading,  hairy,  with  lance-oblong  sinuate  or  pinnatilid  leaves,  small  flowers 
in  their  axils,  pale  yellow  petals  turning  rose-color  in  fading,  and  slender  pods. 
•*-  -t-  Stems  short  and  prostrate  or  scarcely  any :  pod  short,  4-winged. 

CE.  triloba.  Cult,  from  Arkansas  :  leaves  pinnatifid  and  cut,  like  those 
of  Dandelion,  smooth,  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  on  the  sliort 
crown,  which  in  autumn  is  crowded  with  the  almost  woody  pyramidal-ovate 
narrowly  4-winged  sessile  pods,  forming  a  mass  3'  -  5'  in  diameter ;  flowers 
rather  small,  the  slender  tube  of  the  calyx  4'  -  5'  long,  its  lobes  about  as  long 
as  the  obscurely  3-lobed  or  notched  pale-yellow  petals,  which  turn  purplish  in 
fading.     ®  ® 

CE.  MiSSOuriensis,  the  greener-leaved  form  also  called  CE.  macrocArpa. 
Cult,  from  Missouri  and  Texas ;  finely  hoary  or  nearly  smooth,  with  many 
short  prostrate  stems  2'-  12'  long  from  a  thick  woody  root,  crowded  lanceolate 
entire  leaves,  very  large  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils,  opening  before  sun- 
set ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  somewhat  enlarging  upwards,  6'  -  7'  long ;  the 
bright-yellow  corolla  4'  -  6'  across  ;  pod  with  4  very  broad  wings.     '2J. 

*  *  White-flowered  Evening-Primroses,  usually  turning  rose-colored  in 

fading,  some  of  them  opening  in  the  daytime  :  petals  broadly  obovate  or  ob- 
cordate :  flower-buds  commonly  nodding. 

CE.  taraxieif61ia  (probably  a  variety  of  CE.  ACAtiLis),  from  Chili :  rather 
hairy,  at  first  stemless,  at  length  forming  prostrate  stems,  with  pinnatifid  or 
pinnate  leaves,  after  the  manner  of  Dandelion  (as  the  name  denotes),  and  very 
large  flowers  in  the  axils,  tube  of  calyx  3'  -  4'  long,  corolla  3'  -  5'  across,  and  a 
woody  obovate  and  sharply  4-anglcd  sessile  pod.     @ 

CE.  speeibsa,  Nutt.",  of  Arkansas  and  Texas,  not  hardy  in  cult.  N. ; 
pubescent,  with  erect  and  branching  stems  6'-  20'  high,  lance-oblong  cut-toothed 
leaves,  the  lower  mostly  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  somewhat  racemed  at  the  summit, 
and  opening  in  the  daytime;  calyx-tube  rather  club-shaped  and  not  much  longer 
than  the  ovary  ;  corolla  3'  -  4'  across  ;  pod  club-shaped.     21 

(ffi.*MARGiN\TA,  sx  tuftcd  mostly  stemless  species,  with  lanceolate  and  often 
pinnatifid  toothed  soft-hairy  leaves,  and  peduncled  oblong-cylindrical  roughish 
pods  ;  CE.  triciiocXlyx,  soft-hairy,  conspicuously  so  on  the  calyx,  with 
deeply  obcordate  petals,  long-linear  pods  with  a  thicker  closely  sessile  base  and 
smooth  seeds ;  CE.  albica^lis,  with  ascending  stems,  smooth  or  slightly  hoary. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  145 

smaller  entire  petals,  but  pods  and  seeds  like  the  foregoin;:: ;  and  CE.  pinxa- 
TfFiDA,  with  petals  as  in  CE.  trichocalyx,  and  similar  pods,  but  with  striate 
and  reticulated  seeds,  —  all  handsome  white-flowered  species  of  Western  plains 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  —  are  beginuinj^  to  be  cultivated.) 

»  *  *  Yellow-flowered,  diurkal,  sometimes  called  Sundrops,  the  blos- 
soms opening  in  bright  sunshine :  jtetals  mostly  obcordate :  stems  leaf)/ : 
leaves  obscurely  toothed  or  entire.  Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  but  the 
last  occasionally  cultivated.     2/ 

•»-  Pod  short-oblong  or  obovate,  A-wing-angled. 

CE.  glatica.  Wild  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  near  and  in  the  moun- 
tains S. :  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  leaves  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  ;   corolla  2'  or  more  in  diameter. 

■(-  -*-  Pod  club-shaped,  somewhat  ^-wing-angled  above,  and  4  intervening  ribs. 

CE.  frutic6sa.  Wild  in  open  places  :  not  shrubby,  as  the  name  would 
imply,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  somewhat 
corymbed  flowers  l^'-2'  in  diameter,  and  short-stalked  pods. 

CE.  linearis.  Wild  from  Long  Island  S.  near  the  coast :  pale  or  somewhat 
hoary  with  minute  pubescence,  with  slender  and  spreading  often  bushy-branched 
stems  l'-2'  long,  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves,  and  somewhat  corymbed  flowers, 
corolla  1'-  1^' across,  and  hoary  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  stalk.  —  A  spread- 
ing form  is  cultivated,  blooming  very  freely  through  the  summer. 

CE.  ptimila.  In  fields,  &c.  :  nearly  smooth,  5' -12'  high,  Avith  mostly 
simple  erect  or  ascending  stem,  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  the 
corolla  less  than  1'  across,  and  pods  short-stalked  or  sessile. 

*  *  *  *  Red-purple-fl.,  diurnal,  leajy -stemmed :  pods  club-shaped.    ®    (2) 

CE.  rdsea,  from  Mexico.  Minutely  downy,  with  slender  spreading  stems 
6'  -  24'  high,  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  lower  sometimes  rather  pin- 
natitid,  and  flowers  1'  across  in  leafy  racemes. 

§  2.    GoD^iTiA.     Stigma  with  4  linear  or  short  and  broad  lobes :  tube  of  the  calyx 
beyond  the  linear  or  spindle-shaped  ovary  inversely  conical  or  funnel-shaped : 
leafy-stemmed  :  fow<rs  open  by  day,  scentless  :  petals  broad  and  fan-shaped 
or  wedge-shaped,  the  truncate  summit  generally  eroded,  lilac-purple,  rose- 
color,  or  sometimes  white :  anthers  erect  on  short  {the  alternate  ones  on  very 
short)  and  broadish  filaments,  curving  after  opening.     All  W.  American, 
abounding  in  Oregon  and  California,  several  in  the  gardens,  the  following 
most  common.     (T) 
CEj.  purptirea.     Very  leafy  to  the  top,  rather  stout,  6' -10'  high,  at  length 
with  many  short  branches;  leaves  pale,  lance-oblong,  entire;  corolla  I'-l^' 
across,  ])urple,  with  a  dark  eye  ;  short  and  broad  lobes  of  stigma  dark-colored  ; 
pod>  short  and  thick,  closely  sessile,  rather  conical. 

CE.  rubieiinda.  Taller,  10-2°  high,  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves  rather 
scattered  along  the  slender  branches  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  across,  lilac-i)urple 
with  saffi-on-colored  eye  (also  pale  or  rose-colored  varieties)  ;  lobes  of  stigma 
oblong,  pale  ;  pods  thickish,  cylindrical,  sessile. 

CE.  Lindleyi.  Erect  or  spreading,  8'-lG' liigh,  with  slender  branches, 
narnnv  lanceolate  leaves  ;  corolla  about  2'  across,  lilac-purple,  with  a  deeper  red- 
purple  spot  on  tlie  middle  of  each  petal ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  linear  and  pale  ; 
pods  slender,  linear,  somewhat  tapering  at  the  ends. 

CE.  amoena.  Slender,  6'- 18'  high,  with  lance-oblong  or  lance-linear 
leaves,  and  corolla  2'  -  3'  across,  rose-color  or  almost  white,  with  usually  a  deeper 
reddish  eye ;  lobes  of  stigma  linear ;  pods  linear. 

8.   JUSSIJEA.     (Named  for  Bernard,  the  elder  de  Jussieii.)     Leaves  entire. 

Flowers  yellow,  all  summer. 

J.  decurrens.  Wet  grounds,  Virg.  to  111.  and  S.  Erect  stems  and  slen- 
der branches  margined  or  winged  in  lines  proceeding  from  the  bases  of  the 
lanceolate  leaves,  smooth  throughout ;  floAvers  sessile  or  short-stalked,  with  4 
lobes  of  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  obloug-club-shapcd  4-auglcd 
pod.     Q)     il 

10 


146  EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

J.  grandifl6ra.  Marshes  S.  :  hairy,  with  stems  erect  from  a  creeping? 
base,  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  flowers  2'  in  diameter,  the  5  calyx  lobes  only  half 
as  lonji^  as  the  petals,  and  pods  cylindrical  and  stalked.     2/ 

J.  ripens.  In  water  from  S.  111.  S.  :  smooth,  with  creeping  or  floating 
and  rooting  stems,  oblong  leaves  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  long-peduncled 
flowers  1'  or  more  across,  with  5  calyx-lobes,  the  cylindrical  or  club-shaped  pods 
tapering  at  the  base.     ~il 

9.  LUDWIGIA,  FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE.  (Named  for  C.  G.  Ludwig, 
a  German  botanist,  rather  earlier  than  Linnjeus.)  Marsh  herbs,  with  entire 
leaves  ;  flowers  seldom  handsome,  in  summer  and  autumn.     2/ 

§1.    Leaves  alternate,  mostly  sessile. 

*  Flowers  peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  yellow  petals  {about  ^'  long)  equalling 

the  leaf-like  ovate  or  lance-ovate  calyx-loU'S :  stamens  and  styles  slender : 
pod  cubical,  strongly  A-angled,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  top  :  stems  2°  -  3°  high. 

L.  alternifdlia.  Common  E.,  the  only  one  found  far  N.  :  smoothish, 
branching,  with  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  petals  scarcely  longer 
than  calyx,  and  angles  of  pod  wing-margined. 

L.  Virg^ta.  Pine  barrens  8.  :  downy,  with  mostly  simple  stems,  blunt 
oblong  leaves  or  the  upper  linear  and  smaller,  and  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
reflexed  calyx. 

L.  hirt^Ila.  Pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  hairy,  with  simple  stems, 
oblong  or  lanceolate  short  and  blunt  leaves,  and  petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
barely  spreading  calyx-lobes. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils,  small,  and  icith  pale  yellow  petals  about  the 

length  of  the  persistent   calyx-lobes :   stamens  and  style  short:  leaves  on 
flowering  stems  narrow  and  linear. 

L.  linearis.  Swamps  from  N.  Jersey  S. :  smooth,  loosely  branched,  l°-3° 
high,  with  acute  leaves  on  the  flowering  stems,  but  obovate  ones  on  creeping 
runners  ;  pods  oblong-clubshaped  or  top-shaped  and  mu5h  longer  than  the  tri- 
angular-ovate calyx-lobes. 

L.  linifblia,  only  S.,  is  6'- 12'  high,  with  blunter  leaves,  and  cylindrical 
pods  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobe3, 

*  *  *  Flowers  sessile,  often  clustered,  and  xvith  no  petals,  or  rarely  mere  rudi- 

ments :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  some  species  with  obovate  or  spatulate  leaves 
on  creeping  runners:  flowering  stems  mo.^tly  2°  — 3°  high. 

•*-  Downy  all  over:  flowers  spiked  or  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

L.  piI6sa.  Only  S.  :  much  branched,  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  glob- 
tilar-4-sidcd  pod  about  the  length  of  the  spreading  calyx-lobes. 

H-  ■*-  Smooth  or  smoothish  throughout. 

L.  cylindrica.  From  Illinois  and  N.  Car.  S. :  much  branched,  with  long 
lanceolate  and  acute  leaves  tapei-ing  into  a  petiole,  small  axillary  flowers,  and 
cylindrical  pods  much  longer  than  the  small  calyx-lobes. 

L.  sphaerocarpa.  From  E.  New  England  S.  :  with  lanceolate  or  linear 
leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  very  small  flowers  in  the  axils,  and  globular  pods  not 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  Avith  hardly  any  bractlets  at  their  base. 

L.  polycarpa.  From  Michigan  S. :  like  the  last,  but  smoother,  and  with 
conspicuous  slender  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  4-sided  rather  top-shaped  pod, 
which  is  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

L.  capit^ta.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  with  slender  simple  stems  angled 
towards  the  toji,  long  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers  mostly  crowded  in  an  oblong  or 
roundish  terminal  head,  and  obtusely  4-angled  pod  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

L.  alata.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  with  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stems 
strongly  angled  above,  few  flowers,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  Avedge-lanceolate 
leaves,  and  an  inversely  pyramidal  pod  as  long  as  the  Avhite  calyx-lobes,  with 
concave  sides  and  wing-ed  "angles. 

li.  microcarpa.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  the  low  stems  creeping  at  base 
and  3-angled  above,  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  with  minute  flowers  in  their 
axils,  the  short  4-angled  pods  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.  147 

§  2.    Leaves  opposite,  olm'cite  or  spatulate,  long-petioled,   loith  small  and  nearly 
sessile  flowers  in  their  axils  :  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

L.  pallistris.  Common  in  ditches  and  shallow  water  :  smooth,  with  no 
petals,  or  small  and  reddish  ones  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water,  and  oblong 
obscurely  4-sided  pods  longer  than  the  very  short  calyx-lobes. 

L.  nutans.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  "larger  than  the  foregoing,  and  with 
yellow  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes,  the  pods  tapering  to  the  base. 

§  3.  Leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  long-peduncled  flower  in  the  axil 
ojf  some  of  the  upper  ones :  stems  creeping  in  the  mud. 

L.  arcu^ta.  From  coast  of  Virginia  S.  :  a  small  and  smooth  delicate 
plant,  with  oblanceolate  leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncle,  yellow  petals  longer 
than  the  slender  calyx-lobes,  and  club-shaped  somewhat  curved  pod. 

10.  LOPEZIA.     (Named  for  r.  Zopez,  an  early  Spanish  naturalist.) 

L.  racembsa.  Cult,  sparingly,  from  Mexico  :  a  slender,  branching,  nearly 
smooth  plant,  with  alternate  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  the 
branches  terminated  with  loose  racemes  of  small  rose-pink  or  sometimes  white 
flowers  (only  \'  in  diameter),  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axil  of  leafy  bracts, 
produced  all  summer,  followed  by  very  small  round  pods.     (I) 

11.  FUCHSIA.  (Named  for  L.  Fuchs,  an  early  German  botanist.)  Well- 
knoAvn  ornamental  tender  shrubby  plants,  or  even  trees,  chiefly  natives  of  the 
Andes  from  Mexico  to  Fuegia,  mostly  smooth,  with  opposite  or  teraatcly 
whorled  leaves.  The  species  in  cultivation,  now  greatly  mixed  and  varied, 
chiefly  come  from  the  following. 

§  1.  Short-flowered  Fuchsias,  or  Ladies'  Eardrops;  with  the  lobes  of 
the  norinolly  red  cahjx  longer  than  the  tube  and  than  the  ]ietats ;  the  latter 
nonnaUji  violet  or  blue,  obovate  and  retuse,  convolute  around  the  base  of 
the  projecting  fllaments  and  still  longer  style  :  flowers  hanging  on  long 
peduncles  fl-om  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

F.  COCeinea,  or  F.  glob6sa.  Low,  the  rather  small  scarlet  flowers  with 
globular  or  ovoid  calyx-tube  between  the  ovary  and  the  lobes,  which  also  form 
a  globular  bud  and  hardly  spread  after  opening  ;  leaves  short-petioled. 

F.  Magellaniea,  from  S.  Chili  and  Fuegia  :  less  tender,  with  tube  of  the 
calyx  bell-shaped  and  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  ;  leaves  short-petioled  or  the 
upper  sessile. 

F.  macrost^mma,  from  Chili :  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  calyx-tube 
oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  spreading  lobes.  — 
These  species  now  greatly  varied  in  color ;  some  varieties  with  calyx  white  or 
light  and  the  petals  deeply  colored,  some  with  the  reverse ;  also  double-flowered, 
the  petals  being  multiplied. 

§  2.  Long-flowered  Fuchsias  ;  tvith  trumpet-shaped  or  slightly  funnel-shaped 
tube  of  the  calyx  2' -3'  long,  vei'y  much  longer  than  the  spreading  lobes, 
which  little  exce<d  the  acute  or  pointed  someivhat  spreading  petals  :  stamens 
and  style  little  projecting :  floivers  crowded  into  a  rather  close  drooping 
raceme  or  corymb  at  the  end  of  the  branches  :  leaves  large,  5'  -  7'  long. 
F.  flilgens,  from  Mexico :  smooth,  with  ovate  somewhat  heart-shaped  leaves, 
and  scarlet  flowers,  the  lance-ovate  calyx-lobes  often  tinged  with  green. 

F.  COrymbiflbra,  from  Peru  :  mostly  pubescent,  with  lance-oblong  and 
taper-pointed  almost  entire  leaves,  and  red  flowers,  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes 
and  the  lance-oblong  petals  taper-pointed,  at  length  widely  spreading. 

§  3.   Paxicled  Fuchsias  ;  %mth  small  flowers  erect  in  a  naked  and  compound 
temnnal  panicle  or  cluster :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  ividehj  spreading. 

F.  arbor^scens,  Tree  F.,  from  Mexico  :  a  stout  shrub  rather  than  tree, 
with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  entire  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  usually 
whorled  ;  flowers  light  rose-color,  ^'  long,  with  narrow  oblong  calyx-lobes,  and 
petals  rather  longer  than  the  tube,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  style. 


148  MELASTOMA   FAMILY. 

45.  MELASTOMACE^,  MELASTOMA  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  and  simple  3  -  7-ribbed  leaves,  no  stipules, 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals,  both  inserted  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  anthers  u.<ually  or'  peculiar  shape  and  opening 
by  a  small  hole  at  the  apex.  Flowers  usually  handsome,  but  mostly 
scentless.  A  large  order  in  the  tropics,  represented  in  noi-thern 
temperate  regions  only  by  the  genus  Rhexia  of  the  Atlantic  States. 
None  in  common  cultivation,  but  the  following  are  those  more 
usually  met  with  in  choice  conservatories  :  — 

Centrad^nia  r6sea,  from  Mexico  :  a  low  and  bushy  almost  herbaceous 
plant,  with  unequal-sided  and  falcate  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  apparently 
alternate  (which  comes  from  the  diminution  or  total  suppression  of  one  leaf  of 
each  pair),  producing  great  abundance  of  small  flowers  in  short  raceme-like  clus- 
ters, with  4  white  and  rose-tinged  petals,  and  8  anthers  with  curious  club-shaped 
and  tail-like  appendages. 

Heteroc^ntron  r6seum,  from  Mexico  :  an  herb,  or  nearly  so,  with  thin 
ovate  leaves  which  ura  feather-vemed  rather  than  ribbed,  and  with  terminal  pani- 
cles of  handsome  bright  rose-colored  flowers  (and  a  white  variety),  of  4  petals 
and  8  very  unequal  and  dissimilar  stamens,  some  with  appendages  at  base,  some 
without. 

Cyanoph^^llum  met^llicuin,  from  Central  America,  cultivated  in  hot- 
houses for  its  magniflccnt  foliage;  the  ovate  leaves  sometimes  fully  two  feet 
long,  purple  beneath  and  bluish  above  with  metallic  lustre.  —  Then  we  have  the 
U.  S.  genus, 

1.  RHlfiXIA,  DEER-GRASS,  MEADOW-BEAUTY.  (Name  from 
Greek  for  rupture:  application  obscure.)  Low  erect  herbs  of  wet  or  sandy 
ground,  commoner  S.,  often  bristly,  at  least  on  the  margins  of  the  sessile 
3-5-ribbed  leaves,  Avith  handsome  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme  or  panicle. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  urn-shaped,  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  4-celled  ovary 
and  continued  beyond  it  into  a  short  4-toothed  cnp,  persistent.  Petals  4, 
obovate.  Stamens  8,  with  anthers  opening  by  a  single  minute  hole.  Style 
slender:  stigma  simple.  Seeds  numerous  in  the  pod,  coiled  like  minute  snail- 
shells.     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

*  Anthers  linear  and  curved,  with  a  sac-like  base  and  usually  a  minute  spur: 
flowers  in  a  panicle  or  loose  ci/nie. 

R.  Virginica.  The  common  species  N.,  in  sandy  swamps  :  6' -20'  high, 
with  square  stem  almost  winged  at  the  angles,  ovate  or  lance-oval  sessile  leaves, 
and  large  pink-purple  flowers. 

R.  Mariana.  From  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky  S.  :  10' -24'  high,  with 
terete  or  6-angled  branching  stem,  linear  or  lance-oblong  leaves  narrowed  at 
base,  and  paler  purple  flowers  hairy  outside. 

R.  glabella.  Pine-ban-ens  S.  :  smooth,  with  a  simple  slender  stem,  lan- 
ceolate glaucous  leaves,  and  large  bright-purple  flowers. 

*  *  Anthers  oblong  and  straight,  destitute  of  any  appendage. 
•^  Flowers  purple,  few  or  solitary;  leaves  small  (rarely  1'  long),  rounded-ovate, 
ciliate  loith  long  bristles :  stem  square,  smooth. 

R.  cilidsa.  Bogs  in  pino  barrens  from  Maryland  S.  :  stem  10'-  12'  high; 
leaves  bristly  on  the  upper  face  ;  and  calyx  smooth. 

R.  serrulata.  Bogs- in  pine  barrens  wholly  S. :  stem  3' -6' high;  leaves 
smooth  above  ;  calyx  bristly. 

t-  -1-  Flow&'s  yellow,  small,  numerous,  not  casting  the  petals  early,  as  do  the  others : 
stem  4-angled,  bristly,  bushy -branched  above. 

R.  lutea.  From  North  Carolina  S.  «S:  W. :  stem  1°  high,  bristly;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  obovate  ;  calyx  smooth. 


LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.  149 

46.    MYRTACE^,  MYRTLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  and  mostly  aromatic  leaves 
punctate  with  pellucid  or  resinous  dots,  no  stipules,  perfect  flowers, 
calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  throat,  or  a  disk  bordering  it, 
bearing  the  petals  and  numerous  stamens  :  style  and  stigma  single. 
A  large  family  in  the  tropics  and  southern  hemisphere,  here  com- 
monly known  only  by  a  few  house-plants,  which  may  be  briefly 
noted  as  follows  :  — 

1.  M^rtus  eommtinis,  Common  Myrtle,  from  the  Mediterranean 
region  :  smooth,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  opposite  shininf^  leaves,  small  in  the 
variety  usually  cultivated,  peduncles  in  their  axils  bearinji:  a  small  wliite  or 
rose-tinj^ed  flower  (sometimes  full  double),  followed  by  a  black  beny,  containing 
several  kidney-shaped  seeds. 

2.  Eugenia  Jambos,  Rose-Apple,  from  India :  smooth,  with  opposite 
shining  long  and  lanceolate  leaves,  and  clusters  of  large  white  tlowers  with  their 
long  stamens  most  conspicuous  ;  the  calyx-tube  dilated  and  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  which  forms  a  large  edible  berry,  like  a  small  apple,  scentless,  but 
when  eaten  of  a  rose-like  savor  ;  seeds  very  few,  large. 

3.  Psidium  pyriferum,  Guava,  of  W.  Ind. :  with  oval  feather-veined 
opposite  leaves,  and  one  or  two  white  flowers  at  the  end  of  an  axillary  peduncle ; 
the  fruit  a  large  and  pear-shaped  yellowish  berry  which  is  eatable,  and  from 
which  Guava  jeUy  is  made  in  the  West  Indies. 

4.  Callistemon  lanceolatum,  of  Australia*,  called  Bottle-Brush, 
on  account  of  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  (sessile  all  round  the  stem  below 
the  later  leaves)  with  their  very  long  deep  red  stamens  ;  the  5  petals  small  and 
falling  early  ;  the  fruit  a  small  many-seeded  pod  opening  at  the  top  ;  the  alter- 
nate lanceolate  leaves  remarkal)le  for  being  turned  edgewise  by  a  twist  at  their 
base,  as  in  many  related  Myrtaccous  plants  of  Australia. 


47.  LYTHRACE^,  LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  related  orders  in  having  the  ovary  and  pod  free 
from,  but  mostly  enclosed  in,  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  the  leaves  not 
punctate,  the  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  To  this  family  has  lately 
been  appended  the  Pomegranate,  which,  although  peculiar,  is  com- 
monly referred  to  the  Myrtle  Family,  notwithstanding  the  dotless 
leaves. 

§  1.    Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube,  becoming  a  fleshy  fruit.     Small  tree. 

1.  PUNICA.     Calyx-tube  colored  (scarlet),  thick  and  coriaceous,  its  top-sliapod 

base  coherent  with  the  ovary,  above  enlarged  and  5-7-lobed;  its  throat 
bearing  the  5  -  7  petals  and  very  many  incurved  stamens.  Style  slender. 
Ovary  with  many  cells  in  two  sets,  one  above  the  other,  and  very  many 
ovules  in  each.  Fruit  large,  globular,  crowned  with  the  calyx-lobes,  berry- 
like,  but  with  a  hard  rind :  the  numerous  seeds  coated  with  a  juicy  edible  pulp. 

§  2.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx-tube,  becoming  a  1  -  Q- celled  pod. 
*  Stamens  indefinitely  numerous.     Small  tree. 

2.  LAGERSTR(EMIA.     Calyx  6-lobed.     Petals  6,  very  Avavy-crisped,  raised  on 

slender  claws,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  cal3^x.  Stamens  borne  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx,  very  long  and  slender,  6  outermost  larger  than  the  rest. 
Style  very  slender.  Pod  oblong,  thick,  many-seeded,  3-6-celled,  only  the 
base  covered  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

«  Stamens  4-16,  oiily  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  inserted 
loioerdown  than  the  petals,  fhrhs  or  nearly  so:  calyx  mostly  with  projecting 
folds,  or  accessory  teeth  bttween  the  proper  teeth  or  lobes. 


150  LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY. 

•^Flower  regular  or  nearly  so :  pod  many-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

3.  NES^EA.     Calyx  short  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical.     Stamens  lG-14,  twiee 

as  many  as  the  petals,  in  2  sets,  with  long  projecting  filaments.  Style  slen- 
der,    Fod  globular,  3  -5-celled.     Leaves  mostly  whorled  in  threes  or  opposite. 

4.  LYTHRUM,     Calyx  cylindrical,  8- 12-ribbed  or  striate.    Petals  5-7.    Stamens 

5-14.     Style  slender.     Pod  oblong,  2-celled.     Leaves  sessile. 

5.  AMMANNIA.     Calyx  short,  4-angled.     Petals  4  and  small,  or  none.     Stamens 

4,  short.     Pod  globular,  2  -  4-celled.     Leaves  opposite,  narrow, 
■t-  ■*- Flower  irregular :  pod  mostly  few-seeded, 

6.  GUP  HE  A.     Calyx  elongated,  mostly  many-ribbed,  gibbous,  spurred,  or  with  a 

sac-like  projection  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  which 
has  6  proper  teeth,  and  usually  as  many  intermediate  accessory  ones  or  pro- 
cesses. Petals  mostly  6,  with  claws,  and  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  ones 
larger;  sometimes  all  or  part  wanting.  Stamens  11  or  12,  unequal:  filaments 
short.  A  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  upper  side.  Style  slender: 
stigma  2-lobed.  Ovary  flat,  2-celled,  but  one  cell  smaller  and  sterile  or 
empty.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  and  bursting  through  it  on  the  lower 
side;  the  placenta  bearing  a  few  flat  seeds,  hardening,  curving,  and  at  length 
projecting  through  the  rupture. 

1.  PUNICA,  POMEGRANATE.     (The  name  means  Carthaginian.) 

P.  Gran^tum.  Tree  cult,  from  the  Orient,  as  a  house-plant  N.  :  smooth, 
with  small  oblong  or  obovate  obtuse  leaves,  either  opposite  or  scattered,  mostly 
clustered  on  short  branchlets  ;  the  flowers  short-stalked,  usually  solitary,  large, 
both  calyx  and  corolla  bright  scarlet,  with  5-7  petals,  or  full  double;  the  fruit 
as  large  as  a  small  apple. 

2.  LAGERSTRGEMIA,  CRAPE-MYRTLE.     (Named  for  a  Swedish 

naturalist,  Lmjerstrvcm.) 

L.  tndica,  from  E,  Indies  :  planted  for  ornament  S.,  and  in  conserva- 
tories N.  :  shrub  with  smooth  ovate  or  oval  opposite  leaves,  and  panicles  of  very 
showy  pale  rose  or  flesh-colored  large  flowers,  remarkable  ibr  the  wavy-crisped 
petals  and  long  silky-tufted  stamens. 

3.  NES.^A.  (Name  from  Greek  for  insular,  from  the  habitation  of  the 
original  species.)      ^ 

N.  vertieillata.  Common  E.  and  S.  in  very  wet  places ;  smooth  or 
minutely  downy,  with  long  recurving  branches  (2° -8°  long),  lanceolate  leaves, 
mostly  in  threes,  the  upper  with  clustered  short-stalked  flowers  in  their  axils, 
5  wedge-lanceolate  rose-purple  petals,  and  10  stamens  of  two  lengths. 

N.  salicifblia.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  not  hardy  N, ;  low,  slightly  shrubby 
at  base,  smooth,  erect,  with  lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones 
sometimes  alternate,  almost  sessile  flowers  in  their  axils,  with  mostly  G  obovate 
yellow  petals,  and  12  stamens  of  almost  equal  length. 

4.  LYTHRUM,  LOOSESTRIFE.  (Name  in  Greek  for  blood:  some  have 
red  flowers.)     Fl.  summer. 

L.  Salicaria,  Spiked  L.  Sparingly  wild  N.  E.  in  wet  meadows,  and 
cult. ;  with  stems  2°  -  3°  high,  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  and  often  with  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  in  pairs  or  threes  ;  flowers  crowded  in  their  axils  and  forming  a 
Avand-like  spike,  rather  large,  with  6  or  rarely  7  lance-oblong  pink  petals,  and 
twice  as  many  stamens  of  two  lengths.     % 

L.  alktum.  Low  grounds  W.  &  S.  :  nearly  smooth,  slender,  2°-3*'  high, 
above  and  on  the  branches  with  margined  angles,  very  leafy  ;  the  small  leaves 
oblong,  the  uppermost  not  longer  than  the  small  flowers  in  their  axils ;  petals 
6,  purple  ;  stamens  6.     2/ 

5.  AMMANNIA.  (Named  for  Ammann,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Low,  insignificant  herbs,  in  wet  places,  especially  S.,  with  small  greenish 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves  ;  the  inconspicuous  petals  purplish, 
or  none  :  fl.  all  summer. 


LOASA   FAMILY.  151 

A.  htimilis,  from  Mass.  to  Michigan  and  S.  ;  has  narrow  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base,  and  a  very  short  style.     ® 

A.  latitblia.  W.  &  S.,  taller,  the  lance-linear  leaves  with  a  broader  and 
auricled  partly  clasping  base.     ® 

6.   CUPHEA.     (Name  from  Greek,  means  gibbous  or  curved,  from  the  shape 
of  the  calyx.)     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  :  fl.  all  summer. 

C.  viSCOSissima,  Clammy  C.  Sandy  fields  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S. : 
a  rather  homely  herb,  l°-2°  high,  branching,  clammy-hairy,  with  lance-ovate 
leaves,  small  flowers  somewhat  racemed  along  the  branches,  and  ovate  pink 
petals  on  short  claws.     ® 

C.  silenoides.  Cult,  from  Mexico  :  clammy-hairy,  1°  high,  with  lance- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  at  base  into  short  petiole,  and  rather  large 
flowers  somewhat  racemed  on  the  branches;  calyx^ purplish,  almost  1'  long, 
ovoid  at  base  and  with  a  tapering  neck ;  petals  blood-purple  or  crimson,  rounded, 
the  2  larger  ^'  in  diameter.     ®. 

C.  platycentra.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  both  in  greenhouses  and  for  bor- 
ders, flowering  through  the  season  :  slightly  woody  at  base,  8'-  12'  high,  form- 
ing masses,  tliickly  beset  with  the  ovate  or  lance-ovate  acute  smooth  and  glossy 
bright  green  leaves,  contrasting  with  the  bright  vermilion  flowers  between  each 
pair,  the  calyx  narrow  and  tubular,  almost  1'  long,  with  a  short  and  very  blunt 
spur  at  base,  the  short  border  and  teeth  dark  violet  edged  on  the  upper  side 
with  white ;  petals  none.     11 

48.   LOASACE^,  LOASA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  rough  pubescence,  and  some  with  stinging  bristles,  no 
stipules,  a  1-celled  ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx  (which 
is  little  if  at  all  extended  beyond  it),  and  mostly  with  3-5  parietal 
placentae,  in  fruit  a  pod,  few  -  many-seeded  :  persistent  calyx-lobes 
and  true  petals  mostly  5,  and  often  an  additional  inner  set  of  pet- 
als :  stamens  commonly  numerous,  often  in  5  clusters  :  style  single. 
Natives  of  America,  mostly  S.  &  W. :  several  cult,  for  ornament. 

«  Erect  or  spreading,  not  twining:  leaves  alternate:  petals  fiat. 

1.  MENTZELIA.     Petals  lanceolate,  spatulate,  or  obovate,  deciduous.    Filaments 

long  and  slender,  or  some  of  the  outermost  broadened  or  petal-like:  anthers 
short  and  small.    Pod  top-shaped,  club-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  straight.     Herb- 
age rough  with  short  stiff  pubescence,  or  bristly,  but  not  stinging. 
«  «  Twining  herbs :  leaves  opposite,  petioled:  petals  hood-shaped  or  slipper-shaped. 

2.  BLUMENBACHIA.     Petals  5,  spreading,  and  as  many  scale-like  small  ones  or 

appendages  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  in  5  sets,  one  before  each  petal, 
with  very  slender  filaments;  also  10  sterile  filaments,  a  pair  before  each  ap- 
pendage. Ovary  and  many-seeded  pod  10-ribbed,  when  old  spirally  twisted 
and  splitting  lengthwise.  Peduncles  axillary,  mostly  1-flowered.  Herbage 
beset  with  sharp  bristles,  commonly  stinging  like  nettles.  Flowers  on  long 
axillary  peduncles. 

1.   MENTZELIA.      (Named  for- C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Fl.  summer  or  autumn.     ®  ©     Includes  the  Bart6ma  of  Nuttall  and 

EUCNIDE. 

§  1.   Pod  3  -  9-seeded:  flowers  small,  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine.     ®  ® 
M.  oligosp^rma.     Open  dry  ground,  from  Illinois  S.  W.  ;  a  rough  and 
homely  plant,  with  spreading  brittle  branches,  ovate  and  oblong  angled  or  cut- 
toothed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  less  than   1'  broad,  with  5  wedge  oblong 
pointed  petals,  and  about  20  slender  filaments. 

§  2.  Bart6xia  of  Nuttall,  &c.,  not  of  Muhlcnber<j.  Pod  mostlij  long,  contain- 
ing many  or  at  least  20  cubical  or  flat  seeds :  flowers  la*-ge  and  showy : 
petals  1'  -  2'  long :  herbage  rough. 


152  CACTUS    FAMILY. 

M.  Lindleyi.  Cultivated,  from  jCalifomia,  usually  under  the  name  of 
Baut6xi\  aukka.  Plant  l°-2°  high,  Avith  leaves  lance  ovate  in  outline 
and  deeply  pinnatihd,  their  lol)CS  linear;  flowers  with  5  obovatc  and  pointed 
bright  yellow  petals  opening  in  sunshine,  and  the  very  numerous  filaments  all 
slender      0 

M.  orn^ta,  the  Bart6nia  ouxXta  of  Nnttall,  a  very  large-flowered 
species,  of  the  plains  of  Nebraska  and  S.  :  2°  -  4°  high,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
sinuate-pinnatifld  leaves,  and  white  fragrant  flowers  opening  at  sunset  or  on  a 
cloudy  afternoon,  leafy-bracted  under  the  ovaiy,  and  with  10  lance-ovate  or 
spatulate  acute  petals,  about  2'  long,  the  5  inner  narrower,  and  the  200  -  300 
filaments  all  slender ;  seeds  very  many  and  flat.  Rarely  cult,  for  ornament, 
but  well  worthy  of  it.     ®   11'^ 

M.  nuda,  the  Bart6nia  nl'da  of  Nnttall,  of  the  same  district  and  further 
south,  and  less  rare  in  cultivation  than  M.  ornata,  resembles  it,  but  has  flowers 
of  half  the  size  and  often  without  leafy  bracts  under  the  ovary ;  outer  fila- 
ments mostly  broadened  ;    seeds  wing-margined.     ©   ^  ^ 

§  3.  EuCN'iDK  of  Zuccarini  Pod  short,  containing  very  many  minute  roundish 
or  oblonij  seeds :  Jlowers  showy,  yellow,  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

M.  16ngipes.  Cult,  from  Mexico  and  Texas  under  the  name  of  Eucxidk 
BAKTONioinES  ;  a  tender  succulent  plant,  branching  and  usually  spreading  on 
the  ground,  bristly,  with  ovate  cut-toothed  or  slightly  lobed  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  and  flowers  mostly  on  still  longer  simple  peduncles  (3' -6'  long),  the 
5  ovate  petals  and  very  many  slender  filaments  fully  1'  long.     ® 

2.  BLUMENBACHIA.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  German  physiol- 
ogist, Blumenbuch.  Includes  Caiophora.  F1.  all  summer. 
B.  insignis.  Cult,  from  Chili ;  rather  curious  than  ornamental,  with 
pahnately  about  5-parted  leaves,  small  flowers  with  white  petals  and  yellow 
red-tip])ed  inner  appendages ;  the  ix)d  obovate,  slightly  twisted,  with  5  strongly 
projecting  placcntaj.     Ci) 

B.  lateritia.  Cult,  from  South  America,  under  the  name  of  Lo\sa  or 
Caiophora  LAXERfxiA  ;  climbing  freely  ;  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  leaves  of 
5  or  more  lance-ovate  divisions  or  leaflets,  which  are  cut-toothed  or  some  of 
them  again  pinnatifid;  flowers  almost  2'  across,  with  brick-red  petals;  the  long 
pod  at  length  much  twisted.     0 

49.   CACTACE^,  CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Fleshy  plants  of  peculiar  aspect,  mostly  persistent,  destitute  of 
foliage  (with  exception  of  the  rare  Pereskia),  its  place  supplied  by 
the  green  rind  of  the  flattened,  columnac,  globular,  or  various-shaped 
stem ;  the  perfect  solitary  and  sessile  flower  with  calyx  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  its  lobes  or  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens  numerous, 
usually  in  several  ranks,  the  latter  mostly  very  numerous  ;  ovary 
1-celled  with  several  parietal  placentae ;  style  single,  with  several 
stigmas  ;  the  fruit  a  1-celled  and  generally  many-seeded  pulpy  berry. 
(See  Lessons,  p.  48,  fig.  76,  and  p.  96,  fig.  197.) 

We  have  three  or  four  wild  species,  several  others  in  common 
house-cultivation,  and  a  larger  number  in  choice  collections,  some 
of  which  are  hybrids. 

§  1.  No  tube  to  the  flower  above  the  ovary  :  stem  jointed. 
1.  OPUNTIA.  Stem  branching,  formed  of  successive  joints,  which  are  mostly 
flat,  bearing  at  first  some  minute  awl-shaped  bodies  answering  to  leaves, 
Avhich  soon  fall  off,  and  tufts  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  prickles  also  in  their 
axils.  Flowers  from  the  «dge  or  side  of  a  joint,  opening  iu  smishine  and 
for  more  than  one  day. 


CACTUS    FAMILY.  153 

^  2.    Tu^e  formed  of  the  united  sepals,  <fc.  more  or  less  extended  beyond  the  ovary. 
•  Stems  and  branches  of  flat  and  leaf-like  joints,  with  the  margins  more  or  leas  toothed 
or  ci'enate,  and  with  an  evident  woudy  centre  or  midrib,  with  no  pHckhs  and 
no  bristles,  or  only  tufts  of  vtry  short  ones  in  the  notches. 
2.   EPIPHYLLUiM.     Joints  of  the  branches  short  and  truncate,  very  smooth,  and 
flowering  from  tlie  end.     Flowers  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days, 
mostly  oblique,  the  tube  not  much  lengthened;  the  sepals  and  petals  rose-red, 
rather  few,  the  innermost  and  larger  ones  about  8.     Stamens  not  very  many. 
Stigmas  erect  or  conniving. 
8.   PHYLLOCACTUS.     Leaf-like  branches  or  joints  long,  arising  from  the  side  of 
older  ones,  which  with  age  form  terete  stems.     Flowers  from  the  marginal 
notches,  slightly  if  at  all  irregular.     Stigmas  slender  and  spreading. 

«  *  Stems  or  branches  3  -  many-anijled  or  grooved,  or  terete,  and  with  tubercles  or 
woolly  tufts  bearing  a  cluster  oj' spines,  prickles,  or  bristles. 

4.  CEREUS.  Stem  mostly  elongated,  rarely  globular,  regularly  ribbed  or  angled 
lengthwise,  and  with  the  clusters  of 'spines  or  bristles  on  the  ridges  one 
above  the  other.  Flowers  from  the  side  of  the  stem,  commonly  with  a 
conspicuous  tube,  which,  with  the  ovary  below,  is  beset  with  scale-like 
sepals  and  generally  with  woolly  or  bristly  tufts  in  their  axils.  Petals 
numerous  and  spreading. 

6.  ECHINOCACTUS.  Stem  globular,  depressed,  or  sometimes  oblong-club-shaped, 
with  many  ribs  or  ridges  bearing  clusters  of  spines  one  above  the  other. 
Flowers  naked  at  the  summit  of  the  ridges,  and  with  a  short  or  very  short 
tube :  otherwise  as  in  Cereus, 

6.  MELOC  ACTUS.     Stem  globular  with  a  broad  base,  or  com'cal,  with  many  ribs 

bearing  clusters  of  spines  as  in  Echinocactus;  but  the  flowers  small  and  im- 
mersed in  a  woolly  cylindrical  muff-like  mass  at  the  summit.  Sepals  and 
petalH  united  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  which  is  often  swollen  at  the  base.  Fila- 
ments short.     Ovary  and  berry  not  scaly. 

7.  MAMILLARIA.     Stems  globular  or  cylindrical,  mostly  tufted,  not  ribbed,  cov- 

ered with  distinct  and  strongly  projecting  nipple-shnped  tubercles,  which  are 
arranged  in  spiral  order  and  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  prickles.  Flowers  from 
the  axils  of  the  tubercles,  with  a  short  tube.     Ovary  and  berry  not  scaly. 

1.  OPUNTIA,  PRICKLY-PEAR  CACTUS,  INDIAN  FIG,  &c.     (An 

ancient  name,  transferred  to  these  American  plants.)     Fl.  summer.     Fruit 
often  eatable. 

§  1.    Stamens  not  longer  than  the  roundish,  in  ours  yellow,  widely  opening  petals. 
*  Low,  prostrate  or  spreading,  native  species,  also  cultivated. 

O.  vulgaris,  Common  Prickly-Pear.  On  rocks  and  sand,  from  coast 
of  New  England  S.,  with  pale  and  roundcd-obovate  flat  joints,  3' -G' long, 
bearing  minute  appressed  leaves,  having  bristles  but  hardly  any  spines  in  their 
axils,  and  a  nearly  smooth  eatable  berry. 

O.  Hafin^squii.  Common  W.  &  S.  W. :  deeper  green,  with  joints  4' -8' 
long,  the  little  leaves  spreading,  several  small  spines  and  a  single  stronger  one 
in  the  clusters,  and  flower  often  with  a  reddish  centre. 

O.  MisSOUri6nsis.  From  Wisconsin  W.  on  the  plains  :  with  obovate 
joints  2' -4'  long  and  tubercled,  tufts  of  straw-colored  bristles  and  5-10  long 
and  slender  spines  ;  the  berry  dry  and  prickly. 

O.  Pes-C6rvi.  On  the  coast  S.,  with  small  and  narrow,  almost  cylindri- 
cal, easily  separable  joints,  their  spines  in  pairs  ;  the  berry  small  and  bristly. 

*  *  Erect,  shrubby  or  tree-like,  cultivated  in  conservatories,  from  West  Indies  and 
South  America  :  berry  edible. 

O.  Picus-Indica.  Joints  obovate,  thick  and  heavy,  l°Iong,  with  minute 
spines  or  none  ;  berry  obovate,  bristly. 

O.  Tlina.  Joints  oval,  4' -8'  long,  with  several  unequal  spines  in  the  tufts, 
the  longer  ones  about  1'  long. 

O.  Brasiliensis.  Tree-like,  with  a  round  straight  trunk  rising  10°  or 
more  high,  bearing  short  branches,  their  ultimate  joints  obovate  or  oblong, 
sinuate,  thinner  and  more  leaf-like  than  in  the  others,  armed  with  single  long 
and  very  sharp  spines. 


154  CACTUS    FAMILY. 

/  §  2.    Stamens  longer  than  the  erect  crimson  petals,  shorter  than  the  style. 

^  O.  COCCinellifera.  Cult,  from  Mexico  and  West  Indies  :  tree-like,  6°  - 
10°  high,  Avith  joints  of  the  branches  obovate-obiong,  4'-  12'  long,  spineless  or 
nearly  so,  when  young  with  single  recurved  spines,  pale ;  berry  red.  One  of  the 
plants  upon  which  the  cochineal  insect  feeds,  whence  the  name. 

2.  EPIPHYLLUM.  (Name  from  Greek,  meaning  ujwn  a  leaf,  i.  e.  the 
flower  from  the  top  of  what  seems  to  be  a  leaf.)     Fl.  usually  in  summer. 

E.  trunc^tum.  Cult,  from  Brazil  :  low,  bright  green,  with  drooping 
branches ;  the  oblong  joints  scarcely  2'  long,  the  u])per  end  with  a  -shallow 
notch;  flower  2' -3'  long,  oblique,  with  petals  and  short  sepals  spreading  or 
recurved,  the  former  so  arranged  that  the  blossom  often  appears  as  if  2-lipped. 

3.  PHYLLOC  ACTUS.  (From  Greek  words  meaning  Leaf -Cactus.) 
Cult,  from  South  America  and  Mexico :  fl.  summer. 

*  Flower  with  tube  shorter  than  the  petals,  red,  scentless,  open  through  more  than 

one  day  :  petals  and  stamens  many,  except  in  thejirst  species. 

P.  biformis.  The  least  showy  species  ;  with  slender  stems,  and  two  sorts 
of  branches,  one  ovate  or  oblong,  the  other  lanceolate ;  the  latter  producing 
a  slender  pink  flower,  2'  long,  with  about  4  slender  sepals,  as  many  narrow 
lanceolate  erect  petals  with  spreading  tips,  and  only  8-16  stamens. 

P.  phyllanthoides.  Has  narrow-oblong  sinuate-toothed  leaf-like  branches, 
numerous  rose-colored  oblong  and  similar  sepals  and  petals,  the  outermost  widely 
spreading,  the  innermost  erect. 

P.  Ackermcinni.  Like  the  preceding,  but  much  more  showy,  with  bright 
red  and  sharivpointed  petals  spreading  and  2' -3'  long,  and  the  scattered  sepals 
email  and  bract-like. 

*  *  Flower  sweet-scented,  with  tuU  4'  -  10'  lo)i(j,  bearing  scattered  and  small  scaly 

sepals  or  bracts,  ivhich  are  considerably  longer  than  the  numerous  spreading 
white  or  cream-colored  petals. 
P.  cren^tus.      Leaf-like  branches   1^^-20   long,   2' -3'  broad,   sinuately 
notched  ;  flower  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days,  7' -8'  in  diameter, 
with  the  stout  tube  4'  -  5'  long,  the  outer  petals  or  inner  sepals  brownish. 

P.  Phyllanthus.  Branches  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  ;  but  the  flower 
opening  at  evening  and  lasting  only  till  morning,  its  slender  tube  many  times 
longer  than  the  small  petals. 

4.  CEREUS.  (Latin  name  of  a  wax-taper  or  candle,  from  the  form  of  the 
stem  of  some  columnar  species.)  The  following  are  the  commonest  in  culti- 
vation, mostly  from  Mexico  and  South  America  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.    Stems  and  branches  long,  spreading,  creeping  or  climbing,  remotely  jointed 
more  or  less,  only  3  -  7 -angled :  very  large-flowered. 

*  Flower  red,  open  in  daytime  for  several  days :  stamens  much  declined. 
C.  speciosissimus.     The  commonest  red-flowered  Cactus  ;    with  stems 
2° -3°  high,  rarely  rooting,  3  or  4  broad  and  thin  waA^-margined  angles  or 
Avings,  and  crimson  or  red  floAvers  of  various  shades,  4'  -  5'  in  diameter,  the 
tube  shorter  than  the  petals.  —  There  ai-e  various  hybrids  of  this  Avith  others. 

*  *  Flower  ivhite  as  to  petals,  opening  at  night,  collapsing  next  morning,  fragrant, 

6' -9'  in  diameter  ivhen  expanded,  the  tube  4' -  5'  long :  stems  routing  and 
so  climbing:  ])r icicles  short  and  fine.     Night-blooming  Cereus. 
C.  triangularis  has  sharply  triangular  stems,  minute  prickles,  and  floAver 
with  glabrous  tube,  olive-green  sepals,  and  yelloAV  stamens. 

C.  nyctieallus,  has  4-6-angled  stems  Avith  very  minute  prickles,  and 
flOAver  much  like  the  next  but  Avith  broAvnish  sepals. 

C.  grandifl6rus,  Comaion  Night-blooming  Cereus,  has  terete  stems 
Avith  5-7  slight  grooves  and  blunt  angles,  bearing  more  conspicuous  prickles, 
long  bristles  on  the  floAver-tubc,  and  dull  yelloAV  sepals. 


CACTUS   FAMILY.  155 

§  2.  Stems  and  branches  long,  weak,  disposed  to  trail  or  creep,  remote! ij  joinUd, 
cijluidricnl,  with  8-12  ribs  or  grooves  and  rows  of  approximated  short  and 
jine  prickle-clusters :  Jlowers  smaller. 

C.  serpentinus.  Stems  l'  or  more  in  diameter,  tapering  at  the  apex, 
about  12-ril)bcd,  disposed  to  stand  when  short,  not  rooting  ;  flower  opening  for 
a  night,  fragrant,  with  linear  petals  reddish-purple  outside,  nearly  white  inside, 
2'  long,  ratlier  shorter  than  the  tube. 

C.  flagelliforiDis.  Stems  long  and  slender,  prostrate  or  hanging  and 
rooting ;  flower  2'  -  3'  long,  the  narrow  sepals  and  petals  not  very  many,  rose- 
red,  open  by  day. 

§  3.    Stems  erect,  self-supporting,  tall-gi-owing ,  cylindrical  and  column-like,  with 

about  8  (6-  io)  obtuse  ribs  and  grooves,  short  mostly  dark-colored  prickles 

9-12  in  the  duster,  and  no  long  bristles :  flower  large,  white ;  tube  3'  -  6'  long. 

*  Flower  opening  at  midday,  collapsing  befl)re  night. 

C.  Peruvianus.    The  largest  species  (except  the  Giant  Cereus  of  Arizona), 

becoming  even  40°  high  and  thick  in  proportion,  with  rather  strong  compressed 

ribs  and  stout  prickles  ;  the  flower  6'  long,  with  greenish  sepals  and  white  or 

externally  rose-tinged  petals  proportionally  short.  — Var.  monstruosus,  in  old 

conservatories,  has  ii  short  stem  Avith  4  -  8  irregular  and  wavy  wing-like  angles, 

sometimes  broken  up  into  tubercles. 

*  *  Flower  opening  at  nighty  collapsing  next  day  :  tall  stem  narrower  at  the  top. 

C.  eri6phorus.  Stem  jointed  at  intervals,  with  rounded  ridges  and  needle- 
like prickles  ;  flower  6'  -  9'  long,  with  woolly  tube,  and  narrow  greenish  sepals, 
the  upper  4'  long,  longer  than  the  petals. 

C.  rep^ndus.  Stem  with  flatter  ridges,  and  with  flowers  much  as  in  the 
foregoing,  but  the  tube  not  woolly. 

C.  CSeruleseens.  Stem  bluish-green,  becoming  about  3'  thick,  with 
rounded  ridges  and  stoutish  prickles;  flower  8'  in  diameter,  with  eroded-toothed 
petals  and  olive  and  brown-jjurple  sepals,  the  longer  of  these  little  shorter  than 
the  smooth  tube. 

§  4.    Stem  erect  and  simple,  at  length  cylindrical,  with  20  -  25  narrow  ridges,  bear- 
ing clusters  of  short  prickles  and  long  bristly  hairs. 

C.  senilis,  Old-Man  Cactus.  Cult,  for  its  singular  appearance,  the  long 
white  hanging  bristles  at  the  top  likened  to  the  locks  of  an  aged  man ;  flowers 
(seldom  seen)  not  large,  with  a  very  short  tube. 

§  .5.  Stems  short  and  dwarf,  globular  or  oblong,  clustered  or  branching  from  the 
base:  flower  with  very  short  bell-shaped  tube. 

C.  caespitdsus.  Wild  on  the  plains  from  Nebraska  S.  :  3' -6'  high, 
becoming  short-cylindrical,  with  12-18  thick  ribs,  covered  with  the  close 
clusters  each  of  20  -  30  short  and  widely-spreading  prickles ;  flower  rose-purple, 
in  daytime,  2'  -  3'  in  diameter. 

§  6.  Echin6psis.  Stem  globular  or  obovate,  very  proliferous,  resemUing  Echino- 
cactus,  but  flowering  from  the  side  ;  the  showy  flowers  usually  open  while 
they  last  both  day  and  night,  and  with  a  long  funtiel-shaped  tube,  6'  -  8'  long, 
to  which  an  outer  set  of  stamens  is  united  up  to  the  throat,  while  the  inner  ones 
are  separate  flir  down  :  petals  and  sepals  pointed. 

*  Flower  ichite,  fragrant :  calyx-tube  with  ttfls  of  long  brownish  wool  at  each  scale: 

globular  stem  depressed  or  sunken  at  top,  about  3'  m  diameter. 

C.  Eyridsii.  Stem  with  about  13  acute  slightly  wavy  ridges,  and  many 
small  bristly  ])ricklcs  from  woolly  tubercles. 

C.  tubifl6rus,  or  ZuccariniXnls.  Stem  broader  than  high,  sunken  at 
top,  with  11  very  strong  and  prominent  wavy  ridges,  the  woolly  tubercles  bear- 
ing 6-8  stout  and  dark  spines. 

*  *  Flower  delicate  rose-color:  calyx-tube  with  scattered  hairs  and  the  scales  ciliate  : 

stem  somewhat  pear-shaped  or  oborate,  6'  -  12'  high. 

C.  OX^gonus.  Stem  bluish,  with  about  14  acute  ridges  from  a  broad 
base,  and  as  many  very  short  and  unequal  spines  in  the  clusters. 


156  "  FIG-MARIGOLD    FAMILY. 

C.  miiltiplex.  Stem  green,  with  about  13  acute  ridges  and  10-12  rather 
long  unequal  spines. 

6.  ECHINOCACTUS.  C^ ame  mems  S pint/ or  Hedgehog  Cactus.)  There 
arc  many  Avild  species  far  S.  W.,  but  few  common  in  cultivation.  Flowers 
mostly  small,  opening  for  2  or  3  days,  closing  at  night. 

E.  Texensis,  of  S.  Texas  and  Arizona,  has  stem  much  broader  than  high, 
or  globular  when  young,  becoming  1°  broad,  with  12-27  acute  wavy  ridges, 
6  or  7  very  stout  and  horn-like  reddish  recurved  spines  ;  the  central  one  larget 
and  turned  down,  sometimes  2'  long ;  flower  rose-colored,  very  woolly,  2'  long. 

E.  Ottdnis,  from  Brazil,  is  pear-shaped,  becoming  club-shaped,  2' -3' 
thick,  with  12  -  14  narrow  ridges,  clusters  of  10-  14  shox't  slender  prickles,  and 
yellow  flowers  with  red  stigmas. 

6.  MELOCACTUS,  i.  e.  MELON-CACTUS.  One  species  is  often  brought 
from  the  West  Indies,  but  does  not  long  survive,  viz. 

M.  COmmiinis,  called  Turk's-Cap.  Globular  or  ovate,  dark  green,  often 
1°  high,  Avith  12-20  ridges,  beset  with  clusters  of  short  brownish  spines  ;  the 
cylindrical  muff-like  crown  of  bristles  and  cottony  wool,  2'  -  5'  high,  in  which 
the  very  small  pink  flowers  are  half-imbedded  ;  berries  small,  red. 

7.  MAMILIjARI A.  (Name  from  the  nipple-shaped  tubercles  which  cover 
the  stem.)  Many  wild  species  far  W.  and  S.  W.  on  the  plains  :  few  common 
in  cultivation. 

M.  longim^mma,  from  Mexico,  has  the  tubercles  rising  from  a  depressed 
body,  or  apparently  almost  from  the  root,  1'  or  more  long,  loosely  spreading, 
much  longer  than  the  8-11  prickles  at  their  apex ;  flowers  large  for  the  genus, 
1^'  long,  yellow. 

M.  piisilla,  wild  in  Texas  and  S.,  with  clustered  ovate  or  globular  stems 
l'-2'  long,  oblong  or  ovate  tubercles  bearing  wool  in  their  axils,  and  tipped 
witli  very  many  capillary  crisped  bristles  and  several  slender  prickles;  flowers 
pink,  ^'  long. 

M.  gracilis,  with  globular  and  at  length  short-cylindrical  stems  l'-2' 
long,  excessively  proliferous,  the  oblong  tubercles  bearing  about  16  recurving 
white  prickles,  and  on  older  ])lants  1  or  2  stouter  and  longer  straight  ones  of  a 
brown  hue  ;  flowers  small,  white. 

M.  elong^ta,  with  cylindrical  clustered  stems,  covered  with  short  conical 
tubercles,  which  bear  16 -30  uniform  radiating  and  recurving  sfender  prickles 
in  a  starry  tuft,  and  very  rarely  a  central  one  ;  flowers  small,  white. 

M.  vivipara,  wild  from  Nebraska  S.,  l'-5'  high,  simple,  or  proliferous 
in  tufts,  globular,  with  the  terete  tubercles  slightly  grooved  down  the 
upjwr  side,  bearing  12-30  rigid  widely  radiating  whitish  prickles,  and  3-12 
stouter  and  darker  ones ;  flower  pink-purple,  large  for  the  plant,  about  2'  in 
diameter. 

50.  MESEMBRYANTHEME^,  FIG-MARIGOLD 
FAMILY.  * 

Fleshy  plants,  of  aspect  between  the  Cactus,  Purslane,  and  Orpine 
Families,  with  simple  entire  leaves,  and  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  compound  ovary,  which  has  4-20  styles  and  as  many  cells  : 
represented  in  cultivation  by  the  following. 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM.    Herbaceous  or  fleshy-f=hrabby  and  prostrate  or  low 

branching  plants,  with  very  succulent  leaves  and  mostly  handsome  flowers, 
opening  only  in  bright  light,  commonly  at  noon.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  mostly  5. 
Petals  (linear)  and  stamens  very  numerous,  on  the  calyx.  Styles,  cells  of  the 
ovary,  and  radiatingf  horns  or  lobes  of  the  many-seeded  pod  4  -20. 

2.  TETRAGON!  A-     Low  spreuding  herbs,  with  broad  and  flat  thickish  leaves,  and 

small  flowers  in  their  axils.  Calyx  usually  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
few  or  many.  Styles  and  1-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary  few.  Fruit  hard  and 
nut-like,  3  -  8-horned,  3  -  8-seeded. 


PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILT.  157 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  FIG-MAKIGOLD.  (Name  com- 
posed of  Greek  words  s\g\niy'm<:^  flowering  at  middaij.)  Cult,  for  ornament, 
chieliy  from  S.  Africa  :  fl.  summer. 

*  Annual  or  biennial,  broad-leaved,  prostrate,  cultivated  in  open  (/round. 
M.  cryst^llinum,  Ice-Plant.     Plant  remarkable  for  the  glittering  little 
excrescences  which  cover  the  herbag:c,  like  hoar-frost ;  leaves  soft  and  tender, 
large,  tiic  lower  rounded  heart-shaped  or  ovate,  upper  spatulate,  wavy  ;  flowers 
sessile,  white  or  purplish,  ^'  across. 

*  *  Perennial,  someichat  looodij -stemmed  house-plants,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope: 

leaves  all  opposite,  sessile  or  connate  at  base,  smooth. 

M.  dolabrif6rme,  Hatciiet-lkaved  F.  With  glaucous  and  dotted 
hatchet-shaped  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  opening  at  evening. 

M.  acinaciforme,  ^cymitar-leaved  ¥.  With  pale  3-sided  sabre- 
shaped  leaves  (3'  long,  fully  |'  wide),  flattened  branches  and  peduncle,  and 
pink-purple  flower  3'  -  4'  across. 

M.  spect^bile.  With  glaucous  and  linear  3-sided  pointed  leaves,  and 
pink-purple  flower  2'  across. 

2.  TETRAGONI  A.  (Name  Greek  for  four-angled,  from  shape  of  the  fruit. ) 
T.  expSlnsa,  New  Zealand  Spinach.     Occasionally  cult,  as  a  Spinach  : 

leaves  pale,  triangular  or  rhombic-ovate,  with  short  margined  petioles  ;  greenish 
small  flower  sessile  in  the  axils  ;  stamens  several,  in  clusters  alternate  with  the 
4  lobes  of  the  calyx.     (T) 

51.  PASSIPLORACE^,  PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY. 

Represented  mainly  by  the  Passion -flowers  described  below.  In 
conservatories  may  be  found  one  or  two  species  of  Tacsonia,  dif- 
fering from  true  Passion-flowers  in  having  a  long  tube  to  ihe  flower, 
but  they  are  uncommon,  and  rarely  blossom. 

1.  PASSIFLOR A,  PASSION-FLOWER.  (Flower  of  the  Passion  ;  the 
early  Koman  Catholic  missionaries  in  South  America  finding  in  them  symbols 
of  the  crucifixion,  the  crown  of  thorns  in  the  fringes  of  the  flower,  nails  in 
the  styles  with  their  capitate  stigmas,  hammers  to  drive  them  in  the  stamens, 
cords  in  the  tendrils.)  Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  con- 
spicuous stipules,  climbing  by  simple  axillary  tendrils  ;  the  flowers  also  axil- 
lary, usually  with  3  bracts  underneath,  and  a  joint  in  the  peduncle.  Calyx 
with  a  very  short  tube  or  cup,  and  5  divisions  which  are  colored  inside  like  the 
petals,  and  often  with  a  claw-like  tip.  Petals  5  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  or 
sometimes  none  :  within  them  the  conspicuous  crown  of  numerous  filaments 
or  rays,  forming  a  double  or  more  compound  fringe.  Stamens  5,  with  nar- 
row-oblong versatile  anthers  :  their  filaments  united  in  a  tube  below  sheath- 
ing and  adhering  more  or  less  to  the  long  stalk  which  supports  the  1 -celled 
ovary.  Styles  3,  mosrly  club-shaped :  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  berry-like, 
edible  in  several  #pecies,  with  many  seeds,  enveloped  in  pulp,  ou  3  parietal 
placentae.     Fl.  summer,  open  for  only  one  day.  • 

*   Wild  species  of  the  country,  herbaceous,  smooth,  icith  3-lobed  leaves. 
P.  Itltea.     Low  grounds,  from  S.  Penn.  to  111.  &  S.  :  slender,  low-climbing, 

with  the  short  and  blunt  lobes  of  the  leaves  entire,  and  a  greenish-yellow  flower 

of  no  beauty,  brtrcly  1'  wide.     "21 

P.  incarn^ta,'the  fruit,  called  Maypops  in  S.  States,  edible,  as  large  as  a 

hen's  c<r(x  :  trailing  or  low-climbing,  with  deeply  3-cleft  serrate  leaves,  a  pair  of 

glands  on  the  petiole  and  one  or  more  on  the  small  bracts,  the  jiurple  crown 

of  the   handsome   flower   (2' -3'   across)   rather  longer  than   the  i)ale  petals. 

Dry  ground,  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  S.     IJ. 

♦  *  Cult,  from  South  America.     Stems  iroody,  except  the  first.     (These  arc  the 

commoner  species  :  there  are  a  few  hybrids  and  rarer  ones. ) 


/ 


158  GOURD    FAMILY. 

•«-  Leaves  pcdmately  lohed :  flower  widely  spreading. 

P.  gracilis.  Slender  herb,  with  roundish  and  slip:htly  3-lobed  otherwise 
entire  leav.es,  and  whitish  merely  5-cleft  Hower  only  1'  in  diameter,  destitute  of 
true  petals.  Recently  introduced,  remarkable  for  "the  quick  movement  of  its 
tendrils.     ® 

P.  CSSrulea,  the  Common*  or  Blue  Passiox-floaver  ;  with  leaves  very 
deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  5  or  7  lance-oblonj^  entire  divisions,  pale  ;  and  flower 
almost  white,  except  the  purple  centre  and  blue  crown  banded  with  whitish  in 
the  middle. 

P.  6d.ulis,  Granadilla  ;  the  purplish  edible  fruit  as  larg:e  as  a  goose-eg{? : 
leaves  dark  green  and  glossy,  deeply  cleft  into  3  ovate  pointed  lobes  beset  with 
callous  teeth ;  bracts  under  the  flower  also  toothed ;  the  crown  crisped,  2'  across, 
whitish  with  a  blue  or  violet  base,  as  long  as  the  white  petals. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  entire,  feather-veined :  flower  hell-shaped. 

P.  quadrangular  is,  Large  Graxadilla.  Very  large,  with  the  branches 
4-sided  and  the  angles  wing-margined  ;  leaves  4'  -  8'  long,  ovate  or  oval,  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  bright  green,  with  2-4  pairs  of  glands  on  the  petiole  ; 
flower  about  3'  long,  fragrant,  crimson-purple  and  the  violet  or  blue  crown 
variegated  with  white.     Fruit  rarely  formed  here,  edible,  6'  long. 

52.   CUCURBITACE^,  GOURD  FAMILY. 

Mostly  tendril-bearing  herbs  with  succulent  but  not  fleshy  herb- 
age, watery  juice,  alternate  palmately  ribbed  and  mostly  lobed  or 
angled  leaves,  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious  flowers  ;  the  calyx 
coherent  with  the  ovary,  corolhi  more  commonly  monopetalous, 
and  stamens  usually  3,  of  which  one  has  a  1-celled,  the  others 
2-celled  anthers;  but  the  anthers  are  commonly  tortuous  and  often 
all  combined  in  a  head,  and  the  fllaments  sometimes  all  united  in 
a  tube  or  column.  Fruit  usually  fleshy.  Embryo  large,  filling  the 
seed,  straight,  mostly  with  flat  or  leaf-like  cotyledons.  —  Besides 
those  here  described,  there  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  curiosity 
the  following  annuals  :  — 

MOMORDICA  ELATlilllUM  Or  ECBALIUM  AGRESTE,  the  SQUIRT- 
ING Cucumber,  a  homely  hairy  herb  without  tendrils,  and  pro- 
ducing an  oblong  hairy  pulpy  fruit  (of  violently  purjrative  qualities), 
which  when  ripe  bursts  suddenly  at  the  touch,  and  discharges  the 
contents  with  violence  (whence  the  name  Ecbalium). 

Trichosanthes  colubrina,  Snake-Cucumber  or  Vege- 
table Serpent,  a  tall  climber  with  the  staminate  flowers  orna- 
mental, the  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  being  cut  into  a  lace-like 
fringe  of  long  and  very  delicate  capillary  lobes  (whence  the  name 
of  the  genus),  and  the  fruit  very  like  a  snake,  i  or  4  feet  long, 
green  and  striped,  turning  red  when  ripe. 

§  1.   Flowers  large  or  middle-sized,  on  separate  simple  peduncles  in  the  axils:  anthers 
with  lonrj  and  narrow  cells,  bent  up  and  down  or  contorted:  ovules  and  seeds 
many,  horizontal,  on  mostly  3  simple  or  double  jjlacenice :  fruit  {of  the  sort 
called  a  iJepo)  large,  fieshy  or  pulpy  with  a  harder  rind. 
*  Both  kinds  of  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 
\   1.   LAGENARIA.     Tendrils  2-rorked.    Flowers  musk-scented,  with  a  funnel-form 
*■  or  bell-shaped  calyx-tube,  and  5  obeordate  or  obovate  and  mucronate  white 

petals ;  the  sterileon  a  long,  the  fertile  on  a  shorter  peduncle.  Anthers  lij?htly 
cohering  with  each  other.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-lobed.  Fruit  with  a  hard  or 
woody  rind  and  soft  flesh.  Seeds  margined.  Petiole  bearing  a  pair  of  glands 
at  the  apex. 


/ 


J 


i 


GOURD   FAMILY.  159 

CUCURBIT  A.  Tendrils  2-5-forked.  Flowers  large,  with  a  bell-shaped  or 
short  funnel-form  5-cleft  yellow  corolla,  its  base  adherent  to  the  bell-shaped 
tube  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  from  the  bottom  of  the  flower:  anthers  long- 
linear,  much  curved,  all  three  united  into  a  small  head.  Stigmas  3,  each 
2-lobed.     Fruit  fleshy  with  a  firmer  rind.     Seeds  mostly  margined. 

CITRULLUS.  Tendrils  2-3-forked.  Flowers  with  a  short  bell-shaped  calyx- 
tube,  and  a  deeply  5-cIeft  widely  open  pale  yellow  corolla.  Stamens  with 
very  short  filaments:  anthers  lightly  cohering.  Stigmas  3,  kidney-shaped. 
Seeds  marginless,  imbedded  in  the  enlarged  pulpy  placenta. 

*  «  Sterile  flowers  clustered,  fertile  ones  solitary  in  the  axils. 
CUCUMIS.      Tendrils   simple.      Corolla  of  5  almost  separate   acute    petals. 
Stamens  separate:  anthers  with  only  one  bend.     Stigmas  3,  blunt.     Fruit 
with  a  fleshy  rind.     Seeds  not  margined. 

§  2.   Flowers  small,  one  or  both  sorts  in  racemes,  panicles,  or  corymbs. 

«  Ovules  and  seeds  many,  horizontal,  on  S  placentce:  fllaments  separate:   anthers 
straiffhtish  •  tendrils  simple :  fruit  a  small  berry. 

5.  MELOTHRIA.     Flowers  yellow  or  greenish,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the 

fertile  solitary  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped, 
5-cleft.  Anthers  slightly  united,  soon  separate.  Fertile  flower  with  calyx- 
tube  constricted  above  the  ovary. 

«  «  Ovules  and  seeds  1-4,  larr/e   and  vertical:  f  laments  monadelphotis :    anthers 
tortuous:  tendrils  Z-forked:  fruit  prickly  or  bristly. 

6.  ECHINOCYSTIS.     Flowers  white,  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  or  pani- 

cles, the  fertile  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  from  the  same  axils.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  of  6  narrow  petals  united  at  the  base.  Anthers  more  or  less 
united  in  a  mass.  Style  hardly  any:  stigma  broad.  Fruit  oval  or  roundish, 
beset  with  weak  simple  prickles,  bursting  irregularly  at  the  top  when  ripe; 
the  outer  part  fleshy  under  the  thin  green  rind,  becoming  dry;  the  inner  part 
a  fibrous  net-work  making  2  oblong  cells,  each  divided  at  the  base  into  two 
1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  large,  blackish,  hard-coated,  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  fruit. 

7.  SICYGS.     Flowers  greenish-white,  the  sterile  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  the  fer- 

tile (very  small)  in  a  little  head  on  a  long  peduncle,  mostly  from  the  same 
axils.  Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped,  5-cleft.  Anthers  short,  united  in  a  little 
head.  Style  slender:  stigmas  3.  Ovary  tapering  into  a  narrow  neck  below 
the  rest  of  the  flower,  1-ccIled,  becoming  a  dry  and  indehiscent,  ovate  or 
flattish-spindle-shaped,  bur-like  fruit,  beset  with  stiff  and  barbed  bristles, 
filled  by  the  single  hanging  seed. 

1.  LAGENARI  A,  BOTTLE  GOURD.  (From  the  Latin  lagena,  a  bottle.) 
L.  vulgaris,  CoM.MON  Gourd,  Calabash.     Cult,  from  Africa  and  Asia; 

climbing;  freely,  rather  clammy-pubescent  and  musky-scented,  with  rounded 
leaves,  lonj^-stalkcd  flowers,  white  petals  greenish- veiny,  and  fruit  of  very  various 
shape,  usually  club-shaped,  or  long  and  much  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  slightly 
at  base,  the  hard  rind  used  for  vessels,  dippers,  &c.     ® 

2.  CUCURBITA,  PUMPKIN  and  SQUASH.  (Latin  name.)  The 
very  numerous  cultivated  forms,  strikingly  different  in  their  fruit,  have  been 
reduced  to  three  botanical  s])ccies,  1.  C.  Pepo,  2.  C.  maxima,  3.  C.  moschata, 
which  answer  to  the  following  sections.     These  all  (T). 

§  1.    Stalks  and  someiohat  lohed  leaves  romjh-hristltj,  almost  prichhj :  flower-stalkx 

obtusely  am/led,  that  of  the  fruit  strom/li/  5  -  S-ridr/cd  and  ivith  i>iterveniri(/ 

deep  (/rooves,  usunllij  cnlarr/iiicj  next  the  fruit :  hollow  interior  of  the  friiit 

traversed  by  coars".  and  separate  soft  or  pulpy  threads. 

C.  P6po,  PuMPKix.     Cult.,  as  now  along  with  Indian  Com,  by  the  North 

American  Indians  before  the  coming  of  the  whites ;  large  round  iruit  mostly 

yellow,  smooth,  the  flesh  not  hardening. 

C.  ovifera,  Oraxge-Gourd,  Eoo-Gourd,  &c.  :  so  called  from  the  small, 
orange-like,  egg-shaped  or  pear-shaped,  yellow  or  white  or  variegated  fniit,  used 
for  ornament :  wild  in  Texas,  probably  the  original  of  all  this  group. 


160  GOURD    FAMILY. 

C.  verruc6sa,  "Warty,  Long-neck,  and  Crook-neck  Squash,  Vege- 
table Mahrow,  &c.  Fruit  mostly  harcl-fle.shcd  at  maturity,  the  surface 
warty,  ribbed,  or  sometimes  smooth  and  even,  from  2°  to  a  lew  inches  in  length 
in  the  very  various  forms,  in  a  remarkable  one  3° -4°  long  and  little  thicker 
than  a  man's  arm. 

§  2.    Sfalks  and  hr'njid  green  5  -  1-lohed  leaven  pubescent  with  soft  hairs :  frnit-stalk 

5-ridr/ed,  prominently  enlarged  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  the  central  pulp 

hardly  thready. 

C.  moschata,  Musky,    China,   or  Barbary    Squash,  &c.      Cult,  for 

the  edible  fruit,  which  perfects  only  S.,  and  is  club-shaped,  pear-shaped,  or 

long-cylindrical,  with  a  glaucous-whitish  surface. 

§  3.    Stalks  and  almost  kidney-shaped  slightly  or  ohtnsehj  b-lobrd  leaves  roughish- 

liairij :  flower-slalks  terete  :  that  of  the  fruit  thick,  tnany-striate  but  not  ridged 

and  groaned :  inner  pulp  copious  and  not  thready. 

C.  maxima,  Great  or  Winter  Squash,  &c.     Fruit  rounded,  depressed, 

often  much  wider  than  high,  or  (as  in  Ohio  S.)  ovate  and  pointed,  usually 

banded  lengthwise,  varying  from  6'  to  3°  in  length  or  breadth,  the  hard  flesh 

commonly  yellow  or  orange.     The  crowned  or  Tukban  Squashes  have  the 

top  of  the  fruit  ])rojccting  beyond  an  encircling  line  or  constriction  which  marks 

the  margin  of  the  adherent  calyx-tube. 

3.  CITRITLLUS,  WATERMELON.      (Name  made  from  Citrus,  Latin 
for  Orange  or  Citron.)     ® 

C.  vulgaris.  Watermelon.  Cult,  from  Asiju  Prostrate,  with  leaves 
deeply  3  -  ."j-lobcd,  and  the  divisions  again  lobcd  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  ])ale  or 
l)Iuish  ;  the  refreshing  edible  pulp  of  the  fruit,  in  which  the  dark  seeds  are  im- 
bedded, consists  of  the  cnlapged  and  juicy  jilacentae,  which  are  reddish  or  rarely 
white.  —  The  so-called  Citron  of  our  gardens  is  a  variety  with  a  Hrm  or  hard 
flesh,  used  for  preserving. 

4.  CtrCUMIS,  MELON  and  CUCUMBER.  (The  Latin  name.)  ® 
C.  Melo,  Melon,  Muskmelon.  Leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  kidney- 
shaped,  the  lobes  if  any  and  sinuses  rounded  ;  fruit  with  a  smooth  rind  and 
sweet  flesh,  the  edible  part  being  the  inner  portion  of  the  pericarp,  the  thin  and 
watery  placentae  being  discarded  with  the  seeds.  The  Serpent  Melon,  some- 
times called  Serpent-Cucumber,  is  a  strange  variety,  occasionally  met  with, 
with  a  long  and  snake-like  fruit. 

C.  sativus,  Cucumber.  Leaves  more  or  less  lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  the 
middle  one  more  ])rominent,  often  pointed ;  fruit  rough  or  muricate  when  young, 
smooth  when  mature,  eaten  unripe. 

6.    MELOTHRIA.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  sort  of  grape.)     % 
M.  p6ndula,  from  Virginia  S.,  is  a  delicate  low  climber,  Avith  roundish 
or  heart-shaped  and  5-angled  or  lobcd  roughish  leaves,  minute  flowers,  in  sum- 
mer, and  oval  green  berries. 

6.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  WILD  BALSAM-APPLE.    (Name  from  Greek 
for  hrdgchog  and  bladder.) 

E.  lobata.  Low  grounds,  chiefly  N.  &  W.,  and  cult,  for  arbors:  tall- 
climbing,  smoothish,  with  strongly  and  sharply  5-lobed  leaves,  copious  and 
rather  jiretty  white  flowers,  produced  all  summer,  and  oval  fruit  2'  long,  dry 
and  bladdery  after  opening  ;  seeds  flat.     0 

7.  SiCYOS,  STAR-CUCUMBER.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Cucumber.) 
S.  angul^tUS.  A  weed  in  damj)  or  shady  grounds,  commoner  S.,  climb- 
ing high,  clammy-hairy,  with  roundish  hcart-sha]>ed  and  5-angled  or  slightly 
lobed  leaves,  inconspicuous  flowers,  and  little  bur-like  fruits  beset  wifh  decidu- 
ous barbed  prickles.  The  tendrils  are  \Qry  active  in  their  movements,  and  in  a 
warm  day  coil  by  a  visible  motion  after  contact  with  a  solid  body.     (D 

/  f  /.  . 


BEGONIA    FAMILY.  161 

53.   BEGONIACE^,  BEGONIA  FAMILY. 

Somewhat  succulent  herbaceous  or  more  or  less  woody-stemmed 
house-plants,  of  peculiar  aspect,  with  alternate  and  unequal-sided 
leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers,  in  cymes  or  clus- 
ters on  axillary  peduncles,  numerous  stamens,  inferior  triangular 
ovary,  becoming  a  many-seeded  pod,  —  represented  in  choice  culti- 
vation by  the  genus 

1.  BEGONIA,  ELEPHANT'S-EAR.  (Named  for  M.  Begon,  Gover- 
nor of  St.  Domingo  200  years  ago.)  Flowers  with  the  calyx  and  corolla 
colored  alike,  sometimes  dull  but  usually  handsome,  both  kinds  commonly  in 
tlie  same  cyme,  and  flat  in  the  bud  ;  the  outer  pieces  answering  to  sepals 
mostly  2,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the  inner,  or  true  petals,  2,  or  in  the  fertile 
flowers  usually  3  or  4,  or  not  rarely  wanting ;  in  the  stwile  flowers  surround-' 
ing  a  cluster  of  numerous  stamens  with  short  filaments  ;  in  the  fertile  are  3 
styles  with  thick  or  lobed  stigmas.  Ovary  and  pod  triangular,  often  3-winged. 
—  These  curious  plants  are  remarkable  for  the  readiness  Avith  which  they  may 
be  propagated  by  leaves  used  as  cuttings.  The  following  arc  the  commonest 
pure  species.     There  are  several  rarer  ones  and  many  hybrids. 

*  Leaves  and  ichole  plant  smooth  and  naked:  rather  tall -growing,  leaf y -stemmed. 
■»-  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate  with  bristle-tipped  teeth,  not  at  all  heart-shaped. 

B.  fuchsioides,  so-called  because  the  bright  scarlet  flowers,  hanging  on 
a  slender  droojjing  stalk,  may  be  likened  to  those  of  Fuchsia  ;  the  crowded  and 
small  green  and  glossy  leaves  only  a  little  unequal-sided  at  base. 

■^  ••-  Leaves  very  obliquelg  heart-shaped  or  half  heart-shaped  at  base,  almost  entire. 

B.  nitida,  with  obliquely  heart-shaped  glossy  leaves  green  both  sides,  and 
with  large  light  rose-colored  flowers. 

B.  S^ngUinea,  Avith  large  and  fleshy  obliquely  ovatcheart-shaped  leaves, 
having  a  narrow  rcvolute  margin,  pale  green  above,  red  beneath,  as  are  the 
stalks  ;    the  flowers  Avhite,  not  shoAvy, 

B.  maculata,  cult,  under  the  name  of  B.  ARGTROSTfoMA,  both  names 
referring  to  the  silvery-white  spots  scattered  over  the  upper  face  of  the 
leaves,  Avhich  are  narroAver  and  more  oblong  than  in  the  preceding,  purplish 
or  crimson  beneath,  the  margin  cartilaginous  but  not  rcvolute,  the  flowers  Avhite 
or  flesh-colored. 

B.  COCCinea,  Avith  scarlet  flowers,  as  the  name  denotes,  and  oblong  half 
heart-shaped  leaves  glossy  alxjA^e,  and  green  both  sides  or  purple  at  the  margin, 
which  is  a  little  Avavy-tooUied. 

*  *  Leaves  slighthj  bristhj-hairy  above  and  more  so  on  the  sharp  teeth :   stems 

elongated,  naked,  bearing  tubers  or  bulblets  in  the  axils. 
B.  Evansi^na  (or  B.  d/scolor),  an  old-fashioned  species  from  China, 
now  rare,  almost  hardy  even  N.,  producing  all  summer  shoAvy  rose-colored 
flowers  in  the  open  ground ;  the  ovate  and  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves  not  very 
oblique,  red  beneath. 

*  *  *  Leaves  smooth  and  naked  altoi'e,  bristle-bearing  on  the  toothed  or  cut  mnrqtns 

and  long  jyetiofes :  stems  fleshy,  enct  or  ascending ;  flowers  ivith  the  2  colored 

sepals,  but  seJdom  any  petals. 
B.  manicata,  a  handsome  species  of  the  consen'atory,  remarkable  for  the 
purple  bristle-bearing  scales  or  fringes  on  the  ajiex  or  upper  part  of  the  petiole, 
and  simihir  smaller  tufts  on  the  ribs  of  the  loAver  face  of  the  large  and  broadly 
ovate-heart-shaped  lea\'es  ;  flowers  small,  but  numerous  and  elegant,  in  an  open 
panicle  on  a  very  long  naked  peduncle,  flesh-colored. 

B.  phyllomaniaea,  has  the  stem  thickly  beset  Avith  leaf-like  scales  or 
little  adventitious  leaves,  from  Avhich  the  plant  may  be  propagated,  both 
leafstalks  and  peduncles  bristly,  the  large  loaves  ovate-heait-shaped  and  tapering 
to  a  narrow  point,  their  margins  cut-toothed,  and  rather  large  but  not  showy 
flowers. 

S&F— 18 


162  PARSLEY    FAMILY. 

*  *  *  *  Lem^es,  or  especially  the  petioles,  and  the  peduncles  or  scapes,  hristhf . 

hairy,  these  all  from  a  fleshy  tuberous  or  creeping  rootstock. 
■•-  Leaves  large,  obliquely  heart-shaped,  toothed  or  merely  wavy -margined,  variously 
silvered  or  variejjated  al)Ove,  reddish  or  purple  beneath :  flowers  rather  large 
but  not  showy  :  cultivated  far  t/ieir  foliage,  now  much  crossed  and  mixed. 
B.  Hex,  the  most  prized  and  now  the  commonest  species  of  the  group,  with 
the  leaf  silver-banded  or  silvery  all  over  the  upper  face,  and  smooth  pale  rose- 
colored  ilowcrs. 

B.  Griffithii,  like  the  preceding,  but  leaves  and  stalks  more  downy-hairy, 
and  the  almost  white  llovVers  hairy  outside. 

B.  xanthina,  with  leaves,  &c.  much  as  in  the  two  preceding,  but  the 
flowers  yellow. 

+-  •*-  Leaves  deeply  about  7-cleft :  flowers  with  only  the  2  sepals,  no  petals. 

B.  heracleifblia,  with  rather  large  and  rounded  hardly  oblique  leaves, 
smooth  above  and  sometimes  variegated,  the  lobes  broad  lanceolate  and  cut- 
toothed,  and  small  pale  rose  or  whitish  flowers. 


54.   UMBELLIPER^,  PARSLEY  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  some  innocent  and  many  of  them  aromatic,  others  acrid- 
narcotic  poisons,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  calyx  adherent  to 
the  2-celled  ovary  which  has  a  single  ovule  hanging  from  the  sum- 
mit of  each  cell,  5  minute  calyx-teeth  or  none,  5  petals,  5  stamens, 
and  2  styles ;  the  dry  fruit  usually  splitting  into  2  seed-like  portions 
or  akenes  :  seed  with  hard  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  Eryn- 
gium  and  one  or  two  others  have  the  flowers  in  heads  instej4d  of 
umbels.  Stems  usually  iiollow.  Leaves  alternate,  more  coramoi;]y 
compound  or  decompound.  Umbels  mostly  compound :  the  circle 
of  bracts  often  present  at  tlie  base  of  the  general  umbel  is  called 
the  involucre  ;  that  at  the  base  of  an  umbellet,  the  involucel. 

The  flowers  being  much  alike  in  all,  the  characters  have  to  be 
taken  from  the  form  of  the  fruit,  and  much  stress  is  laid  upon  the 
receptacles  of  aromatic  oil  {vittce  or  oil-tubes)  which  are  found  in 
most  species  and  give  characteristic  flavor.  The  family  is  too  dif- 
ficult for  the  beginner.  So  that  only  the  common  cultivated,  and 
the  most  conspicuous  or  noteworthy  wild  species  are  given  here. 
For  the  remainder  the  student  is  referred  to  the  Manual,  and  to 
Chapman's  Southern  Flora. 

§  1.   Fruits  covered  toith  little  scales  or  tubercles,  crmcded  (as  are  the  fowers)  in  a 
head  instead  of  an  umbel,  and  tcith  a  jwinted  scaly  bract  under  each  floiver. 

1.  ERYNGIUM.     Flowers  blue  or  white,  with  evident  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth, 

and  top-shaped  fruit  without  any  ribs.     Leaves  in  our  species  simple  and 
with  bristly  or  prickiy  teeth. 

§  2.   Fruits  covered  tcith  bristly  prickles,  bur-like  :  umbels  compound. 

2.  SANICULA.     Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  so  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile 

that  the  umbellets  appear  like  little  heads,  each  with  some  perfect  and  fertile 
and  some  staminate  flowers.  Fruits  ovoid  or  globular,  not  readily  splitting 
in  two,  not  ribbed,  completely  covered  with  short  hooked  prickles.  Leaves 
palmately  parted. 
8.  DAUCUS.  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  in  a  regular  compound  umbel:  the 
petals  unequal,  or  those  of  the  marginal  flowers  larger.  Prickles  in  rows  on 
the  ribs  of  the  short  fruit,  which  splits  in  two  when  ripe.  Leaves  pinnately 
compound  or  decompound. 


PARSLEY   FAMILY.  163 

4  3.   Fruits  naked  (not  prickly),  splitting  when  ripe  and  dry  into  two  one-seeded  pieces 
or  carptU,  each  usually  with  5  ribs  or  some  of  them  may  be  wings. 

*  Umbels  simple  or  sometimes  proliferous,  one  over  the  other.     Leaves  simple. 

4.  HYDROCOTYLE.     Flowers  white.    Fruit  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  line 

of  junction  of  the  two  carpels:  no  oil-tubes.     Leaves  rounded. 

«  *  Umbels  compound.  Fruits  mostly  with  oil-tubes  in  the  form  of  lines  or  stripes,  one 
or  more  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  and  some  on  the  inner  face,  sometimes 
also  under  the  ribs. 

•*-  Fruit  wingless. 
+4.  Seed  concave  on  the  inner  face  :  marginal  flowers  larger  and  irregular. 

5.  CORIANDRUM.      Fruit  globular,  not  readily  splitting  in  two,  indistinctly 

many-ribbed:  a  pair  of  large  oil-tubes  on  the  inner  Aice  of  each  carpel. 
Flowers  white.     Leaves  pinnately  compound.     Plant  strong-scented. 

■*•*■  ++  Seed  deeply  grooved  doion  the  inner  face :  flowers  all  alike,  white. 

6.  OSMORRHIZA.     Fruit  long  and  slender,  club-shaped,  or  tapering  at  the  base, 

somewhat  sweet-aromatic:  no  obvious  oil-tubes.  Leaves  twice  or  thrice 
ternate.     Root  sweet-aromatic. 

7.  CONIUM.     Fruit  short,  broadly  ovate,  rather  strong-scented,  compressed  at  the 

sides,  each  carpel  with  5  strong  and  more  or  less  wavy  ribs:  oil-tubes  many 
and  minute.     Leaves  pinnately  decompound. 

4-».  H-1-  ++  Seed  slightly  if  at  all  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  face. 

8.  CICIITA.     Fruit  globular  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel  with  5  broad 

and  thickened  blunt  ribs,  and  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval:  the  slender  axis 
between  the  carpels  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  white.  Leaves  pinnately 
decompound,   not  aromatic.     Fruit  aromatic. 

9.  SIUM.     Fruit  globular  or  short-oblong  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 

with  5  strong  or  corky  ribs,  and  commonly  2  or  more  oil-tubes  in  the  narrow 
intervals.  No  axis  or  hardly  any  left  when  the  carpels  separate.  Flowers 
white.     Leaves  pinnate.     Not  aromatic. 

10.  APIUM.     Fruit  ovate  or  broader  thnn  long,  flattened  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 

5-ribbed  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals:  axis  left  when  the  carpels  sep- 
arate not  splitting  in  two.     Flowers  white. 

11.  CARUM.     Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  flatfish  on  the  sides;   each  carpel  with   5 

narrow  ribs,  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals:  the  axis  from  which  the 
carpels  separate  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  mostly  white.  Leaves  decom- 
pound.    Fruit  or  foliage  aromatic. 

12.  FCENICULUM.     Fruit  oblong;  the  two  carpels  with  a  broad  flat  face,  5  stout 

ribs,  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs.     Flowers  yellow. 
Leaves  decompound :  the  leaflets  slender  thread-shaped.    Whole  plant  sweet- 
aromatic. 
4_  4-  Frziit  roinged  or  icing-margined  at  the  junction  of  the  two  cai'pels,  which  are  flat 
on  the  face  and  flat  or  flatfish  and  3-7-ibbed  on  the  back.     Leaves  pinnately  or 
ternately  comjxmnd. 

**  Wing  double  at  the  margins  of  the  fruit. 

13.  LEVISTICUM.     Fruit  ovate-oblong,  with  a  pair  of  thickish  marginal  wings, 

and  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval.  Involucre  and  involucels  conspicuous, 
the  bracts  of  the  latter  united  by  their  margins.  Flowers  white.  Plant 
sweet-aromatic. 

14.  ARCHANGFLIUA.      Fruit  ovate  or  short-oblong,  with  thin  or  thickish  margi- 

nal wings,  and  many  small  oil-tubes  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  seed.  In- 
volucels of  separate  mostly  small  bracts:  involucre  hardly  any.  Flowers 
white  or  greenish. 

++  ++  Wing  surrounding  the  margin  of  the  fruit  single,  splitting  in  two  only  when  the 
ripe  carpels  separate. 

15.  HERACLEIIM.     Fruit,  including  the  thin  and  broad  wing,  orbicular,  very  flat, 

and  the  three  ribs  on  the  back  very  slender:  the  single  oil-tulies  in  the  inter- 
vals reaching  from  the  summit  only  half-way  down.  Flowers  white,  the 
marginal  ones  larger  and  irregular.  Leaves  ternately  compound.  Plant 
strong-scented. 

16.  PASTINACA.     Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  thin-winged:  the  single  oil-tubes  running 

from  top  to  bottom.  Flowers  yellow,  the  marginal  ones  not  larger.  Leaves 
pinnately  compound. 


1G4  PARSLEY   FAMILY. 

1.  ERYNGIUM,  ERYNGO.  (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning).  Fl. 
in  summer. 

E.  yuceaBfblium,  Button-Snakeroot.  Sandy  and  mostly  damp  ground, 
from  New  Jersey  S.  &  W.  :  stout  herb,  2°  -  3°  high,  smooth,  of  aspect  quite 
unlike  most  Umbelliferous  plants,  having  linear  and  tapering  grass-like  leaves, 
parallel-veined  in  the  manner  of  an  Endogen,  and  fringed  with  bristles,  a  few 
globular  thick  heads  in  place  of  umbels,  a  very  short  involucre,  and  white 
flowers.     2/ 

E.  Virgini^num.  Wet  grounds  from  New  Jersey  S. :  with  lance-linear 
rather  veiny  leaves  showing  some  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole,  the 
former  with  rigid  teeth,  and  involucre  longer  than  the  bluish  heads.  (2)  There 
are  several  other  species  from  North  Carolina  S. 

2.  SA.NICULA,  SANICLE.  (Latin  name,  from  sano,  to  heal.)  Common 
in  thickets  and  open  woods.  Flowers  greenish,  crowded  in  small  and  head- 
like umbcllets,  in  summer.     % 

S.  Canadensis.  Stems  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  thin,  palmately  3-5-parted 
into  wedge  obovatc  or  oblong  sharply  cut  and  toothed  divisions,  the  side  ones 
often  2-lobed  ;  umbcllets  rather  few-flowered,  with  the  sterile  flowers  in  the 
centre  almost  sessile  ;  styles  shorter  than  prickles  of  the  bur-like  fruit. 

S.  Marilandica.  Stems  2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  of  firmer  texture,  with  nar- 
rower divisions  and  rigid  teeth  ;  umbcllets  with  many  flowers,  the  sterile  ones 
on  slender  pedicels,  fertile  ones  with  long  styles. 

3.  DAtrCUS,  CARROT.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Fl.  in  summer. 

D.  Carbta,  Commox  C.  Cult,  from  Europe  for  the  root,  occasionally  run 
wild  :  leaves  cut  into  fine  divisions  ;  umbel  concave  and  dense  in  fruit,  like 
a  bird's  nest ;  involucre  of  pinnatifld  leaves.     (2) 

4.  HYDROCOTYLE,  WATER-PENNYWORT.  (From  Greek  words 
for  water  and  Jlat  dis/i  )  Low  and  small  very  smooth  herbs,  growing  in  water 
or  wet  places,  mostly  with  "creeping  or  rooting  stems,  and  simple  rounded 
leaves  either  kidney-shaped  or  peltate.     Fl.  all  summer.     2/ 

*  Leaves  peltate  from  the  centre,  on  long  petioles  ichich,  as  well  as  the  peduncles, 

rise  from  slender  running  rootstocks  •  fruit  sharp- margined. 

H.  umbell^ta.  Along  the  coast  and  rivers  from  Mass.  S.  :  flowers  many 
in  the  umbel,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  petioles  and  peduncles  3'  -  8'  high. 

H.  interrupta.  Same  range,  smaller  than  the  other,  with  fei\  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  in  each  of  the  little  umbcllets  growing  one  above  the  other  to  form 
an  interrupted  spike. 

*  *  Leaves  not  peltate :  peduncles  and  fiedicels  both  short :  stems  slender,  branched. 
H.  Americana.      Shady  damp  places  ;    leaves  thin,  small,  crenate  and 

lobcd,  on  short  petioles,  with  minute  flowers  in  their  axils. 

There  are  two  larger,  long-petioled,  but  less  common  species  from  Pennsyl- 
vania S.,  viz.  H.  repAnda  and  H.  ranunculoIdes. 

6.   CORIANDRUM,  CORIANDER.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  bug: 

the  herbage  has  a  bedbug-like  scent.) 

C.  sativum.  Cult,  from  the  Orient,  for  the  aromatic  coriander-seed :  low, 
with  small  umbels  of  few  rays  ;  fl.  summer.     ® 

6.   OSMORRHIZA,  SWEET  CICELY,  not  the  European  plant  of  that 

name,  wliich  is  Myrrhis  odorXta,  with  much  more  sweet-scented  fruit. 

(Name,  Greek  for  scented  root,  the  root  being  sweet-aromatic.)     Rich  moist 

woods,  common  N.  :  fl.  late  spring  and  summer.     ^ 

O.  longistylis,  the  smoother  species,  with  the  sweeter  root,  has  slender 
styles,  and  ovate  cut-toothed  short-])ointed  leaflets,  which  are  slightly  downy. 

O.  brevistylis,  has  conical  styles  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary, 
and  downy-hairy  taper-ix)iuted  almost  pinnatitid  leaflets. 


PARSLEY   FAMILY.  165 

7.  CONIUM,  POISON  HEMLOCK.  (Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock  by 
which  criminals  and  philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

C.  macul^tum,  Spotted  H.  Waste  grounds,  run  wild,  from  Eu.  : 
a  smooth,  branching  herb,  with  spotted  stems  about  3°  high,  very  compound 
leaves  with  lanceolate  and  pinnatitid  leaflets,  ill-scented  when  bruised :  a  virulent 
poison,  used  in  medicine  :  fl.  summer.     @ 

8.  CICUTA,  WATER-HEMLOCK.      (Ancient  Latin  name  of  the  true 
Hemlock,  transferred  to  some  equally  poisonous  plants.)     Fl.  summer.     Jl 
C.  macul^ta,  Spotted  Cowbane,  Musquasii-Root,  Beaver-Poisox, 

&c.  Tall  smooth  stem  sometimes  streaked  with  purple,  but  seldom  really 
spotted  ;  leaflets  lance-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or  sometimes  cut-lobed,  veiny, 
the  main  veins  mostly  running  into  the  notches ;  fruit  aromatic  when  bruised  ; 
root  a  deadly  poison. 

9.  SiUM,  WATER-PARSNIP.     (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     11 
S.  line^re,  the  common  species,  in  water  and  wet  places  :  tall,  smooth, 

with  grooved-angled  stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  the  long  leaflets  linear  or 
lanceolate,  very  sharply  serrate  and  taper-pointed,  and  globular  fruit  with 
w^ing-like  corky  ribs  :  fl.  all  summer.     Root  and  herbage  also  poisonous. 

10.  APIUM,  CELERY,  &c.     (Old  Latin  name.)     One  species  cult.:  viz. 
A.  grav^olens.     A  strong-scented,  acrid,  if  not  poisonous  plant,  of  the 

coast  of  Europe ;  of  which  the  var.  dulce.  Garden  Celery,  is  a  state  rendered 
bland  and  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  enlarged,  succulent  and  edible  when 
blanched,  through  long  cultivation;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-7  coarse 
and  wedge-shaped  cut  or  lobed  leaflets  or  divisions  ;  umbels  and  fruits  small. 
Var.  rapXceum,  Turkip-kooted  Celery,  is  a  state  with  the  root  enlarged 
and  eatable.     (D 

11.  CARUM,  CARAWAY,  &c.  (Name  perhaps  from  the  country,  Ca?-/a.) 
§  1.  True  Caraway,  with  finely  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  ichite  flowers. 
C.  Carui,  Garden  Caraway  :  cult,  from  Eu.,  for  the  caraway-seed,  the 

oblong  highly  aromatic  fruit ;  stem-leaves  with  slender  but  short  thread-shaped 
divisions, 

§  2.   Parsley  or  Petroselinum,  with  coarser  leaves  and  greenish  flowers. 
C.  Petroselinum  (or  Petroselinum  sativum),  Parsley:  cult,  from 
Eu.,  especially  the  curled-leaved  state,  for  the  pleasant-flavored  foliage,  used  in 
cookery,  chiefly  the  root-leaves,  which  have  ovate  and  wedge-shaped  3-lobed  and 
cut-toothed  divisions  ;  fruit  ovate.     (2) 

12.  FCENICULUM,  FENNEL.     (Name  from  the  Latin/r^wm,  hay.) 
P.  VUlg^re,  Common  F.     Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  the  sweet-aromatic  foliage 

and  fruit :  stout  very  smooth  herb  4°  -  6°  high  ;  leaves  with  very  numerous 
and  slender  thread-shaped  divisions ;  large  umbel  with  no  involucre  or  involu- 
cels  ;  fruit  ^'  or  J'  long,  in  late  summer.     21 

13.  LEViSTICUM,  LOVAGE.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  One  species. 
L.  officinale,  Garden  L.     Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu.  :  a  tall,  very 

smooth,  sweet  aromatic  herb,  with  large  tcrnatcly  or  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  coarse  wedge-oblong  and  cut  or  lobed  leaflets,  a  thick  root,  and  small 
many-flowered  umbels.     2/ 

14.  ARCH  ANGELIC  A.  (Genus  established  on  a  species  of  Angelica.) 
Fl.  summer.     2/ 

A.  atropurptirea,  Ghkat  A.  Moist  deep  soil  N.  :  strong-scented, 
smooth,  with  very  stout  dark-jnirple  stem  3°  -  6°  high,  large  leaves  tcrnatcly 
compound,  and  the  divisions  with  5-7  pinnate  leaflets,  which  are  ovate  and 


166  GINSENG    FAMILY. 

ctit-serrate  ;  petioles  with  large  inflated  membranaceous  base ;  flowers  greenish- 
white  ;  fruit  smooth  and  thin-winged. 

A.  hirsilta.  Dry  ground,  commoner  S.  :  stem  2°  -  5°  high,  rather  slen- 
der, downy  at  top,  as  are  the  umbels  and  broadly  winged  fruits  ;  leaflets  thick- 
ish,  ovate-oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  bright  white. 

15.  HERACLJSUM,  COW-PARSNIP.      (Named  after  Hercules.)      Fl. 
summer.     21, 

H.  lan^tum,  Downy  C,  wrongly  called  Masterwort.  Damp  rich 
ground  N. :  very  stout,  4°  -  8°  high,  woolly-hairy  when  young,  unpleasantly 
strong-scented,  with  large  cut  and  toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  some  of  them  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  and  broad  umbels  with  white  flowers  and  large  fruits. 

16.  PASTIN  AC  A,  PARSNIP.     (Latin  name,  from  pasfws,  food.) 

P.  satlva,  Common  P.  Run  wild  in  low  meadows,  and  then  rather 
poisonous,  cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  esculent  strong-scented  root :  tall,  smooth, 
with  grooved  stem,  coarse  and  cut-toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  and  umbels  of  small 

yellow  flowers.     @ 

55.   ARALIACE^,  GINSENG  FAMILY. 

Like  the  foregoing  family,  but  often  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  more 
than  two  styles  and  cells  to  the  ovary  and  fruit,  the  latter  a  berry 
or  drupe.  Besides  a  few  choice  and  uncommon  shrubby  house- 
plants,  represented  only  by  the  two  following  genera.  The  flowers 
in  both  are  more  or  less  polygamous,  and  the  lobes  or  margin  of 
the  calyx  very  short  or  none.     Petals  and  stamens  5. 

1.  ARALIA.     Flowers  in  simple  or  panicled  umbels,  white  or  greenish:  the  petals 

lightly  overlapping  in  the  bud.  Styles  2  -  5,  separate  to  the  base,  except  in 
sterile  flowers.  Leaves  compound  or  decompound.  Root,  bark,  fruit,  &c. 
warm-aromatic  or  pungent. 

2.  HEDEKA.     Flowers  in  panicled  or  clustered  umbels,  greenish  :  petals  valvate 

in  the  bud.  Ovary  6-celled:  the  5  styles  luiited  into  a  conical  column. 
Leaves  simple,  palmately  3-5-lobed  or  angled.  Woody  stems  climbing  by 
rootlets. 

1.   ARABIA.      (Derivation  obscure  :    said  to  be  a  Canadian  name  under 
which  a  species  was  sent  from  Quebec  to  the  Garden  of  Plants  at  Paris.)     ^Ji 

§  1.  Wild  S  ars  apart  lt.a,  &c.  Flowers  perfect  or  pohjfjamous  with  both  fertile 
and  sterile  on  the  same  plant :  umbels  more  than  one  :  fruit  black  or  dark 
purple,  spicy  :  seeds  or  cells  and  styles  .5. 

#  Large  and  leafy -stemmed,  loith  very  compound  leaver  sometimes  2°  or  3°  across, 

and  loith  many  umbels  in  a  large  compound  panicle :  fl.  in  summe?-.  ^ 

A.  spin6sa,  Angelica  Tree,  Hercules'  Club.  River-banks  from 
Penn.  S.,'and  planted  :  a  shrub  or  low  tree,  of  peculiar  aspect,  the  simple  stout 
trunk  rising  6°  -  20°  high  and  beset  with  prickles,  bearing  immense  leaves  with 
ovate  serrate  leaflets,  and  corymbed  or  panicled  umbels. 

A.  racemdsa,  Spikenard.  Woodlands  in  rich  soil,  with  herbaceous 
stems  3°  -  .5°  high  from  a  thick  aromatic  root,  not  prickly,  widely  spreading 
branches,  heart-ovate  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  slightly  downy,  and  racemed- 
panicled-umbcls.  , 

*  *  Smaller :  short  stems  scarcely  ivocfdy  at  base  :  few  umbels :  fl.  early  summer. 
A.  hispida,  Bristly  Sarsaparilla.     Rocky  places  :  bristly  stems  1°  - 

2°  high,  leafy  below,  naked  and  bearing  corymbed  umbels  above ;  leaves  twice 
pinnate,  the  leaflets  oblong-ovate  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  nudicatllis,  Common  Wild  S.  Low  ground:  the  aromatic  horizontal 
slender  roots  running  3°-  .5°  long,  used  as  a  substitute  for  officinal  Sarsaparilla ; 
the  smooth  proper  stem  rising  only  2'  -  4'  inches,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked 


DOGWOOD   FAVILT.  167 

leaf  of  5  ovate  or  oval  serrate  leaflets  on  each  of  the  3  divisions  of  the  petiole, 
and  a  short  peduncle  with  2-7  umbels. 

§  2.  Ginseng.  Sterile  and  feHile  flowers  on  separate  simple-stemmed  plants,  in 
a  single  slender-stalked  umbel,  below  it  a  simjle  whorl  of  digitate  leaves: 
styles  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2  or  3. 

A.  quinquefblia,  Ginseng.  Rich  woods  N. :  root  spindle-shaped,  warm- 
aromatic,  4' -9'  long;  stem  1°  high;  leaflets  .5  at  the  end  of  each  of  the  3 
petioles,  slender-stalked,  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate ;  fl.  in  summer ; 
fruit  red. 

A.  trif61ia,  Dwarf  G.  or  Ground-nut.  Low  woods,  N.  :  4' -8'  high 
from  a  deep  globular  pungent-tasted  root ;  leaflets  3  or  sometimes  5  sessile  on 
the  end  of  each  of  the  3  petioles,  narrow-oblong  and  obtuse :  fl.  in  spring ;  fruit 
orange-yellow. 

2.  HEDERA,  IVY.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Fl.  late  summer. 

H.  H61ix,  True  or  English  Ivy,  from  Europe.  Woody  climber,  with 
evergreen  glossy  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  3-lobed  or  3-angled 
leaves,  or  in  some  varieties  more  deeply  3  -  7-clcft,  yellowish-green  flowers,  and 
blackish  berries  ;  covers  shaded  walls,  '&c.,  adhering  by  its  rootlets,  but  scarcely 
stands  far  N.  without  some  protection. 

56.   CORNACE^,  DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  one  or  two  mere  herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  small 
jflowers,  calyx-tube  in  the  perfect  or  pistillate  ones  coherent  with  the 
surface  of  the  1  -  2-celled  ovary,  which  is  crowned  with  the  small 
calyx-teeth  or  minute  cup,  bearing  the  petals  (valvate  in  the  bud) 
and  stamens  of  the  same  number :  style  and  stigma  single  :  ovule 
and  seed  solitary  in  the  cells,  hanging  from  the  summit:  fruit  a 
small  drupe  or  berry. 

Garrya  elliptica,  a  ^singular  Californian  shrub,  with  thick  op- 
posite leaves,  and  dioecious  greenish  flowers  in  hanging  catkin-like 
spikes,  is  rarely  cultivated  or  planted. 

1.  CORNUS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  cymes,  close  clusters,  or  heads  (with  or  with- 
"*       out  a  corolla-like  involucre).    'Minute  teeth  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  sta- 
mens 4.      Style  slender:    stigma  terminal.     Beny-like  little  drupe  with  a 
2-celled   2-seeded  stone.      Leaves   entire,   opposite   except   in  one  species, 
deciduous.     Bark  very  bitter,  tonic. 

2.  AUCUBA.     Flowers  dioecious,  dull  purple,  in  axillary  panicles.    Teeth  or  lobes 

of  the  calyx  and  petals  4.  Stamens  in  the  sterile*  flowers  4,  with  short  fila- 
ments  and  oblong  anthers.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  1  celled  ovary,  becoming 
an  oblong  red  berry  in  fruit:  style  short:  stigma  capitate.  Leaves  opposite, 
coriaceous  and  glossy,  evergreen,  smooth,  more  or  less  toothed. 

3.  NYSSA.     Flowers  polvgamous  or  dioecious,  greenish,  crowded  or  clustered  on 

the  summit  of  an  axillary  peduncle,  the  sterile  ones  numerous,  the  fertile 
2-8  in  a  bracted  cluster,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  of  5  or  more  lobes 
or  teeth.  Petals  small  and  narrow,  or  minute,  or  none.  Style  slender  or 
awl-shaped,  bearing  a  stigma  down  the  whole  length  of  one  side,  revolute. 
Ovary  and  stone  of  the  drupe  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Trees,  with  deciduous 
alternate  lenves,  often  crowded  on  the  end  of  the  branchiets,  either  entire, 
angled,  or  few-toothed. 

1.   CdRNUS,  CORNEL  or  DOGWOOD.     (Name  from  cornu,  horn,  from 
the  hardness  of  the  wood.)     Fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer. 

§  1.  Flotvers  greenish,  crowded  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  ichirh  is  surrounded  bu 
a  showg  corolla-like  {white  or  rarely  pinkish)  4-leaved  involucre:  fruit 
bright  red. 

C.  Canadensis,  Dwarf  Cornkl,  Buxcii-bekry.  Damp  woods  N. : 
a  low  herb,   the  stems  springing  from  creeping  slender  subterranean  shoots 


168  DOG^fTOOD    FAMILY. 

which  are  slightly  woody,  bearing  4-6  ovate  or  oral  leaves  at  the  summit,  as 
if  in  a  whorl,  below  the  stalked  flower-head  ;  petal-like  leaves  of  the  involucre 
ovate  ;  fruits  globular,  in  a  cluster,  rather  eatable. 

C.  fl6rida,  Flowering  Dogwood.  Rocky  woods,  also  planted  for  orna- 
ment:  tree  12° -30°  high,  with  ovate  pointed  leaves,  petal-like  leaves  of  the 
involucre  (l^'long)  obcordate  or  obovate  and  notched,  and  oval  fruits  in  a 
head.  According  to  common  tradition  flowering  just  at  the  proper  time  for 
planting  Indian  Corn. 

§  2.   Flowers  yellow  {earlier  than  the  leaves),  in  a  small  umbel,  surrounded  by 

a  small  and  dull-colored  involucre  of  4  scales :  fruit  bright  red. 
C.  Mas.     Sparingly  planted  from  Eu.  :  a  tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  oval 
pointed  leaves  and  handsome  oblong  fruit,  the  pulp  eatable  and  pleasantly  acid. 

§  3.   Flowers  white  in  open  and  flat  cymes,  without  involucre,  in  early  summer: 
fruit  small,  globular,  not  eatable,  blue,  or  white,  in  an  exotic  species  black. 
*  Branches  of  the  previous  year  red  or  purple,  especially  in  spring. 
C.  sanguinea,  European  Rkd-Osier  D.    Sometimes  planted  from  Eu. : 
erect,  with  ovate  leaves  rather  downy  beneath,  and  black  or  dark  purple  fruit. 

C.  Stolonifera,  Wild  Red-Osier  D.  Shrub  3° -6°  high,  in  wet  places 
N.,  spreading  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  running  shoots,  smooth,  witli  ovate 
abruptly  pointed  leaves  roughish  both  sides  and  whitish  beneath,  small  cymes, 
and  white  or  lead-colored  fruit. 

C.  sericea,  Silky  D.  or  Kinnikinnik  (the  dry  bark  smoked  by  the  In- 
dians W.)  :  in  wet  places,  has  dull  red  branches,  the  shoots,  cymes,  and  lower 
face  of  the  narrow  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  silky -downy  ;  fruit  bluish. 
*  *  Branches  brownish  or  gray. 

C.  asperif61ia,  Rough-leaved  D.  Dry  soil  from  Illinois  S.  :  shrub 
3° -5°  high,  with  branches  and  small  oblong  or  ovate  leaves  pubescent,  upper 
face  of  the  latter  rough,  the  lower  downy  ;  cymes  small  and  flat ;  fruit  bluish. 

C.  Strieta,  Stiff  D.  Wet  grounds  S! :  shrub  8° -15°  high,  with  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  leaves  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  loose  flat 
cymes,  and  pale  blue  fruit. 

C.  paniculata,  Panicled  D.  Moist  grounds,  common  N.  :  shrub  3° -8° 
high,  much  branched,  smooth,  with  ash-colorcd  bark,  lancc-ovatc  pointed  leaves 
acute  at  base  and  whitish  beneath,  and  proportionally  large  and  numerous  con- 
vex cymes,  often  panicled  ;  fruit  white. 

*  *  *  Branches  green  streaked  with  brownish  or  whitish. 

C.  eircin^ta,  Round-leaved  D.  Wooded  hillsides,  &c. :  shrub  3° -10° 
high,  with  warty-dotted  branches,  pretty  large  round-oval  and  short-pointed 
leaves  downy  beneath,  small  flat  cymes,  and  light  blue  fruit. 

C.  alternifblia,  Alternate-leaved  D.  Hillsides  and  banks  of  streams  : 
shrub  or  tree  8°  -  25°  high,  with  streaked  alternate  and  spreading  branches, 
ovate  or  oblong  taper-pointed  leaves  acute  at  base  and  only  minutely  pubescent 
beneath,  mostly  alternate,  but  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  cymes  large 
and  flat,  very  open ;  fruit  bright  blue  on  reddish  stalks. 

2.  AXTCUBA.  The  Japanese  name  of  the  species  commonly  cultivated  as 
a  house-plant,  viz. 

A.  Jap6llica.  Shrub,  with  large  ovate-oblong  leaves  bright  green  and 
usually  marbled  with  yellow,  the  flowers  inconspicuous,  but  the  red  berries 
when  formed  handsome. 

3.  NYSSA,  TUPELO,  PEPPERIDGE,  SOUR  GUM-TREE.  (The 
Greek  name  of  a  Nymph,  of  no  very  obvious  application  to  these  trees.^ 
El.  spring.     Fruit  acid. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  loose  clusters :  fruit  blue,  not  eatable. 

N.  multifldra,  Common  Tupelo  or  Sour  Gum,  in  rich  woods,  N.  &  S. : 
tree  30°  -  50°  high,  with  horizontal  branches  and  Beech-like  spray,  ovate  or 
obovate  leaves  entire  and  smooth  or  glossy  when  old,  fertile  flowers  3  -  8  on  the 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.  169 

slender  peduncle,  and  dark  blue  oval  fruit  ^'  long.     Wood  tough,  hard  to  split. 
Leaves  changing  to  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

N.  aqua,tiGa,  Water  Tupelo,  of  the  S.,  in  pine-barren  swamps  ;  with 
smaller  leaves  than  in  the  preceding  (l'-2'  long)  and  varying  from  lance-oblong 
to  roundish,  short  peduncles,  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered,  and  smaller  oval  fruit. 

N.  unifldra,  Large  Tupelo  ;  in  water,  from  Virg.  and  Kentucky  S. : 
large  tree,  with  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  often  with  a  few  sharp  teeth, 
4'  -  6'  long,  on  slender  petioles,  downy  beneath ;  fertile  peduncles  long  and 
1 -flowered  ;  fi'uit  oblong,  about  1'  long.  Wood  soft :  roots  very  spongy,  used 
for  corks, 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  head:  oblong  fruit  red  and  eatable. 

N.  capitata,  Ogeechee  Lime  ;  so  called  from  the  acid  fruit  (1'  or  more 
long)  :  in  swamps  far  S.  :  a  small  tree,  with  oblong  or  obovate  leaves  (3' -5' 
long)  downy  beneath ;  fertile  flowers  solitary  on  very  short  peduncles. 


IL  MONOPETALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  orders  of 
this  class  which  have  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  the  latter  in  one 
piece,  that  is,  the  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  body. 

57.  CAPRIPOLIACE^,  HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

Slirubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  calyx  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled 
ovary  (the  teeth  or  limb  above  it  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  or  ob- 
scure), stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (or  in  Linnaea 
one  fewer)  and  borne  on  its  tube,  and  opposite  leaves  without 
stipules.  Yet  in  some  species  of  Viburnum  there  are  little  append- 
ages imitating  stipules  on  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Seeds  with  a 
small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

§  1.   Perennial  herbs,  with  bell-shaped  or  tubular  corolla,  prominent  awl-shaped  or 
linear  lobes  to  the  calyx,  and  a  slender  style  tipped  with  a  capitate  stigma. 

1.  LINNiEA.     A  pair  of  flowers  nodding  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  scape-like 

peduncle.  Corolla  narrow  bell-shaped,  with  5  almost  equal  rounded  lobes. 
Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter.  Ovary  and  small  pod  3-celled,  but  perfect- 
in":  a  seed  in  only  one  cell.     Creeping  evergreen  herb. 

2.  TRIUSTEUM.    Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  single  or  in  a  cluster. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  with  5  short  almost  equal  lobes,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leaf-like  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  equal.  Fruit  fleshy,  orange  or 
red.  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  containing  3  bony  seeds  or 
rather  nutlets.  Erect  and  coarse  leafy  herbs;  their  leaves  narrowed  at  base, 
but  united  around  the  simple  stem. 

§  2.    Shrubby,  with  tubular  or  bell-shaped  corolla,  slender  style,  and  capitate  stigma. 
*  Teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short  on  the  2  -  ^-celled  ovary  :  fruit  a  berry  :  leaves  simple, 
entire,  or  rarely  ivavy  or  lobed  on  some  vigorous  young  shouts. 

3.  SYMPHORICARPUS.     Flowers  small,  in  close  clusters  or  interrupted  spikes. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  4  or  5  equal  roundish  lobes  and  as  many  short 
stamens  in  the  throat.  Ovary  4-celied,  but  the  berry  only  2-seeded,  two  cells 
being  empty.     Low  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled  leaves. 

4.  LONICERA.'   Corolla  tulnilar,  funnel-form,  or  oblong,  more  or  less  irregular, 

being  gibbous  or  bulging  on  one  side  at  base,  and  the  5  lobes  not  all  alike,  but 
in  one  species  nearl v  so.     Stamens  5.     Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  becoming  a  sev- 
eral-seeded berry.     Twining  or  upright  shrubs. 
«  »  Teeth  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  slender,  on  the  summit  of  the  slender  or  taper-pointed 
ovary,  which  becomes 'a  viany-seeded  2-valved  pod :  leaves  simple,  serrate. 

5.  DIER VILLA.      Corolla  funnel-form,   almost    regular,    5-lobed.      Stamens   5. 

Ovary  narrow,  sometimes  linear  and  stalk-like.  Low  upright  shrubs,  with 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  loose  clusters  or  cymes. 


170  HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY. 

§  3.  Shrubs  or  some  low  trees,  with  small  fiowers  in  broad  cymes,  shoi't  and  widely 
open  deeply  b-lobed  regular  corolla,  1-3  sessile  stiijmns,  and  berry-like  fruit, 
containing  1-3  seeds  or  ratlwr  seed-like  stunts.  Odyx-teeth  on  the  ovary  very 
short  or  obscure  :  stamens  5. 

6.  VIBURNUM.     Leuves  simple.     Fruit  containing  a  single  flat  or  flattish  stone. 

7.  SAMBUCUS      Leaves  pinnate,  and  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaflets  serrate. 

Fruit  containing  3  seeds  or  ratiier  small  seed-like  stones. 

1.  LINN^A,  TVv'IN-FLOWER.  (Named  for  Linnctus.)  Only  one 
species, 

L.  boreklis.  Mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs  N.  :  creeping  stems  bearing 
round-oval  and  sparingly  crcnate  somewhat  hairy  small  leaves,  and  in  early 
summer  the  sweet-scented  flowers  ;  corolla  purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside. 

2.  TRIOSTEUM,  FEVERWORT,  HORSE-GENTIAN.  (Greek  for 
three  bones,  from  the  3  bony  seeds  or  rather  stones.)  The  root  has  been  used 
in  medicine,  and  the  seeds  for  cotFee.     In  rich  soil :  fl.  early  summer. 

T.  perfoli^tum,  the  common  species,  is  softly  hairy,  2°  -  4°  high,  with 
oval  leaves  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  and  brownish-purple  flowers. 

T.  angustifdlium,  chiefly  S.,  a  smaller  and  bristly-hairy  plant,  with  nar- 
rower lanceolate  leaves  more  tapering  at  base,  and  greenish  or  cream-colored 
flowers. 

3.  SYMPHORICARPUS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  denotes  crowded 
fruits.)  Wild  on  rocky  banks,  especially  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  for  the  orna- 
mental insipid  berries.  Flowers  white  or  slightly  rose-color,  produced  all 
summer. 

S.  racemdsus,  Snowberry.  Clusters  of  flowers  in  interrupted  leafy 
spikes  (rather  than  racemes)  terminating  the  branches;  berries  snow-white,  in 
autumn.     Common  in  gardens. 

S.  vulgaris,  CoiiAL-uEURY,  Indian  Currant.  Short  clusters  of  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  most  of  the  leaves  ;  berries  small,  dark  red. 

4.  LONIC3RA,  HONEYSUCKLE,  WOODBINE.  (Named  for  an  old 
German  herbalist,  Lonitzer,  latinized  Loniceras.) 

§  1.    True  Honeysuckles,  with  twining  stems  {in  one  wild  species  slightly  so). 

*  Corolla  with  very  long  tube  and  5  short  almost  regular  lobes. 
L.  S9mp6rvirens,  Trumpet  H.  Wild  from  New  York  S.,  and  com- 
monly cult.  Leaves  evergreen  (as  the  name  denotes)  only  at  the  S.,  thickish, 
pale  beneath,  the  lower  oblong,  the  uppermost  pairs  united  round  the  stem  ; 
flowers  scentless,  in  spiked  whorls,  2'  long,  scarlet  with  yellow  inside  (also 
a  yellow  variety),  produced  all  summer;  berries  red. 

*  *  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped ;  lower  lip  narrow,  up>)er  one  broad  and  4-lobed. 
-t-  The  2  to  4  uppermost  pairs  of  leaves  united  round  the  stem  in  the  form  of  an  oval 
or  rounded  disk  or  shaUoio  cup,  the  flowers  sesfiile  in  their  axils,  or  partly  in 
leafless  spiked  ivhorls  h  yond :  berries  red  or  orange. 
++  European  Honeysuckles,  cultivated  for  ornament :  flowers  purple  and  white  or 
turning  yellowish  inside,  sweet-scented,  in  summer. 

L.  Caprifblium,  Common  European  H.,  has  leaves  smooth  on  both 
sides,  and  flowers  usually  only  in  early  summer. 

L.  Etriisea,  Italian  or  Perpetual  H.,  has  the  leaAcs  downy  beneath 
and  blunter,  and  flowers  through  the  summer. 

++  ++  Wild  species,  loith  flowers  smooth  and  nearly  scrntless,  except  the  first  species, 
in  late  spring  or  early  summer:  leaves  smooth  {except  one  variety)  and 
glaucous  or  whitish  beneath. 

L.  gr^ta,  Sweet  Wild  H.  Wild  in  Middle  States  and  S.,  sometimes 
cult.  :  leaves  obovate  ;  corolla  white  with  a  pink  or  purple  slender  tube,  fading 
yellowish,  fragrant. 


HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.  171 

L.  fl&va,  Yellow  H.  Wild  N.  W.  and  along  the  Alleghanies  ;  low- 
climbing  ;  the  broad  and  thickish  leaves  very  white-glaucous  both  sides ;  flowers 
light  yellow. 

L.  parvifl6ra,  Small  H.  Low  and  bushy,  with  oblong  leaves  green 
above,  but  very  white-glaucous  beneath;  the  corolla  (less  than  1'  long)  strongly 
gibl)Ous  at  base,  greenish-yellow  or  whitish  and  tinged  with  ];urple  :  in  the  var. 
Douglasii,  found  only  N.  W.,  nearly  crimson,  and  the  grecQcr  leaves  downy 
beneath  or  ciliate. 

4H.  ++  ++  Wild  species  with  clammy -pubescent  orange-colored  flovjns. 

L.  hirstlta,  Hairy  H.  Moist  or  rocky  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  with  oval  and 
large  dull  green  leaves,  the  lower  face  and  branches  downy-hairy. 

■I-  -t-  Leaves  all  separate  and  short-petiokd,  not  glaucous,  pubescent :  flowers  in 
pairs  on  axillary  peduncles. 

L.  Jap6niea  (commonly  so  called,  L.  confusa,  DC),  Japax  or  Chinese  H. 
Commonly  cult. ;  the  slender  downy  stems  twining  freely,  with  oval  dull  green 
leaves,  and  flowers  very  fragrant  at  evening ;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  reddish 
outside,  white  inside  turning  yellow. 

§  2.   Fly-Honeysuckles,    upright  or  straggling  bushes,  never  twinina,  with 

leaves  all  distinct  to  the  base,  and  a  pair  of  floivers  on  the  summit  of  an 

axillary^peduncle,  the  tivo  berries  sometimes  united  into  one. 

*  Four  large  leafy  bracts  surrounding  two  cylindrical  {I'  long)  ydlowish  flowers. 

L.  involuerkta.     Wild  from  Lake  Superior  to  California,  and  sparingly 

planted  :  shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  downy  when  young,  with  ovate  or  oblong  leaves 

3'  -  5'  long,  on  short  petioles,  clammy  flowers,  and  berries  quite  separate. 

*  *  The  two  or  four  bracts  under  the  ovaries  small  or  minute. 

•<-  Planted  for  ornament  from  Europe :  flowers  rose  or  pink-red,  profuse  and  showy. 

L.  Tartarica,  Tartarian  H.  Much-branched  shnib  .5°  -  8°  high,  smooth, 
with  oval  heart-shaped  leaves,  short  corolla,  and  red  berries  uniting  at  base  as 
they  ripen  :  fl.  spring. 

-I-  -f-  Wild  species,  in  moist  cold  woods  or  bogs  N. :  flowers 


L.  ciliata,  Early  Fly-H,  Straggling,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong 
and  partly  heart-shaped  leaves  thin  and  downy  beneath  when  young,  slender 
peduncles,  honey-yellow  corolla  (^'  long)  with  short  nearly  equal  lobes  and  very 
unequal-sided  base,  and  separate  red  berries  :  fl.  early  spring. 

L.  oblongifdlia,  Swamp  F.  Upright,  2°  -  5°  high,  with  oblong  leaves, 
long  and  slender  peduncles,  deeply  2-lipped  corolla  (^'  long)  in  early  summer, 
and  purple  berries. 

L.  eserillear Mountain  F.,  the  rarest  species,  l°-2°  high,  with  oval 
leaves,  very  short  peduncle,  moderately  5-lobed  corolla,  and  two  ovaries  united 
to  form  one  blue  berry. 

5.   DIERVILLA,  BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.     (Named  for  one  Dierville, 
who  took  the  common  species  from  Canada  to  France.) 

*  Wild  species,  on  rocks  and  hills,  with  pale  or  honey-yellow  and  slender  funnel- 

form  corolla,  not  shounj,  and  oblong  pod. 

D.  triflda,  Common  B.  ;  everywhere  N.,  l°-4°  high,  with  oblong-ovate 
taper-pointed  leaves  on  distinct  petioles,  mostly  3-flowered  peduncles,  and  slen- 
der pointed  pods  :  fl.  all  summer. 

D.  sessilif61ia,  only  along  the  Alleghanies  S.,  has  lance-ovate  sessile 
leaves,  many-flowered  peduncles,  and  short-pointed  pods  :  fl.  summer. 

*  *  Planted  for  ornament  from  Japan  and  China  ;  the  shoioy  rose-colored  corolla 

broadly  funnel  form  with  an  abruptly  narroivtd  base,  very  sUnder  stalk-like 
ovary  and  linear  pod. 
D.  Jap6niea.     Shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  loaded  with  the  handsome  flowers  in 
late  spring;  corolla  1'  or  more  long;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed. 


J 


172  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY. 

6.  VIBURNUM,  ARROW-WOOD,  &c.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  un- 
certain meaning.)  Flowers  white,  or  nearly  so,  in  spring  or  early  summer: 
fruit  ripe  in  autumn, 

§  1 .    FLoivers  all  alike,  small,  and  perfect. 
*  Cult,  or  planted  from  S.  Europe,  with  evergreen  smooth  entire  leaves. 

V.  Tinus,  'Laurestinus.  Not  hardy  N.,  but  a  common  house-plant, 
winter-flowering,  or  planted  out  in  summer ;  leaves  oblong ;  fruit  dark  purple. 

*  *  Wild  species,  some  occasionalli/  planted:  leaves  deciduous,  at  least  N. 

•*-  Leaves  not  lobed  nor  coarsely  toothed,  smooth  or  with  some  minute  scurf:  fruit 
black  or  with  a  bluish  bloom. 

++  Leaves  glossy ,  finely  and  evenly  serrate  with  very  sharp  teith. 
V.  Lentigo,    Sheep-berry.      Tree  15°- 30°   high,  common   in   moist 
grounds,  chicHy  N.  ;    leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  on  long  margined 
petioles  ;  cyme  broad,  sessile  ;  fruit  oval,  ^'  or  more  long,  sweet,  eatable. 

V.  prunif61iuin,  Black  Ha>v.     Dry  soil,  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.  : 
hardly  so  tall  as  the  preceding,  with  smaller  and  oval  mostly  blunt  leaves. 
++  ++  Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  wavy  or  crenate  small  teeth,  thickish. 

V.  obov^um.  Along  streams  from  Virginia  S.  :  slirub  with  obovate 
leaves  seldom  over  1'  long,  and  small  sessile  cymes. 

V.  ntldum,  Withe-rod.  Swamps,  from  New  England  to  Florida ;  with 
leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  almost  lanceolate,  not  glossy ;  cyme  on  a  peduncle ;  fruit 
roundish. 

•t-  -I-  Leaves  coarsely  toothed,  strongly  featht-r-veined,  the  veins  prominently  marked, 
straight  and  simple  or  nearly  so  :  fruit  smelt :  cyme  ped uncled. 

V.  dent^tum.  Arrow-wood  (the  steins  having  been  used  by  the  Indians 
to  make  arrows).  Common  in  Avet  soil,  .5°-  10°  high,  smooth,  with  ash-colored 
bark,  ])ale  and  broadly  ovate  evenly  sharp-toothed  leaves,  on  slender  petioles, 
and  bright  blue  fruit. 

V.  m611e,  Soft  A.  From  Kentucky  S.,  soft-downy,  with  less  sharply 
toothed  oval  or  obovate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  blue  oily  fruit. 

V.  pub^SCens,  Downy  A.  Rocky  grounds,  N.  &  W. ;  a  low  and  strag- 
gling shrub,  with  ovate  or  oblong  and  acute  or  taper-pointed  leaves,  having 
rather  few  coarse  teeth,  their  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  soft-do\vny ; 
fruit  dark  purple. 

■•--*-  H-  Leaves  lx)th  coarsely  toothed  and  somewhat  3-lobed,  roundish,  3  -  5-ribbed 
from  the  base  and  veiny  :  cymes  slender-peduncled,  small :  fruit  red. 

V.  acerifdlium,  Maple-leaved  A.  or  Dockmackie.  Shrub  3° -6° 
high,  in  rocky  woods,  with  3-ribbed  and  3-iobed  leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  their 
pointed  lobes  diverging  ;  stamens  slender. 

V.  paucifldrum.  Cold  woods,  only  fixr  N.  or  on  mountains ;  with  almost 
smooth  leaves  5-ribbed  at  base  and  3-lobed  at  summit ;  cyme  few-flowered ; 
fruit  sour. 

§  2.  Flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  neutral  {without  stamens  or  pistils)  and 
very  much  larger  titan  the  fei  tile  ones,  Hydiangea-like  and  showy  :  ptlioUs 
bearing  evident  appendages  which  imitate  stipules  :  fruit  red,  sour. 

V.  Opulus,  Cranberry-tree.  Tall  and  nearly  smooth  shrub,  with  gray 
bark,  scaly  buds,  3  -  5-ribbed  and  strongly  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed  and 
commonly  few-toothed,  and  cymes  peduncled.  The  wild  form  in  low  grounds 
N.  &  E. ;  the  juicy  acid  fruit  bright  red,  used  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries 
(whence  the  name  of  High  Cranberry-bush).  The  long-cultivated  form 
from  Europe,  planted  for  ornament,  under  the  name  of  Guelder  Rose  or 
Snowball-tree,  has  most  of  the  flowers  of  the  cyme  changed  into  enlarged 
corollas. 

V.  lantanoides,  Hobble-bush  (popular  name  from  the  straggling  or 
reclining  branches  taking  root  at  the  end,  and  forming  loops  ;  the  botanical 
name  because  the  leaves  resemble  the  V.  LantXna  x)r  Wayfaring-teee  of 


MADDER    FAMILY.  173 

Europe,  occasionally  planted  (but  that  has  no  enlarged  neutral  flowers)  :  cold 
moist  woods  N.,  with  naked  buds,  large  round-ovate  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base 
and  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  closely  serrate,  and  pinnately  many-veined, 
the  veins  anil  netted  veinlets  prominent  underneath  and  covered,  like  the  stalks 
and  branchlets,  with  rusty  scurf ;  cymes  showy,  very  broad,  sessile ;  fruit  not 
eatable,  coral-red  turning  crimson. 

7.   SAMBIJCUS,  ELDER.     (From  Greek  name  of  an  ancient  musical  in- 
strument, supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder  stalks.) 
S.  Canadensis,   Common  or  Black-berried    Elder.      Alluvial  soil, 

fence-rows,  &c.     Stems  woody  only  towards  the  base,  5° -6°  high,  with  white 

pith,  7-11  oblong  smooth  or  smoothish  leaflets,  the  lowermost  often  3-parted; 

flat  cymes  in  early  summer,  and  small  black-purple  fruit. 

S.  pdbens,  Red-berkikd  E.     Rocky  woods  chiefly  N.,  with  more  woody 

stems  and  warty  bark,  yellow-brown  ])ith,  fewer  and  more  lanceolate  leaflets 

downy  underneath,  panicle-like  or  convex  cymes,  in  spring,  followed  by  bright 

red  berries. 

58.   RUBIACE.^,  MADDER  FAMILY. 

Like  the  preceding  family,  but  with  stipules  between  the  opposite 
(or  sometimes  ternately  whorled)  entire  leaves,  or  else  (in  the  true 
Madder  Family)  the  leaves  whorled  without  stipules.  An  immense 
family  in  the  tropics,  and  here  represented  by  several  wild  and  a 
few  commonly  cultivated  species.  (The  commonest  in  choice  con- 
servatories, not  here  described,  are  Burchellia  Capensis,  a  shrub 
with  a  head  of  orange-scarlet  flowers,  the  corolla  almost  club-shaped; 
Manettia  cordifolta,  a  twiner  with  ovate  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  long  tubular  somewhat  4-sided  scarlet  corollas, 
or  M.  BfcoLOR,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  corolla  red  toward  the 
base,  yellow  toward  the  summit ;  Pentas  carnea,  with  ovate- 
oblong  hairy  leaves,  and  terminal  cyme  of  handsome  flowers,  with 
salver-form  flesh- colored  corolla,  hairy  in  the  enlarged  throat  and 
5-lobed.) 

L  MADDER  FAMILY  proper.  Leaves  in  whorls,  without 
stipules.  Ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  small  and  twin,  fleshy  or  berry- 
like, or  else  dry  and  sometimes  bur-like,  2-seeded  fruit.  Calyx  above 
the  ovary  obsolete. 


>  1.  RUBIA.  Like  the  next,  but  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  5. 
Fruit  berry-like. 
2.  GALIUM.  Flowers  small  or  minute,  mostly  in  clusters,  with  a  wheel-shaped 
4-parted  (or  sometimes  3-parted)  corolla,  and  as  many  short  stamens. 
Styles  2.  Slender  herbs,  with  square  stems,  their  angles  and  the  edges  of  the 
leaves  often  rough  or  almost  prickly. 

II.    CINCHONA   FAMILY,  &c.      Leaves  opposite,  or  some- 
times in  threes  or  fours,  and  with  stipules. 

§  1.    Only  a  single  ovule  and  seed  in  each  cell. 

*  Low  herbs,  with  narrow  funnel- form  or  salver-form  corolla,  its  lobes  {valvule  in  the 
bud)  and  the  stamens  4. 

8.  DIODIA.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves.  Stipules  sheath- 
ing, dry,  fringed  with  long  bristles.  Ovary  2-celled,  in  fruit  splitting  into 
2  hard  and  dry  closed  nutlets. 


/ 


s) 


174  MADDER    FAMILY. 

4.  MITCHELL  A.    Flowers  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  branches,  the  two  ovaries  united 

into  one,  which  in  fruit  forms  a  '2-eyed  scarlet  berry.  Corolla  densely  white- 
bearded  inside,  white  or  purplish-tinged  outside.  Style  1 :  stigmas  4,  slender. 
Seeds,  or  i-ather  httle  stones,  4  to  each  of  the  two  flowers.  Stipules  small, 
not  fringed. 

*  *  Shrubs  or  small  trees : .  lobes  of  the  corolla  overlapping  in  the  hud. 

5.  CEPHALANTHUS.     Flowers  many  and  small,  crowded  in  a  close  round  head 

raised  on  a  peduncle.  Calyx  4-t6othed.  Corolla  tubular  with  4  very  short 
lobes.  Stamens  4.  Style  'long  and  much  protruded,tipped  with  a  capitate 
stigma.  Fruit  small,  dry  and  hard,  inversely  pyramidal,  at  length  splitting 
into  2  or  4  closed  one-seeded  portions. 

6.  COFFEA.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.     Calyx  4-5- 

toothed.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube  and  4  or  5  spreading  lobes  of  about  the 
same  length.  Stamens  4  or  5,  with  linear-oblong  anthers.  Style  bearing 
2  slender  stigmas.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  small  berry,  containing  2  hard 
plano-convex  seeds  with  a  groove  down  the  face  {coffee),  enclosed  in  a  loose 
parchment-like  hull. 

§  2.    Several  or  many  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  cell  oj"  the  ovary  and  fruit. 
*  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  all  except  the  first  exotic  house-plants. 

7.  PINCKNEYA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  compound  cyme.     Calyx  with  5  lobes, 

4  of  them  small  and  lanceolate,  the  fifth  often  transformed  into  a  largo  bright 
rose-colored  leaf!  Corolla  hairy,  with  a  slender  tube  and  5  oblong-linear 
recurving  lobes.  Stamens  5,  protruding.  Fruit  a  globular  2-celled  pod,  filled 
with  very  many  thin-winged  seeds. 

8.  GARDENIA.     Flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches  or  nearly  so,  large, 

very  fragrant.  Calyx  with"  5  or  more  somewhat  leaf-like  lobes.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  with  5  or  more  spreading  lo<l»es  convolute  in 
the  bud,  and  as  many  linear  anthers  sessile  in  its  thro;it.  Style  1:  stigma 
of  2  thick  lobes.  Fruit  fleshy,  surmounted  by  the  calyx-lobes,"  ribbed  down 
the  sides,  many-seeded. 

9.  BOUVARDIA.  'Flowers  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches.     Calyx  with 

4  slender  lobes.  Corolla  with  a  long  and  slender  or  somewhat  trumpet-shaped 
tube,  and  4  short  spreading  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Anthers  4,  almost 
sessile  in  the  throat.  Style  1 :  stigma  of  2  flat  lips.  Pod  small,  globular, 
2-celIed.     Seeds  wing-margined. 

*  «  Low,  native  herbs. 

10.  HOUSTONIA.  Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  the  4  lobes  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  1 :  stigmas  2.  Pod  short,  2-celled,  the  upper  part 
rising  more  or  less  free  from  the  4-lobed  calyx,  opening  across  the  top,  and 
ripening  rather  few  saucer-shaped  or  thimbel-shaped  pitted  seeds  in  each  cell. 
Stipules  short  and  entire,  sometimes  a  mere  margin  connecting  the  bases  of 
the  opposite  leaves. 

1.  RITBIA,  MADDER.  (Name  from  Latin  ruber,  red,  alludes  to  the  red 
roots,  which  furnish  the  well-known  red  dye.) 

B,.  tinctbria,  Common  or  Dyers'  M.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  red  roots, 
branchinrj  from  the  ground,  1  °  -  2°  high,  with  angles  of  the  stems  and  edges  of 
tlio  lancc-oblong  or  oblanccolate  leaves  (mostly  in  sixes)  very  rough ;  flowers 
greenish,  in  summer ;  hcny  black.     11 

2.  GALIUM,  BED  STRAW  or  CLEAVERS.  (Name  from  Greek  for 
milk,  which  some  spocics  in  Europe  were  used  to  curdle.)  Fl.  summer. 
The  following  all  wild  species.  Several  have  a  red  root  like  that  of 
Madder. 

§  1.    Fruit  a  Hack  berry,  like  that  of  Madder:  hut  the  parts  of  the  white  flower 
are  onlij  4.      Onlij  in  Southern  States,  in  dry  sandy  soil.      IJ. 

G.  hispiduluni.  Spreading  stems  l°-2°  long;  leaves  in  fours,  ^'  or 
les ;  in  length,  lancc-ovate  ;  peduncle  1  -  3-flowercd  ;  berry  roughish. 

G.  uniflbruni.     Smooth,  slender,  l°high;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  mostly 

solltaiy. 


MADDER    FAMILY.  '  175 

§  2.    Fruit  dry  when  ripe,  small. 
«  Smooth :  leaves  with  strong  midrib  but  no  side  ribs  or  nerves :  flowers  white, 

loosely  clustered  at  the  end  of  spreadimj  Lranches. 
G.  asprellum,  Rough  Bedstkaw.  Low  thickets  :  3°  -  5°  high,  as  it 
were  clinibing,  the  backwardly  prickly-roughened  angles  of  the  stem  and  edges 
and  midrib  of  the  lance-oblong  pointed  leaves  adhering  to  contiguous  plants  ; 
leaves  in  whorls  of  6  on  the  stem  and  of  4  or  5  on  the  branchlets  :  flowers 
numerous. 

G.  trifldum,  Small  B.  Swamps  and  low  grounds,  6'  -  2°  high,  roughi.'^h 
or  sometimes  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  4  -  6  in  the 
whorls  ;  flowers  rather  few,  their  parts  often  3. 

*  *  Fruit  smooth  or  stightUj  bristly :  leaves  3-ne7-ved :  flowers  white,  in  a  narrow 

ana  iong  terminal  panicle,      y. 
G.  boreMe,  Northern  B.     Rocky  banks  of  streams  N. ;    l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  erect,  with  lance-linear  leaves  in  fours. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  little  bur,  being  covered  loith  hooked  prickles. 
•1-  Leaves  mostly  6  or  8  in  a  whorl,  with  midrib  and  no  side  nerves :  flowers  whitish 
or  greenish  :  stems  reclining  or  prostrate,  bristly-rough  backwards  on  the  angles. 

G.  Aparine,  Cleavers  or  Goose-Grass.  Low  grounds  :  leaves  in 
eights,  lanceolate,  rough-edged,  1 '  -  2'  long  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1  -  2-flowered  ; 
fruit  large.     ® 

G.  trifldrum,  Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.  Woodlands,  especially  N.  ; 
leaves  mostly  in  sixes,  lance-oblong,  bristle-pointed  ;  peduncles  terminating  the 
branches,  3-iiowered.     Sweet-scented  in  drying.     ^ 

■*-  ■*-  Leaves  all  in  fours,  more  or  less  Snerved :  flowers  not  white :  stems  ascending, 
about  1°  high,  rather  simple,  not  prickly-roughened.     "21 

G.  pil6suni.  Commonest  S.,  in  dry  thickets  :  leaves  oval,  dotted,  downy, 
1'  long;  flowers  brown-purple  or  cream-colored,  all  pedicelled,  the  peduncle 
2  -  3-times  forked.     Var.  puncticul6sum  is  a  smooth  form  S. 

G.  circaezans,  Wild  Liquorice,  the  root  being  sweetish:  common  in 
thickets  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate ;  peduncles  once  forked,  their 
long  branches  bearing  short-pedicelled  dull  or  brownish  flowers  along  the  sides, 
the  fruit  reflexed. 

G.  lanceol^tum,  like  the  preceding,  common  N. ;  but  with  lanceolate  or 
lance-ovate  tapering  leaves,  2'  long. 

8.    DIODIA,  BUTTON- WEED.     (Name  fron\  Greek  for  a  thoroughfare, 

being  humble  weeds,  often  growing  by  the  wayside.)      El.  all  summer,  white 

or  whitish. 

D.  Virginica.  Sandy  banks  from  Maryland  S. ;  with  spreading  stems 
1°  -  2°  long,  broadly  lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  salver-shaped  corolla  ^'  long, 
2-parted  style,  and  oblong  fruit  crowned  with  2  calyx-tccth.      % 

D.  t6res.  Sandy  fields  from  N.  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.  ;  with  slender  stems 
3'  -  9'  long,  linear  and  rigid  leaves,  small  corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  long 
bristles  of  the  stipules,  undivided  style,  and  obovatc  little  fruit  crowned  with 
the  4  short  calyx-teeth.     ® 

4.  MITCHELLA,  PARTRIDGE-BERRY.    (Named  for  Dr.  J.  Mitchell, 
who  corresponded  from  Virginia  with  Linnaeus.)     Fl.  in  early  summer.     "^ 
M.  ripens,  the  only  species,  common  in  woods ;  a  little  herb,  creeping  over 

the  ground,  with  the  small  evergreen  leaves  round-ovate,  very  smootli  and 
glossy,  bright  green,  'sometimes  with  Avhitish  lines,  short-petiolcd ;  the  flowers 
pretty  and  sweet-scented ;  the  scarlet  fruit  remaining  over  winter,  eatable,  but 
dry  and  almost  tasteless. 

5.  CEPHALANTHTJS,  BUTTON-BUSH.     (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  head  vaxd  flower .)     Fl.  snmtner  and  autumn. 

C.  OCCident^is,  the  only  species,  is  a  tall  shrub,  common  along  the  bor* 


176  MADDER   FAMILY. 

dcrs  of  ponds  and  streams,  with  lance-oblong-  or  ovate-pointed  leaves,  on  petioles, 
either  in  pairs  or  thi'ecs,  and  with  short  stipules  between  them ;  the  head  of 
white  flowers  about  1'  in  diameter- 

6.  COPPEA,  COFFEE-TREE.     (The  Arabic  name  somewhat  altered.) 
C.  Ar^bica,  the  species  which  produces  Coffee,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree, 

sometimes  cult,  in  conservatories,  Avith  smootli  and  glossy  oblong  leaves,  bearing 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  their  axils,  followed  by  the  red  berries,  containing  the 
pair  of  seeds. 

7.  PINCKNEYA,  GEORGIA  BARK  or  FEVER-TREE.  (Named 
by  Miciiaux  in  honor  of  Gen.  Pinckney.) 

P.  ptlbens,  the  only  species,  is  a  rather  downy  small  tree  or  shrub,  in  wet 
pine  ban-ens,  S.  Car.  to  Georgia,  with  large  oval  leaves,  slender  stipules,  and 
purplish  flowers  of  little  beauty,  but  the  great  calyx-leaf  commonly  produced  is 
striking.  This  plant  is  of  the  same  tribe  witli  the  Cinchona  or  Peruvian 
.Bark,  and  has  similar  medicinal  (tonic)  properties.     Fl.  early  summer. 

8.  GARDENIA,  CAPE  JESSAMINE.  Not  an  appropriate  name,  as  the 
species  so  called  does  not  belong  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Ho])e.  (Named  for 
Dr.  Garden  of  South  Carolina,  who  corresponded  with  Linmeus.) 

G.  fl6rida,  Cape  Jessamine.  A  favorite  house-plant  from  China,  2° -4° 
high,  with  smooth  and  bright-green  oblong  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  large  and 
showy  very  fragrant  flowers,  the  white  corolla  5  -  9-lobcd,  or  full  double,  and 
large  oblong  orange-colored  berry  5  -  6-angled  and  tapering  at  the  base. 

9.  BOUVARDIA.  (Named  for  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Paris  Gar- 
den of  Plants  over  a  century  ago.) 

B.  triph^lla.  Shrubby  or  half-shrubby  house-plants,  blossoming  through 
the  winter,  and  in  grounds  in  summer,  from  Mexico,  Avith  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate  smoothish  leaves,  in  threos-  or  the  upper  in  pairs,  and  scarlet  corolla, 
minutely  downy  outside,  nearly  1'  long. 

B.  lei^ntha,  now  commoner  and  winter-blooming,  has  more  downy  leaves 
and  smooth  deep-scarlet  corolla. 

10.  HOUSTONIA.  (Named  by  Linnaeus  for  a  Dr.  Houston,  an  English 
physician,  who  botanized  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  where  he  died  early.) 

*  Delicate  little  plants,  with  \-floioered  peduncles,  flowering  from  early  spr  in  f)  to 

summer :  corolla  salver-form :  pod  somewliat  2-lobed,  its  upper  half  free : 
seeds  loith  a  deep  hole  occupying  the  face. 

H.  CSerulea,  Common  H.  or  Bluets.  Moist  banks  and  grassy  places, 
3'-  5'  high,  smooth  and  slender,  erect,  Avith  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  only  3"  or 
4"  long,  very  slender  peduncle,  and  light  blue,  purplish,  or  almost  white  and 
yellowish-eyed  corolla,  its  tube  much  longer  than  the  lobes.     © 

H.  rainima.  Dry  hills  from  111.  S.  W.  :  roughish,  l'-4'  high,  at  length 
m-.ich  branched  and  spreading  ;  with  leaves  ovate,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  linear, 
earlier  peduncles  slender,  the  rest  short,  and  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla  not 
longer  than  its  lobes  and  those  of  the  calyx.     0   ;D 

H.  rotundif61ia.  Sandy  soil  from  North  Carolina  S. :  with  prostrate  and 
creeping  leafy  s'tems,  peduncles  shorter  than  the  roundish  leaves  and  recurved 
in  fruit ;  corolla  white.     2/ 

*  *  Erect,  leafy-stemmed,  5'  -  20'  high,  with  fl,oivers  in  terminal  clusters  or  cymes, 

in  summer:  corolla  funnel -form:  seeds  rather  saucer-shaped.     % 

H.  purptirea.  Wooded  or  rocky  banks,  commoner  W. :  smooth  or  slightly 
downy,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  3  -  5-ribbed  leaves,  pale  pui-ple  flowers,  and 
upper  ha'f  of  globular  pod  free  from  the  calyx. 


VALERIAN   FAMILY.  177 

Var.  longif61ia,  the  common  one  N.  ;  slender  or  low,  with  1 -ribbed  leaves, 

those  of  the  stem  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  linear. 

H.  angustiiolia.  Dry  banks  from  111.  S.  &  W.,  with  tnfted  erect  stems, 
narrow-linear  and  acute  1 -ribbed  leaves,  crowded  short-pedicelicd  flowers,  lobes 
of  the  white  corolla  densely  bearded  inside,  and  only  the  top  of  the  obovate  pod 
rising  above  the  calyx. 

59.  VALERIANACE^,  VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  l^o  stipules,  calyx  coherent  with'  the 
ovary,  which  has  only  one  fertile  one-ovuled  cell  but  two  abortive  or 
empty  ones,  and  stamens  always  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
(1 -3,  distinct),  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Style  slender:  stigmas 
1  —  3.  Fruit  small  and  dry,  indeliiscent ;  the  single  hanging  seed 
with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  Flowers  small,  in  clusters 
or  cymes. 

«  Lobes  of  fhe  calyx  many  and  slender,  but  hardly  seen  when  in  flower,  being  rolled 
up  inwards  around  the  ba^e  o/'ihe  corolla;  in  fruit  they  unroll  and  appear 
as  long  plumose  bristles,  resembling  ajffippus,  like  thistle-down, 

1.  VALERIANA.     Corolla  with  narrow  or  funnel-form  tube  usually  gibbous  at 

the  base  on  one  side,  but  not  spurred,  its  5  spreading  lobes  almost  equal. 
Stamens  ?.  Akene  1-celled,  tlie  minute  empty  cells  early  disappearing. 
Root  strong-scented. 

2.  CENTRANTIIUS.     Corolla  as  in  the  preceding,  but  with  a  spur  at  the  base. 

Stamen  only  one. 

*  #  Lobes  of  the  calyx  of  a  few  short  teeth  or  mostly  hardly  any. 

8.  FEDIA.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  5  equal  or  rather  unequal  spreading  lobes. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Akenc-like  fruit  with  one  fertile  and  two  empty  cells,  or 
the  latter  confluent  into  one. 

1.  VALERIANA,  VALERIAN.  (Name  from  valere,  to  be  well,  alluding 
to  medical  properties,  the  peculiar-scented  root  of  some  species  used  in  medi- 
cine.)    n.  early  summer,  often  dioecious,  white  or  purplish.     "^ 

*  Garden  species  from  Europe,  producing  the  medicinal  Valerian-root. 

V.  officinalis,  the  commonest  in  gardens,  2° -3°  high,  a  little  downy,  with 
leaves  of  11  to  21  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets,  and  rootstocks  not 
running. 

V.  Phu,  is  smoother,  with  root-leaves  simple,  stem-leaves  of  5  -  7  entire 
leaflets  or  lobes,  and  rootstock  horizontal. 

*  *   Wild  species  N.  and  chiefly  W. :  all  rather  rare  or  local. 

V.  pauciflora.  Woodlands,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  S.  W. ;  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  with  thin  ovate  and  heart-shaped  toothed  root-leaves,  stem-leaves  of 
3-7  ovate  leaflets,  rather  few  flowers  in  the  crowded  panicled  cyme,  and  long 
slender  corolla. 

V.  sylvatica.  Cedar  swamps  from  Vermont  W.  &  N. ;  with  root-leaves 
mostly  ovate  or  oblong  and  entire,  stem-leaves  with  5-11  lance-oblong  or  ovate 
almost  entire  leaflets  ;  corolla  funnel-form. 

V.  6dulis.  Alluvial  ground  from  Ohio  W. ;  l°-4°hiij:h,  with  a  large 
spindle-shaped  root  (eaten  by  the  Indians  W.),  thickish  leaves  mostly  from  the 
root  and  minutely  woolly  on  the  edges,  those  of  the  root  lanceolate  or  spatulate, 
of  the  stem  cut  into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions. 

2.  CENTRANTHUS,  SPURRED  VALERIAN.  (From  Greek  words 
ior  spur  •M\i\fi>u2er.)     El.  summer.     ^ 

C.  rtlber,  Rbd  S.  or  Jupiter's-Beard.      Cult,  for  ornament,  from  S. 
En. :  a  very  smooth  rather  glaucous  herb,  1°  -  2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  nearly 
entire  leaves,  all  the  upper  ones  sessile,  and  cymes  of  small  flowers  in  a  narrow 
panicle,  the  corolla  very  slender,  ^'  long,  red,  rarely  a  white  variety. 
12 


o 


178  TEASEL    FAMILY. 

3.  PfiDIA,  CORN  SALAD,  LAMB-LETTUCE.  (Ori-in  of  the  name 
obscure.)  Our  species  are  all  very  much  alike  in  appearance,  smooth,  with 
forkinr^  stems  6' -20'  hi<z:h,  tender  oblong  leaves  either  entire  or  cut-lobed 
towards  the  base,  and  small  flowers  in  clusters  or  close  cymes,  with  leafy 
bracts,  and  a  short  white  or  whitish  corolla,  in  early  summer.  They 
belong  to  the  section  (by  most  botanists  regarded  as  a  separate  genus) 
Valerianella.  (T)  (2) 
F.  olitbria.    Common    Corn    Salad   of  Eu.,  sparingly  naturalized  in 

the  Middle  States,  has  fruit  broader  than  long,  and  a  thick  corky  mass  at  the 

back  of  the  fertile  cell. 

F.  Fagopyrum,  from  New  York  W.  in  low  grounds,  has  ovate-triangular 

smooth  fruit  sh^j^  like  a  grain  of  buckwheat  when  dry  (whence  the  specific 

name),  the  confluent  empty  cells  occupying  one  angle,  and  much  smaller  than 

the  broad  and  flat  seed. 

F.  radi^ta,  common  from  Penn.  and  Michigan  S.,  has  fruit  mostly  downy 

and  somewhat  4-angled,  the  parallel  narrow  empty  cells  contiguous  but  with 

a  deep  groove  between  them. 


60.   DIPSACE^,  TEASEL  FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  family  by  having  the  flowers  strictly 
in  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  next  family,  —  from 
which  it  differs  in  the  separate  stamens,  hanging  seed,  &c.  All 
are  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  DIPSACUS.  Coarse  and  stout  herbs,  with  stems  and  midrib  of  leaves  often 
prickly,  and  the  i»eads  with  rigid  prickly-pointed  bracts  or  chaff  under  each 
flower,  under  the  whole  a  conspicuous  leafy  involucre.  Each  Hower  more- 
over has  an  involucd  in  the  form  of  a  little  calyx-like  body  enclosing  the 
ovary  and  akene.  Calyx  continued  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  mere  truncate 
short  cup-like  border.  Corolla  slender,  with  4  short  lobes.  Stamens  4. 
Style  slender. 
SCABIOSA.  Less  coarse,  not  prickly;  the  short  heads  surrounded  by  a  softer 
green  involucre;  a  short  scale  or  soft  bristle  for  a  bract  under  each  flower. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  4-5-cleft,  oblique  or  irregular;  the  outer  ones  often 
enlarged.  Stamens  4.  Style  slender.  Involucel  enclosing  the  ovary  and 
the  calyx  various. 

1.  DIPSACUS,  TEASEL.  (Name  from  Greek  word  meaning  io  thirst ;  the 
united  ba.,cs  of  the  leaves  in  the  common  species  catch  some  rain-wat&r.) 
n.  summer. 

D.  sylv^stris,  Wild  T.  Run  wild  along  roadsides,  4° -5°  high,  prickly, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  upper  ones  united  round  the  stem,  large  oblong 
heads,  purplish  or  lilac  corollas,  and  slender-pointed  straight  chaff  under  each 
flower.     @ 

D.  fuUbnum,  Fuller's  T.  Less  prickly  than  the  other,  with  involucre 
hardly  longer  than  the  floAvcrs,  the  awn-like  tips  of  the  rigid  chaff  hooked  at 
tlie  end,  which  makes  the  teasd  useful  for  carding  woollen  cloth  :  cultivated  in 
fields  for  this  purpose,  sometimes  escaping  into  waste  places  and  roadsides.     (2) 

2.  SCABIOSA,  SCABIOUS.  (From  Latin  word  for  scurfy,  perhaps  from 
use  of  the  plants  to  cure  skin-diseases.)  Fl.  summer.  One  European  species 
is  commonly  cultivated  for  ornament,  viz. 

S.  atropurptirea,  Sweet  S.,  or  when  with  dark  purple  or  crimson 
flowers  called  j^.Iourxtxg  Bride  ;  the  flowers  are  sometimes  rose-colored  or  even 
wliitc  :  plant  l°-2°  high,  with  obovate  or  spatulate  and  toothed  root-leaves, 
pinnatcly-parted  stem-leaves,  the  cup  or  involucel  enclosing  the  ovary  8-grooved, 
ealyx  proper  with  5  long  bristles  surmounting  the  akene ;  the  outer  corollas 
enlarged.    ® 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  179 


61.   COMPOSIT-aE,  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  a  very  few  shrubs,  known  at  once  by  the  "  compound 
flower,"  as  it  was  termed  by  the  older  botanists,  this  consisting  of 
several  or  many  flowers  in  a  head,  surroi^ded  by  a  set  of"  bracts 
(formerly  likened  to  a  calyx)  forming  an  ifivolacre^  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (almost  ^hvays  5)  and  inserted  on 
its  tube,  their  anthers  syngenesious^  i.  e.junited  in  a  ring  or  tube 
through  which  the  style  passes.  Calyx  with  its  tuJafc  incorporated 
with  the  surface  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  or  border  (naSed  the  pappus) 
consisting  of  bristles,  either  rigid  or  downy,  or  of  teeth,  awns,  scales, 
&c.,  or  of  a  cup  or  crown,  or  often  none  at  all.  Corollas  either 
tubular,  funnel-form,  &c.  and  lobed,  or  strap-sliaped  (ligulate),  or 
sometimes  both  sorts  in  the  same  head,  when  the  outermost  or  mar- 
ginal row  has  the  strap-shaped  corollas,  forming  rays  (which  an- 
swered to  the  corolla  of  the  supposed  compound  flower),  the  separate 
flowers  therefore  called  ray-Jiotcers  ;  those  of  the  rest  of  the  head,  or 
disk^  called  disk-jiowers.  The  end  of  the  stalk  or  branch  upon 
which  the  flowers  are  borne  is  called  the  receptacle.  The  bracts,  if 
there  are  any,  on  the  receptacle  (one  behind  each  flower)  are  called 
the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  ;  the  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre 
outside  the  flowers  are  commonly  called  scales.  Style  2-cleft  at 
the  apex.  Ovary  1-celled,  containing  a  single  ovule,  erect  from 
its  base,  in  fruit  becoming  an  akene.  Seed  fllled  by  the  embryo 
alone.  For  the  flowers  and  fruit,  and  the  particular  terms  used  in 
describing  them,  see  Lessons,  p.  lOG-108,  fig.  219-221,  p.  112, 
fig.  229,  230  ;  p.  130,  fig.  291  -  29G. 

The  largest  family  of  Flowering  Plants,  generally  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner  ;  but  most  of  the  common  kinds,  both  wild  and  culti- 
vated, are  here  briefly  sketched.  For  fuller  details  as  to  the  wild 
ones,  with  all  the  species,  the  student  will  consult  the  Manual,  and 
Chapman's  Southern  Flora.  There  are  two  great  divisions  which 
include  all  the  common  kinds. 

I.  Head  with  only  the  outermost  flowers  strap-shaped,  and  these 
never  perfect,  i.  e.  they  are  either  pistillate  or  neutral,  always  with- 
out stamens,  or  else  with  strap-shaped  corollas  entirely  wanting. 
Plants  destitute  of  milky  or  colored  juice. 

A.   No  strap-shaped  corollas  or  true  rays. 

§  1.  Thistles  or  Thistle-like,  the  heads  icith  very  many  fowers,  all  alike  and  mostly 
perfect.  Branches  of  the  style  short  or  united^  even  to  the  tip.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  many-ranked^  these  or  the  leaves  commonly  tipped  tcith  prickly  or 
bristly  points. 

*  Pappxis  of  many  hng-plumed  bristles:  receptacle  with  bristles  between  the  flowers. 

1.  CYNARA.     Scales  of  the  involucre  of  the  ojeat  heads  thickened  and  fleshy 

towards  the  base,  commonly  notched  at  the  end,  with  or  without  a  prickle. 
Akonos  slightly  ribbed.     Otherwise  much  as  in  tlie  iiext. 

2.  CIKSIUM.     Scales  of  tlie    involucre    not  fleshy-thickened,  prickly-tipped  or 

else  merely  pointed.    Akenes  llattish,  not  riblied.    Filaments  of  tho  stamens 
separate. 


180  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

*  *  Pappus  of  naked,  rough  or  short-barbed  bristles,  or  none. 
■h-  Filaments  of  the  stamens  united  into  a  tube.     Leaves  tvhite-varieyated. 

3.  SILYBUM.     Scales  of  the  involucre  with  the  upper  part  leaf-like  and  spread- 

ing, spiny.  Receptacle  beset  with  bristles.  Akenes  flattened:  pappus  of 
many  rather  short  aud  rigid  bristles  minutely  bearded  on  their  edges. 

•t--t-  Filaments  separate. 

4.  ONOPOiRDON.    Heads  and  flowers  as  in  true  Thistles,  No.  2.    Receptacle  naked 

and  honeycombed.  Akenes  4-angled,  wrinkled:  pappus  of  many  slender 
bristles  united  at  base  into  a  horny  ring.     Stems  strongly  leaf-winged. 

5.  LAPPA.     Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  abruptly  tipped  with  a  spreading 

slender  awl-shaped  appendage,  mostly  hooked  at  its  point.  Receptacle  bristly. 
Akenes  flattened,  Avrinkled:"  pappus  of  many  short  and  rough  bristles,  their 
bases  not  united,  deciduous.     Leaves  and  stalks  not  prickly. 

6.  CAKTHAMUS.     Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  leaf-like  and  spreading,  middle 

ones  with  ovate  appendage  fringed  with  spiny  teeth  or  little  spines,  innermost 
entire  and  sharp-pointed.  Receptacle  beset \vith  linear  chaff.  Akenes  very 
smooth,  4-ribbed:  pappus  none.     Leaves  with  rigid  or  short  spiny  teeth. 

7.  CNICUS  and  8.  CEN TAUREA;  see  next  division. 

§  2.  Thistle-like  or  Scnbioiis-Uke,  with  many-rnnked  imhrirnted  urnles  to  the  involucre, 
viany-jlowers.  and  the  two  branches  vf  the  style  united  into  one  Imly  almost  or 
quite  to  the  tip,  as  in  §  1 :  but  the  outer  Jimrtrs  of  the  head  different  from  the 
rest  and  sterile,  except  in  a  few  species  of  Centdurea.  Receptacle  beset  with 
bristles. 

7.  CNTCUS.     Outer  flowers  smaller  than  the  rest,  slender-tubular,  sterile.    Scales 

of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a  long  spine-like  appendage  which  is  spiny-fringed 
down  the  sides.  Akenes  siiort-cylindrical,  uaany-ribbed  and  grooved,  crowned 
with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  within  which  is' a  pappus  of  10  long  and  rigid 
and  10  short  n:iked  bristles.     Leaves  prickly-toothed. 

8.  CKNTAUREA.     Outer  flowers  sterile  and  with  corolla  larger  than  the  rest. 

often  funnel-shaped  and  with  long  sometimes  in-egular  lobes,  forming  a  kind 
of  false  ray;  but  these  are  wanting  in  a  few  species.  Involucre  various,  but 
the  scales  commonly  with  fringed,  sometimes  with  spiny  tips.  Akenes  flat  or 
flattish:  pappus  of  several  or  many  bristles  or  narrow  scales,  or  none. 

§  3.  Bur-like  oi"  achenium-like  in  the  frUit,  which  is  a  completely  closed  involucre 
containing  only  one  or  two  flowers,  consisting  of  a  pistil  only,  with  barely  i% 
rtidimtnt  of  corolla,  therefore  vtry  different  from  most  plants  of  the  faintly  ; 
but  the  staminate  flowers  are  several  and  in  a  flat  or  top-shaped  involtccre. 
Heads  therefore  monoecious^  or  rarely  diascious:  no  pappus.  Coarse  and 
homely  weeds. 

9.  XANTHIU^L     Heads  of  staminate  flowers  in  shoi-t  racemes  or  spikes,  their 

involucre  of  several  scales  in  one  row:  feitile  flowers  below  them,  clustered 
in  the  axils,  two  together  in  a  2-celled  hooked-prickly  bur. 

10.  AMBROSIA.     Heads  of  staminate  flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the 

stem  or  branches,  their  involucre  of  sevci-al  scales  united  in  flattish  or  top- 
shaped  cup;  fertile  flowers  clustered  below  the  staminate,  only  one  enclosed 
in  each  small  achenium-likc  involucre,  which  is  naked,  or  with  a  few  tubercles 
or  sti'ong  points  near  the  top  in  a  single  row. 

§  4.   Plants  not  thistle-like  nor  bur-like. 

*  Two  kinds  of  flowers  in  the  same  head,  the  outer  ones  with  pistils  only. 

•+-  Pappus  none  or  a  minute  border  or  cup  :  no  chaff  among  the  flowers  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  dry,  often  with  scarious  margins,  imbricated.  Bitter-aromatic  or 
rather  acrid  plants. 

11.  TANACETUM.     Heads  of  many  yellow  flowers;  the  marginal  ones  with  pistil 

only  and  a  3-5-toothed  corolla*  Akenes  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  flat  top, 
crowned  with  a  cup-like  toothed  or  lobed  pappus.  Very  strong-scented 
herbs,  with  heads  in  a  corymb. 

12.  ARTE]\nSL\.     Heads  small,  of  few  or  many  yellow  or  dull  purplish  flowers, 

some  of  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  and  fertile,  the  others  perfect,  but  some- 
times not  maturing  the  ovary.  Akenes  obovate  or  club-shaped,  small  at  the 
top,  destitute  of  pappus.  Bitter-aromatic,  and  strong-sceuted  plants,  with 
heads  in  panicles. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  181 

•H-  -f-  Pappus  none  nt  all  to  the  outer  pistillate  and  fertile  flowers,  hut  of  some  slender 
bristles  in  the  central  and  perfect  yet  seldom  fi-uit-btaring  jlov)ers :  scales  of 
the  involucre  woolly. 

13.  FILAGO.     Heads   small  crowded   in   close   clusters,  of  many  inconspicuous 

flowers,  each  fertile  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  dry  chaffy  scale, 
and  with  a  very  slender  thread-like  corolla;  the  central  flowers  with  a  mo^'e 
expanded  4  -  5-tootlied  corolla.  Low  herbs,  clothed  with  cottony  wool :  leaves 
entire. 

■•-•<-••-  Pappus  of  all  thejlowers  composed  of  bristles  :  no  chaff  among  thejloicers. 

14.  ERPXHTHITES.     Heads  of  many  whitish  flowers,  Avith  a  cylindrical  involucre 

of  many  naiTow  and  naked  scales  in  a  single  row:  outer  flowers  with  very 
slender  corolla:    inner  with  more  open  tubular  corolla.      Akenes  nan-ow: 
pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  soft  naked  Avhite  hairs.     Rank  coarse  herb. 
87.   ERIGERON.   One  species  has  such  short  and  inconspicuous  rays  that  it  may  be 
looked  for  here. 

15.  GNAPHALIU M.     Heads  of  very  many  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers,  siirrounded 

by  an  involucre  of  many  ranks  of  "dry  and  white  or  otherwise  colored  (not 
green)  scarious  and  persistent  scales  woolly  at  base;  the  flowers  all  fertile, 
the  outer  ones  with  pistil  and  very  slender  corolla,  the  central  ones  perfect 
and  with  more  expanded  5-toothed  corolla.  Pappus  a  row  of  very  slender 
and  roughish  bristles.     Cottony  herbs. 

16.  ANTENNARIA.     Like  Gnaphafium,  but  the  plants  nearly  or  quite  dioecious: 

the  staminate  flowers  with  a  simple  style,  but  the  ovary  sterile,  and  their 
pappus  of  stouter  bristles  which  are  thicliened  at  the  summit  and  there  more 
or  less  barbed  or  plumed. 

*  *  Only  one  kind  of  flowers  in  the  head. 
•*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  papery  or  scarious,  often  colored  {i.  e.  not  green), 
not  withering.     (Everlastings.) 
•w-  Many  flowers  in  the  head:  scales  of  the  involucre  in  many  rank^. 

16.  ANTENNARL\.    Flowers  dioecious,  in  one  plant  all  pistillate,  with  very  slender 

coi-oUas  and  a  pappus  of  long  and  very  fine  hair-like  miked  bristles ;  in  the  other 
staminate  (with  a  simple  imperfect  style),  and  the  pappus  of  thicker  bristles 
enlarging  and  somewhat  plumed  or  barbed  at  their  summit.     Leaves  and  , 
stems  cottony. 

17.  RHODANTHE'.     Flowers  perfect,  Avith  open  5-toothed  yellowish  corollas.    In- 

volucre (silvery  or  rose-colored),  smooth,  obovate  or  top-shaped.  Akenes 
Avoolly:  pappus  of  numerous  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  and  stems  smooth 
and  naked. 

18.  AMMOBIUM.     Flowers  perfect,  with  yellow  5-lobed  corollas,  surrounded  by  a 

silvery-white  involucre.  Chaflv'  scales  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers. 
Akenes  flattish-4-sided:  pappus  of  4  teeth,  two  of  them  prolonged  into  a 
bristle.     Leaves  and  stems  white-cottony,  the  latter  with  leaf-like  wings. 

4-4.  ++  Only  3  or  i  flowers  in  each  head. 

19.  HUMEA.     Flowers  perfect,  purplish,  surrounded  by  a  few  dry  and  scarious 

scales  of  the  involucre:  no  ch:iff  on  the  small  receptacle.  Akenes  smooth: 
no  pappus.  Herbage  green,  not  cottony:  the  small  heads  drooping  in  aa 
ample  compound  panicle. 

-t— 1-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  dry  and  scarious  or  papery :  flowers  all  perfect. 

H-*-  Flowers  yellaio,  with  chaff  between  them :  akenes  flat,  bearing  2-4  awns  m-  bristles. 

63.   BIDENS,  and  52.  COREOPSIS:  a  few  species  have  no  ray-flowers. 

•»-»•  ++  Flowers  yellow :  no  chaff:  akenes  not  flat :  pappus  of  copious  very  soft  andflnt 
down-like  bristles. 

80.   SENECIO,  one  or  two  species  which  are  destitute  of  ray-flowers. 

•M-  ++  ++  Flowers  not  yellow  nor  orange  :  no  chaff  among  them. 

a.   Branches  of  the  style  slender  and  rough  all  over  with  minute  bristles. 

2.0.  VERXOXTA.  Heads  corymbod,  with  an  involucre  of  many  imbricated  scales, 
and  15  to  30  or  more  rose-purple  flowers.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender.  Akenes 
cylindrical,  several-ribbed:  pappus  of  copious  hair-like  bristles,  suiTounded 
at  base  by  an  outer  set  of  very  short  and  fine  scales  or  sctde-like  bristles. 
Leaves  alternate. 


182  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

b«   Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender  or  mostly  rather  club-shaped,  smooth  or 
very  minutely  puberulent  under  a  lens. 

21.  LIATRIS.     Heads  of  several  or  many  rose-purple  flowers,  surrounded  by  a 

more  or  less  imbricated  involucre.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  long.    Ake'nes 
slender,  about  10-ribbed :  pappus  of  many  long  and  slender  bristles,  which  are 
,        plumose  or  else  beset  with  a  shoit  beard' or  roughness  for  their  whole  length. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire. 

22.  KUHNIA.     Heads  small,  of  10-25  dull  cream-colored  flowers,  surrounded  by  a 

few  lanceolate  scales  of  the  involucre.  Corolla  slender,  barely  5-toothed. 
Akenes  cylindrical,  many-striate:  pappus  a  row  of  white  plumose  bristles. 
Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

23.  MIKANIA.     Heads  of  4  flesh-colored  flowers,  with  an  involucre  of  only  4 

scales.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Akenes  5-angled:  pappus  a  row  of  hair-tike 
naked  (barely  roughish)  bristles.     Leaves  opposite;  stem  twining. 

24.  EUPATORIUM.     Heads  of  3  or  more  flowers,  and  an  involucre  of  several  or 

many  scales.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Iieceptacle  flat  or  merely  convex.  Akenes 
5-angled:  pappus  a  row  of  hair-like  naked  (barely  rough)' bristles. 

25.  CONOCLINIUM.     Heads,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  receptacle  conical. 

Flowers  many,  blue  or  bhxe-purple.     Leaves  opposite. 

26.  AGERATUM.     Like  the  preceding;  but  the  receptacle  flattish,  and  the  pappus 

of  a  few  chaffy  scales,  mostly  tapering  into  a  slender  stiff  rough  bristle. 
Leaves  opposite. 
17.   PIQUERL\.     Heads  very  small,  of  3-5  white  flowers,  and  involucre  of  4  or  5 
scales.    Akenes  5-angled:  pappus  none.     Leaves  opposite,  3-ribbed. 

C.  Branches  of  the  style  smooth,  with  a  conical  or  fiat  unusally  minutely  hairy  tip. 

28.  CACALL\.     Heads  corymbed,  with  5-30  white  or  whitish  flowers.     Scales  of 

the  involucre  a  single  row,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  base.      Corolla 
5-cleft.     Akenes  oblong,  smooth :  pappus  of  very  many  fine  and  soft  down- 
like  naked  bristles.     Leaves  alternate. 
40.   BELLIS.     A  cultivated  state  of  the  Daisy,  with  quilled  (monstrous)  flowers 
may  be  sought  here. 

B«    With  strap-shaped  corollas  or  rays  at  the  margin  of  the  head. 

§  1.   Herbage  not  spotted  with  large  translucent  or  colored  strong-scented  glands. 

*  Paj]pus  of  copious  hair-like  bristles:  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers. 

"•-  Rays  yellow,  except  in  one  or  two  species  of  Senecio  and  one  Solidago,  pistillate. 

29.  TUSSILAGO.     Ray-flowers  very  numerous  and  in  many  rows,  fertile,  with 

narrow  ligules;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few  in  the  centre,  and  not  fertile. 
Scale  of  tlie  involucre  nearly  in  one  row.  Pappus  fine  and  soft.  Head  soli- 
tary on  a  scaly-bracted  scape. 

30.  SENt^CIO.     Ray-flowers  several  in  a  single  row,  or  sometimes  none:  the  disk- 

flowers  (as  in  all  the  following)  perfect  and  fertile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in 
a  single  row,  or  often  with  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Pappus  very  fine  and 
soft.     Heads  mostly  in  corymbs.     Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 

31.  ARNICA.     Ray-flowers  several  or  many  in  a  single  row.     Scales  of  the  invo- 

lucre nearly 'equal  in  2  rows.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rough  rather  rigid 
bristles.     Akenes  slender.     Heads  few  and  rather  large.     Leaves  opposite. 

32.  INULA.     Ray-flowers  very  numerous  in  one  row,  with  narrow  ligules.     Outer 

scales  of  tlie  involucre  "leaf-like.  Pappus  of  many  slender  roughish  bristles. 
Akenes  narrow.  Heads  large  and  broad,  the  tubular  perfect  floAvers  very 
numerous,  their  anthers  with  two  tails  at  the  base.    Leaves  alternate. 

33.  CHRYSOPSIS.      Ray-flowers  numerous  in  one  row,  scales  of  the  involucre 

nan-ow,  not  leaf-like.    Pappus  of  many  roughish  slender  bristles,  with  also  an 
/  outer  row  of  very  short  and  stout  or  chaff-like  bristles.    Akenes  flattened, 

\^  hairy.     Heads  single  or  coi'vmbed.     Leaves  alternate. 

34.  SOLIDAGO.     Ray-flowers  1-8,  or  rarely  10  -  16,  the  tubular  disk-flowers  sev- 

eral, rarely  many.  Involucre  oblong,  its  scales  imbricated  and  appressed,  of 
unequal  lengths.  Pappus  a  row  of  slender  roughish  bristles.  Akenes  nar- 
row, terete,  many-ribbed.  Heads  in  panicled  racemes,  corymbs,  or  clusters, 
mostly  small.  Leaves  alternate. 
-»-  H-  Rays  white,  purple,  blue,  (fc.  never  yellow,  the  flowers  of  the  disk  mostly  yelloto. 
Asters  and  the  like.     Leaves  alternate,  simple.     Akenes  flattened  or  flattish. 

35.  CALLISTEPHUS.     Ray-flowers  very  numerous,  usually  in  more  than  one  row, 

or  in  cultivated  varieties  in  several  rows.    Involucre  in  several  rows,  more  or 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  183 

less  leafy.  Pappus  of  many  slender  and  roughish  bristles,  surrounded  at  bas« 
by  a  little  cup  or  crown,  consisting  of  many  little  scales  or  short  stiff  bristles 
more  or  less  united.  Heads  solitary  teraiinating  leafy  stems  or  branches, 
large  and  broad.     LeaA^es  sessile,  coarsely  toothed.     Root  annual. 

S6.   ASTER.    Ray-flowers  more  or  less  numerous  in  one  row.    Involucre  imbricated 
Pappus  of  very  numerous  slender  roughish  bristles  ;    no  cup  or  crown  of 
short  bristles  outside.     Heads  usually  panicled  or  corymbed.    Root  usually 
pei*ennial. 

37.  ERIGERON.  Raj'-flowers  numerous,  narrow,  and  commonly  occupying  more 
than  one  roAv.  Involucre  more  simple  than  in  Aster,  the  scales  narroAvci-, 
appressed,  mostly  of  equal  length  and  occupying  only  one  or  tAvo  roAVs,  Avith- 
out  any  leaf-like  tips;  and  the  pappus  more  scanty,  often  some  minute  short 
and  sometimes  chafT-like  bristles  at  the  base  of  the"^long  ones. 

*  *  Pajjptis  not  of  long  hnir-like  bristles,  either  a  little  cup  or  crown,  or  of  a  few 
scales,  tetth,  awns,  ffc,  or  none  at  all. 

-I-  No  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers,  except  in  41-43  and  some  cultivated 
and  altered  forms  'i/'44.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

++  Akenesflut :  rays  jnstillate,  not  yellow,  at  least  in  our  species. 

88.  BOLTONIA.     Flowers  resembling  those  of  36  and  37.     Receptacle  conical  or 

hemispherical.  Akenes  \'ery  flat,  obovate  or  obcordate  with  a  callous  margin 
or  Aving:  pappus  of  severarminute  and  short  bristles,  and  commonly  2  or  3 
short  awns.  Leafy-stemmed,  tall,  branching  herbs,  Avith  pale-green  thickish 
and  chieflA'  entire  lea\-es  often  tui-ned  edgCAvise. 

89.  BRACHYCOME.    FloAvers  like  those  of  36  or  37.    Receptacle  conical.    Akenes 

flat,  wingless:  pappus  a  ring  of  minute  short  bristles  or  narrow  scales  united 
into  a  short  ci-OAvn. 

40.  BPXLIS.     Heads  Avith  numerous  Avhite,  reddish,  or  purple  ravs.     Receptacle 

high  conical.  Akenes  flat,  oboA^ate,  Avingless:  no  pappus.  Loav  herbs,  with 
solitary  peduncled  heads,  and  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves. 

41.  ACHILLEA.     Heads  mostly  AA'ith  fcAv  and  Avhite  (rarely  rose-red  or  yelloAv) 

rays.  Receptacle  small,  flattish,  chaff'y.  Akenes  oblong,  margined:  no 
pappus. 

++  -M-  Akenes  not  flat,  nor  boat-shaped :  pnppus  a  short  croion  or  none  :  rays  pistillate 
and  fertile  except  in  42. 

42.  MARUTA,    Rays  neutral,  Avhite;  otherAvise  almost  exactly  as  in  the  next. 

43.  ANTHE^IIS.     Rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  numerous,  Avhite  or  sometimes  yelloAV. 

luA'olucre  of  many  small  close-pressed  scales.  Receptacle  convex,  Avith  some 
slender  chaff,  at  least  at  the  centre.  Akenes  terete,  mostly  ribbed.  LeaA^es 
once  to  thrice  pinnatelv  divided. 

44.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,    including   LEUCANTHEMUM    and    PYRETIIRUM. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  numerous.  Receptacle  conATx  or  flat,  without 
chaff,  except  in  some  double-floAA-ered  varieties.  Disk-floAvers  mostly  Avith  a 
flattened  tube.     Pappus  none.     OtherAvise  nearly  as  in  Anthemis. 

■»-♦• -t-t- 4-v  J  Irenes  top-shaped  or  ohlong,  not  fl/rtfened  nor  incurved:  pappus  of  o  —  lO 
conspicuous  thin  chaffy  scales  with  midrib  more  or  less  extended  into  a  bristle 
or  awn:  rays  in  one  row,  not  very  numerous,  wedge-shaped,  3  -  b-cUft  or  lobed, 
yelloio  or  jiartly  reddish  or  brownish-purple,  never  white:  involucre  of  separate 
scales. 

45.  HELENIUM.    Rays  pistillate.    luA'olucre  of  a  fcAV  small  and  nan-ow  spreading 

or  reflexed  scales.  Receptacle  globular  or  conical.  Heads  mostly  corymbed. 
(Akene  and  pappus,  Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  294.) 

46.  GAILLARDIA.     Rays  neutral,  often  partycolored.     Involucre  of  tAvo  or  more 

roAvs  of  loose  leafv'-tipped  scales.  Receptacle  convex.  Disk-flowers  often 
purple :  the  styles  with  A'ery  slender  hispid  branches.  Heads  solitary  on  slen- 
der terminal  peduncles. 

.Ht- ++ ++ -t-v  y^^-en('s  short,  not  incurved,  covered  with  extremely  long  soft-silky  hairs 
{which  must  not  be  confounded  with  pappus),  hiding  the  minute  pnppus  of  many 
delicate  little  scales:  rays  nuwerous  in  one  rvw,  neutral,  yelloio  wiili  dark- 
colored  spot  at  base,  nearly  entire :  involucre  of  2  or  3  rows  of  short  scales 
united  in  a  cup. 

47.  GAZANIA.     Head  solitary  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle,  large  and  sIioaa-v,  the 

rays  expanding  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  davlight.  Receptacle  flat.  'Div!:- 
floVers  yellow :  their  style  abruptly  thickenecl  below  the  tAvo  sliort  branches. 


184  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

4H.  ■!-(.  ++  ++  4-).  Akenes  incurved  or  hont-skaped,  rough-tubercled  on  the  back :  nopnp' 
pus:  rays  numerous  in  more  than  one  row :  flowers  <Ul  yellow  or  orange. 

48.  CALENDULA.     Heads  sliowv,  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  with  the  very 

numerons  rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  expanding  in  sunsliine  or  bright  daylight; 
the  disk-flowers  sometimes  few  in  the  centre  and  sterile.  Involucre  of  lui- 
merous  short  green  scales.  Receptacle  flat.  Akenes  all  that  mature  belong- 
ing to  the  ray-flowers,  strongly  incui-ved,  some  of  them  even  horse-shoe- 
shaped,  or  coiled  into  a  ring,  and  (especially  the  outer  ones)  with  thickened 
margins. 

•i-  +.  A  chaff  on  the  receptacle  behind  each  Jlower. 
■*^Only  the  ray-fiowers  fertile  or  vintunng  their  akenes;  those  of  ihe  disk,  even  if 
apparently  perfect,  always  sterile:  Jlotvers  all  yellow.     Coarse  tall  herbs. 

49.  POLYMXIA.     Heads  rather  small  or  middle-sized,  with  about  5  leaf-like  scales 

to  the  involucre,  and  some  thin  and  small  inner  ones,  few  or  several  ray- 
flowers  producing  turgid  obovate  or  partly  triangular  akenes  with  no  pappus. 
Herbage  clammy-pubescent  and  rather  strong-scented:    all  but  the  upper- 
most leaves  opposite,  and  their  petioles  winged  or  dilated  and  stipule-like  at 
the  clasping  base. 
60.   SIL?HIL'.\L     Heads  mostly  large,  with  numerous  somewhat  leafy-tipped  or 
green  scales  to  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows,  numerous  ray- 
flowers  producing  very  broad  and  flat  akenes  (parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 
involucre),  which  have  commonly  a  wing-like  margin  and  2  teetii  or  a  notch 
at  the  top.    Juice  resinous. 
++  •+-*•  Disk-Jlowei's  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  ray  pistillate  and  fertile  or  neutral. 
a*   Akenes  flattened  parallel  icith  the  scalts  of  the  involucre  and  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle', or  in  53  sometimes  very  slender.     Leaves  generally  opposite  :  involucre 
double,  the  outer  mostly  leaf-like,  the  inner  of  erect  scales. 
51.   DAHLL\.     Rays  in  the  natural  flowers  neutral  or  in  the  common  species  more 
or  less  pistillate,  but  in  the  gardens  most  or  all  of  the  flowers  are  changed  into 
rays.      Inner  involucre  of  numerous  more  or  less  united  scales.     Akenes 
oblong,  obscurely  2-horned  or  notched  at  the  apex. 

62.  COREOPSIS.     Rays  usually  8,  neutral,  mostly  yellow,  or  brown-purple  at  base. 

Involucre  commonly  of  about  8  outer  loose  or  leaf-like  scales  and  as  many 
erect  inner  ones.  Chafl"  slender,  deciduous  with  the  flat  akenes,  which  have 
mostly  a  pappus  of  2  teeth  or  a^^•ns,  the  latter  not  barbed  downwards. 

63.  BIDEXS,     Like.  Coreopsis,  but  several  without  rays,  and  some  with  slender  or 

needle-shaped  akenes;   all  bear  2  or  more  rigid  persistent  awns,  which  are 
barbed  downwards ! 
b.    Akenes  flattened  if  at  all  contrary  to  the  .icnles  <f  the  involucre  and  the  chaff  of 
the  receptacle,  having  the  latter  usually  embracing  or  folded  round  their  outer 
margin. 
=  Rays  deciduous  after  Aoioering,  yelbw.  sometimes  brown-purple  at  base  in  60,  61, 
or  white  in  one  ojbb.     Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate  in  same  genus,  in 
54-56. 

64.  ACTINOMERIS.     Rays  neutral,  few  or  several.     Involucre  of  several  nearly 

equal  scales.     Receptacle  convex  or  conical.     Akenes  flat,  oval,  wing-mar- 

fined:  pappus  of  2  persistent  smooth  aAvns.     Leaves  simple,  serrate,  often 
ecurrent  into  wings  on  the  stem. 

65.  VERBESINA.     Rays  few  (in  ours  1-5),  pistillate.     Involucre  of  few  erect 

scales.  Receptacle  rather  flat.  Akenes  flat,  winged  or  wingless:  pappus  of 
2  persistent  awns.     Leaves  simple,  decurrent  into  wings  on  the  stem. 

58.  XDIENESIA.  Rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  spreading. 
Receptacle  flattish  or  convex.  Akenes  of  the  ray  wrinkled  and  wingless; 
those  of  the  disk  flat  and  wing-margined,  with  two  slender  awns  united  to 
tlie  wing.  Leaves  mostly  with  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clas|>- 
ing  at  the  base. 

67.  HELIANTHUS.  Rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated. Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  '  Akenes  flattish,  more  or  less  4-angled 
or  lenticular,  marginless:  pappus  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  corr?isponding  with 
the  outer  and  inner  angle  of  the  akene,  and  sornetimes  with  minute  inter- 
mediate ones,  all  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit.  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  293.) 
Leaves  simple,  entire  or  serrate:  stems  not  winged. 

58.  HELIOPSIS.  Rays  10  or  more,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  3 
row:J,  the  inner  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical.  Akenes  4-angled, 
somewhat  cubical :  no  pappus.    Leavos  opposite,  petioled,  triple-ribbed. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  185 

69.  RUDBECKIA.  Rays  several  or  numerous,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar.  Chaff  soft. 
Akenes  short,  4-ungular,  marginless,  flat  at  the  top :  pappus  none  or  a  short 
even  cup-border  or  border.     Leaves  alternate. 

60.  LEPACHVs.     Like  59,  but  akenes  flattened,  wing-margined  on  the  inner  and 

sometimes  on  the  outer  edge,  1  -  2-toothed  at  summit.  Disk  grayish.  Chaff 
short  and  truncate.     Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  compov;nd. 

61.  DRACOPIS.     Like  60,  but  involucre  of  some  v«ry  small  linear  scales,  and 

akenes  terete,  tapering  to  base,  minutely  striate,  blunt  at  top,  and  the  attach- 
ment at  one  side  of  the  base.     Leaves  alternate,  mostly  entire,  clasping. 
=  =  Rays  rather  persistent,  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but  sterile,  rose-purple. 

62.  ECHINACEA.     Rays  numerous.     Scales  of  the  involucre  nan-ow  and  spread- 

ing.    Receptacle  conical ;  the  persistent  and  rigid  spinv-tipped  chaff"  longer 
than  the  purplish  disk-corollas.     Akenes  thick  and  short,  4-sided,  and  with  a 
toothed  border  for  a  pappus.     Leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3  -  5-ribbed. 
=  =  =  Rc^ys  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  dry  and  papery,  broad,  pistillate  and 
fertile,  of  varimis  colors. 

63.  ZINNIA.     Rays  several.     Receptacle  conical ;  the  oblong  chaff  not  longer  than 

the  velvety-tipped  disk-corollas.  Akenes  oblong  or  linear,  flattened,  or  those 
of  the  ray  3-sided;  pappus  of  a  chaffy  awn  or  tooth  on  each  angle,  or  some- 
times hardly  any.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  and  entire.  Heads  solitary, 
tei-minating  the  stem  or  branches. 

§  2.  Herbage,  involucres,  ^c.  dotted  icith  large  pellucid  or  colored  glands  or  oil- 
receptacles  imbedded  in  their  substance,  making  the  plants  strong-scented: 
involucre  of  one  rojo  of  scales  united  into  a  bell-shaped  or  cylindrical  cup :  no 
chaff  on  thefiattish  receptacle:  jlowers  yellow  or  orange. 

64.  TAGETES.     Rays  pistillate.     Involucre  without  bractlets  at  base.      Akenes 

elongated,  flat,  somewhat  4-sided:  pappus  of  2  or  more  unequal  rigid  chaffy 
scales,  often  united  into  a  tube  or  cup,  sometimes  tapering  into  awns.  Herbs 
very  glabrous. 

65.  DYSODIA.     Rays  pistillate,  mostly  short.    Involucre  wath  some  loose  bractlets 

at  the  base.  Receptacle  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Akenes  slender, 
4-angled  :  pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough 
bristles,  so  as  to  appear  at  first  sight  as  if  capillary.     Leaves  opposite. 

II.  Head  with  all  the  flowers  strap-shaped  and  perfect.  Plants 
with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  (No  chaff  on  the  receptacle 
in  any  of  the  following.) 

§  1.   Pappus  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown  oi'  cup. 

66.  CICHORIUM.     Head  of  several  blue  flowers.     Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of 

5  short  and  spreading,  the  inner  of  about  10  erect  scales.  Akenes  short,  with 
broad  summit.  Stems  twiggv,  leafy  mostly  towards  the  base.  (Lessons, 
p.  107,  fig.  222;  the  akene,  p.  iSO,  fig.  292.) 

§  2.   Pappus  of  rather  numerous  and  stout  long-j)lumose  bristles. 

67.  TRAGOPOGON.     Head  large,  of  many  yellow  or  purplish  flowers.     Involucre 

of  about  12  lanceolate  rather  fleshy  scales  in  a  single  row,  somewhat  united  at 
the  base.  Akenes  terete,  slender,  roughish,  tapermg  into  a  long  beak,  which 
bears  the  rigid  long-plumed  bristles  of  the  pappus,  5  of  these  longer  and  naked  at 
the  summit.     Stems  leafy;  leaves  entire,  parallel-veined,  clasping  at  the  base. 

68.  LEONTODON.      Head  rather  small,  of  many  yellow  flowers.      Involucre  of 

many  narrow  equal  erect  scales,  and  a  few'sliort  bractlets  at  base.  Akenes 
spindle-shaped :  pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  all 
at  the  root  or  base  of  the  scapes. 

§  3.    Pappus  of  very  many  slender,  but  rather  stiff  and  rough,  naked  and  taicny  bristles. 

69.  HIERACH'M.     Heads  small  or  smallish,  of  12  or  more  yellow  flowers.     Scales 

of  the  involucre  uneqxial  and  in  more  than  one  row.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or 
columnar,  not  beaked:  the  fragile  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  very  copious. 
Stems  naked  or  leafy. 

70.  NABALUS.     Heads  usually  nodding,  of  5-40  green ish-Avhite  or  yellowish  often 

purple-tinged  flowers.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5-15  linear  scales  in  a  single 
row  and  a  few  short  bractlets  at  base.     Akenes  cylindrical :  pappus  of  very 
copious  straw-colored  or  brownish  bristles.     Steins  leafy. 
S&F— 19 


4 


186  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

§  4.   Pappus  of  extremely  copious  andjine  soft  hair-lilce  naked  bristles. 
If!  Mature  akenes  with  the  pappus  raised  on  a  very  long  slender  st  tlk-Uke  beak. 

71.  PYRRHOPAPPUS.     Head  of  yellow  flowers  as  in  the  next;  but  the  pappus 

rusty  red  and  with  a  minute  ring  of  soft  down  underneath  it.  Stems  branch- 
ing sind  leafy  near  the  base,  the  long  peduncles  naked. 

72.  TARAXACUM.     Head  of  very  many  yellow  flowers  on  a  slender  hollow  and 

wholly  naked  scape.  Involucre  double,  the  inner  of  numerous  narrow  scales 
in  a  single  row,  the  outer  of  short  loose  scales.  Akenes  terete  or  spindle- 
shaped,  strongly  ribbed  and  tubercled  on  the  ribs,  much  shorter'  than  its 
slender  beak  which  elevates  at  maturity  the  soft  and  whit«  pappus.  (Les- 
sons, p.  130,  fig.  206.) 

73.  LACTLCA.     Heads  of  several  variously  colored  flowers.    Involucre  of  several 

lanceolate  or  ovate  imbricated  scales  of  unequal  length.  Akenes  flat,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  the  slender  beak  which  elevates  the  very  white  soft 
pappus.     Stems  leafy. 

*  *  Akenes  with  a  short  and  thick  beak  or  none  :  heads  many-fowered. 

74.  MULGEDIUM.     Involucre  as  in  73.      Flowers  blue  or  bluish.     Akeues  flat- 

tened, short-beaked.     Stems  leafy. 

75.  SONCHUS.     Involucre  as  in  73,  or  with  narrow  and  more  equal  scales,  and 

tumid  at  base.  Flowei's  yellow.  Akenes  flat  and  short,  without  a  beak  to 
support  its  very  soft  white  pappus.  Stems  branching  and  leafy.  (Lessons, 
p.  130,  fig.  295.) 

1.  CYNARA,  ARTICHOKE.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Two  species  oc- 
casionally cult,  from  the  Old  World,  as  esculents.     ^ 

C.  Sc61ymus,  Truk  Artichoke,  with  stout  stems,  slightly  prickly 
leaves  mostly  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  and  cottony  beneath,  the  ovate  and  usu- 
ally pointless  scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  receptacle  of  the  young  flower  heads 
fleshy,  and  edible  when  cooked. 

C.  Cardlin cuius,  Cardoox,  has  the  leaves  more  deeply  and  compoundly 
divided  and  prickly,  the  less  fleshy  scales  of  the  head  prickly-tipi)ed  ;  the  fleshy 
leafstalks  and  midrib  eaten  after  being  blanched  in  the  manner  of  celery. 

2.  CIRSIUM,  TRUE  THISTLE.     (Old  Greek  name.)     Flowers  purple 
or  pink,  occasionally  yellow  or  white,  in  summer.     ©   ^ 

§  1.    All  the  scales  of  the  head  armed  with  spreading  prick!//  tips. 
C.  lanceol^tum,  Commov  Thistle.     Nat.  fiom  Eu.  in  pastures,  &c. ; 
the  base  of  the  rough  deeply  ])innatitid  leaves  running  down  the  stem  in  lobed 
prickly  wings  ;  fl.  purple.     @ 

§  2.   All  or  most  of  the  scales  of  the  head  appressed,  the  innermost  not  prickly- 
pointed,  the  outer  with  a  short  prickle  or  point,  or  none. 

*  Leaves  green  both  sides  or  a  little  cottony  or  cobwebby  underneath. 

C.  arv6nse,  Canada  T.  A  vile  pest  in  fields  and  meadows  N.,  nat.  from 
Eu. :  si)rea(ling  by  deep  running  roots  as  well  as  by  seed  :  numerous  short- 
peduncled  heads  only  I'  long,  with  rose-purple  flowers  ;  leaves  moderately  pin- 
natifid, weak-prickly.     ^ 

C.  horridulum,  Yellow  T.  Wild  near  the  coast  in  sandy  ground  ; 
has  very  ])rickly  leaves,  rather  large  heads  surrounded  at  base  by  an  involucre 
or  whorl  of  leaf-like  very  prickly  bracts,  and  yellowish  or  j)urplish  flowers. 

C.  pumilum,  Pasture  T.  Wild  in  dry  fields,  l°-3°  liigh,  with  lance- 
oblong  pinnatifid  leaves,  single  very  large  heads  (almost  2'  across)  of  fragrant 
(purple  or  rarely  white)  flowers,  sometimes  leafy-bracted  at  base.     ® 

C.  muticum,  Swamp  T.  Wild  in  swamps  and  low  ground;  30-8°  high, 
with  deeply  divided  leaves,  few  or  no  prickles,  and  rather  large  naked  heads, 
most  of  the  scales  pointless  ;  flowers  purple.   % 

*  *  Leaves  white-cottony  underneath  :  flowers  purple,  rarely  white.     Wild  species. 

C.  altissimum,  Tall  T.  Fields  from  Penn.  and  S. ;  3°- 10°  high,  branch- 
ing, leafy  up  to  the  rather  small  heads,  the  oblong  leaves  wavy  or  only  slightl/ 
pinnatifid,  except  the  lowest.     @   ^ 


JicUi-^t^-    ^--i^^t^ 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  187 

C.  Virgini^num,  Virginia  T.  Chiefly  S.  &  W.  on  plains  and  baiTcns, 
with  rather  simple  stems  l°-3°  high,  ending  in  a  long-  naked  peduncle;  leaves 
lanceolate  and  slightly  or  not  at  all  pinnatifid  ;  head  small.     ^ 

C.  discolor,  Two-colored  T.  Low  grounds,  3°  -  6°  high,  branching 
and  leafy,  with  rather  small  heads,  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  green  above 
white  beneath,  their  lobes  narrow  and  prickly  pointed,     (a) 

V    3.   SILYBUM,  MILK  THISTLE.     (An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

S.  Marianum,  the  only  species,  cult,  in  some  gardens  and  rarely  running 
wild,  from  the  Old  World,  well  marked  by  its  white-blotched  or  veined  smooth 
leaves  with  clasping  base  and  merely  sinuate  prickly  margins;  flowers  purple, 
in  late  summer,     (i)  (2) 

I  4.   ONOPORDON,  COTTON  or  SCOTCH  THISTLE.     (The  ancient 
Greek  name.) 

O.  Acanthium.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  places  :  tall,  white-cottony,  with 
weak  prickles  on  the  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves  and  the  broad  leaf-like  wings  of 
the  stem  and  branches  ;  flowers  purple,  late  summer.     (2) 

5.  LAPPA,  BURDOCK.  (Name  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  to /ay  Ao/rf 
of,  from  the  burs  or  hook-awned  heads.) 

L.  oflQ-Cin^Iis,  var.  major,  the  Common  B.,  with  large  leaves  loosely 
cottony  beneath,  or  somewhat  naked,  the  lower  heart-shajjed,  upper  ovate,  is 
common  in  manured  soil  and  barnyards.  Var.  minor  is  smaller  and  smoother, 
with  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  often  cut-toothed  or  cleft.  Fl.  mostly  purple, 
all  summer  and  autumn.     ®  @ 

6.  CARTHAMTJS,  SAFFLOWER,  FALSE  SAFFRON.  (Arabic 
name  of  the  plant,  from  the  properties  of  the  orange-colored  flowers,  which 
arc  used  in  dying  or  coloring  yellow,  as  a  substitute  for  true  Saffron.) 

C.  tinctOrius,  the  only  common  species,  cult,  in  country  gardens,  from  the 
Orient ;  smooth,  6'  - 12'  high,  with  ovate-oblong  leaves  and  large  head,  in 
summer.     ® 

7.  CNICUS,  BLESSED  THISTLE.  (Greek  name  of  a  kind  of  Thistle.) 
C.  benedictus,  the  only  species,  scarce  in  waste  places  S.,  from  Eu. ;  has 

much  branched  loosely  woolly  stems,  leafy  up  to  the  rather  small  heads  of  yel- 
lowish flowers,  and  pale  pinnatifid  leaves  with  slightly  prickly  edges. 

8.  CENTAUREA,  CENTAUREA  or  STAR-THISTLE.  (Ancient 
name,  after  Chiron  the  Centaur.)     Fl.  summer. 

§  1 .    F/oivers  all  alike  in  the  head,  the  marginal  ones  not  enlarged  and  ray-like : 

pappus  of  vertj  short  bristles  :  scales  of  head  ivith  darkfringed  appendage. 
C.  nigra.  Black  C.  or  Knapweed.     A  coarse  weed,  in  fields  and  waste 

})laces  E.,  nat.  from  Eu. ;  stem  2°  high  ;   leaves  roughish,  lancc-oblong,  the 
ower  with  some  coarse  teeth  ;  flowers  purple.     11 

§  2.   Marginal  flowers  more  or  lefs  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray,  and 
sterile  :  jmppus  of  bristles  :  scales  of  head  zvith  fringed  appendage. 

C.  Cineraria,  or  candid^ssima,  a  low  species,  cult,  from  S.  Eu.  with 
very  white-woolly  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  purple  flowers,  the  outermost 
little  enlarged  :  not  hardy  N.     2/ 

C.  Americana.  Cult,  from  Arkansas  and  Texas  :  smooth,  with  stout 
stem  l°-2°  high,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  upper  enti/c,  very  large 
head  of  showy  pale  ptirple  flowers,  the  outer  ones  much  enlarged,  and  the  scales 
with  large  scarious-fi-ingcd  appendage.     0 

C.  Cyanus,  BLUEnoxxLE  or  Cornflower.  In  gardens,  from  Eu.,  spar- 
ingly running  wild  ;  loosely  cottony,  with  stem-leaves  linear  and  mostly  entire. 


188  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

solitary  long-stalked  head,  the  outer  flowers  very  large  and  blue,  with  white  or 
rose-colored  varieties.     0  ® 

C.  montana.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  low  and  stout  stems  from  creeping  root- 
stock,  leaves  lance-oblong,  head  larger,  but  flowers  similar  to  last.     1^ 

§  3.  AMBERn6A.  Marginal  sterile  flowers  many  :  pappus  of  narrow  chaff,  or 
none :  scales  of  head  naked  and  smooth.     Cult,  for  oi-nament,  from  Asia. 

C.  odor^ta,  or  Amberboi,  Sweet  Sultana.  Smooth,  with  mostly  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  long-stalked  head  of  yellow  fragrant  flowers,  the  outer  ranks 
enlarged,  and  chaffv'-bristled  pappus.     ® 

C.  mosch^ta,  Musk-scented  S.,  has  rose-purple  or  white  musk-scented 
flowers,  the  outer  little  enlarged,  and  no  pappus.     (T) 

9.  XANTHIUM,  COCKLEBUR,  CLOTBUR.  (Name  from  the  Greek 
ioY yellow,  the  plants  said  to  yield  that  color.)  Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with 
stout  and  low  branching  stems,  alternate  and  petioled  merely  toothed  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  obscure  greenish  flowers,  produced  all  summer.     ® 

X.  strum ^rium,  Common  C.  Barnyards  and  waste  manured  ground  : 
rough,  l°-2°  high,  with  broadly  triangular-heart-shaped  toothed  or  slightly 
lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles  ;  the  fruit  a  bur  fully  ^'  long,  with  2  straightish 
beaks  at  the  apex. 

Van  echin^tum,  on  sandy  shores,  has  a  turgid  bur  1'  long,  with  incurved 
beaks  and  more  numtrous  prickles,  beset  with  glandular  bristles. 

X.  spinosum,  Spiny  C.  Sandy  shores  and  waste  places,  E.  &  S. 
Hoary ;  the  branching  stems  armed  with  slender  triple  prickles  at  the  base  of 
the  narrow  short-petioled  leaves ;  bur  small,  with  a  single  beak-like  tip. 

10.  AMBROSIA,  RAGWEED.  (The  classical  name  means  food  for  the 
Gods:  ])crhaps  sarcastically  applied  to  these  miserable  weeds.)  Leaves  oppo- 
site or  the  upper  alternate,  mostly  lobed  or  cut :  flowers  greenish,  all  summer 
and  autumn.     (T) 

A.  trifida,  Great  Ragweed.  Tall  coarse  herb  along  low  borders  of 
streams,  4°-  10°  high,  rough,  with  opposite  deeply  .3-lobed  leaves  on  mai-gined 
petioles,  the  lobes  lance  ovate  and  serrate,  staminate  beads  in  racemes,  their  in- 
volucres 3-ril)bcd  on  one  side,  the  fertile  one  or  fruit  obovate  and  with  5  or  6 
ribs  ending  in  a  tubercle  or  spiny  point. 

A.  bident^ta.  Prairies  from  111.  S.,  10-3°  high,  hairy,  very  leafy ;  the 
leaves  alternate,  closely  sessile,  lanceolate,  and  with  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on  one 
side  near  the  base ;  heads  in  a  dense  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre  of  the  sterile 
ones  With  a  large  lanceolate  appendao-e  on  one  side. 

A.  artemisisefblia,  Roman  Wormwood,  Hogweed,  or  Bitter^veed. 
Waste  places  and  roadsides,  l°-3°  hii^h,  hairy  or  roughish  ;  with  t\vice  pin- 
natifld  leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate,  pale  or  hoary  beneath,  staminate 
heads  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  small  roundish  fruit  with  about  6  littlo 
teeth  or  spines. 

11.  TANACETUM,  TANSY.  (Old  name,  said  to  be  a  comiption  of 
Athanasia,  undying,  from  the  durable  flowers.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ^ 

T.  VUlg^re,  Common  Tansy,  from  Eu. :  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  a  road- 
side weed,  2° -4°  high,  smooth,  strong-scented  and  acrid,  with  deep  green  1-3- 
pinnately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  and  winged  margins  of  the  petiole  cut- 
toothed  ;  in  var.  cui'spum,  leaves  more  cut  and  crisped. 

T.  Balsamita,  Costmary  :  a  garden  herb,  from  Eu.,  1°  -  2°  high,  smooth, 
with  pleasant  scent,  the  pale  leaves  oblong  and  nearly  toothed,  and  small  heads 
of  pale  yellow  flowers. 

12.  ARTEMISIA,  WORMWOOD.  (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the  Greek 
Diana.)     Fl.  summer. 

*  Leaves  hoary  or  cottony,  at  least  underneath.     ^ 

A.  Absinthium,  Common  Wormwood,  from  Eu. ;  in  old  gardens  and 
a  roadside  weed ;  strong-scented,  silky-hoary,  with  stems  2°  -4°  high  and  rather 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  189 

woody  at  base,  twice  or  thrice  pinnatcly  parted  leaves  with  lanceolate  lobes,  and 
noddinji:  hcmi.s]>herical  heads. 

A.  vulgaris,  MUGWORT  of  Eu.  ;  in  old  gardens  and  roadsides,  with 
pinnatifid  leaves  green  above  and  cottony-white  beneath,  their  lance-linear 
divisions  mostly  cut  and  cleft,  and  small  heads  in  open  panicles. 

A.  Ludovieiana,  Wkstekn  M.,  is  wild  from  Michigan  W.  and  S.  W., 
with  lanceolate  leaves  mostly  cottony-white  on  both  sides,  many  of  them  entire 
or  merely  toothed,  and  larger  heads  in  narrow  or  spike-like  panicles. 
*  *  Leaves  (and  whole  plant)  smooth  and  green  or  nearly  so, 
•«-  Not  very  Jine  orjinely  cut. 

A.  biennis,  Biknnial  Wormwood.  Gravelly  banks  and  shores  N.  W., 
extending  E.  along  railroads;  l°-3°  high,  with  small  greenish  heads  mxuh 
crowded  in  the  axils  the  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  their  lobes  linear,  in  the 
lower  cnt-toothed.     0  ® 

A.  Draciinculus,  Tarragon,  is  sparingly  cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  aro- 
matic (lance-linear  entire)  leaves,  used  as  a  condiment.     ^ 

•*-  •*-  Very  fine  thn  ad-like  or  capillary  diinsions  to  the  1  -  3-pinnately  divided 
leaves  :   heads  loosely  punicled. 

A.  Abrotanum,  Southernwood,  from  S.  Eu. ;  cult,  in  gardens  for  the 
plcasant-sccntcd  foliage,  3°-  5°  high,  woody-stemmed.     11 

A.  caudata,  is  a  wild  Wormwood  along  the  sandv  coast  and  lake  shores. 
2°  -  4°  high,     (i) 

13.  FILAGO,  COTTON-ROSE.     (Latin  name,  from  the  cottony  hairs.) 

F.  Germ^nica,  German  C.  or  Herba  Tmpia  of  the  old  herbalists, 
branches  with  a  new  generation  of  clustered  heads  rising  out  of  the  parent  clus- 
ter at  the  top  of  the  stem  (as  if  undutifully  exalting  themselves) ;  stems  .5'  -  IcV 
high,  crowded  with  the  lanceolate  erect  and  entire  cottony  leaves.  Old  dry 
fields  from  New  York  S. ;   fl.  summer  and  autumn.     ® 

14.  ERECHTHITES,  FIREWEED.  (Ancient  name  of  some  Ground- 
sel, after  Krcchtheus  )     Fl.  summer  and  autumn.     (T) 

E.  hieracif61ia,  one  of  the  plants  called  Eireweed,  because  springing 
up  where  woods  have  been  cleared  and  ground  burned  over,  especially  N. :  very 
rank  and  coarse  herb,  often  hairy,  l°-.5°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut- 
toothed  leaves,  the  upper  with  auricled  clasping  base,  and  panielcd  or  corymbed 
heads  of  dull  Avhite  flowers,  in  fruit  with  copious  white  and  very  soft  downy 
pappus. 

15.  GNAPHALIUM,  EVERLASTING,  IMMORTELLE,  CUD- 
WEED. (Name  from  Greek,  meaning  lock  of  tcool.)  Fl.  summer  and 
autumn. 

§  1 .    Wild  species,  with  crowded  small  heads,  the  slender  pistillate  flowers  very 
numerous  and  occnpyiny  several  roics. 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  ichite  or  yellowish-white :  sinn  erect,  1°  -  2°  hiyh  :  heads 

many,  corymbed.     Common  in  old  fields,  copses,  ^^c. 

G.  polyc6phaluin,  Common  Everlasting.  Leaves  lanceolate,  with 
narrowed  bas(;  and  wavy  margins,  the  tipper  surface  nearly  naked  ;  the  perfect 
flowers  few  in  the  centre  of  each  head.     CO 

G.  deciirrens,  Decurrent  E.,  equally  common  from  New  Jersey  to 
Michigan  and  N. ;  leaves  lance-linear,  cottony  both  sides,  the  base  partly  clasjv 
ing  and  extending  down  on  the  stem ;  many  perfect  flowers  in  the  centre  of  each 
head.     2/ 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  taivny-purplish  or  ichitish,  not  at  all  showy  or  petal- 

like :  heads  small,  crowded  m  sessile  clusters :  ste7ns  spreading  or  ascending, 

3' -  20' hifii.     (D 
G.  uligin6sum,  Low  Cudweed.     A  most  common,  insignificant  little 
weed  in  wet  places,  especially  roadsides,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  in- 
conspicuous lieads  in  terminal  clusters. 


(JPIJI^POSITE   FAMILY. 

G.  purptireum,  Purplish  C.  In  sand  or  ji^ravel  along  and  near  the 
sea-shore  :  taller,  with  oblong-spatulate  or  lanceolate  leaves  green  above  and 
white-cottony  beneath,  and  purplish  heads  in  axillary  clusters,  or  spiked  along 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

§  2.    Ornamental  exotic  Immortelles  in  the  gardens,  these  in  strictness  named 
Helichrysum,  icith  pistillate  flowers  fewer  or  in  a  single  marginal  row. 

G.  bracte^tum,  or  HelichrVsum  bracteatum,  from  Australia  :  tall, 
smoothisli  or  slightly  downy,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  large  head^  terminating  the 
branches  and  with  some  leaf-like  bracts  on  the  peduncle,  the  permanent  and 
very  numerous  scales  of  the  involucre  very  showy  and  petal-like,  spreading  in 
many  ranks,  golden  yellow,  and  with  white  varieties.     @  0 

G.  (or  H.)  macr^nthum,  from  Australia,  is  less  tall  (l°-2°  high),  with 
roughish  stem  and  lance-oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  green  throughout,  and  the 
showy  solitary  heads  nearly  2'  across ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  rose-red,  or 
white  on  the  upper  face.     %  ® 

16.  ANTENNARIA,  EVERLASTING,  IMMORTELLE.  (Name 
from  the  club-shaped  pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers,  which  resembles  the 
antennai  pf  certain  insects.)     ^ 

A.  margarit^cea,  Pearly  Everlasting.  Dry  fields  and  woods, 
especially  N.,  fl.  in  summer :  stem  about  2°  high,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  the  leaves 
lance-linear  ;  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  few  imperfect 
staminate  flowers  in  the  centre  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  pearly  white,  rounded. 

A.  plantaginifblia,  Plantain-leaved  E.  Dry  knolls  and  slopes,  fl. 
early  spring  :  in  patches,  spreading  by  runners  and  oflfsets  ;  the  root-leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate  and  tufted  ;  flowering  stems  4'  -  8'  high,  with  few  and  small 
lanceolate  leaves  ;  heads  in  a  small  corymb,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrow  and 
acutish,  the  staminate  with  white  and  rounded  scales. 

17.  RHODANTHE.  (Name  from  Greek  words  for  rose  and  flower,  from 
the  rose-colored  pearly  heads,  which  in  cultivation  are  sometimes  white.)     ® 

R.  Manglesii,  cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament,  from  Australia  :  a  low 
smooth  herb,  with  oblong  and  alternate  clasping  entire  leaves,  and  loosely 
corymbed  showy  nodding  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  the  pearly  involucre  obovate 
or  obconical,  smooth,  rose  or  white,  very  ornamental,  in  summer. 

18.  AMMOBIUM.  (Name  from  Greek  words  meaning  Z/rm^  ?*rj  sanrf.)  ® 
A.  al^tum,  of  Australia,  cult,  for  ornament :  1°  -3°  high,  rather  cottony, 

with  root-leaves  oblong  and  tapering  downwards  into  a  petiole,  stem-leaves 
small  and  lanceolate,  and  extended  down  the  branches  and  stems  in  the  form  of 
leaf-like  wings  ;  heads  solitary  with  pearly  white  involucre  surrounding  yellow 
flowers. 

19.  HUMEA.  (Named  for  Lady  Hume.)  From  Australia,  cult,  for  orna- 
ment.    ® 

H.  61egans.  Tall,  3°  -  6°  high  when  in  flower,  with  simple  stem  thickly 
set  with  the  alternate  lance-ovate  and  clasping  green  leaves,  the  summit  branch- 
ing into  a  large  drooping  panicle,  its  branches  slender,  bearing  very  numerous 
and  small  purplish  heads. 

20.  VERNONIA,  IRON-WEED.  (Named  for  a  Mr.  Vernon,  of  Eng- 
land, who  travelled  in  this  country.)     Fl.  autumn.     % 

V.  Noveboracdnsis,  New  York  or  Common  ^ron-Weed.     Near  the 

coast  and  along  rivers  :  3°  -  6°  high,  with  lanceolate  serrate  leaves,  crowded 
along  the  whole  height  of  the  stem,  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  and  scales  of  in- 
volucre with  slender  awl-shaped  or  awn-like  tips. 

V.  fascicul^ta,  only  W.  &  S.  in  prairies,  &c.,  has  the  scales  of  involucre 
blunt  and  pointless,  except  perhaps  some  of  the  lowest. 

V.  angustifdlia,  only  S.,  has  narrow  linear  and  more  scattered  leaves. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  l9l 

21.  LIATRIS,  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT  or  BLAZING-STAR.     (An 

unexplained  name.)     Chiefly  in  pine-ban-ens  or  sandy  soil.    Fl.  late  summer 

and  autumn.     % 

§  1.  Stem  commonly  wand-like  and  simple,  rising  from  a  round  corm  or  short  tuber, 
very  leafy  loitli  narrow  and  entire  often  grass-like  leaves :  heads  spiked  or 
racemed,  or  occasionally  Irranchiug  into  a  panicle,  with  imbricated  involucre: 
lobes  of  the  rose-pur  pit  corolla  long  and  slcndei-. 

'  *  Bnstles  of  the  pappus  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 

••-  Heads  small,  only  4  -  b-flowercd. 

L.  tenuifolia,  in  S.  pine-barrens,  has  very  slender  mostly  thread-shaped 
leaves,  stem  2°  -  4°  high,  very  slender  raceme,  and  scales  of  involucre  erect  and 
pointed. 

L.  ^legans,  from  Virginia  S. ;  2°  high,  often  hairy  or  downy,  with  com- 
pact spike,  short  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  scales  of  involucre  with  spread- 
ing rose-purple  tips. 

•*-  •»-  Heads  large  and  fewer,  cylindrical,  many-flowered. 

L.  squarrbsa,  Common   Blazing-Star;    from  Pcnn.  S.  &  W.  ;  lo-3° 

high,  with  linear  leaves,  few  heads  about  1'  lon^,  and  scales  of  involucre  with 
spreading  leaf-like  ti])S. 

L.  cylindr^cea,  from  W.  Canada  S.  W.,  smaller  than  the  preceding, 
6'  -  18'  high,  the  narrow  heads  with  short  and  rounded  appressed  tips. 
*  *  Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 
H-  Heads  30  -  40-flowered,  commonly  an  inch  broad. 
L.  Seari6sa,  with  stout  stem  2°  -  5°  high,  lanceolate  leaves,  or  the  lower 
spatulate-oblong,  and  very  numerous  scales  of  the  involucre  with  rounded  tips, 
often  scarious  or  purple  on  the  margins. 

H-  M-  Heads  3  -  \  5 -flowered,  from  i'  to  ^'  long :  stem  2°  -  .5°  high. 

Ij.  pycnost^chya,  in  prairies  "W.,  with  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves,  and 
a  very  dense  spike  of  about  5-flowered  heads,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
recurving  purplish  tips. 

L.  spic^ta,  the  commonest  species ;  in  low  grounds,  with  8-12-flowered 
heads  crowded  in  a  long  spike,  the  oblong  and  blunt  scales  of  involucre  without 
anv  obvious  tips. 

ij.  graminif61ia,  in  wet  pine-barrens  from  Ncav  Jersey  S.,  has  7  - 12- 
flowered  heads  in  a  looser  spike  or  raceme,  the  rigid  appressed  scales  blunt  or 
slightly  pointed. 

L.  gracilis,  from  N.  Carolina  S.,  with  spreading  leaves,  the  lower  lance- 
oblong  and  long-petioled,  the  others  linear  and  short,  and  3  -  7-flowered  small 
heads  on  spreading  pedicels. 

§  2.    No  tuber  or  conn  :  leaves  broad:  heads  S7nall,  in  a  corymb. 
Ii.  odoratissima,  Vanilla-plant  of  low  pine-barrens  S.  (also  wTongly 
called  Hound's-tongue)  :  2°-3°  high,  very  smooth,  with  pale  obovate  or  ob- 
long leaves  Avhich  are  vanilla-scented  in  withering,  the  heads  7  -  8-flowered,  in- 
volucre of  few  scales,  and  pappus  not  plumose. 

22.  KUHNIA.     (Named  by  Linnneus  for  Dr.  Kuhn  of  Pennsylvania.) 

K.  eupatorioides,  the  only  species  from  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  S., 
is  a  rather  homely  herb,  Avith  lanceolate  leaves,  and  panicledor  corymbed  small 
heads  of  flowers,  in  autumn.     ^ 

23.  MIKANIA,  CLIMBING  HEMPWEED.     (Named  for  a  Bohemian 

botanist.  Prof  Mikan.) 

M.  Se^ndens,  a  rather  handsome  plant,  climbs  over  bushes  in  low  grounds, 
with  triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  and"  small  heads  of  pur- 
plish flowers,  in  summer.     ;^ 


192  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

24.   EUPAT6RIUM,  THOROUGHWORT,  BONESET.     (Old  name, 
dedicated  to  Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  the  European  spe- 
cies in  medicine.     Most  of  the  species  are  American.)     21 
E.  glechonoph^llum,  of  Chili,  and  one  or  two  other  somewhat  woody- 
stemmed  and  white-flowered  s})ecies  are  cultivated  in  greenhouses  for  winter- 
blooming.  —  The  folloAving  are  the  commonest  wild  species ;  fl.  late  summer 
and  autumn. 

§  1.  Leaves  3-6  in  a  whorl:  heads  5 -\5-Jlowered,  cylindrical,  the  purplish 
scales  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows :  Jlotvers  Jiesh-colored. 

E.  purptireum,  Purple  T.  or  Joe-Pye  Weed.  Low  grounds,  with 
simple  stems  3°  -  12°  high,  with  or  without  purplish  spots  or  dots,  very  veiny 
oblong-ovate  roughish-toothed  and  pointed  leaves  on  petioles,  and  dense  com- 
pound corymbs. 

§  2.   Leaves  opposite  (or  only  the  uppermost  alternate)  and  sessile :  heads  corymbed, 
the  scales  more  or  less  imbricated:  Jlowei's  ichite. 
*  Leaves  united  at  base  around  the  stem  in  pairs  [connate-perfoliate). 
E.  perfoli^tum,  Thoroughwoht  or  Boxkset.      Low  grounds  every- 
where (the  bitter  infusion  used  as  a  popular  medicine),  2° -4°  high,  hairy;  the 
lanceolate  leaves  taper-pointed,  serrate,  very  veiny  and  somewhat  wrinkled, 
5' -8'  long;    the  very  numerous  heads  crowded  in  a  dense  corymb,  10-30- 
flowered. 

*  *  Leaves  separate  at  base :  heads  mostly  5  -  S-Jlowered. 

E.  Sessilif61ium,  on  shady  banks,  is  smooth,  4° -6°  high,  with  lance- 
ovate  serrate  leaves  (3' -6'  long)  tapering  from  a  rounded  closely  sessile  base  to 
a  slender  point,  and  small  heads  in  very  compound  flat  corymbs. 

E.  pub6scens,  in  dry  soil  chiefly  near  the  coast,  only  2°  high,  with  ovate 
acute  and  toothed  downy  leaves,  and  7-8  flowers  in  the  heads. 

E.  rotundifblium,  in  similar  places  and  like  the  foregoing,  but  with 
roundish-ovate  blunt  leaves  more  deeply  toothed,  and  5-flowered  heads. 

E.  teucrifblium,  in  low  grounds  near  the  coast,  roughish-pubescent, 
with  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  veiny  deeply  few-toothed  leaves  and  small 
corymbs. 

E.  Alburn,  in  sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  S.,  2°  high,  is  roughish-hairy, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  and  strongly  veiny  leaves,  and  heads 
crowded  in  the  corymb,  the  lanceolate  and  pointed  scales  of  the  involucre  white 
above  and  larger  than  the  flowers. 

E.  altissimum,  in  dry  soil  from  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.,  is  stout  and  tall, 
3° -7°  high,  downy,  Avith  lanceolate  leaves  (resembling  those  of  some  Golden- 
rods)  tapering  to  both  ends  and  conspicuously  3-nerved,  either  entire  or  toothed 
above  the  middle  ;  corymbs  dense  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  blunt. 

E.  hyssopifolilim,  in  dry,  sterile  soil,  from  Mass.  S.,  l°-2°  high, 
smoothish,  with  narrow  linear  or  lanceolate  blunt  1  -  3-nerved  leaves. 

§  3.  Leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  all  long-petioled :  corymbs  compound : 
Jioivers  12-15  in  the  head,  smidl,  ichite. 

E.  Ser6tinum,  in  low  grounds  from  Maryland  to  111.  &  S.,  minutely 
pubescent,  tall  (3° -6°  high),  bushy-branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and 
taper-pointed,  triple-ribbed,  coarsely  toothed,  5' -6'  long;  the  involucre  very 
downy. 

§  4.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  triple-ribbed :  heads  in  corymbs,  %-^0- flowered,  the 
scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  almost  in  one  row :  flowers  white. 

E.  ageratoldes,  White  Snake-root.  Common  in  woods,  especially 
N.,  2°  -  3°  high,  smooth,  with  broadly  ovate  long-petioled  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed  thin  leaves  (4'  -  5'  long),  and  heads  of  handsome  pure-white  flowers  in 
compound  corymbs. 

E.  aromaticum,  like  the  preceding,  but  commoner  S.  and  only  near  the 
coast;  more  slender,  usually  less  smooth,  with  thicker  leaves  more  bluntly 
toothed  on  short  petioles,  the  corymbs  usually  less  compound. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  193 

25.  CONOCLINIUM,  MIST-FLOWER.  (Name  from  Greek,  means 
conical  receptacle,  in  which  alone  it  differs  from  Eupatorium,  i.  e.  from  such 
species  as  those  of  the  last  section.)     11 

C.  eCBlestinum,  in  rich  soil  from  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.,  sometimes  cult, 
for  ornament,  1  °  -  2°  high,  with  triangular-ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped 
coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  a  flat  corymb  of  small  heads  of  blue-purple  flowers, 
in  autumn. 

26.  AGER  ATUM.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  which  means  not  growing  old, 
probably  applied  originally  to  some  sort  of  Everlasting.) 

A.  conyzoides,  the  variety  with  azure-blue  flowers  called  A.  MexicXnum, 
cult,  for  ornament  from  Trop.  Amer. ;  2° -3°  high,  soft-downy,  with  ovate  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbed  heads  of  azure-blue  flow- 
ers, produced  all  summer  and  autumn.     ® 

27.  PIQUERIA.     (Named  for  an  obscure  Spanish  botanist,  Piquerio.) 

P.  trinervia,  from  Mexico,  cult,  for  winter-blooming;  smooth',  2°-30 
high,  branched,  with  lance-oblong  3-nerved  sparingly  serrate  leaves,  and  loose 
panicled  corymbs  of  very  small  white-flowered  heads  ;  much  used  for  dressing 
larger  cut  flowers.     ® 

28.  CACALIA,  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.  (Ancient  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Natives  of  rich  soil,  fl.  mostly  in  late  summer.     21 

*  Receptacle  flat :  involucre  with  some  bracts  at  the  base. 
C.  SUav6olens,  from  Conn,  to  Wisconsin  and  S.,  but  rare;  3° -5°  high, 
with  hulberd-shapcd  serrate  leaves  on  winged  petioles,  and  rather  large  heads  of 
20-30  flowers. 

*  *  Receptacle  pointed  in  the  middle :  involucre  5-flowered,  of  5  scales,  naked. 

C.  reniformis.  Great  I.,  from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  S.  along  the 
mountains,  4°  -  9°  high,  with  large  and  green  repand- toothed  petioled  leaves, 
the  lower  kidney-shaped,  the  upper  fan-shaped. 

C.  atriplieifblia,  Pale  I.  Commoner  S. :  pale  or  glaucous,  with  coarsely 
toothed  or  angled  leaves,  the  lower  almost  kidney-shaped,  the  upper  wedge-shaped. 

C.  tuberbsa,  Tuberous  I.  Wet  prairies  W.,  with  angled  stem  and 
green  thickish  5  -  7-nerved  mostly  entire  leaves,  the  lower  lance-oval  and  taper- 
ing into  long  petioles,  the  u^per  short-petioled.     Flowers  in  early  summer. 

29.  TTJSSILAGO,  COLTSFOOT.  (Name  from  the  Latin  fuss/s,  a  cough, 
for  which  the  ])lant  is  a  popular  remedy.)     21 

T.  Farfara,  the  only  species,  is  wild  along  brooks,  damp  roadsides,  and 
near  dwellings  N.,  probably  introduced  from  Europe,  spreading  very  much  by 
its  creeping  (mucilaginous  and  bitter)  rootstocks,  which  send  up,  in  earliest 
spring,  scaly-bracted  scapes,  3'  -  6'  high,  bearing  a  single  Dandelion-like  head, 
followed  by  the  rounded  and  somewhat  angled  or  toothed  heart-shaped  or  kid- 
ney-shaped leaves,  which  are  cottony  beneath  when  young. 

30.  SENECIO,  GROL'^'DSEL.  (Name  from  the  Latin  senex,  an  old 
man,  referring  to  the  hoary  hairs  of  many  species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the 
pappus.) 

§  L     Wild  species,  chiefly  ofloiv  or  wet  grounds,  with  yellow  flowers. 
*  No  ray  flowers,  introduced  from  Eu. :  fl.  all  summer.     ® 

S.  vulg^is,  Common  Groundsel;    a  low  weed  in  waste  or  cultivated 
grounds  E.,  corymbose,  nearly  smooth,  with  pinnatifid  and  toothed  leaves. 
*  *  With  rayflowei's,  native  herbs  :  fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 
S.  lob^tus,  Butterweed.      Low  banks  of  streams   S.  &   S.  W.,  very 
smooth,  l°-3°  high,  with  tender  lyrate-plnnatifid  or  pinnate  and  variously 
lobcd  leaves,  small  heads  in  naked  corymbs,  and  about  12  conspicuous  rays.    Q) 
13 


^^^9^  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

S.  aiireus,  Golden  Ragwort  or  Squaw-weed.  Cottony  when  young, 
becoming  smooth  with  age,  sometimes  quite  smooth  when  young,  with  simple 
stems  l°-3°  high,  root-leaves  simple  and  in  different  varieties  either  round, 
obovate,  heart-shaped,  oblong,  or  spatulate,  crenate  or  cut-toothtd,  on  slender 
petioles,  lower  stem-leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  sessile  or  clasping  and  cut-pin- 
natifid;  corymb  umbel-like ;  rays  8 -12.     % 

§  2.   Exotic  species,  cultivated  for  ornament  from  the  Old  World. 

*  Emilia,  or  CacA-Lia,  of  the  older  botanists,  with  no  rays,  but  many  orange- 

red  disk-flowers  in  a  very  simple  cup-like  involucre :  akenes  with  5  acute 

and  hispid-ciliate  angles.     ® 
S.  SOncllifdIia,  Tassel-Flower  :  cult,  as  a  summer  annual,  from  India, 
very  smooth  or  a  little  bristly,  pale  or  glaucous,  l°-2°  high,  with  root-leaves 
obovate  and  petioled,  stem-leaves  sagittate  and  partly  clasping,  and  rather  siiowy 
heads  in  a  naked  corymb,  in  summer. 

*  *  Heads  with  no  rays  and  only  6-12  disk-flowers,  small,  yellow:  stem  extensively 

climbing,  more  or  less  tunning. 

S.  SC&ndenS,  cult,  as  house  plant  under  the  name  of  German  Ivy,  but  is 
from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  resembles  Ivy  only  in  the  leaves,  which  are 
round-heart-shaped  or  angled  and  with  3-7  pointed  lobes,  soft  and  tender  in 
texture,  and  very  smooth  :  the  Howers  seldom  produced.      ^ 

*  #  *  Cineraria.     Heads  with  rays  and  numerous  disk-flowers :  not  climbers. 

•*-  Flowers  all  yellow.     11 

S.  Cineraria,  or  CinerXria  MARfxiMA,  of  Mediterranean  coast,  an  old- 
fashioned  house-plant,  ash-white  all  over  (whence  the  name  Cineraria  and  the 
popular  one  of  Dusty  Miller)  with  a  woolly  coating;  the  branching  stems 
somewhat  woody  at  base ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  and  the  divisions  mostly 
sinuate-lobed  ;  the  small  heads  in  a  dense  corymb. 

S.  Kaempferi,  of  Japan  and  China,  is  most  probably  the  original  of  the 
FARFfjGiUM  orAnde,  lately  introduced  into  the  gardens,  where  it  hardly  ever 
flowers  :  it  is  cultivated  for  the  foliage,  the  thick  and  smooth  rounded  and  angled 
rather  kidney-shaped  root-leaves  blotclied  with  white ;  some  of  the  flowers  more 
or  less  2-lipped.     ^ 

•*-  ■*-  Ray  flowers  purple,  violet,  blue,  or  varying  to  white,  those  of  the  disk  of 
similar  colors  or  sometiines  yellow. 

S.  Heretieri,  or  CinerXria  lanXta,  from  Teneriffe,  with  woody  base 
to  the  stem,  rounded  heart-shaped  5  -  7-lobcd  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  very 
white-cottony  I)eneath  but  soon  smooth  and  green  above,  and  peduncle  bearing 
solitary  rather  large  head  of  purple  flowers,  is  a  less  common  ijiwhi^-plant  than 
the  next.     1/,  ^-"^""^ 

S.  cruentUS,  the  Common  Cineraria  of  the  greenhouses,  from  Tene- 
riffe, is  herbaceous,  smoothish,  with  the  hearf-s'ha])CTt--tmd  angled  more  or  less 
cut-toothed  leaves  green  above  and  usually  crimson  or  purple  underneath,  the 
lower  with  wing-margined  petioles  dilated"  into  clasping  auricles  at  the  base ; 
heads  numerous  in  a  flat  corymb,  the  handsome  flowers  purple,  crimson,  blue, 
white,  &c.     % 

S.  elegans,  Purple  Ragwort,  from  Cape  of  Good  Ho])e,  a  smooth  herb, 
with  deeply  piunatifid  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  with  half  clas];ing 
base,  the  lobes  oblong  and  often  siimate-toothed  ;  he.uls  corymbed,  Avith  yellow 
or  purple  disk-flowers  and  purple  or  rarely  white  rays.  (T)  And  a  full-double 
variety,  having  the  disk-flowers  turned  into  rays.     2/ 

31.  ARNICA.  (Old  name,  thought  to  be  a  corruption  of  Ptannica.)  The 
common  European  species  is  used  in  medicine.  The  following  probably  has 
similar  properties.      "21 

A.  nudicatllis,  so  called  for  the  naked  stem,  which  bears  only  1  or  2  pairs 
of  small  leaves,  although  lO-S*^  high,  the  main  leaves  being  clustered  at  the 
root,  thickish,  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  3  -  5-nerved,  mostly  entire,  hairy  ;  heads 
several,  loosely  corymbed,  pretty  large  and  showy,  in  spring.  Low  pine-baiTeus 
from  S.  Penn.  S. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  195 

32.  INTTLA,  ELECAMPANE.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  El.  summer.  % 
I.  Heldnium,  Common  Elecampane.      In  old  gardens  and  nat.  from 

Eu.  by  roadsides  ;  a  stout  herb,  with  stems  SP  -  fp  high  from  a  thick  mucilagi- 
nous root  (used  in  medicine),  large  entire  leaves  woolly  beneath,  those  from  the 
root  ovate  and  petioled,  the  others  pai-tly  clasping;  heads  large,  but  the  rays 
very  narrow. 

33.  CHRYSOPSIS,  GOLDEN  ASTEK.  (Name  from  two  Greek  words 
meaning  golden  in  appearance,  from  the  yellow  flowers.)  Low  herbs,  wild 
chiefly  S.  &  W.,  in  dry  and  barren  or  sandy  soil :  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

C.  graminifblia,  from  Delaware  S.  :  silvery-silky,  with  long  lance-linear 
and  grass-like  shining  nerved  leaves,  and  single  or  few  heads.     Jl 

C.  falcata,  on  the  coast,  from  Cape  Cod  to  New  Jersey  :  only  4'  -  10'  high, 
woolly,  clothed  to  the  top  with  short  and  linear  3-nerved  rigid  leaves,  which  are 
often  curved  or  scythe-shaped  (whence  the  specific  name) ;  heads  small, 
cofymbcd.     2/ 

C.  goss^pina,  from  Virginia  S. :  white-cottony  all  over  (whence  the  name), 
with  oblong  obtuse  rarely  tootlied  leaves,  and  few  pretty  large  heads.     If, 

C.  Mariana,  the  commonest  species,  from  Long  Island  S.  :  silky  with  long 
and  weak  hairs,  or  smoothish  when  old,  with  oblong  leaves,  and  a  few  corymbed 
heads  on  glandular  peduncles.     If 

C.  villosa,  from  Wisconsin  S.  «Sb  W.  :  coarsely  hairy  and  somewhat  hoary, 
leafy  to  the  top,  with  corymbed  branches  bearing  single  heads  on  short  pedun- 
cles, and  narrow-oblong  leaves.     Jf 

34.  SOLIDAGO,  GOLDEN-ROD.  ( Old  name,  from  Latin  word  to  7wal-« 
whole,  from  supposed  healing  qualities. )  There  are  very  many  species,  flow- 
ering through  late  summer  and  autumn.  See  Manual  and  Chapman's  S, 
Elora.     The  following  are  a  few  of  the  very  commonest.     "^ 

§  1.  Heads  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined  leaves. 

S.  bicolor.  Pale  and  downy  or  hairy,  with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  scarcely 
toothed  leaves,  and  small  heads  with  cream-colored  or  nearly  white  ray-flowers  ! 

S.  latifblia,  of  shaded  banks  N.  :  smooth,  with  broadly  ovate  pointed  and 
sharply  serrate  thin  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  ray-flowers. 

S.  CEesia  is  like  the  last,  but  with  more  branched  and  glaucous  stems,  and 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  sessile  leaves. 

§  2.   Heads  in  racemes  forming  a  terminal  panicle. 
*  Leaves  feather-veined,  not  3-ribbed. 

S.  argtita.  Smooth,  with  the  lowest  and  root-leaves  oblong  or  lance-oval 
pointed  and  sharply  toothed,  the  upper  narrower  and  entire ;  the  slender  one- 
sided naked  racemes  widely  spreading  or  drooping. 

S.  altissima,  badly  named,  as  it  is  mostly  only  2°  -  4°  high,  one  of  the 
earliest-flowering  Golden-rods,  with  rough-hairy  stem,  small  lance-ovate  or 
oblong  and  serrate  very  veiny  leaves,  and  one-sided  recui-ving  racemes  of  small 
heads  of  bright-yellow  flowers. 

*  *  Leaves  feather-veined  and  indistincthj  triple-ribbed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  grayish. 
S.  nemor^Iis,  in  dry  open  ground,  flowering  soon  after  midsunnner,  only 

l°-2°  high,  ])ale  with  very  minute  down  ;  the  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oblan- 
ceolate  ;  one-sided  dense  racemes  numerous  and  at  length  recurving,  and  flowers 
bright  golden-yellow. 

♦  *  *  Leaves  plainly  either  Z-ribbfd  or  triple-ribbed:  racemes  one-sided,  crowded, 

spreading  or  recurving  and  forming  an  ample  panicle. 

S.  Canadensis,  has  rougli-hairy  stems,  lanceolate  and  usually  serrate 
pointed  leaves  rather  downy  beneath  but  rough  above,  and  small  head:?  with 
short  rays. 

S.  gigantda  is  smooth  or  smoothish,  especially  the  stem,  and  wiih  larger 
heads  and  rays  than  the  preceding. 


196  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

§  3.   Heads  much  crowded  in  a  terminal  compound  corymb. 

S.  rigida,  in  dry  soil,  a  tall  and  stout  species,  minutely  hoary-downy  and 
roughish,  the  thick  oval  or  oblong  leaves  with  a  strong  midrib  ;  the  remai-kably 
large  heads  as  many  as  30-fiowered. 

S.  laneeol^ta,  along  river-banks,  only  2^  -  3°  high,  very  bushy-branched, 
nearly  smooth,  with  lance-linear  3  -  5-nen'ed  leaves,  and  dense  flat  corymbs  of 
small  heads  sessile  in  clusters,  the  small  rays  15-20,  the  disk-flowers  fewer. 

S.  tenuifblia,  in  sandy  ground,  usually  near  the  coast.;  like  the  preceding, 
but  more  slender,  with  narrow  linear  mostly  1 -nerved  dotted  leaves,  and  nar- 
rower or  club-shaped  heads,  the  small  rays  6-12, 

35.  CALLISTEPHUS,  CHINA-ASTER.  (Name  from  Greek  words 
meaning  beautiful  croivn.)     Fl.  all  summer,     (i) 

C.  Chinensis,  the  well-known  Chixa-Aster,  of  the  gardens,  a  native  of 
China  and  Japan,  has  numerous  varieties  of  various  colors,  the  finest  full- 
double. 

36.  ASTER,  STAR  WORT,  ASTER.  (Name,  aster,  a  star.)  This  vast 
genus  (with  which  SericocArpus  and  DiplopAppus  may  be  here  included) 
is  too  difficult  for  beginners,  and  those  who  are  prepared  for  their  study  will 
naturally  use  the  Manual  for  the  northern  species,  and  Chapman's  Southern 
Flora  for  the  few  that  are  peculiarly  southern.  We  barely  mention  the  com- 
monest and  more  distinct  or  striking  of  our  40  or  50  wild  species.  Fl.  late 
summer  and  autumn.     '^ 

§  1.    With  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones. 

*  Heads  in  open  corymbs,  middle-sized :  rays  white  or  nearly  so  and  rather  fev). 

In  woodlands,  rather  carly-Jiowerimj. 

A.  C0rymb6sus,  Corymbed  Aster.  Rather  slender,  with  thin  coarsely- 
toothed  and  sharp-pointed  leaves,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  broad, 
aad  only  6-9  rays. 

A.  macrophyllus,  Large-leaved  A.  Larger  and  stouter,  2° -3°  high, 
with  broader  and  thickish  rather  rough  leaves,  and  more  rigid  corymbs  of  larger 
heads,  with  12-24  rays. 

#  *  Heads  panicled,  numerous  and  small.     In  woodlands,  Sfc. 

A.  COrdifdlius,  Heart-leaved  A.,  is  smooth  or  .smoothi.sh,  much 
branched,  with  thinnish  serrate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  very  numerous 
loosely  panicled  small  heads,  the  rays  pale  blue  or  whitish. 

A.  undul^tus,  Wavy-leaved'  A.,  is  minutely  downy,  with  the  leaves  only 
slightly  toothed  or  wavy,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  and  on  margined  petioles,  the 
upper  abruptly  contracted  into  short  and  broadly  winged  jietioles  with  dilated 
and  clasping  base,  or  else  ses.:;ile  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  the  heads  larger  and 
in  narrow  or  raceme-like  panicles,  and  with  rather  showy  pui*ple-blue  rays. 

§  2.  With  lower  leaves  never  heart-shaped,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  henrt-shaprd  or  auricled  Ixise :  heads  large  or  rather  large,  showy, 
the  numerous  rays  jjurple  or  blue. 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  at  all  leafy,  but  with  short  greenish  tips,  rigid,  close- 

pressed  in  many  ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter:    rays  deep-colored: 
leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.     Dry  grounds. 

A.  patens,  Spreading  A.  Rough  with  short  hairiness,  l°-3°  high,  with 
long  widely  spreading  branches,  and  single  large  heads  terminating  the  slender 
minutely-leaved  branchlets ;  all  the  stem-leaves  clasping,  usually  lance-oblong 
or  lanee-ovate,  the  larger  ones  often  contracted  above  the  heart-snaped  base, 
rough-edged ;  rays  deep  purple-violet. 

A.  laevis,  Smooth  A.  Well-known  by  its  perfect  smoothness,  pale,  often 
glaucous,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  leaves,  heads  middle-sized  in  a  rather 
close  panicle,  involucre  of  close-pressed  whitish  scales  with  abrupt  green  tips, 
and  rays  sky-blue. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  197 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  leafy  but  loose  and  slender,  all  0/ about  the  same 

length,  clmnmy-ytandalar,  leaves  entire. 

A.  Novse-Angliae,  New  England  A.,  but  everywhere  common  in  low 
grounds  ;  the  stout  hairy  stem  4°  -  8*^  high,  thickly  beset  to  the  top  with 
lanceolate  minutely  downy  leaves,  which  all  have  an  auricled  clasping  base ; 
heads  many  and  large  in  a  crowded  corymb  ;  the  rays  very  numerous  and 
narrow,  violet-purple,  or  in  var.  r6seus  rose-purple  or  reddish. 

*  *  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  about  equal  in  length,  loose  and  with  more  or  less 

leaf  like  spreading  tips,  or  the  outermost  wholly  green  :  leaves  serrate  in  the 

viidd/e  or  sometimes  nearly  entire :    heads  loosely  corymbed  or  paniclcd. 

Low  grounds. 

A.  prenanthoides.     In  rich  woodlands  chiefly  N.  &  W. ;  only  l°-2° 

high,  almost  smooth,  with  lance-ovate  leaves  coarsely  toothed  in  the  middle, 

tapering  above  into  a  long  point,  and  below  into  a  portion  narrower  than  the 

abruptly  dilated  heart-shaped  clasping  base  ;  rays  pale  blue. 

A.  puniceus,  Red-stkmmed  A.  In  wet  grounds,  mostly  3°  -  6°  high, 
loosely  branched,  rough-hairy,  commonly  purple-tinged,  with  lance-oblong  or 
lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  rough  leaves,  the  base  auricled  and  partly  clasping ; 
scales  of  involucre  slender  ;  rays  long,  bright  or  pale  blue. 

A.  longifblius,  Long-leaved  A.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  l°-4°  high, 
with  lanceolate  or  linear  often  entire  taper-pointed  rather  firm  and  glossy  leaves, 
more  leaf-like  scales  to  the  involucre,  and  bright  blue-purple  rays. 

§  3.  With  leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped,  those  of  the  stem  all  sessile :  heads  very 
small  and  numerous,  racemed  or  panicled :  involucre  imbiicated  in  few  or 
several  rows :  the  scales  ivith  green  tips,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

*  In  dry  open  ground,  dlx>ut  1°  high  :  rays  white :  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid  and 

whitish,  with  abrupt  and  spreading  conspicuous  green  tips. 

A.  ericoldes,  Heath-like  A.  Smooth  or  rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate 
or  linear-awl-shaped  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  and  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest 
at  base,  the  green  tips  acute. 

A.  multiflorus,  Many-flowered  A.  Very  common  in  sterile  dry  soil, 
pale  or  slightly  hoary  with  fine  close  down,  much  branched  and  bush-like,  with 
spreading  linear  leaves  rough  or  ciliate  on  their  margins,  the  upper  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base ;  scales  of  involucre  spatulatc,  the  green  tip 
shorter  than  the  whitish  lower  portion. 

*  *  In  low,  moist,  or  shady  places,  l°-3°  high:  scales  of  involucre  with  short  and 

close-pressed  green  or  greenish  tips. 

A.  Tradesc§-nti.  Nearly  smooth,  with  slender  stems,  linear  or  lance- 
linear  leaves,  and  very  small  and  numerous  heads  closely  racemed  along  the 
upper  side  of  the  flowering  branches,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  linear 
and  acute  ;  rays  white. 

A.  miser.  Rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  thin  leaves  taper- 
ing to  each  end  and  sharply  toothed  about  the  middle,  heads  loosely  racemed  or 
scattered  on  diverging  branches,  and  with  linear  rather  blunt  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre ;  rays  pale  blue-purple  or  white. 

A.  dumosus,  Bushy  A.  Smooth  or  almost  so,  loosely  bushy-branched, 
with  mostly  linear  entire  or  slightly  serrate  rough-edged  leaves,  and  loosely 
racemed  flowering  branchlets  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate  and  blunt,  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows ;  rays  usually 
light  purple-blue,  sometimes  nearly  white. 

§  4.  With  small  and  very  rigid  linear  sessile  leaves,  a  large  head  solitary  at  the 
end  of  the  simple  stem  or  fiv  branches,  tfip  involucre  of  narrow  rigid  scales 
closely  imbricated  in  vtry  many  rows,  without  green  tips,  and  shoicy  violet- 
blue  rays. 

A.  linariifblius,  of  the  older  botanists,  strictly  DiplopAppus  lixarii- 
f6lius  (having  a  double  pappus,  the  outer  of  very  short  bristles) ;  common  in 
open  gravelly  or  sandy  ground.  6' -  20'  high;  the  spreading  leaves  with  rough 
margins,  strong  midrib,  and  no  veins. 


108  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

37.  EHIGEE-OTT,  FLEABANE.  (Name  of  Greek  words,  for  s}>rinfj  and 
old  man,  su^^gestcd  probably  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some-  vernal  sj)ccics.) 
EiiiGi:RON  srECiosuM  of  Oregon   is   occasionally  cultivated  as  a  garden 

perennial,  is  more  showy  than  any  of  the  following,  which  are  the  common 

wild  species  of  the  country. 

§  1.    Rays  conspicuous  :  heads  more  or  less  corijmbed :  stem  erect. 
*  Rays  purple  or  purplish,  very  numerous  (50-  150)  :  pappus  sim/)le.      2/ 

E.  Philadelphieum,  Common  F.  Low  grounds  :  2°  high,  rather  hairy, 
with  oblong  mostly  entire  and  partly  clasping  stem-leaves,  spatulate  and  toothed 
root-leaves^  and  several  heads  ;  the  rays  very  many  and  narrow,  pale  reddish- 
pui'ple :  fl.  summer. 

E.  bellidif61ium,  Daisy-leaved  F.  or  Robin's  Plantain.  Moist 
ground,  soft-hairy,  1°  -2°  high,  with  a  cluster  of  rather  large  roundish  root- 
leaves  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  the  stem-leaves  rather  few  and  small  ;  heads 
1  -  9  and  long  peduncled,  rather  large,  with  about  50  linear  light  bluish-purple 
rays  :  fl.  late  spring. 

*  *  Rays  white,  only  about  3D,  rather  broad :  pappus  simple.     2/ 

E.  v6rnum.  Low  grounds  from  Virjjinia  S. ;  smooth,  with  oval  or  spatu- 
late leaves  all  at  the  root,  slender  scape  1°-  2°  high,  with  a  few  small  heads  : 
fl.  spring. 

*  *  *  Rays  white  or  nearly  so,  50  or  more,  narrow :  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  a 
row  of  minute  chaffy  bristles  or  little  scales,     d)  (2) 

E.  Stl'ig6sum,  Smaller  Daisy-Fleabane.  Fields:  2°  -  4°  high, 
smoothish,  or  roughish  with  minute  close-pressed  hairs  ;  leaves  entire,  the 
lower  spatulate  and  slender-petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  rays  pretty  long  : 
fl.  all  summer. 

E.  ^nnuura,  Larger  Daisy-Flearane.  Fields  and  waste  places;  a 
common  weed,  S'^  -  5°  high,  branched  above,  roughish  with  spreading  hairs  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  the  lower  ones  coarsely  toothed ;  rays  rather  short, 
often  tinged  with  purple :  fl.  all  summer. 

§  2.  Rays  inconspicuous,  scarcely  longer  than  the  cylindrical  bell-shaped  involucre 
and  the  simple  pappus,  numerous,  in  more  t/uin  one  row. 

E.  Canadense,  Horseweed  or  Bctterweed.  A  common  weed  in  waste 
or  cult,  ground,  bristly  hairy  ;  with  erect  strict  stem  1°  -  5°  high,  linear  leaves, 
only  the  lowest  ones  cut-lobed,  and  very  small  panicled  heads  of  whitish  flowers, 
all  summer.     ® 

38.  BOLTONIA.  (Named  for  .7.  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.)  Wild 
plants  of  low  grounds  S.  &  W.,  resembling  Asters  except  in  the  akcnes  and 
pappus  :  ray-flowers  blue-purple  or  nearly  white ;  disk-flowers  yellow ;  in 
autumn.     "21 

B.  diffusa,  of  Illinois  &  S.,  has  small  heads  loosely  panicled  on  the  slender 
open  branches,  which  bear  small  awl-shaped  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  lance- 
linear  ;  ])appus  of  several  bristles  and  2  short  awns. 

B.  glastifblia,  from  Tenn.  S.  &  W.,  has  fewer  larger  and  corymbed  heads, 
lanceolate  partly  erect  leaves,  broadly  winged  akenes,  and  2  or  3  short  awns  in 
the  pappus. 

B.  asteroides,  from  Penn.  S.,  less  common,  is  very  like  the  last,  hut 
with  narrow  margins  to  the  akenes  and  no  awns  (only  a  few  short  bristles)  in 
the  pappus. 

39.  BRACHYCOME.  (Name  in  Greek  means  short  tufl,  from  the  pap- 
pus, in  which  respect  mainly  it  diiJers  from  the  Daisy-genus.) 

B.  iberidifblia,  cult.  fi)r  ornament,  from  Australia,  has  slender  branching 
stems  nearly  1°  high,  pinnately  parted  leaves  with  very  slender  divisions,  and 
handsome  heads  with  violet-blue  ray-flowers  and  similar  or  darker  purple 
centre,  produced  all  summer.     (1) 


V 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

40.   BELLIS,  DAISY.     (The  old  Latin  name  of  the  Daisy,  from  hellus, 

jjrctty.)     (Fl.  sprint;  and  summer.) 

B.  integrifblia,  Wkstern  Wild  Daisy  :  in  open  grounds  from  Kentucky 
S.  W.,  has  branching  spreading  stems  4' -10'  long,  bearing  some  lanceolate- 
oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  terminal  slender-peduncled  heads  with  pale 
blue-purple  rays.     ®  (?) 

B.  perennis.  True  or  English  Daisy,  cult,  from  Eu.,  mostly  in  double- 
flowered  varieties,  i.  e.  with  many  or  all  the  disk-flowers  changed  into  rays,  or, 
in  the  common  quilled  form,  all  into  tubes  (pink  or  white)  :  in  the  natural  state 
the  centre  is  yellow,  the  rays  white  and  more  or  less  purplish  or  crimson-tipped 
underneath  ;  *  head  solitary  on  a  short  scape ;  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  all 
clustered  at  the  root.     ^ 


41.  ACHILLEA,  YARROW,  SNEEZEWORT.   (Named  after  ^cM/es.) 

/Leafy-stemmed,  with  small  heads  in  corymbs.     ^ 
A.  Millef61ium,  Common  Y.  or  Milfoil,  abounds  over  fields  and  hills, 
10' -20'  high,  with  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  slender  and  croAvded 
linear  3  -  5-cleft  divisions,  heads  crowded  in  a  close  fiat  corymb,  with  4  or  5 
short  rays,  white,  sometimes  rose-colored  :  all  summer. 

A.  Ptarmiea,  Sneezewort.  Run  wild  from  Eu.  in  a  few  places,  cult,  in 
gardens,  especially  a  full-double  variety,  which  is  pretty,  fl.  in  autumn  ;  leaves 
simple,  lance-linear,  sharply  cut-serrate ;  heads  in  a  loose  corymb,  with  8-12 
or  more  rather  long  bright  white  rays. 

42.  MARtlTA,  MAYWEED.  (Meaning  of  the  name  uncertain.)  Native 
of  the  Old  World. 

M.  Cotula,  or  Anthemis  Cotula,  the  Common  Mayweed,  along  road- 
sides, especially  E-.  ;  low,  strong-scented  and  acrid,  with  leaves  thrice  pinnately 
divided  into  slender  leaflets  or  lobes,  rather  small  heads  terminating  the  branches, 
yfith  white  rays  and  yellow  centre  ;  all  late  summer,     (i) 

43.  ANTHEMIS,  CHAMOMILE.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  from  the  pro- 
fusion of  flowers.)  Natives  of  Old  World  :  fl.  summer.  Peduncles  bearing 
solitary  or  very  few  heads. 

A.  arv6nsis,  Field  C.  Resembles  Mayweed  and  grows  in  similar  places, 
but  rare,  is  not  unpleasantly  scented,  has  fertile  rays  and  a  minute  border  of 
pappus.     (T)  ® 

A.  ndbilis,  Garden  C,  yields  the  Chamomile-flowers  of  the  apothecaries, 
spreads  over  the  ground,  very  finely  divided  foliage  pleasantly  strong-scented  ; 
rays  white  ;  pappus  none.     2/ 

A.  tinctbria,  Yellow  C,  is  cult,  for  ornament,  but  hardly  common  : 
2°  -3°  high,  with  pinnately  divided  and  again  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed  leaves, 
and  heads  as  large  as  those  of  Whiteweed,  with  golden-yellow  flowers,  or  tha 
rays  sometimes  white.     21 

44.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  including  LeucAnthemum  and  Vrnk- 
THRUM.  (Name  means  golden  Jlotvers  in  Greek;  but  they  are  of  various 
colors. )     AH  natives  of  Old  World. 

§  1.  LeucAnthemum  or  Whiteweed  and  Feverfew  :  the  ray-flowers 
white,  those  of  the  ceiitre  mostly  ydloiv.      2/ 

C.  LeucAnthemum,  or  LeucAnthemum  vulgAre,  the  too  common 
Whiteweed  or  Ox-eye  Daisy,  filling  meadows  and  pastures,  and  difficult  to 
eradicate ;  has  stems  nearly  simi)le  and  erect  from  the  creeping  base  or  root- 
stock,  bearing  cut-toothed  or  slightly  pinnatilid  leaves  below  (the  lowest  spatu- 
late, upper  partly  clasping),  the  naked  summit  bearing  the  single  showy  head, 
in  early  summer.      2/ 

C.  (or  L.)  Parthdnium,  or  Pyr^thrum  Parthenium,  Feverfew. 
Cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  running  wild ;   with  branching  leafy  stems  1°  -  3° 


200  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

high,  leaves  twice  pinnatcly  divided  into  rather  coarse  ovate  leaflets,  and  loose 
corymbs  of  rather  small  heads,  in  summer.  A  double-flowered  variety  has  the 
disk-corollas  transformed  into  white  or  whitish  tubes. 

C.  parthenioides,  1)ouble-fl.  or  Parsely-leated  Feverfew,  from 
Chhia  ;  probably  a  low,  finer-leaved,  and  much  altered  full  double  variety  of  the 
foregoing,  with  pure  white  flowers  all  in  the  form  of  rays,  produced  through  the 
summer  and  autumn. 

§  2.    Chrysaxtiiejiums  of  the  gardens  ;  the  flowers  of  various  colors,  but  only 
in  certain  varieties  white. 

C.  r6seum,  from  Persia  and  N.  Asia,  with  simple  stems  bearing  once  or 
twice  pinnately  divided  smooth  leaves  with  linear  divisions,  and  at  the  naked 
summit  single  heads  as  large  as  those  of  Whiteweed,  but  with  pale  rose  or  bright 
pink-red  rays  (and  in  some  varieties  full  double),  is  coming  into  ornamental 
cultivation  :  the  pulverized  flower-heads  form  the  well-known  Persian  Insect 
powder  :  fl.  summer.     2/ 

C.  Indicum,  parent  of  the  Chinese  Chrysanthemums,  flowering  in 
late  autumn,  of  numerous  forms  and  colors,  mostly  full-double,  &c.  from  China 
and  Jai)an.      2/ 

C.  coron^rium,  Summer  Chrysanthemum,  with  yellow  or  sometimes 
•whitish  flowers,  cult,  from  N.  Africa  ;  smooth,  with  branching  stems,  twice 
pinnately  parted  leaves  with  auriclcd  and  clasping  base,  and  lanceolate  or  linear 
cut-toothed  divisions  ;  the  involucre  of  broad  and  scarious  scales,     (i) 

46.  HELENITJM,  SNEEZEWEET).  (The  old  Greek  name  of  some  very 
different  plant  named  after  Helen.)     Nortii  American  herbs. 

H.  autumnale,  the  commonest  species,  Avild  in  low  grounds,  l°-4°  high, 
with  ianceohUe  toothed  leaves,  their  base  often  decurrent  on  the  stem,  and  a 
corymb  of  showy  yellow-flowered  heads,  the  rays  often  drooping,  in  au- 
turrin.     2/ 

46.  GAILLARDIA.  (Named  for  Gaillard,  a  French  amateur  of  botany.) 
North  American  low  or  spreading  herbs  :  fl.  all  summer. 

G.  lanceol^ta,  wild  from  Carolina  S.  in  pine  barrens,  has  narrow  mostly 
entire  lanceolate  leaves,  commonly  small  and  few  yellow  rays,  and  purple  disk- 
flowers.     ®   11 

G.  pulchella,  wild  from  Louisiana  W.  and  cult,  for  ornament  (one  form 
called  G.  picta),  has  broader  leaves,  some  of  them  cut-toothed  or  lobed,  and 
showv  heads  with  the  large  ravs  mostly  brownish  crimson-purple  with  yellow 
tips. '  (D 

G.  arist^ta,  wild  from  Missouri  W.,  and  cult.,  is  more  downy  than  the 
last,  less  branched,  with  large  showy  rays  yellow  throughout,  or  their  base 
brown-purple.     % 

47.  GAZANIA.  (Named  for  a  learned  ecclesiastic  of  the  middle  ages, 
Thtodore  de  Gaza.)  South  African  plants  of  the  conservatory,  and  flowering 
all  summer  when  bedded  out. 

G.  rigens,  also  named  splendens,  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  short 
stems  spreading  on  the  ground,  bearing  spatulate  entire  or  some  pinnatifid 
leaves,  which  are  nearly  smooth  and  green  above,  but  very  silvery  with  white 
cotton  underneath,  and  a  large  showy  head,  the  orange  rays  over'l'  long,  and 
with  a  dark  eye-spot  at  base.     ^ 

48.  CALEWDULA,  MAKIGOLD.      (Name  from  the  Latin  calendce  or 

calends ;  flowering  through  the  months.) 

C.  officinalis,  Garden  Marigold,  of  the  Old  "World  ;  cult,  in  country 
gardens,  1°  high,  spreading,  with  green  and  succulent  obl»ng  and  entire  ses<;ile 
leaves,  rather  unpleasantly  scented,  and  large  head  of  yellow  flowers,  produced 
all  summer,  sometimes  nearly  full-double/ most  of  the  curjlla.^  being  strati- 
shaped.     (X) 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  201 

49.   POI."5?"M!N"IA,  LEAF-CUP.     {These  coarse  and  inelegant  plants  are 
oddly  dedicated  to  one  of  the  Muses.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn.     21 
P.  Canadensis,  common  in  shaded  ravines  N.,  is  3°  -  5°  hi^rh,  clnmmy- 

hairy,  with  thin  leaves,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  3  -  5-lobcd  or  angled, 

and  the  few  pale-yellow  and  broad  rays  of  the  small  heads  shorter  than  the 

involucre. 

P.  Uved^lia,  in  rich  soil  from  New  York  to  111.  and  S.,  is  roughish-hairy, 

stout,  4° -10°  high,  with  large  ovate  and  angled  or  lobed  leaves,  the  upper 

ones  sessile,  and  rays  of  the  pretty  large  head  10-15,  bright  yellow,  longer  than 

the  involucre. 

60.  SILPHIUM,  ROSIN-PLANT.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  very 
different  plant.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn.     ^ 

§  1.    Leaves  alternate,  large,  most  of  them  petioled. 

♦  The  stout  and  rough  flowering  stetnn  ( 3°  -  6°  high )  leafy  up  to  the  few  large  heads  : 

scales  of  involucre  ovate,  with  tapering  and  spreading  rigid  tips. 

S.  lacini^tum,  Rosin- Weed  or  Compass-Plant,  of  prairies,  from  Michi- 
gan W.  &  S.,  so  called  because  the  rough-hairy  deeply  pinnatifid  root-leaves  (of 
ovate  outline)  incline  to  present  their  edges  N.  &  S. 

♦  *  The  slender  smooth  floivering  stems  (4°  -  10°  high)  leafy  only  near  the  base, 

dividing  above  into  a  panicle  of  many  smaller  heads. 

S.  terebinthin^eeum,  Prairie-Dock,  so  called  from  the  appearance 
of  the  large  root-leaves,  which  are  ovate  or  heart-oblong  and  l°-2°  long,  besides 
the  slender  petiole,  the  margins  somewhat  toothed  :  common  W. 

S.  COmpositum,  from  North  Carolina  S.,  is  more  slender  and  smaller,  with 
round  heart-shaped  leaves  either  toothed  or  cut,  or  divided. 

§  2.    Leaves  or  many  of  them  in  ivhorls  of  3  or  4  along  the  terete  stems,  rather  sinall, 
entire  or  coarsely  toothed. 

S.  trifoli^tum,  of  S.  &  W.,  has  the  smooth  stem  4° -6°  high,  lanceolate 
roughish  leaves,  and  small  heads. 

S.  Asteriseus,  of  dry  soil  S.,  is  rough-hairy,  with  fewer  and  larger  heads. 

§  3.    Leaves  opposite  and  clasping  or  connate :  stems  leafy  to  the  top. 

S.  integrifblium,  in  prairies  from  Michigan  W.  &  S. ;  roughish,  2°  -  4'' 
high,  Avith  lance-ovate  partly  heart-shaped  and  entire  distinct  leaves. 

S.  perfoli^tum,  Cup-Plant,  of  rich  soil  W.  &  S.  :  with  very  smooth 
square  stems  4°  -  9°  high,  around  which  the  ovate  coarsely  toothed  leaves  are 
connate  into  cup  which  holds  water  from  the  rains. 

51.  DAHLIA.  (Named  for  a  Swedish  professor,  Dahl,  contemporary  with 
Linnasus. )  ]^  Two  or  three  Mexican  species,  of  which  the  most  familiar  is 
D.  variabilis,  Common  Dahlia  of  the  gardens,  with  pinnate  leaves,  ovate 

serrate  leaflets,  and  large  heads,  much  increased  in  size  and  altered,  of  all  colors : 
roots  fascicled  and  tuberous  (Lessons,  p.  32,  fig.  60). 

52.  COREOPSIS,  TICKSEED.  (Named  from  Greek  word  for  bug,  from 
the  shape  of  the  akenes. )  Many  wild  species  :  several  cult,  for  ornament :  these 
are  the  commonest.     Fl.  summer.     (See  Lessons,  p.  106,  107,  fig.  219,  220.) 

§  1.   Rays  broad,  coarsely  3  -  5-toothed :  outer  involucre  not  longer  than  the  inner: 
akenes  orbicular  or  oval,  incurved  when  mature.     Chiefly  cultivated. 

♦  ®  (1)  Disk-flowers  and  lower  part  of  the  rays  dark-colored  or  In-oirn-purple  : 

akenes  in  these  species  ivingless  and  nearly  naked  at  top :  leavis  comj)onnd. 
C.  tinct6ria,  of  Arkansas,  &c.,  the  commonest  Coreopsis  or  Calliopsis 
of  all  country  gardens  ;  smooth,  with  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided  into 
narrow  leaflets,  numerous  heads,  and  lower  half  or  sometimes  almost  the  whole 
of  rays  brown-purple :  in  one  variety  they  arc  changed  to  tubes. 


202  compositp:  family. 

C.  Drummondii,  of  Texas,  is  low  and  spreadinj;,  rather  hairy,  with  leaves 
of  3-7  oval  leaflets,  or  some  of  them  simple,  heads  on  long  peduncles,  and  very 
broad  rays  golden  yellow  with  small  dark  spot  at  base. 

*  *  (i)  Disk-Jlowers  yellow :  rayn  yellow  with  a  darker  and  purplish-streaked  spot 

near  the  base  :  akenes  winged  and  2-toothed. 

C.  COronata,  of  Texas,  is  low,  with  slender-petioled  leaves  oblong  or  spatu- 
latc,  or  some  of  them  3  -  5-parted,  and  very  long  peduncle ;  rays  broad  and 
handsome. 

*  *  *  ^   Disk-flowers  and  rays  (1'  long)  entirely  yeVoio ;  akenes  orbicular,  much 
incurved  and  broadly  winged  when  ripe,  crowned  with  2  little  teeth  or  scales. 

C.  lanceol^ta.  Wild  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  in  gardens ;  10-2°  high,  smooth 
or  sometimes  downy,  in  tufts,  with  lanceolate  or  oblanceolatc  entire  leaves 
mostly  crowded  at  the  base,  and  long  slender  peduncles :  flowers  in  early 
summer. 

C.  auricul^ta.  Wild  W.  &  S.,  and  in  some  gardens ;  taller,  sometimes 
with  runners  or  suckers  at  base,  leafy  to  near  the  top  ;  upper  leaves  oblong, 
lower  roundish  and  sometimes  auricled  at  base  or  with  3-5  lobes  or  leaflets. 

§  2.  Rays  entire  or  nearly  so,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  akenes  oblong,  with  a  very 
narrow  wing  or  border,  not  incurved,  and  obscurely  if  at  all  2-toothed  at  the 
apex :  scales  of  outer  involucre  narrow  and  entire  :  heads  rather  small,  the 
floicers  all  yelloio.      Jl 

*  Low,  l°-3°  high,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  really  opposite  and  sessile,  but  divided 

into  3  leaflets,  thus  seemimi  to  be  6  in  a  whorl.     Wild  chiefly  in  S.  States, 
all  bat  theflrst  are  cult  in  gardens. 

C.  senifolia,  has  seemingly  6  lance-ovate  and  entire  leaflets  in  a  whorl, 
(i.  c.  two,  but  each  3-divided)  smooth  or  downy. 

C.  verticill^ta,  has  the  pair  cut  into  once  or  twice  pinnate  almost  thread- 
shaped  divisions,  smooth. 

C.  delphinifblia,  very  like  the  last,  but  with  fewer  lance-linear  divisions. 

*  *  Tall,  leafy  to  the  top,  with  evidently  opposite  petioled  leaves. 

C.  tripteris.  Rich  ground  W.  &  S.,  with  simple  stems  4° -9°  high,  leaves 
of  3-0  lanceolate  entire  leaflets,  corymbed  heads,  very  short  outer  involucre, 
and  blunt  rays. 

§  3.  Rays  oval  or  oblong,  golden  yellow,  slightly  notched :  akenes  wingless,  not  in- 
curved, bearing  2  awns  or  teeth  for  a  pappus :  outer  involucre  conspicuous 
and  resembling  leaves  :  branching  plants  of  wet  grounds,  with  thin  leaves 
mostly  of  3-1  pinnate  toothed  or  cut  veiny  leaflets  ;  resembling  the  next 
genus,  but  the  awns  not  dowmvardly  barbed.     (T)  ® 

C.  trichosperma.  Swamps  mostly  near  the  coast,  10-2°  high,  with  3-7 
lanceolate  or  linear  cut-toothed  leaflets  or  divisions,  numerous  heads,  and  nar- 
row-oblong or  linear  wedge-shaped  marginless  akenes  with  2  stout  teeth. 

C.  atirea,  only  S.,  has  upper  leaves  often  simple,  lower  nearly  as  in  the  fore- 
going, and  shorter  wedgc-obovate  akenes  with  2  or  4  short  chafF-like  teeth. 

C.  aristdsa,  from  Illinois  S.,  has  more  compound  leaves  with  oblong  or 
lanceolate  often  pinnatifid  leaflets,  and  broad -obovate  very  flat  akenes  slightly 
margined  and  bristly  ciliate,  the  pappus  of  2  long  and  slender  awns,  or  somo- 
times  3  or  4,  or  in  one  variety  none  at  ail. 

53.  BIDENS,  BUR-MARIGOLD,  BEGGAR-TICKS.  (Latin  for  two- 
toothed,  from  the  usually  2  awns  of  the  pappus.)  Our  species  ®  or  (2)  ; 
fi.  summer  and  autumn.  The  akenes  adhering  to  the  dress  or  to  the  fleece 
of  animals  by  their  barbed  awns. 

§  1.    Akenes  broad  and  flat,  with  bristly  ciliate  margins. 

*  Coarse  and  very  homely  weeds,  commonly  without  any  rays. 

B.  frond6sa,  Common  Beggar-ticks.  Coarse  weed  in  low  or  manured 
grounds,  2° -6°  high,  branched,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-5  broad  lanceolate 


COMPOSITE   FAjIILY.  203 

coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  outer  involucre  much  longer  than  the  head,  and  wedgc- 
obovate  akencs  ciliate  with  upturned  bristles,  and  2-awned. 

B.  eonnata,  Swamp  B.  Low  grounds;  smooth,  l°-2°  high,  with  simjdo 
lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  leaves,  or  the  lower  .'3-divided  and  decurrent  on  the 
petiole,  smaller  heads,  narrow  wedge-shaped  akenes  minutely  and  downwardly 
ciliate  and  bearing  about  3  awns. 

*  *  Tjow  smooth  hpvbs,  with  showij  goldm  yellow  rays  1 '  long. 

B.  Chrysanthemoides,  Larger  IUr-Makigold.  Shallow  water  or 
wet  places,  G'-.30'  high,  with  sipple  lanceolate  sessile  serrate  leaves,  outer 
involucre  shorter  than  the  rays,  arid  wedge-shaped  akcnes  with  almost  prickly 
downwardly  barbed  margins  and  2-4  awns. 

§  2.    Akenes  linear  or  needle-shaped. 

B.  Beckii,  Water  B.  Immersed  in  water,  N.  and  W.,  the  single  short- 
peduncled  heads  rising  a])ove  the  surface,  and  with  showy  rays  ;  leaves  cut  into 
very  numerous  fine  hair-like  divisions  ;  awns  of  the  stout  akenes  4-6,  barbed 
near  the  tip. 

B.  bipinn^ta.  Dry  soil,  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.,  1°  -  3°  high,  branched, 
with  1  -  3-pinnately  parted  petioled  leaves,  ovate-lanceolate  leallets,  small  heads, 
short  pale-yellow  rays,  and  slender  akenes  with  3-4  barbed  awns. 

64.  ACTIWOMERIS.  (Greek-made  name,  alluding  to  the  irregularity 
of  the  rays  in  the  commonest  species. )     ^ 

A.  squarrbsa,  common  in  low  rich  soil  from  W.  New  York  S.  &  W. ;  with 
branching  stems  4° -8°  high,  lance-oblong  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  nu- 
merous rather  corymbcd  heads,  spreading  involucre,  4-10  irregular  rays,  and 
broadly  winged  akenes  :  fl.  Sept. 

A.  helianthoides,  in  open  grounds  W.  &  S.,  resembles  a  Sunflower  as 
the  name  denotes,  l°-3°  high,  with  more  hairy  lance-ovate  sessile  leaves,  few 
and  larger  heads,  erect  involucre,  8-15  regular  rays,  and  slightly  winged 
akenes  :   fl.  summer, 

55.  VERBESINA,  CROWNBEARD.  (Origin  of  name  obscure.)  Ours 
are  tall  (4"^ -7°  high)  branching  herbs  in  rich  soil,  with  compound  corymbs 
of  small  heads  :  fl.  summer.     % 

v.  Siegesb6ckia,  from  S.  Penn.  to  111.  &  S.,  has  4-winged  stems,  smooth- 
ish,  large  and  thin  ovate  and  opposite  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  yellow  flow- 
ers, and  wingless  akenes. 

V.  Virginica,  of  same  range,  has  stem,  less  Avinged,  smaller  lance-ovate  alter- 
nate leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  white  flowers,  and  narrowly  winged  akenes. 

56.  XIMINESIA.     (Named  for  .7.  Ximines,  a  Spanish  apothecary.) 

X.  encelioides,  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  cult,  for  ornament,  2°  high, 
spreading,  rather  hoary,  at  least  the  lower  face  of  the  oblong  or  heart-shaped 
clasping  serrate  leaves  ;  the  bright  yellow  heads  somewhat  corymbed,  showy, 
the  rays  dee])ly  3-toothed  :  fl.  all  summer.     ® 

57.  HELIANTHUS,  SUNFLOWER  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
The  following  are  the  commonest  of  the  numerous  species,  manv  of  which  are 
difficult. 

§  1.  0  Receptacle  Jint  and  very  broad :  disk  brownish  :  leaves  alternate,  I  road 
and  triple-riblied,  peli'oled :  Ji.  summer.  Cult.  Jar  ornament :  wild  only  far 
S.  W. :  fl.  all  summer. 

"  H.  ^nnuus,  the  Great  Commox  Sunflower  of  the  gardens,  with  huge 
beads  ;  leaves  green,  roughish,  not  hoary. 

H.  argophyllus,  of  Texas,  cult,  for  its  hoary-white  foliage ;  heads  smaller. 

§  2.  ^  Reccplacle  and  disk  convex  :  heads  middle-sized  or  rather  small :  flower- 
ing throughout  late  summer  and  autumn. 


204  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

*  Disk  dark  purple,  contrasting  with  the  yellow  rays. 
••-  Leaves  long   and  linear,    l-nen^ed,    entire,   sessile :    heads   small  and  mostly 
corymbed :  involucre  of  leaf- like  spreading  scales. 

H.  angUStifblius,  of  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.,  has  slender  rough 

stems  2°  -  G°  high,  lower  leaves  opposite  and  roufj:li. 

H.  orgyalls,  of  Kansas  and  Arkansas,  cult.,  has  stems  (6°  - 10°  high),  and 
crowded  very  narrow  alternate  leaves  smooth  :  fl.  late.  • 

-H-  -*-  Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  oppositr :  stems  1°— 3°  hif/h,  bearing  solitary  or 
fw  long-peduncltd  rather  large  heads:  incolucre  of  short  close,  scales. 

H.  lieteroph;^llus,  of  low  pine-barrens  S. ;  rather  hairy,  with  lowest 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  upper  ones  lance-linear  and  few ;  scales  of  involucre 
lanceolate. 

H.  rigidus,  of  dry  prairies  TV.  &  S. ;  rough,  with  thick  firm  leaves  lance- 
oblong  or  the  lower  oval ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong,  blunt. 

*  *  Disk  yellow  as  well  as  the  rays,  or  hardly  dingy-broivnish. 
•*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  short  and  broadly  lanceolate,  regularly  imbricated,  without 
leaf-like  tips :  leaves  nearly  all  opj/usite  and  nearly  entire. 

H.  OCCident^lis,  of  dry  barrens  from  Ohio  W.  &  S.  :  somewhat  hairy, 
with  slender  simple  stems  l°-3°  high,  sending  off  runners  from  base,  naked 
above,  bearing  1-5  heads ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  lauce-ovate ;  upper  ones 
narrow,  small  and  distant. 

H.  m6Ilis,  of  same  situations,  is  soft  white-woolly  all  over,  2° -4°  high, 
leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  heart-ovate  and  partly  clasping. 

-t-  ■♦-  Scales  of  the  involucre  looser  and  leafy-tipped :  stems  leafy  to  the  top. 
■»-*•  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  not  triple-ribbed. 
H.  gigant^US,  common  in  low  grounds  N. ;  rough  and  rather  hairy,  3°- 
10°  high,  with  lanceolate  serrate  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  pale  yellow  rays. 

•^+  -w-  Leaves  mainly  opposite,  except  in  the  last,  ^-ribbed  at  base  or  triple-ribbed. 

H.  divaric^tUS,  common  in  dry  sterile  soil,  has  smooth  stem  l°-3°  high, 
rough  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  a  point  and  3-nerved  at  the  rounded 
sessile  base. 

H.  hirstltUS,  only  W.,  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  rough-hairy  stem 
1°  -  2°  high,  and  leaves  with  naiTower  base  more  or  less  petioled. 

H.  strumbsuS,  common  in  low  grounds,  has  mostly  smooth  stems  3° -4° 
high,  broadly  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  leaves  rough  above  and  whitish  or  white- 
downy  beneath,  their  margins  beset  with  fine  appressed  teeth,  and  petioles  short 
and  margined. 

H.  decapetalus,  so  named  because  (like  the  preceding)  it  commonly  has 
10  rays  ;  common  along  streams,  has  branching  stems  3°  -  6°  high,  thin  and 
bright-green  smoothish  ovate  leaves  coarsely  toothed  and  abruptly  contracted 
into  margined  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long  and  loose. 

H.  tuberbsus,  Jerusalem  Artichoke  (i.  e.  Girnsole  or  Sunflower  in 
Ita'ian,  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusalem) :  cult,  for  the  tubers  and  run 
wild  in  fence-rows,  probably  a  state  of  a  wild  S.  W.  species  ;  5° -7°  high,  with 
triple-ribbed  ovate  petioled  leaves,  rough-hairy  as  well  as  the  stems,  all  the 
upper  ones  alternate,  the  running  rootstocks  ending  in  ovate  or  oblong  edible 
tubers. 

68.   HELIOPSIS,  OX-EYE.     (Greek-made  name,  from  the  likeness  to 
Sunflower.) 

H.  Isevis,  our  only  species,  common  in  rich  or  low  grounds,  resemb'es 
a  Sunflower  of  the  last  section,  but  has  pistillate  rays  and  4-sided  akenes  with- 
out pappus  :  l°-4°  high,  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  triple-ribbed, 
petioled,  serrate ;  head  of  golden-yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches,  in 
summer.     2/. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILX.  205 

69.  RUDB]^CKTA,  CONE-FLOWER.  (Named  for  i?»<//;^c^,  father  and 
son,  Swedish  botanists.)  The  following  are  the  commonest  species,  all 
natives  of  this  country  :    fl.  summer. 

§  1.    Dish  broadly  conical,  dark-colored,  the  snfi  chaff  not  pointed:  rough-hairy 
plants  1°  -  2°  hiffh,  leafij  below,  the  naked  summit  of  the  stems  or  brunches 
bearing  single  showy  heads :  leaves  simple.      % 
R.  Speciosa,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  in  some  gardens ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  S-S-riei-ved,  petioled,  coarsely 
toothed  or  cut. 

R.  hirta,  common  in  open  ground  W.  &  S.,  introduced  into  meadows  E. 
with  clover-seed  ;  stems  stout  and  mostly  simple ;  leaves  nearly  entire,  triple- 
ribbed,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  upper  sessile. 

§  2.  Disk  conical,  dark-purple,  the  chaff  awn-pointed :  lower  leaves  often  pinnately 
parted  or  3-cleft.     @ 

R.  triloba,  from  Penn.  to  111.  «Sb  S. ;  hairy,  2°  -  5°  high,  much  branched, 
with  upper  leaves  lance-ovate  and  toothed,  and  the  numerous  small  heads  with 
only  about  8  rays. 

§  3.   Disk  globular,  pale  dull  brownish  [receptacle  siveet -scented),  the  chaff  blunt 
and  downy  at  the  end ;  lower  leaves  3-parted.      ^ 

R.  SUbtomentbsa,  of  the  prairies  and  plains  W. ;  somcAvhat  downy,  with 
leafy  stems  3°  -  5°  high,  ovate  or  lance-ovate  serrate  upper  leaves  and  short- 
pcduncled  heads. 

§  4.  Disk  oblong,  or  in  fruit  cylindrical  and  1'  long,  gi-eenish  yellow,  the  chaff  very 
blunt  and  downy  at  the  end  :  leaves  all  compound  or  cleft.      21 

R.  lacinidta,  Common  Cone-Flower,  in  low  thickets;  3° -7°  high, 
smooth,  branching  above  ;  lowest  leaves  pinnate  with  5-7  cut  or  cleft  leaflets, 
upi>er  ones  3  -  5-parted,  or  the  uppermost  undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled, 
with  linear  drooping  rays  l'-2'  long. 

60.  LEPACHYS.  (Supposed  to  be  formed  from  Greek  words  for  thick 
and  scale.)     Receptacle  anise-scented  when  crushed.     Fl.  summer. 

L.  pinnata,  in  dry  soil  from  W.  New  York  W.  &  S.  :  minutely  roughish 
and  slightly  hoary  ;  the  slender  leafy  stems  3° -5°  high,  bearing  leaves  of  3  -  7 
lanceolate  leaflets,  and  somewhat  corymbed  heads  with  the  oval  or  oblong  disk 
much  shorter  than  the  oblong  drooj)ing  yellow  rays  ;  akenes  scarcely  2-toothed, 
flattish,  the  inner  edge  hardly  wing-margined.     21 

Li.  COlumn^ris,  of  the  plains  W.  of  the  Mississippi ;  cult,  for  ornament ; 
l°-2°  high,  with  single  or  few  long-peduncled  heads,  their  cylindrical  disk  often 
becoming  2' long,  and  longer  than  the  5-8  broad  drooping  rays,  these  either 
yellow,  or  var.  pulcherrima,  with  the  base  or  lower  half  brown-purple ;  akenea 
1  -  2-toothed  at  top  and  winged  down  one  edge.     21 

61.  DRACOPIS.     (Name  refers  in  some  obscure  way  to  a  Dragon.)     ® 

D.  amplexicaillis,  wild  far  S.  W.,  sometimes  cult,  for  ornament ;  smooth, 
l°-2°  high,  with  clasping  heart-shaped  pale  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  heads, 
like  those  of  the  preceding,  the  broad  rays  mostly  shorter  than  the  cylindrical 
disk,  and  either  yellow  or  the  lower  part  brown-purple. 

62.  ECHINACEA,  HEDGEHOG  CONE-FLO WT:R.  (Name  means  like 
a  hedgehog,  viz.  receptacle  with  prickly  pointed  chaff.)     Fl.  summer.     21 

E.  purptirea,  in  prairies  and  open  grounds  from  W.  Penn.  W.  &  S. : 
stems  l°-2°  high  from  a  thick  and  black  pungent-tasted  root  (called  Black 
Sampson  by  quack-doctors),  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate  5-nerA-ed  and  veiny 
leaves,  the  lower  long-petioled,  and  terminated  by  a  large  head ;  rays  15  -  20, 
dull  rose-purple. 

E.  angustifblia,  from  Wisconsin  S.,  is  a  more  slender  form,  with  narrow 
lanceolate  3-ncrved  entire  leaves,  and  12-15  brighter-colored  rays. 


V 


206  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

63.  ZINNIA.     (Named  for  a  German  professor,  Zinn.)     Commonly  cul- 
tivated for  ornament :  fl.  all  summer. 

Z.  61egans,  the  favorite  Garden  Zinxia,  from  Mexico,  with  ovate  heart- 
shaped  half-clasping  leaves,  and  very  large  heads  of  rose-colored,  purple,  violet, 
red,  or  white  flowers,  2  -3'  in  diameter,  of  late  also  full-double  like  a  small 
Dahlia ;  chaff  of  receptacle  crestecl-toothed  at  tip ;  akenes  barely  2-toothed  at 
summit.     (T) 

Z.  multiflbra,  from  Mexico,  &c.,  now  not  common  in  gardens,  being  less 
showy,  has  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  hollow  peduncle  much  enlarged  under  the 
head,  obovate  red-purple  rays,  blunt  entire  chaff,  and  1-awned  akenes.     (i) 

Z.  angUStifblia,  cult,  as  Z.  aijrea,  from  Mexico,  is  widely  and  copiously 
branched,  rough-hairy,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  many  small  heads,  oval  orange- 
yellow  rays,  and  conspicuously  pointed  chaff. 

64.  TAGfiTES,  FRENCH  or  AFRICAN  MARIGOLD,  but  from  South  , 
America  and  Mexico.     (Mythological  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ® 

*  Plant  anise-scented,  with  entire  leaves,  small  corynibed  heads,  andfeio  rays. 
T.  Itieida,  now  rather  uncommon  in  gardens,  has  glossy  lanceolate  serrate 
leaves,  and  orange  flowers. 

♦  *  Plant  stronrj-scented :  leaves  pinnate  :  leaflets  cxU-toothed :  head  large. 

T.  er6cta.  Large  African  M.,  with  lanceolate  leaflets,  inflated  club- 
shaped  peduncles,  and  heads  of  orange  or  lemon-colored  flowers,  often  full  double. 

T.  p^tula,  French  M.,  with  flner  lance-linear  leaflets,  cylindrical  pedun- 
cles, and  narrower  heads,  the  rays  orange  or  with  darker  stripes. 

T.  sign^ta  is  a  more  delicate  low  much-branched  species,  with  finely  cut 
leaves,  slender  pednnclcs,  and  smaller  heads,  the  5  rays  purple-spotted  or  spotted 
and  striped  with  darker  orange  at  base. 

65.  DYSODIA,  FETID  MARIGOLD.      (Name,  in  Greek,  denotes  the 
ill-scent  of  the  plant. )     Fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

D.  chrysanthemoides.     Roadsides  and  river-banks  W.  &  S.  W.  :  a  low 

weed,  nearly  smooth,  with  spreading  branches,  opposite  pinnately  parted  and 
finely  cut  leaves,  and  few  yellow  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.     (1) 

66.  CICHORIUM,  SUCCORY,  CICHORY,  or  CHICORY.     (Arabic 
name  of  the  plant.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

C.  intybus,  Common  C.  Nat.  from  Eu.  by  roadsides,  &c.  mainly  E.  : 
leaves  runcinate,  rough-hairy  on  the  midrib,  or  the  upper  ones  on  flowering 
stems  small  and  bract-like,  entire ;  showy  blue  flowers  opening  only  in  the 
morning  and  in  cloudy  weather  ;  deep  root  used  as  substitute  for  coffee.     ^ 

C.  Endivia,  Endive,  cult,  from  East  Indies,  for  autumn  salad ;  leaves 
smooth,  slightly  or  deeply  toothed,  or  much  cut  and  crisped,  flowering  stems 
short  and  leafy.     @  ® 

67.  TRAGOPOGON,   SALSIFY.      (Greek  name  for  goaVs-heard,  from 
the  pappus.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

T.  porrifblius,  Common  S.  or  Oyster-plant.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the 
edible  tap-root,  sometimes  running  wild:  smooth  and  pale,  2° -4°  high,  branch- 
ing, with  long  leaves  tapering  from  a  clasping  base  to  a  slender  apex,  very  large 
heads  on  hollow  peduncle  much  thickened  upwards,  and  deep  violet-purple 
flowers.     (2) 

68.  IiEONTODON,  HAWKBIT.     (Greek  name  fbr  lion-tooth,  from  the 
runcinate  leaves  of  some  species.) 

L.  autumn^le,  Fall  Dandelion  or  Hawkbit.  Nat.  from  Europe  in 
meadows  and  lawns  E.  :  leaves  pinnatifid  or  laciniate;  scapes  slender,  8'-  12' 
high,  branching ;  peduncles  thickish  and  scaly-bracted  next  the  small  head  : 
fl.  summer  and  autumn.     ^ 


r  COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  207 

69.  HIERACIUM,  HAWKWEED  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
Wild  plants  of  the  countiy,  in  dry  ground  :  fl.  summer  and  autumn.     ^ 
H.  Canad6nse,  chiefly  N.,  has  simple  stems  l°-3°  high  and  leafy  up  to 

the  corymbed  summit ;  lanceolate  or  oblong  acute  leaves  with  a  few  coarse  teetli, 
and  rather  large  heads  with  loose  imbricated  involucre. 

H.  panic ulatum,  in  woods,  has  slender  and  branching  leafy  st^ms  2° -3° 
high,  lanceolate  scarcely  toothed  leaves,  a  loose  panicle  of  very  small  12-20- 
tiowered  heads  on  slender  peduncles,  the  involucre  very  simple. 

H.  scabrum,  in  more  open  grounds,  is  roughish-hairy,  with  rather  stout 
simple  stem  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  obovate  or  oval  nearly  entire  leaves,  and 
a  narrow  panicle  of  many  small  heads,  the  40  -  50-flowered  involucre  and  stiff 
peduncles  thickly  beset  with  dark  glandular  bristles  ;  akenes  not  tapering. 

H.  longipilum,  in  prairies  AV.,  is  so  named  from  the  exceedingly  long 
(often  1')  straight  bi-istly  hairs  of  the  stem ;  has  narrow  oblong  entire  leaves, 
panicle  and  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  between  the  last  and  the  next,  and  akenes 
spindle-shaped. 

H.  Gronbvii,  common  in  sterile  soil,  with  slender  stems  leafy  and  very 
hairy  below,  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  panicle  narrow,  small  heads,  slender 
peduncles  and  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly,  and  spindle- 
shaped  akenes  with  very  tapering  summit. 

H.  venbsum,  Rattlesnake- Weed  ;  common  in  dry  sandy  ground,  very 
smooth  or  with  a  few  hairs  ;  with  leaves  chiefly  at  the  root,  obovate  or  oblong, 
thin,  purple-tinged  beneath  and  purple-veiny  above ;  scape  slender,  l°-2°  high, 
forking  into  2-7  slender  peduncles  bearing  small  about  20-flo\vered  heads ; 
akenes  linear,  not  tapering. 

70.  NABALUS,  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.  (Name  from  Greek  word 
for  a  harp,  alluding  probably  to  the  lyrate  leaves  of  some  species.)  Roots 
tuberous  or  spindle-shaped,  bitter.     Fl.  late  summer  and  autumn.     ^ 

*  Peduncles  and  5  -  \2-Jlowered  heads  smooth :  leaves  very  variable. 

N.  altissimus,  Tall  R.  or  AVhite-Lettuce.  Rich  woods  N.,  3° -6° 
high,  with  long  and  narrow  leafy  panicle,  petioled  leaves  inclined  to  be  ovate- 
triangular  ;  heads  5  -  6-flowered ;  pappus  dirty  white. 

W/^lbus,  Common  White-Lettuce,  in  open  woods,  chiefly  N.  and  W., 
is  glaucous,  with  more  corymbed  panicles  of  8-12-flowered  heads,  usually  more 
cut  or  divided  leaves,  and  cinnamon-colored  pappus. 

N.  Fr^seri,  Lion's-foot,  or  Gall-of-the-Earth,  is  commonest  in  dry 
soil  E.  and  IS.,  l°-4°  high,  with  narrow-corymbed  panicles  of  8-  12-flowered 
heads,  and  pappus  dull  straw-color. 

*  *  Peduncles  and  12  -  40-Jlowered  heads  hairy.     Chiejiy  West,  on  plaim,  <5'c. 

N.  racembsus  has  smooth  wand-like  stem  2°  -  .5°  high,  lance-oblong 
slightly  toothed  leaves,  the  upper  ones  partly  clasping,  and  a  narrow  spiked 
panicle  of  about  12-flowered  heads. 

N.  ^sper  is  similar,  but  rough-pubescent,  the  12  -  14-flowered  heads  mostly 
erect  and  larger. 

N.  crepedinius,  only  W.,  is  smoother,  with  stout  stem  5°  -  8^  high, 
wide  corymbed  panicles  of  20  -  40-flowered  heads,  brown  pappus,  and  broad 
leaves  6'  -  12'  long  on  winged  petioles. 

71.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,  FALSE  DANDELION.  (Name  means  m 
Greek  Jkum -colored  pa/ipus  ;  this  and  the  leafy  stems  obviously  distinguish 
this  genus  from  the  next.)     (T)  (2) 

P.  Carolini^nus,  in  sandy  fields  from  Maryland  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  with 
oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  often  pinnatifid  or  cut,  the  upper  partly  clasping : 
fl.  spring  and  summer. 

72.  TARAXACUM,  DANDELION.  (Greek  name  referring  to  medici- 
nal properties  of  the  root.)     @   % 

T.  Dens-lebnis,  Common  D.,  in  all  fields,  &c.,  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Inner  involucre  closes  after  blossoming  till  the  akenes  mature  and  the  beak 


\J 


208  LOBELIA    FAMILY. 

lengthens  and  elevates  the  pappu?  ;  then  the  involucre  is  reflexed,  the  pappus 
spreads,  and  with  the  fruit  is  blown  away  by  the  wind. 

^73.  LACTUCA,  LETTUCE.  (AncientLatin  name,  from  the  milky  juice.) 
L.  satlva,  Garden  Lettuce.     Cultivated  from  Europe,   the  broad  and 

tender  root-leaves   used   for  salad ;    stem-leaves  heart-shaped  and  clasping ; 

flowers  yellow.     (T)  (2) 

L.   Canadensis,   Wild  Lettuce.     Open   grounds,  3° -9°   high,  with 

lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  often  pinuatifid,  sometimes  entire ;  flowers  pale 

yellow,  sometimes  purple  or  reddish.     (2) 

74.  MULGEDIUM,  FALSE  or  BLUE  LETTUCE.  (Name  from 
Latin  rauUjeo,  to  milk.)     Fl.  summer,  in  thicket-borders,  &c. 

M.  acuminatum,  from  New  York  to  111.  &  S.  ;  3°  -  6°  high,  with  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  barely  seirate  leaves  on  winged  petioles,  blue  flowers,  and  bright 
white  pappus.     (2) 

M.  Floridknum,  from  Penn.  "VV.  «Sb  S. ;  like  the  first,  but  with  all  the 
leaves  or  the  lower  ones  lyrate  or  runcinate,  uppermost  i^artly  clasping.     (2) 

M.  leucophaeum,  in  low  grounds  :  resembles  Wild  Lettuce,  and  with 
equally  variable  lanceolate  or  oblong  often  irregularly  pinnatifid  leaves,  very 
compound  panicle  of  pale  blue  or  bluish-white  tlowers,  and  tawny  pappus.     (2) 

75.  SONCHUS,  SOW-THISTLE.  (Ancient  Greek  name.)  Coarse 
weeds,  with  soft-spiny-toothed  runcinate-pinnatifld  leaves :  nat.  from  Eu. : 
fl.  summer. 

S.  oler^ceus,  Common  S.  ;  in  manured  soil  and  damp  waste  places;  1°- 
5°  high,  acute  auricles  to  the  clasping  base  of  the  leaves,  pale  yellow  flowers, 
and  akenes  wrinkled  transversely.     Ci) 

S.  ^sper,  like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  less  divided  and  more  spiny-toothed, 
the  auricles  of  their  clasping  base  rounded,  and  akenes  smooth  with  3  nerves  on 
each  side.     (1) 

S.  arv6nsis.  Field  S.  Less  common  E. ;  l°-2o  high  from  creeping 
root-stocks,  with  larger  heads  of  bright  yellow  flowers,  and  bristly  peduncles 
and  involucre.     2/ 

62.   LOBELTACE^,  LOBELIA  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  milky  acrid  juice,  alternate  simple  leave-,  and  scat- 
tered racemed  or  panic-led  flowers  ;  the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
many-seeded  ovary  and  pod  ;  the  corolla  irregularly  5-lobed  and 
mostly  split  down  as  it  were  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  5  stamens 
united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their 
anthers;   style   only  one. 

Downingia  61egans,  under  the  older  name  of  Clixt6nia  elegans,  and 
D.  pulchella,  formerly  Clixt6nia  pulchklla,  are  delicate  little  annu- 
als from  California,  sparingly  cultivated.  They  resembles  small  Lobelias,  with 
very  bright  blue  flowers,  but  are  known  by  the  very  long  and  slender  1 -celled 
pod,  and  short  tube  of  corolla  not  much  split  down.  The  first  has  the  2  narrow 
lobes  approaching  each  other  opposite  the  3-lobed  lip  which  has  a  whitish  centre. 
The  second  has  a  larger  corolla,  with  centre  of  the  3-lobed  lip  yellow  and  white, 
and  the  2  other  lobes  widely  diverging.  —  The  other  common  plants  of  the 
order  belong  to 

1.  LOBELIA  (named  after  the  herbalist  De  VOhel  or  Lohel).  Tube  of  the 
calyx  and  2-celled  ])od  short.  Corolla  split  down  on  one  side,  the  5  lobes 
more  or  less  irregular  or  unequal.     Two  or  all  5  anthers  bearded  at  top. 


i 


re\i 


CAMPANULA    FAMILY.  200 

*  Exotic,  cultivated  for  ornament. 

L.  Erinus,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope^  the  common  low  and  spreading  little 
Lobelia  of  conservatories  and  summer  gardens,  with  abundant  small  flowers 
azure-blue,  usually  white  in  the  throat,  and  narrow  toothed  upper  leaves  :  0  or 
continued  by  cuttings. 

L.  laxiflbra,  from  Mexico,  cultivated  in  conservatories  under  the  name  of 
SiphocAmpylus  BfcoLOR  ;  tall,  with  curved  and  large  red  and  yellow  flowers, 
hanging  on  long  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  oblong  or  lanceolate 
toothed  leaves.     2/ 

*  *  Wild  species  of  the  country,  one  or  two^f  them  sometimes  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment ;  fl.  summer :  growing  in  wet  or  low  grounds,  except  two  of  them. 

-t-  Corolla  deep  red :  stems  tall  and  simple. 

L.  cardinalis,  Cardinal-Flower,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  and  erect 
raceme  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  which  are  very  rarely  rose-colored  or  even 
white.     ©   11 

••-  -t-  Flowers  blue  or  with  some  white  in  the  throat. 

L.  infl^ta,  Indian  Tohacco.  Somewhat  hairy,  9' -18'  high,  much 
branched,  with  ovate  toorhc  d  leaves,  and  spike-like  leafy  racemes  of  small 
flowers,  the  pale  blue  corolla  only  2"  long,  and. pod  inflated,  (i)  Common  in 
fields  :  a  noted  quack  medicine. 

L.  syphilitica,  Great  Blue  L.  Slightly  hairy,  1°  -  3°  high,  leafy,  with 
ovatc-oblong  irregularly  toothed  leaves,  dense  leafy  raceme,  hairy  calyx,  and 
corolla  almost  1'  long.     2/ 

L.  puberula,  chiefly  S.  &  W.  ;  minutely  soft-downy,  with  blunter  and 
finer-toothed  leaves,  and  rather  1-sided  spike  of  smaller  deeper-blue  flowers.     2/ 

L.  spic^ta,  in  sandy  or  gravelly  damp  or  dry  soil ;  smoothish,  Avith  long 
and  wand-like  stems  l°-3°  high,  obovate  lowest  leaves,  narrow  and  small 
upper  ones,  and  close  naked  raceme  of  very  small  flowers.     (2)    % 

Li.  Kalmii,  of  wet  banks  N. ;  smooth,  with  branching  stems  5'-  12'  high, 
obovate  root-leaves,  few  and  lanceolate  or  linear  stem-leaves,  a  loose  raceme 
of  slender-pedicelled  and  small  but  handsome  bright-blue  flowers,  and  obovate 
pods.    ©  % 

63.   CAMPANULACE.^,  CAMPANULA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowery 
with  regular  5-lobed  (blue  or  white)  corolla  and  5  stamens  borne 
on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube  which  is  adherent  to  the  2  -  5- 
celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  as  many  as 
the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  separate  in  all  our  plants  of  the 
order,  which  by  this  and  by  the  regular  corolla  (valvate  in  the  bud) 
are  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 

1.  SPECULARIA.   Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.     Stigmas  3.    Pod  linear  Or  nar- 

row oblong,  opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or  short  cleft  into  each  cell.     Other- 
wise as  in  the  next. 

2.  CAMPANULA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  or  of  various  shapes.    Stigmas  and  cells 

of  the  short  pod  3-5,  each  cell  of  the  latter  opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or 
short  cleft. 

3.  PLATYCODON.     Corolla  very  broadly  open  from  a  narrow  base,  balloon-shaped 

in  the  bud.    Pod  top-shaped,  5-celled,  opening  at  the  top  into  3-&-valvea. 

L   SPECULARIA,  VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS.      (Old  Latin  namo 
of  European  species  is  «Sjocct</Mm  P'e?jms.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ® 

S.  Spdculum,  Garden  V.,  cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament,  is  a  Ioav  herb, 
with  oblong  leaves,  pretty  blue  flowers  terminating  the  spreading  branches,  and 
linear  triangular  pod. 

S  &  F— 20 


210  HEATH    FAMILY. 

S.  perfoli^ta,  a  wild  weedy  plant  in  sterile  or  sandy  ground,  with  simple 
stems  3'  -  20'  high,  furnished  throughout  with  round-heart-shaped  clasping 
leaves,  and  small  tiowers  in  their  axils,  only  the  later  ones  expanding  a  small 
hlue  corolla ;  pod  oblong. 

2.  CAMPANULA,  BELLFLOWER  or  HAREBELL.     (Diminutive  of 
Italian  or  late  Latin  name  for  bell.)    Fl.  summer.    (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  207.) 

*   Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  with  3  stigmas  and  ^-celled  pod. 

C.  Americana,  Tall  Wild  B.  Rich  moist  ground  especially  W.,  with 
stem  3°  -  6°  high,  thin  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  long  loose 
spike  of  flowers,  the  almost  wheel-shaped  light-blue  corolla  1'  broad,  and  long 
curved  style.     (V)  © 

C.  aparinoides,  Small  Marsh  B.  Grassy  wet  places,  with  delicate 
weak  stem  8' -20'  high,  and  rough  backward  on  the  angles,  bearing  small  lance- 
lincar  leaves  and  a  few  small  flowers  on  diverging  peduncles,  the  bell-shaped 
corolla  3" -4"  long.     % 

C.  rotundifolia,  Commox  Harebell.  On  precipices  and  rocky  banks 
N.,  with  tufted  spreading  slender  stems  5' -12'  high,  round  or  heart-shaped 
root-leaves,  dying  early,  but  narrow  mostly  linear  stem-leaves  (the  specific  name 
therefore  unf[)rtunate),  and  a  few  slender-peduncled  flowers,  the  blue  bell-shaped 
corolla  6  '  -  8"  long.     % 

*  »  European  species  of  the  gardens :  flowers  mostly  hlue,  with  white  varieties. 
•*-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  :  no  appendages  to  calyx.     2/ 

C.  Carp^thica.  Smooth,  tufted,  6' -10'  high,  with  roundish  or  ovate 
pctioled  small  leaves,  slender  1 -flowered  peduncles,  and  open  bell-shaped  corolla 
about  1'  long. 

C.  rapunculoides.  Weedy,  spreading  inveterately  by  the  root,  rather 
hairy,  the  erect  leafy  stems  \° -2°  high,  with  lowest  leaves  heart-shaped  and 
petioled,  upper  lancc-ovate  and  sessile,  nodding  flowers  in  the  axil  of  bracts 
forming  a  IcatV  raceme,  and  tubular-bell-shaped  corolla  I'  long. 

C.  Trachelium.  Roughish-hairy,  2° -3°  high,  with  more  coarsely  toothed 
and  broader  leaves  than  the  last,  and  rather  larger  bell-shaped  corolla. 

C.  persicsefolia.  Smooth,  with  upright  stems  l°-2^°  high,  and  bearing 
small  lance-linear  leaves,  root-leaves  broader,  all  beset  with  minute  close  teeth  ; 
the  flowers  nearly  sessile  and  erect,  rather  few  in  a  sort  of  raceme,  the  open  bell- 
shaped  corolla  l^'-2'  long,  sometimes  double. 

■t-  •»-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  5  :  calyx  with  refexed  leafy  appendages.  ®  (2) 

C.  Medium,  Canterbury  Bells.  Erect,  branching,  hairy,  with  coarse 
toothed  leaves,  and  oblong-bell-shaped  flowers  2'  -  3'  long,  often  double. 

3.  PLATYCODON.     {A  Grcak-madG  n&mQ,  means  hrondbelljlower.)     ^ 
P.  grandiflbrum.     Cult,  from  Siberia ;   very  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous, 

rather  low  and  spreading,  with  lance-ovate  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  terminal 
peduncle  bearing  a  showy  flower,  the  broadly  expanded  5-lobed  corolla  fully 
2'  broad,  blue  or  white,  sometimes  double,  in  summer. 

64.   ERICACE^,  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Very  large  family,  chiefly  of  shriib-5,  difficult  to  define  as  a  whole ; 
the  leaves  are  simple  and  mostly  alternate ;  the  flowers  almost  all 
regular,  and  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  there  are 
petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  their  anthers  2-celled,  each  cell  more 
commonly  opening  by  a  pore  or  hole  at  the  end  ;  ovary  mostly 
with  as  many  cells  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  corolla  ;  style  only  one, 
and  seeds  small. 

Epacris  is  a  genus  and  the  type  of  a  family  or  sub-order  of 
Ileath-like  shi'ubs,  of  Australia,  some  of  them  cult,  in  conservatoriea 


HEATH   FAMILY.  .  211 

Epacrises  and  the  like  differ  from  Heaths  in  their  stamens  (often 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla)  having  one-celled  antliers.  The 
Heath  Family  comprises  the  following  subordinate  families:  — 

il.  WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY,  known  by  having  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  on  which  the  monopetalous 
corolla  and  the  stamens  are  therefore  mounted.  All  are  shrubs, 
with  scaly  buds.     Fruit  a  berry  or  berry-like. 

,  1.  GAYLUSSACIA.  Stamens  10:  anthers  with  the  cells  opening  by  a  chink  at 
the  blunt  or  tapering  top.  Ovary  10-celled  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell,  fonn- 
ing  a  berry-like  fruit  containing  10  apparent  seeds,  or  properly  little  stones. 
Flowers  in  lateral  racemes;  branchlets  and  leaves  beset  with  resinous  or 
clammy  dots  or  atoms. 

2.  VACClNlUM.     Stamens  10  or  8:  anthers  tapering  up  into  a  tube  with  a  hole 

at  the  top.  Ovary  with  several  or  many  ovules  in  each  cell,  forming  a  pulpy 
many-seeded  (rarely  rather  few-seeded)  berry. 

3.  CHIOGPvNES.     Stamens  8:  anthers  with  short  cells  minutely  2-pointed,  and 

opening  by  a  lai*ge  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Ovary  4-celle(3,  in  fruit  a  white 
many-seeded  beiry. 

II.  HEATH  FAMILY  PRorsR  ;  shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

§  1.  Heaths:  the  corolla  persisting  dry  and  scnrious  long  after  the  flowers  open, 
enclosing  the  pod;  the  evergreen  leaves  needle-shaped  or  minute.  Lobes  of 
calyx  and  corolla  4:  stamens  8.     No  scaly  leaf-buds. 

4.  ERICA.    Corolla  of  various  shapes,  4-toothed  or  4-cleft,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Pod  loculicidal.     Leaves  needle-shaped  or  linear  with  margins  revolute. 

5.  CALLUNA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted,  much  shorter  and  less  conspicuous 

than  the  4  colored  and  scarious-persistent  sepals;  below  these  2  or  3  pairs  of 
bracts,  the  inner  ones  scale-like.  Pod  septicidal.  Leaves  very  short  and 
small,  opposite,  crowded,  and  imbricated. 

^  2.    Corolla  deciduous  {not  remaining  dry  after  fl(nvering). 

*  Monopetalous  {or  in  No.  16  icith  two  of  th^jJetals  nearly  separate). 

-t-  Fruit  berry-like,  containing  5-10  seeds  or  very  small  stones:  calyx  dry  underneath. 

6.  ARCXOSTAPHYLOS.     Corolla  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  enclosing  the  10  sta- 

mens ;  their  anthers  opening  at  the  top,  and  2-awned  on  the  back.  Leaves 
alternate. 

-I-  +-  Fruit  a  dry  and  many-seeded  pod, 

•w-  But  enclosed  in  the  calyx  which  becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  so  that  the  fruit  imitates 
a  berry,  but  has  a  dry  pod  inside. 

7.  GAULTHERIA.     Corolla  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  5-toothed.    Anthers  10, 

4-awned  or  4-pointed  at  top,  opening  only  there.  Leaves  alternate,  broad, 
often  spicy-aromatic,  evergi-een. 

•M-  -i-f  Calyx  dry  and  separate  from  the  pod. 
a.   Corolla  salver-shaped,  H-lobed  ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise,  not  appendaged. 

8.  EPIG^A.     Sepals  5,  thin  and  scale-like,  ovate-lanceolate,  style  slender.    Leaves 

evergreen,  reticulated,  roundish. 

b.  Corolla  cylindrical,  urn-shaped,  orate,  or  globular,  very  rarely  bell-shaped,  the 
orifce  i^-toiithed ;  anthers  opening  wholly  or  mainly  at  the  top.  All  belonged  to 
Andromeda  of  Linmeus,  now  divided  as  follows. 

9.  CASSANDRA.    Calyx  of  5  ovate  and  acute  rigid  sepals  overlapping  in  the 

bud,  and  a  pair  of  "similar  bractlets  at  its  base.  Corolla  almost  cylindrical. 
Anthers  with  tubular  tips  to  the  cells,  and  no  awns  on  the  back.  Pod  flattish 
from  above,  when  ripe  splitting  into  an  outer  layer  of  6  valves  and  an 
inner  cartilaginous  one  of  10  valves.  Shrub,  with  leaves  rather  scurfy. 
10.  LEUCOTHOK.  Calyx  of  5  almost  separate  sepals  a  little  overlapping  in  the 
bud.  Corolla  ovatc-oblong  or  almost  cylindrical.  Anthers  without  tubular 
tips.     Pod  flattish  from  above,  5-valved,  loculicidal.     Shrubs. 


212  HEATH    FAMILY. 

11.  ANDROMEDA.    Calyx  valvate  in  the  early  bud ;  no  bractlets.    Corolla  various. 

Pod  globular  or  short-ovate,  5-valved,  loculicidal.     Shrubs. 

12.  OXYDENDRUM.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud;  no  bractlets.      Corolla  ovate. 

Anthei's  awnless.     Pod  conical  or  pyramidal,  5-valved,  loculicidal.     Tree. 

C*  Corolla  (usually  large)  open-bell-shaped,  saucer-shaped^  funnel-form,  i.fc.^  b-lobed 
or  cleft :  anthers  short,  without  atcns  or  other  oppendayts,  vpeniny  only  by 
holes  at  the  top :  f  laments  long  and  sltnder,  as  is  also  the  style ;  pod  septicuitd  •• 
leaves  entire. 

=  No  scaly  buds  :  bracts  green,  frm^  andTpersistent. 

13.  KALMIA.     Corolla  broadly  open,  slightly  5-Iobed,  and  with  10  pouches  in 

which  the  10  anthers  are  'lodged  until  extricated  by  insects,  when  the  bent 
elastic  filaments  fly  up  and  discharge  the  pollen/    Pod  globular.     Leaves 
evergreen.     Flowers  in  umbels  or  corymb-like  clusters. 
=  =  Flowers  in  uinbd-like  clusters  from  large  scdy  terminal  buds,  their  thin  scale- 
like  bracts  or  bud-scales  fdlinff  as  the  blossoms  are  developed.     Calyx  often 
minute  or  obsolete. 

14.  RHODODENDRON.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  or  various.    Stamens 

10,  often  curved  to  the  lower  side.  Leaves  evergreen,  or  rarely  deciduous. 
Pod  mostly  oblong. 

15.  AZALEA.     Stamens  5,  or  rarely  more,  and  leaves  deciduous:  otherwise  nearly 

as  in  Rhododendron.  And  the  characters  run  together,  so  that  Azaleas  would 
hardly  be  kept  distinct,  except  that  they  are  so  familiar  in  cultivation. 

16.  RIIODURA.   Like  Azalea,  but  the  corolla  strongly  irregular,  the  upper  part 

3-lobed,  the  lower  of  2  almost  or  quite  separate  petals;  and  stamens  10. 

#  *   Polypetalous  or  nearly  so:  the  {white)  corolla  of  5  equal  petals, 

"*-  Widely  spreading,  oval  or  obovate  :  leaves  evergreen  :  foicers  in  a  terminal  umbel. 

17.  LEIOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  10:  anthei-s  opening  lengthwise.    Pod  2-3-celled. 

Leaves  small,  smooth  both  sides,  glossy,  mostly  opposite. 

18.  LEDUM.     Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  holes   at  top.     Pod  5-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  thinnish,  rusty-woolly  underneath.     Flowers  from  scaly 
terminal  buds,  as  in  Azalea. 
•*-  -t-  Petals  less  spreading :  leaves  deciduous :  flowers  in  hoary  racemes. 

19.  CLETHRA.     Sepals  and  obovate-oblong  petals  5.     Stamens  10:  anthers  arrow- 

shaped  and  renexed  in  the  bud,  the  hole  at  the  top  of  each  cell  then  at  the 
bottom.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-valved,  3-celled,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx.    Leaves  alternate,  serrate,  feather-veined,  deciduous. 

III.  PYROLA  FAMILY;  evergreen  herbs  or  nearly  so,  with 
calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  corolla  of  separate  petals,  anthers  turned 
outwards  in  the  bud,  soon  inverted,  when  the  holes  by  which  they 
open  are  at  top.     Seeds  innumerable,  with  a  loose  cellnlar  coat. 

20.  PYROLA.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape  which  bears  rounded  leaves  at 

base.  Petals  roundish,  more  or  less  concave.  Stamens  10,  with  awl-shaped 
fihiments.     Style  long.     Valves  of  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

21.  MONESES.    Flower  solitary,  with  orbicular  widely  spreading  (sometimes  only 

4)  petals,  conspicuously  2-horned  anthers,  large  5-rayed  stigma  on  a  straight 
style,  and  nod  as  in  the  next  genus:  otherwise  like  Pyrola. 

22.  CHIMAPHILA.     Flowers  several  in  a  corymb  or  umbel,  with  orbicular  widely- 

spreading  petals,  2-horned  anthers  on  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in  the 
middle.  Very  short  top-shaped  style  covered  bv  a  broad  orbicular  stigma, 
and  valves  of  pod  smooth  on  the  eciges.  Stems  leafy  below:  leaves  narrow, 
smooth  and  glossy. 

IV.  INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY ;  herbs  destitute  of  green  foli- 
age, parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants  ;  commonly  represented  by 
one  common  genus,  viz. 

23.  MONOTROPA.     Calyx  or  2  or  more  deciduous  bract-like  scales.     Corolla  of 

4  or  5  erect  spatuliite  or  wedge-shaped  petals,  resembling  the  scales  of  the 
stem.  Stamens  8  or  10:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top, 
style  stout:  sti'^a  depressed.  Pod  4 - 6-celled,  seeds  iunumex-ahle,  minute, 
resembling  fiao  sawdust. 


\nI-uyU\y]    /.         'i^^      im 


uC  V  \j  \J/  if  W^ 


HEATH    FAMILY.  213 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA,  HUCKLEBERRY  or  AMERICAN  WHORTLE- 
BERRY. (Named  for  the  French  chemist  Gay-Lussac.)  Flowers  white 
tinged  with  reddish,  in  late  spring  :  the  edible  fruit  ripe  late  in  summer,  that 
of  the  first  species  largely  gathered  for  the  market. 

G.  resinbsa,  Common  or  Black  H.  Low  or  rocky  ground,  common  ex- 
cept S.  W.,  l°-3°  high,  clammy-resinous  when  young,  with  rigid ^  branches, 
oval  leaves,  short  one-sided  racemes  in  clusters,  rather  cylindrical  corolla,  and 
black  fruit  without  a  bloom. 

G.  frondbsa,  Bluk-Tanglb  or  Dangleberry.  Low  grounds  from  New 
England  S.,  with  diverging  slender  branches,  pale  leaves  white  beneath,  slen- 
der racemes  and  pedicels,  short  corolla,  and  sweet  blue-black  fruit  with  a  bloom. 

G.  dumbsa,  Dwarf  H.  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  rather  hairy  or  bristly, 
with  thickish  rather  shining  oblong  leaves,  long  racemes,  leaf-like  oval  bracts 
to  the  pedicels,  bell-shaped  corolla,  and  insipid  black  fruit. 

2.  VACCINIUM,  CRANBERRY,  BLUEBERRY,  &c.    (Ancient  Latin, 
name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     Berry  edible.     (Lessons,  p.  104,  fig.  216.) 

§  1.  Blueberries,  beyorfd  New  England  commonly  called  Huckleberries  ; 
with  /eaves  deciduous  at  least  in  the  A'orthern  States ;  flowers  in  spring  in 
clusters  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves  ; 
corolla  oblong  or  short  cylindrical,  b-toothed,  enclosing  the  10  anthers,  berries 
ripe  in  summer,  sweet,  blue  or  black  ivith  a  bloom,  each  of  the  5  many-seeded 
cells  divided  into  two. 

V.  Pennsylv^nicum,  Dwarf  Early  Blueberry.  Dry  or  barely 
moist  grounds  N.  and  E.  :  6'  -  15'  high,  with  green  angular  branches,  mostly 
lance-oblong  leaves  bristly-serrulate  and  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  the 
sweet  berries  earliest  to  ripen. 

V.  Canad^nse,  Canada  B.  Low  grounds  only  N.,  is  taller,  l°-2°  high, 
the  broader  entire  leaves  and  branchlets  downy. 

V.  vaeillans,  Low  Pale  B.  Dry  woodlands,  less  northern  ;  l°-3°  high, 
with  yellowish  branches,  smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous  leaves  obovate  or  oval 
and  entire,  and  berries  ripening  later  than  the  first. 

V.  tenellum,  Southern  B.  Low  grounds  from  Virginia  S. ;  lO-3°  high, 
with  greenish  branches  rather  pubescent,  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves 
scarcely  serrulate  and  often  pubescent,  ^'  -  1'  long. 

V.  COrymbbsurQ,  Common  Sw^amp  B.  N.  &  S.  in  wet  or  low  grounds  : 
3°  - 10°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  either  smooth  or  downy,  pale  or  green, 
and  sweetish  berries  ripening  in  late  summer ;  in  one  downy-leaved  variety  pure 
black  without  a  bloom. 

§  2.  Evergreen  Blueberries  of  the  South,  in  low  pine  batrens,  procumbent 
or  only  1°  -  2°  high,  with  b-toothed  corolla  and  10  stamms. 

V.  myrsinites,  with  stems  6'  -  20'  high,  lanceolate  or  lance-obovate  leaves 
I'  -  1'  long  and  mostly  pale  beneath,  and  black  or  blue  berries. 

V.  crassifblium,  with  procumbent  slender  stems,  thick  and  shining  oval 
or  oblong  leaves  ^'  or  less  in  length,  their  margins  revolute,  globular-bell-shaped 
corolla,  and  black  berries. 

§  3.  Farkleberry  and  Deerberrt  ;  erect  shrubs  with  single  axillary  or 
racemed  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  early  summer,  open-bell-shaped 
corolla,  10  stamens,  anthers  with  very  slender  tubes  and  2  awns  on  the  back, 
and  insipid  berries  ripening  late,  each  of  their  5  cells  divided  into  two,  and 
maturing  few  seeds. 

V.  arbbreum,  Farkleberry.  Open  woods  from  Virg.  and  S.  111.  S. : 
8°-  15°  high,  evergreen  far  S.,  with  oval  glossy  leaves,  anthers  included  in  the 
5-toothed  white  corolla,  and  black  mealy  berries. 

"V.  Stamineum,  Dekuheuky  or  Squaw-Huckleberry.  Dry  woods, 
N.  &  S. :  2°  -  3°  high,  rather  downy,  with  dull  and  pale  ovate  or  oval  leaves, 
anthers  nmch  longer  than  the  greenish  or  wliitish  5-cleft  corolla,  and  large 
greenish  berries. 


214:  HEATH    FAMILY. 

§  4.  Cranberry;  creeping  or  trailing* very  slender  hardly  woody  plants,  with 

small  evergreen  leaves  whitish  beneath,  single  flowers  in  summer,  borne  on 

slender'  erect  pedicels,  pale  rose  corolla  deeply  parted  into  4  narrow  re  flexed 

divisions,  8  anthers  with  very  long  tubes  but  no  awns  on  the  back,  and  acid 

red  berry  ^-celled,  ripe  in  autumn. 

V.  Oxyc6ccus,  Small  C.     Cold  peat-bogs  N.  &  E. :  a  delicate  little  plant, 

flowering  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  the  ovate  acute  leaves  (only  i'  long)  with 

strongly  revolutc  margins,  berry  only  half  as  large  as  in  the  next,  often  speckled 

with  white,  seldom  gathered  for  market. 

V.  macroc^rpon,  Large  or  American  C.  Bogs  from  Virginia  N. ; 
with  stems  1°  to  3°  long,  growing  on  so  that  the  flowers  become  lateral,  ob- 
long obtuse  leaves  sometimes  ^'  long,  and  with  less  revolute  margins,  and 
berries  ^'  or  more  long ;  largely  cultivated  for  the  market  E. 

3.  OHJOGENES.     (Greek-made  name,  alluding  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 

C.  hispidula,  Creeping  Snowberry.  Cool  peat-bogs  and  low  mossy 
woods  N. ;  with  nearly  herbaceous  slender  creeping  stems,  very  small  ovate 

f>ointed  evergreen  leaves,  their  lower  surface  and  tiie  branchlcts  beset  with  rusty 
u-istles,  minute  axillary  flowers  in  late  spring,  and  white  berries  ripe  in  summer : 
these  and  the  foliage  have  the  flavor  of  Aromatic  Wintcrgreen. 

4.  ERICA,  HEATH.  (Ancient  Greek  name.)  All  belong  to  the  Old 
"World.  The  Heaths  of  the  conservatories,  blooming  in  winter,  belong  to 
various  species  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Of  the  European  species  one  bears 
the  winter  well  at  the  North,  and  is  planted,  viz. 

E.  Cornea  (in  the  form  called  E.  herbXcea),  of  the  Alps  ;  a  low  under- 
shrub,  with  linear  blunt  leaves  whorled  in  fours,  and  rosy  or  bright  flesh-colored 
flowers,  with  narrow  corolla  rather  longer  than  calyx,  in  early  spring. 

6.   CALLUNA,  HEATHER,  LING.    (Name  from  Greek,  to  sweep,  brooms 

being  made  from  its  twigs  in  Europe.) 

C.  vulgaris,  Common  H.  of  North  Europe,  seldom  planted,  very  sparingly 
found  wild  in  E.  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia,  &c. :  fl.  summer. 

■J  '  d     U     ■     , 

6.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,    BEARBERRY  (the  name  in  Greek). 

A.  Uva-Ursi,  Common  B.  ;  trailing  over  rocks  and  bare  hills  N.,  forming 
mats,  with  thick  smooth  and  entire  obovate  or  spatulate  evergreen  leaves,  and 
small  scaly-bractcd  nearly  white  flowers  in  a  short  raceme,  in  early  spring,  fol- 
lowed by  the  red  austere  berries.  Leaves  used  in  medicine,  astringent  and 
somewhat  mucilaginous. 

7.  GAULTHERIA,  AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN,  &c.  (Named 
for  Dr.  Gaulthier  or  Gaultier  of  Quebec,  over  130  years  ago.) 

G.  prociimbens,  Creeping  W.,  Boxbkrry,  Checkerberry,  &c.  ; 
common  in  evergreen  and  low  woods,  spreading  by  long  and  slender  mostly 
subterranean  runners,  sending  up  stems  3'  -  5'  high,  bearing  at  summit  a  few 
obovate  or  oval  leaves  and  in  summer  one  or  two  nodding  white  flowers  in  the 
axils,  the  edible  red  "  berries  "  lasting  over  winter  :  these  and  the  foliage  famil- 
iar for  their  spicy  flavor,  yielding  the  oil  of  winter  green 

G.  Shallon,  in  the  shade  of  evergreen  woods  of  Oregon,  &c.,  and  sparingly 
planted,  a  shrub  spreading  over  the  ground,  with  glossy  ovate  slightly  heart- 
shaped  leaves  about  3'  long,  and  flowers  in  racemes. 

8.  EPIGJSA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  on  the  ground,  from  the  growth.) 

E.  ripens,  Trailing  Arbutus,  Ground  Laurel,  or,  in  New  England, 
Mayflower.    Sandy  or  some  rocky  woods,  chiefly  E.,  under  pines,  &c.  ;  proj- 


HEATH    FAMILY.  215 

trate,  with  rusty-bristly  shoots,  somewhat  heart-shaped  leaves  slender-petioled, 
and  small  clusters  of  rose-colored  or  almost  white  spicy-fragrant  flowers  in  early- 
spring. 

9.  CASSANDRA,   LEATHEK-LEAF.      (A  mythological  name.) 

C.  ealycul^ta.  Wet  bogs  N.  and  mostly  E. ;  low  much  branched  shrab, 
with  small  and  nearly  evergreen  dull  oblong  leaves  sprinkled  with  some  fine 
scurf  or  scaly  atoms,  and  small  white  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves 
forming  one-sided  leafy  racemes,  in  early  spring. 

10.  LEUCOTHOE.      (Mythological   name.)      Flowers  white,  in  naked 
^   scaly-bracted  racemes  or  spikes,  which  are  formed  in  summer  and  open  the 

next  year. 

§  1.  Evergreens  on  moist  hanks  of  streams,  with  very  smooth  and  glossy  JineJy 

and  f^hitrp/y  serrate  leaves  ;  the  rather  catkin-like  dense  racemes  sessile  in 

their  axils  ;  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels ;  flowers  in  spring , 

exhaling  the  scent  of  Chestnut-blossoms. 

L.  Catesbsei,  abounds  from  Virginia  S.  along  and  near  the  mountains, 

with  long  recurving  branches,  ovate-lanceolate  and  very  taper-pointed  leaves  on 

tonspicuous  petioles,  and  narrowish  sepals. 

L.  axillaris,  belongs  to  the  low  country  S.,  flowers  very  early,  has  broader 
less  pointed  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  and  broad-ovate  sepals. 

§  2.  Deciduous-leaved,  ivith  one-sided  looser  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 

flowering  in  late  spring  or  summer  after  the  membranaceous   leaves  are 

developed ;  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx,  acute. 

L.  raeembsa.     Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;   erect,  4°  -  8°  high,  with  oblong 

acute  serrulate  leaves  a  little  downy  beneath,  long  and  upright  racemes,  and 

4-awned  anthers. 

11.  ANDROMEDA.    (Mythological  name.)    Flowers  white,  rarely  tinged 
with  rose,  mostly  in  spring. 

§  1 .  Flowers  in  naked  one-sided  racemes  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  formed 
in  summer  and  opening  early  the  next  spring  :  leaves  evergreen. 

A.  floribllnda.  Along  the  Alleghanies  S.  and  planted  for  oniament ; 
3°-  10°  high,  very  leafy,  the  lance-oblong  acute  leaves  serrulate  with  very  fine 
bristly  teeth,  abundance  of  handsome  flowers,  the  ovate-urnshaped  corolla 
strongly  5-angled  ;  anthers  2'awned  low  on  the  back. 

§  2.    Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters:  leaves  evergreen  :  stamens  2-awned. 

A.  polifblia.  Cold  wet  bogs  N.  ;  6'  -  1 8'  high,  smooth  and  glaucous  ; 
with  lanceolate  entire  revolute  leaves  white  beneath,  flowers  in  a  simple  termi- 
nal umbel,  the  corolla  almost  globular. 

A.  nitida.  Low  pine-barrens  from  North  Carolina  S. ;  2°  -  6°  high,  very 
smooth,  with  3-angled  bnmchlets,  ovate  or  oblong  and  entire  glossy  leaves, 
abundant  honey-scented  flowers  in  numerous  axillary  clusters,  and  ovate- 
cylindrical  corolla. 

§  3.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  on  wood  of  the  previous  year,  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer:  leaves  mostly  deciduous,  but  often  thickish  or  coriaceous :  pods 
5-angled  by  a  prominent  rib  or  ridge  at  the  lines  of  opening. 

♦  Flowers  ^'  or  more  long,  nodding,  smooth,  clustered  mostly  on  leafless  shoots  : 
stamens  2-awned.     Smooth  ornamental  shrubs,  2° -4°  high. 

A.  specibsa.  Low  barrens  S.,  barely  hardy  N.  in  cultivation ;  with  oval 
or  oblong  blunt  and  serrate  leaves,  often  mealy-whitened  ;  corolla  open  bell- 
shaped. 

A.  Marina,  Stagger-bush  (the  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves). 
Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;  with  glossy  oval  or  oblong  entire  veiny  leaves,  and 
leaf-like  lanceolate  sepals  half  the  length  of  the  almost  cylindrical  corolla. 


216  HEATH    FAMILY. 

*  *  Flowers  very  smaU,  with  globular  and  scxirfy-pnhescent  corolla.     Rusty  pu- 

bescent or  scurfy  shrubs,  4°  -  10°  high. 

A.  ferruginea.  Low  sandy  grounds  S.  with  thick  and  rigid  mostly  ever- 
green rusty  obovate  leaves,  the  margins  revolute. 

A.  ligUStrlna.  Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;  with  thin  and  green  obovate-oblong 
leaves,  and  panicled  clusters  of  small  flowers. 

12.  OXYDENDRUM,  SORREL-TREE,  SOUR- WOOD.  (Both  the 
Greek-made  and  English  names  refer  to  the  sour-tasted  leaves.)  One  species. 
O.  arbbreum.     Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  S. ;  tree  15° -40°  high, 

smooth,  with  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  serrulate  leaves  (resembling  those  of  the 
Peach),  on  slender  ])etioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes  clus- 
tered in  a  loose  panicle  at  the  end  of  the  branches  of  the  season,  in  early 
summer. 

13.  KALMIA,  AMERICAN  or  MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.  (Named  for 
Pet>'r  Kaim,  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  who  travelled  in  this  country  before  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.)  Ornamental  shrubs,  scarcely  found  W. :  foliage 
thought  to  poison  cattle.     Fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 

X.  Iatif61ia,  Largk  Mountain-L.,  also  Calico-bush,  Spoox-wood,  &c., 
in  Middle  States.  Common  N.  in  damp  grounds  and  along  the  mountains  S., 
where  it  forms  very  dense  thickets,  4° -10°  or  even  20°  high,  with  mostly 
alternate  lance-ovate  leaves  bright  green  both  sides  ;  the  large  and  showy 
clusters  of  rose-color  or  white  or  crimson-spotted  flowers  terminal  and  clammy, 
in  early  summer. 

X.  angustifblia,  Narrow-leaved  or  Sheep  L.,  Lamkill.  Low  or 
dry  grounds  ;  2°  -  3°  high,  with  narrow-oblong  short-petioled  leaves  opposite  or 
in  threes  and  pale  beneath,  and  corymbs  of  smaller  crimson-purple  flowers  lat- 
eral (in  late  spring),  their  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

X.  glatica,  Pale  L.  Cold  bogs  N. ;  l°-2°  high,  with  2-edged  branches, 
opposite  sessile  oblong  or  linear  leaves  white  beneath  and  with  revolute  margins, 
the  corymbs  of  lilac-purple  flowers  terminal,  in  spring. 

14.  RHODODENDRON,  ROSE-BAY.  (The  name  in  Greek  means 
Rose-tree)  Very  ornamental  shrubs  or  small  trees.  Calyx  in  our  species 
small  or  minute. 

*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  smooth :  branches  stiff"  and  erect :  flowers  in  early 

summer  from  very  large  terminal  buds:  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped. 

R.  maximum,  Great  R.  or  Wild  Laurel.  Mountain-sides,  abundant 
through  the  Alleghanies,  and  N.  sparingly  to  Maine  and  Canada ;  6°  -  20° 
high,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  (4' -10'  long)  narrowish  below,  clammy  pedi- 
cels, and  pale  rose  or  nearly  white  corolla  (1'  broad)  greenish  in  the  throat,  on 
the  upper  side  more  or  less  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish :  fl.  midsummer. 

R.  Catawbidnse,  Catawba  R.  High  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S.,  and 
planted  ;  3°  -  6°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  rounded  at  both  ends  and 
pale  beneath  (3' -5'  long),  usually  rusty  pedicels,  and  large  purple  corolla: 
fl.  early  summer.  This,  hybridized  with  other  less  hardy  species,  especially 
with  the  next,  and  with  the  tender  R.  arboreum  of  the  "Himalayas  (cult,  in 
conservatories)  gives  rise  to  most  of  the  various  Rhododendrons  of  ornamental 
grounds. 

R.  Pontieum,  from  Pontus,  &c.,  hardy  when  planted  N.  only  as  a  low 
shrub,  has  obovate-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  and  a  very  open  bell- 
shaped  purple  corolla,  in  late  spring. 

*  *  Leaves  evergreen,  but  thinnish  ;  branches  slender  and  spreading  or  drooping : 

flowers  in  early  summer. 
R.  punct^tum,  Dotted  R.  Along  the  mountains  E.  from  N.  Carolina 
S.,  and  sparingly  planted  ;  4°  -  6°  high,  with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves 
acute  at  both  ends,  2' -4'  long,  and  sprinkled,  like  the  branchlets  and  outside 
of  the  rather  small  short  funnel-shaped  rose-colored  corolla,  with  rusty  dots  or 
atoms. 


HEATH   FAMILY.  217 

*  *  *  Leaves  tardily  deciduous,  thickish :  floxcers  borne  on  the  naked  shoots  in 

earliest  spring :  corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  bright  rose-purple. 
R.  Dauricum,  cult,  from  Siberia ;  a  low  shrub,  with  small  oblong  leaves 
(l'-2'  long)  sprinkled  with  minute  dots,  becoming  rusty  beneath. 

15.  AZALEA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  arid;  not  applicable  to  these  orna- 
mental shrubs,  which  grow  in  low,  wet,  or  shady  grounds.) 

§  1.    Chinese  Azaleas,  with  thickish  almost  or  quite  ei-ergreen  leaves,  rather 

leafy  calyx,  short-tubed  corolla  approaching  to  bell-shaped,  and  often  10 

stamens,  —  therefore  in  strictness  rather  Rhododendrons  : 

A.  indica,  cult,  from  China  and  Japan,  &c.,  is  however  the  Azalea  of 

florists,  flowering  in  late  winter  and  early  spring  in  conservatories,  with  red, 

purple,  pink,  white  or  variegated  showy  flowers,  green  rather  shining  leaves, 

and  shoots  beset  with  appressed  awl-sliaped  rusty  bristles. 

§  2.  True  Azaleas  or  False  Honeysuckles,  with  deciduous  leaves,  slen- 
der cylindrical  tube  to  the  corolla,  the  chiefly  5  stamens  and  the  style  long 
and  protruded  :  hardy  ornamental  shrubs. 

*  Flowers  developed  later  than  the  leaves,  in  summer,  very  fragrant. 
A.  Visc6sa,  Clammy  A.     Swamps  E.  &  S.;   4° -10°  high,  with  bristly 
branchlets,  oblong-obovate  mostly  smooth  leaves   commonly  jjale  or  whitish 
beneath,  often  glossy  above,  and  white  or  rosy-tinged  very  clammy  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  developed  with  or  rather  before  the  thin  and  veiny  mostly  pubescent 

leares,  in  late  spring,  slighdy  fragrant. 

A.  nildifl6ra,  Purple  A.  or  Pinxter-flower.  Swamps,  chiefly  E.  &  S. ; 
30  _  Qo  liigh,  with  oblong  or  obovate  leaves  ;  branchlets  and  narrow  tube  of  the 
rose  or  pink-red  corolla  rather  glandular-pubescent,  and  calyx  very  small. 

A.  calendul^cea,  Flame-colored  A.  In  and  near  the  Alleghanies, 
especially  S.,  and  cult,  in  hybrid  forms ;  has  yellow  or  flame-colored  corolla  and 
Jarger  cnlyx-lobes  than  the  preceding. 

A.  P6ntica,  planted  from  the  Old  World,  a  native  of  the  Caucasus ;  has 
larger  (2'  or  more  broad)  golden  or  orange-yellow  flowers,  terminating  naked 
branches,  the  tube  clammy-downy. 

16.  RHODORA.     (Name  made  from  the  Greek  word  for  Rose,  from  the 
co'.or  of  the  flowers  and  general  likeness  to  Rhododendron.) 

R.  Canadensis.  Cold  wet  grounds,  from  Penn.  N.  &  E. :  low  shrub,  with 
handsome  rose-pink  flowers  in  spring,  somewhat  earlier  than  the  pale  rather 
hairy  leaves. 

17.  LEIOPHYLLUM,    SAND -MYRTLE.      (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  smooth  le<f  ^ 

L.  buxif61ium.  In  sand,  from  New  Jersey  S. ;  evergreen  shrub  a  few 
inches  high,  much  branched,  with  oval  or  oblong  Myrtle-like  leaves  (from  4'  to 
near  ^'  long),  and  umbels  of  small  white  flowers  in  late  spring. 

18.  LEDUM,  LABRADOR  TEA.      (An  old  Greek  name.)      Fl.  early 
summer. 

L.  latifblium,  Common  or  Broad-leaved  L.     Low  and  damp  or  wet 

grounds  from  Penn.  N. ;  2°  -  5°  high,  with  oblong  leaves,  usually  5  stamens, 
and  oblong  pods. 

19.  CLETHRA,    WHITE    ALDER.      (Old  Greek  name  of  Aider,  from 
some  resemblance  in  the  foliage.)     Fl.  in  stimmer. 

C.  alnif61ia,  the  only  common  species,  in  low  grounds,  3°-  10°  high,  with 
wedge-obovate  sharply  serrate  straight-veined  leaves^  a:id  upright  panicled 
racemes  of  fragrant  small  flowers. 


218  HOLLY    FAMILY. 

20.  PYKOLA,  WINTERGREEN,  SHIN-LEAF.     (Old  name,  dimiim- 
•    tive  of  Pyrus,  the  Pear-tree,  the  application  not  obvious.)     Flowers  mostly 

greenish-white,  in  summer.) 

*  Flowers  nodding,  the  petals  partly  expanding,  the  hanging  sfi/le  more  or  less 

curved,  tipped  with  a  nan-ow  stigma,  and  stamens  ascending. 

P.  rotundif61ia.  Damp  or  sandy  woods  ;  has  thick  and  shining  round 
leaves  on  short  petioles,  many-tiowered  raceme,  and  blunt  anthers  :  a  variety  ia 
bogs  has  rose-purple  flowers. 

P.  elllptica.  Rich  woods  N. ;  has  thinnish  and  dull  upright  leaves  on 
rather  long  and  margined  petioles  ;  the  greenish-white  flowers  nearly  as  in  the 
preceding. 

P.  chlor^ntlia.  Open  woods  N. ;  smaller,  the  scape  only  5'-  6'  high,  with 
a  few  greenish-wliite  flowers,  thick  but  dull  roundish  leaves  only  1'  long,  and 
anthers  short-horned. 

*  *  Flowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  rather  spreading  than  nodding,  the  petals  con- 

niving, stamens  and  style  straight,  stigma  large  and  5-rayed. 
P.  Seeilnda.     Rich  woods  N.  &  E. :  slender,  3'  -  6'  high,  with  thin  ovate 
leaves  and  dense  spike-like  raceme. 

21.  MONESES,  ONE-FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN.  (Name,  from 
the  Greek,  refers  to  the  solitary  flower.)     Flowering  in  early  summer. 

M.  uniflora.  Cold  woods  N.  E. :  with  roundish  and  serrate  veiny  leaves 
about  ^'  long,  scape  2'  -  4'  liigh,  and  rather  large  white  or  rose-colored  flower. 

22.  CHIMAPHILA,  PIPSISSEWA  or  PRINCES -PINE.  (Name 
from  Greek,  means  lover  of  ivinter,  i.  e.  Wintergrecn  )  Plants  of  dry  woods, 
branched  at  base,  3'-  10'  high,  with  fragrant  wax-like  mostly  flesh-colored 
flowers,  in  early  summer. 

C.  umbellkta,  Common  P.  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  not 
spotted  ;  flowers  4-7,  with  violet-colored  anthers. 

C.  macul^ta,  Spotted  P.  Lower,  3' -6'  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
remotely  toothed  leaves  blotched  with  white,  and  1-5  flowers. 

23.  MONOTROPA,  INDIAN  PIPE.  .(Name  from  the  Greek,  refers  to 
the  flower  or  summit  of  the  stem  turned  over  to  one  side  or  hanging :  in 
fruit  it  straightens.)     Fl.  summer. 

M.  uniflora,  Commox  Indian  Pipe  or  Corpse-plant  ;  in  rich  woods  ,• 
smooth,  waxy-white  all  over,  3'  -  6'  high,  with  one  rather  large  nodding  flower 
of  5  pet:i'.5  and  10  stamens. 

M.  Hyp6pitys,  Pine-sap  or  False  Beech-drops  ;  in  Oak  and  Pine 
woods;  rather  downy,  tawny  or  reddish,  fragrant,  4' -12'  high,  with  several 
smallish  flowers  in  a  scaly  raceme,  having  4  petals  and  8  stamens,  or  the  upper- 
most 5  v.etals  and  10  stamens. 


65.   AQUIPOLTACE^,  HOLLY  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wUh  alternate  .simple  leaves,  small  mostly  po- 
lygamous or  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  having;  divisions  of  tlie  hee 
calyx,  petals  (these  almost  or  quite  distinct),  stamens  (alternate 
with  petals),  and  cells  of  the  ovary  of  the  same  number  (4-6  or 
even  9,  and  fruit  berry-like,  containing  4-6  single-seeded  little 
stones.  Solitary  ovule  hanging  from  the  top  of  each  cell.  Sessile 
stigmjs  4  —  6,  or  united  into  one.      Flowers  white. 

Nemopan THEs  Canadensis,  sometimes  called  Mountain  Hol- 
J.Y,  shrub  with  slender  petals  and  large  dull  red  berries,  in  cold 
woodi  or  bogs  N.,  is  the  only  representative  besides  the  species  of 


EBONY   FAMILY.  '219 

1.  ILSX,  HOLLY.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  which  howerer  belonged  rather 
to  an  Oak  than  to  Holly.)     Fl.  early  summer  :   fruit  autumn. 

§  1.    True  Holly,  with  thick  and  rigid  evergre/n  leaves,  red  berries,  and  parts 
ofthejlowers  in  fours,  rarely  some  in  Jives  or  sixes. 

I.  Aquifolium,  European  Holly,  is  occasionally  planted,  not  quite 
hardy  N. ;  tree  with  more  glossy  and  spiny  leaves,  and  brighter  red  berries  than 

I.  opaca,  American  H.  Low  grounds  from  E.  New  England  S.  ;  tree 
20°  -  40°  high,  smooth,  with  gray  bark,  oval  leaves  wavy-margined  and  spiny- 
toothed. 

I.  Dah6on,  Dahoon  H.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  of  I6w  pine-barrens  from 
Eastern  Virginia  S.,  a  little  downy,  with  obof  ate  or  oblong-linear  short-petioled 
leaves  sparingly  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  or,  var.  myrtif6lia,  with  narrower 
leaves  barely  1'  long  and  mostly  entire. 

I.  Cassine,  Yaupon  H.  Shrub  on  the  sandy  coast  S.,  with  oblong  or 
lance-ovate  crenate  leaves  only  1'  long,  and  flowers  in  sessile  clusters.  Leaves 
used  for  Yaupon  tea. 

§  2.   Prinos,  &c.,  shrubs  with  deciduous  mostly  thin  leaves,  and  red  berries. 
*  Parts  of  the  flower  4,  5,  rarely  6  :  nutlets  striate  on  the  back. 
I.  decidua.     Wet  grounds  S.  &  W. ;  with  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate 
obtusely  serrate  leaves  downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  when  old  glossy  above, 
and  with  acute  calyx-lobes. 

I.  ambigua.  Wet  grounds  S. ;  with  the  thin  oval  or  oblong  pointed 
leaves  smooth  or  smoothish  and  sharply  serrate,  and  obtuse  ciliate  calyx-lobes. 

I.  mollis.  Shady  grounds  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  S. ;  like  the 
last,  but  soft-downy,  and  fertile  peduncles  very  short. 

♦  *  Parts  of  the  blossom  6  [or  sometimes  5-9)  in  the  fertile,  4-6  in  the  sterile 
flowers :  nutteta  of  the  berry  smooth  and  even. 

I.  verticill^ta,  Common  Winterberry  or  Black  Alder.  Common 
in  low  grounds  ;  with  obovate  or  wedge-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  (l|'-2'  long) 
acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends,  the  lower  surface  often  downy,  very  short-pedun- 
cled  flowers  mostly  clustered,  and  very  bright  scarlet-red  berries  ripening  late  in 
autumn.  There  is  nothing  whorled  in  the  leaves  or  flowers,  so  that  the  name 
is  rather  misleading. 

I.  laevigata,  Smooth  W.  Wet  grounds  along  the  coast  of  New  England 
to  Virginia  ;  has  smoother  and  narrower  minutely  serrate  leaves  glossy  above, 
long-peduncled  sterile  flowers,  and  larger  less  bright  berries  ripening  earlier. 

§  3.    Ink  BERRY  ;  shrubs  with  thickish  evergreen  leaves  glossy  above,  ofien  blackish- 
dotted  beneath,   parts  of  the  flower  6,  or  rarely  7-9,  ana   with   black 
astringent  berries,  their  nutlets  smooth  and  even. 
I.  gld,bra,  Common  Inkberry.    Along  sandy  coast  from  Mass.  S.,  2° -4° 
high ;   with  wedge-oblong  few-toothed  near  the  apex,  flowers  several  on  the 
sterile,  solitaiy  on  the  fertile  peduncles. 

I.  COri^cea.  Wet  soil  from  Carolina  S. ;  4°  -  8°  high,  with  larger  obovate- 
oblong  or  oval  leaves  entire  or  with  scattered  sharp  teeth. 

66.   EBENACE.^,  EBONY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  with  hard  wood,  no  milky  juice,  alternate  entire  leaves, 
from  2  to  4  times  as  many  stamens  as  ther«  are  lobes  to  the  corolla, 
several-celled  ovary,  with  a  single  ovule  hanging  in  each  cell,  and 
berry  with  large  hard-coated  seeds.     Represented  only  by 

1.  DIOSPYROS,  PERSIMMON,  DATE -PLUM.  (Ancient  Greek 
name.)  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  the  fertile  ones  single  in  axils  of 
leaves,  the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  Calyx  and  corolla  each  4  -  G- 
lobed.    Stamens  about  16  in  the  sterile,  8  imperfect  ones  iu  the  fertik  flowers, 


220  8TORAX    FAMILY. 

inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  turned  inwards.    Berry  edible 

when  very  ripe,  plum-like,  p:lobular,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent 

thickish  clilyx.     Fl.  early  summer. 

D.  Virginiana,  Common  P.  Southern  New  England  to  Illinois  and  S.  : 
tree  20° -60°  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood,  nearly  smooth  thickish  ovate 
leaves,  very  short  peduncles,  4-parted  calyx,  pale  yellow  4-cleft  corolla,  4  styles 
2-lobed  at  tip,  8-celled  ovary,  and  plum-like  fruit  green  and  very  acerb,  but  yel- 
low, sweet,  and  eatable  after  frost. 


67.    SAPOTACE^,  SAPPODILLA  FAMILY. 

Mainly  tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood,  and  in  otlier 
respects  also  resembling  the  last  family,  but  mostly  with  milky 
juice,  perfect  flowers,  anthers  turned  outwards,  erect  ovules,  and 
bony-coated  seeds.     Represented  S.  by  a  few  species  of 

1.  BXJMEIjIA.  (Ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash,  transferred  to  this  genus. ) 
Flowers  small,  white  or  whitish,  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx 
5-parted.  Corolla  .5-cleft,  and  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendiiges  between  the 
lobes,  5  good  stamens  before  them,  and  as  many  petal-like  sterile  ones  or 
scales  alternating.  Ovary  S-celled,  hairy:  style  1,  pointed.  Fruit  cherry- 
like,  containing  a  single  large  stony-coated  seed.  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
branches  often  spiny,  and  deciduous  but  thickish  leaves  entire.  Fl.  summer : 
fruit  purple  or  blackish.     Natives  of  river-banks,  &c. 

B.  lycioides,  from  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  S.,  is  smooth,  with  obovate- 
oblong  or  lance-wedge-shaped  leaves  2'  -  4'  long,  and  greenish  flowers. 

B.  t6liax,  still  more  southern,  has  smaller  leaves  brown-silky  underneath, 
and  a  shorter  white  corolla. 

B.  lanugindsa,  in  dry  soil  from  S.  Illinois  S. ;  has  leaves  rusty-hairy  or 
woolly  beneath,  and  white  corolla. 


68.  STYKACACE^,  STORAX  FAMILY. 

Slirubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  pei'fect  flowers  with 
4-8  petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  and  bearing  twice  as 
many  or  indefinitely  numerous  partly  monadelphous  or  polyadel- 
phous stamens,  only  one  style,  and  a  1  —  5-celled  1  -  5-sepded  fruit. 
Ovules  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell.  Calyx  in  ours  coherent  more  or 
less  with  the  2  -  -i-celled  ovary. 

1  STYRAX.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  white,  showy,  on  drooping  pe- 
duncles. Calyx  scarcely  5-toothed,  its  base  coherent  merely  with  the  base  of 
the  3-celled  manv-o\'uled  ovary.  Corolla  open  bell-shapcd,  mostly  5-partccI, 
rather  downy  outside.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
with  flat  filaments  monadelphous  at  base,  and*^  linear  anthers.  Fi-uit  dry, 
1-celled,  with  u^^uully  only  one  globular  hard-coated  seed  at  its  base. 

2.  HALESIA  Flowers  in  fascicles  on  hanging  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the 
deciduous  leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  white,  showy.  Calyx  4-toothed,  the 
tube  wholly  coherent  with  the  2-4-cel!ed  ovary.  Petals  4,' or  united  into  a 
bell-shaped  corolla.  Stamens  8-16:  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base: 
antheri^  hnear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fmit  large  and  dry,  2-4- 
winged,  Avithiu  bony  or  woody  and  1-4-celled,  a  single  seed  filling  each 
slender  cell. 

8.  SYMPLOCOS  Flowers  yellow,  in  the  axils  of  the  thickish  leaves,  not  droop- 
ing. Calyx  5-cleft,  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  oyarj\ 
Petals  5,  broad,  nearly  separate.  Stamens  veiy  many  in  5  clu<;ters,  one 
attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  very  slexider  :  anthers  very 
short.     Fruit  1-celIed,  1-seeded,  small  and  dry. 


PLANTAIN    FAMILY.  221 

1.  STYRAX,  STOKAX.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.)  Leaves,  &c.  with 
some  scurf"  or  starry  down.  Shrubs,  in  low  pine  woods  or  barrens,  from  Vir- 
ginia S. :  fi.  late  spring. 

S.  grandifolia,  has  obovate  leaves  (2' -6'  long)  white  downy  beneath,  and 
flowers  mostly  numerous  in  racemts. 

S.  puiveruleata,  has  oval  or  obovate  leaves  less  than  2'  long,  their 
low»r  face  scurfy -downy,  and  fragrant  flowei's  few  together  or  single. 

S.  Americana,  has  obiong  almost  glabrous  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  and 
flowers  2-4  together  or  single. 

2.  HALESIA,  SNOWDROP-  or  SILVER-BELL-TREE.  (Named  for 
Stephen  Hales,  early  writer  of  essays  in  vegetable  physiology.)  Tall  shrubs 
or  small  trees,  flowering  in  spring  just  as  the  leaves  appear. 

H.  tetraptera,  Fouu-wixged  H.  Along  streams  fi-om  Virginia  and  the 
Ohio  River  S.,  planted  for  ornament  and  hardy  N.  :  tall,  smoothish,  with  oblong 
finely  serrate  leaves,  4-lobed  corolla,  12 -IG  strongly  monadelphous  stamens, 
and  4-wingcd  fruit. 

H.  diptera,  Two-winged  H.,  confined  to  low  cimntry  S. ;  has  coarsely 
serrate  more  downy  oval  leaves,  4  nearly  distinct  petals  (1'  long),  8-12  nearly 
distinct  stamens,  and  2-wingcd  fruit 

3.  SYMPLOCOS.     (A  Greek  name,  means  5rrouu»r/ fo^r^Ae?-.)     Fl.  spring. 
S.  tinctoria,  Sweet-Leaf,  Horse-Sugar.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  in  rich 

ground  S.,  with  coriaceous  oblong  nearly  entire  almost  evergreen  leaves,  pale 
beneath,  and  small  odorous  flowers  in  close  sessile  bracted  clusters.  Leaves 
sweet-tasted,  greedily  eaten  by  cattle. 

P9.   PLANTAGINACRffi,  PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Consists  almost  entirely  of  the  very  familiar  weedy  genus 

1.  PLATTTAGO,  PLANTAIN,  RIBGRASS.  (The  old  Latin  name.) 
Flowers  in  a  s])ikc,  on  a  naked  scape,  small,  whitish.  Sepals  4  (or  rarely  3 
from  two  of  them  growing  together),  imbi-icated,  persistent.  Corolla  short 
salver-form,  thin  and  m'mibranaceous,  nsua!)}^  bectmiing  scarious  and  dry,  or 
withering  on  the  pod  ;  lobes  4.  Stamens  4  (or  rarely  2)  borne  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla :  filaments  usually  lengthening  suddenly  at  flowering  time  and 
hanging  (as  in  Grasses),  bearing  the  2-celled  anthers.  Style  and  long  hairy 
stigma  single  and  thread-like.  Ovary  2-cellcd.  Pod  2-celfed,  a  jnixis,  the  top 
falling  ofl^'as  a  lid,  and  the  ])artition  then  falling  out  along  with  the  2  or  more 
seeds.  Leaves  parallel-ribbed,  all  from  the  ground.  The  folloAving  are  the 
common  species  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1 .  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  each  the  styh  protruded  a  daxj  or  two  before 
the  antheis  open  or  are  hung  out :  lobes  ofcuroda  remainimj  wide  open. 

P.  m^jor,  Common  Plantain,  in  yards,  &c.  Usually  smooth  or  smooth- 
ish,  Avith  ovate  or  oval  5  -  7-ribbed  leaves,  a  slender  spike,  and  7  -  16-seeded 
pod.     X 

P.  lanceol^ta,  Ribgrass,  Ripplegrass,  or  English  Plantain.  Nat. 
from  Eu.  in  fields:  rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  3-5-ribbed 
leaves,  a  grooved-angled  scape,  thick  and  close  spike,  two  of  the  sepals  mostly 
united  into  one,  and  2-seeded  pod.     2/ 

P.  maritima,  Seaside  P.  Salt-marshes  N.  E. ;  smooth,  with  linear  thick 
and  fleshy  sometimes  almost  terete  leaves,  showing  no  ribs,  slender  spike,  and 
2  -  4-seeded  pod.     (i)   i/ 

§  2.  Flowers  ahnost  dioecious,  or  of  2  sorts,  one  tvifh  4  lovfj  stamens  and  open 
corola,  the  other  wilh  minute  short  stamens,  and  corolla  closing  permanently 
over  the  pod. 

P.  Virginica.  Sandy  grounds  mostly  S. :  small,  pubescent,  with  obavate 
or  lance-spatulate  3  -  5-ribbed  leaves,  a  small  spike,  and  2-!sGeded  j)od. 


222  PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

70.   PLUMB  AGIN  ACE^,  LEAD  WORT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  flowers  with  parts  five  throughout,  viz.  5-lobed 
plaited  calyx,  5  stamens  opposite  as  many  petals  or  lobes  of  the 
coiolla  and  almost  se[)arate  from  th«n,  5  styles  or  5  stigmas,  and 
the  free  ovary  1 -celled,  containing  a  single  ovule  hanging  on  a 
slender  stalk  which  rises  from  its  base ;  the  fruit  a  small  utricle. 

§  1.  Lmo  hardy  herbs,  with  leaves  all  from  the  root,  and  flowers  on  scapes,  having 
afunmi-shaptd  scarious  calyx,  nearly  or  quite  separate  petals  taptriny  at  bate^ 
and  5  almost  or  quite  separate  styles. 

1.  ARMERIA,    Tufted  plants  with  evergreen  very  narrow  and  entire  leaves, 

simple  scapes  bearing  a  head  of  rose-colored  flowers,  and  styles  plumose- 
hairy  towards  the  base. 

2.  STATIC E.     Broadish-leaved  herbs,  with  scapes  branching  mto  a  panicle, 

bearing  3-bracted  flowers  or  clusters :  styles  smooth. 

§  2.  Plants  of  wnrni  regions,  with  bravthinr/  mostly  woody  stems  beaHng  alternate 
entire  leaves,  ana  hracted  spikes  (f  h'lndsxme  jlowers,  having  a  tiibular  calyx 
and  corolla,  ana  one  style  bearing  5  sogmns. 

3.  PLUMBAGO.     Calyx  5-toothed  at  the  apex,  glandular  along  the  5  ribs  or 

angles.     Corolla  salver-fonn,  with  long  tube. 

1.  ARMERIA,  THRIFT.  (Old  Celtic  name  latinized.)  Fl.  summer.  :^ 
A.  vulgaris  (also  called  A.  MARfTiM.v),  Common  Thrift,  wild  on  shores 

of  Europe,  &c.,  cuit.  in  gardens  for  edgings,  &.C.,  with  sliort  spreading  leaves 
and  scape  3'  -  6'  high. 

2.  STATIC3.  (Ancient  Greek,  mean  in?:  afttrinfjext,  the  roots  used  as  such 
in  popular  medicine.)  A  few  species  of  the  Old  World  are  cult,  in  choice 
gardens,  but  not  commonly.     1^ 

S.  Lim6niuni,  Se.\-Laveni>ku  or  I\I.\Rsn-IlasKMARY.  Along  the  coast 
in  salt-marshes  :  with  oblong  or  spatulato  thick  and  pale  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  scapes  l°-2°  high,  bearing  lavender-colored  tlowers  all  summer. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,  LEAD  WORT  (which  the  Latin  name  denotes).  The 
following  are  cult,  in  conservatories,  or  turned  out  to  flower  all  summer. 

P.  Capensis,  Cape  L.,  with  somewhat  climbing  angled  stems,  oblong 
spatulate  leaves,  and  large  pale  or  lead-blue  corolla,  the  tube  1^'  long. 

P.  COCCinea,  Red-flow  eked  L.,  of  the  East  Indies,  i.s  more  tender,  with 
deep  red  flowers. 

P.  Zeylanica,  White-flovvered  L.,  of  the  East  Indies,  with  smaller 
white  flowers. 

71.   PRIMULACE^,  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  borne  on  the 
corolla,  and  as  many  as  its  divisions  and  o|)posite  them,  one  style 
and  sti<rmn,  and  many  or  sometimes  few  ovules  on  a  free  central  pla- 
centa of  the  one-celled  ovary,  in  fruit  a  pod. 

§  1.    mth  leaves  all  from  the  root  and  simple,  the  flowers  on  a  scape, 
*  From  ajibrous-rooted  croion  or  root-stuck. 

1.  PRIMULA.     Calyx  o-toothed  or  5-clefr,  often  angled.     Corolla  salver-shaped 

or  funnel-shaped  witii  5  spreading  lobes;  the  stamens  included  in  its  tube. 
Pod  opening  by  valves  or  teeth  at  the  top.  Flowers  in  an  umbel,  which  is 
sessile  in  one  species,  but  usnallv  raised  on  a  scape. 

2.  DODECATHEON.     Calyx  5-parred,  reflexed.     Corolla  5-parted ;  the  divisions 

lanceolate,  strongly  refiexed.  Stamens  conniving  in  a  long  slender  cone,  the 
linear  anthers  very  much  longer  than  the  short  partly  monadeiphous  fiia- 
meuts.     Pod  splitting  into  5  valves.    Flowers  in  an  umbel. 


PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  223 

«  «  From  a  depressed  or  hiscuit-shaped fleshy  corm. 
8.   CYCLA^IEN.     Flower  resembling  that  of  Dodecatheon,  but  only  one  on  a 
scape  or  stalk.     Anthers  sessile,  pointed. 

§  2.    With  hnfy  stems,  the  leaves  simple  and  chiefly  entire, 
*  /«  one  whorl  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  stem :  pints  of  the  flower  7. 

4.  TRIENTALIS.     Calyx  and  corolla  wheel-shaped,  of  mostly  7  divisions  united 

only  at  base,  those  of  the'  former  linear-lanceolate,  of  the  latter  oblong,  of 
both  pointed.     Filaments  united  in  a  ring  at  base:  anthers  oblong,  curving 
when  old.     Flowers  white. 
*  *  In  pairs  or  whorls  along  the  stems :  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  5. 

5.  LYSIMACHIA.     Corolla  yellow,  wheel-shaped,  S-parted  (or  rarely  of  5,  6,  or 

even  7  nearly  or  quite  separate  narrow  petals).    Filaments  beardless,  often 
monadelphous  at  base.     Pod  splitting  into  valves. 

6.  ANAGALLIS.     Corolla  red,  blue,  or  white,  wheel-shaped,  the  5  divisions  broad. 

Filaments  bearded.     Pod  (a  pyxis)  open  by  a  transverse  division,  the  top 
falling  off  as  a  lid,  many-seeded. 

*  *  *  Alternate  leaves  alona  the  branching  stems  :  base  of  calyx  and  ovary  coherent. 

7.  SAMOLUS.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  with  a  little  body 

like  a  sterile  filament  in  the  clefts.     Stamens  included.     Pod  many-seeded, 
spii^ting  into  5  valves.     Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes. 

§  3.    With  hollow  inflated  leafy  stems ;  the  leaves  whorled  or  scattered,  the  lower  (mes 
pinnately  parted :  j)arts  of  the  flower  5. 

8.  HOTTONIA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  short  suh^er-shaped:  stamens  included. 

l*od  opening  by  5  clefts  down  the  side,  many-seeded.     Flowers  small,  in 
whorls  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  branches. 

1.  PRIMULA,  PRIMROSE,  COWSLIP,  &c.  (Name  from  primus, 
spring,  from  the  flowering-time  of  true  Primrose.)  1^  Two  small  species 
are  scarce  along  our  northern  borders  (see  Manual)  :  the  following  are  the 
common  ones  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  Tender  house-plaid,  with  inflaUd  conical  calyx,  and  round-heart-shaped  1  -^' 

lobed  /eaves. 

P.  Sinensis,  Chinese  Primrose,  a  dow^ny  plant,  with  often  proliferous 
umbels  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  purple,  rose,  or  white,  sometimes  double, 
in  one  variety  cut-fringed. 

*  *  Hardy  or  nearly  so,  from  Eu  ,  with  large  tuhidar  or  ohlong-hdl-shaped  angled 

calyx,  and  icrinkled-veiny  oh'ong  or  spatu/ate  leaves  tapering  into  short  wing- 
margined  petioles :  flowi-rs  natural/y  yellow,  in  spring. 

P.  grandifl6ra  (or  aca^lis),  True  Primrose,  has  leaves  somewhat 
hairy  beneath,  and  the  large  flowers  rising  on  sletider  pedicels  from  their  axils, 
the  proper  scapes  not  developed  ;  corolla  flat,  sulphur-yellow. 

P.  ofS-Cinalis  (or  veris),  English  Cowslip;  somewhat  pubescent  with 
minute  pale  down,  scapes  bearing  the  umbels  above  the  leaves,  much  smaller 
flowers  of  deeper  color,  and  the  limb  of  corolla  rather  concave  or  cup-like,  the 
throat  commonly  orange.  The  sorts  of  Polyanthus  are  cultivated  varieties, 
with  flowers  enlarged,  of  various  colors,  or  partycolored,  often  more  or  less 
double. 

*  *  *  Scarcely  hardy  N.,  with  bell-shaped  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  funnel- 

shaped  corolla,  and  smooth  and  thick  obovate  leaves,  mostly  covered  with 
some  fine  mealiness. 

P.  Auricula,  Auricula,  of  Southern  Europe ;  low,  with  sessile  leaves, 
and  scape  bearing  a  few  fragrant  flowers,  these  pale  yellow,  with  varieties  white, 
purple,  or  of  various  hues,  sometimes  full  double. 

2.  DODECATHEON.  (Fanciful  name,  from  Greek  for  tivelve  gods.)  ^ 
D.  Me^dia,  called  Shooting-Star  at  the  West,  or  sometimes  Americas 

Cowslip  :  in  rich  open  woods  from  Penn.  S.  and  especially  W.,  and  cult,  for 
ornament ;  smooth,  with  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatuiatc  leaves  around  the  base 


224  PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

of  a  simple  scape,  6'  -  2°  high,  which  has  an  umbel  of  several  or  many  hand- 
some rose-purple  or  often  white  flowers  nodding  on  the  slender  pedicels,  becom- 
ing erect  in  fruit :  fl.  late  spring. 

3.  CYCLAMEN".  (Classical  name  for  the  wild  plant  of  Europe  called 
SowBUEAD.)  Cult,  in  this  country  as  house-plants  for  winter-flowei-ing. 
Flowers  rose-colored,  pink,  or  white]  noddirrg  on  the  apex  of  the  stalk,  the 
reflexcd  lobes  turned  upwards.     ]^ 

C.  Europseum,  Common  C:  Conn  l'-2'  in  diameter,  sending  up  heart- 
shaped  thick  sometimes  angled  leaves,  often  marked  with  white  above  and 
crimson-purple  or  violet  beneath,  on  slender  petioles,  and  flowers  with  open 
throat  and  oval  or  oblong  divisions,  the  flower-stalks  coiled  up  after  flowering 
so  as  to  bring  the  pod  to  the  ground  to  ripen.  • 

C.  Persicum,  PiiusiAX  C,  is  more  tender,  with  longer  and  lanceolate 
divisions  and  less  open  throat  to  the  corolla,  the  flower-stalks  not  coiling  after 
blossoming. 

4.  TKIENTALIS,  CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.  (From  Latin 
for  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  the  usual  height  of  the  European  species.)     If. 

T.  Americ^a,  Ameuicax  C.  or  Star-flower.  In  open  low  woods, 
especially  N. :  a  pretty  plant,  the  stem  bearing  a  few  scales  below,  and  at  top 
a  whorl  of  long-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  also  2  or  3  slender- 
stalked  delicate  flowers  with  taper-pointed  petals,  in  spring. 

5.  LYSIMACHIA,  LOOSESTRIFE  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
Fl.  summer.     2/ 

§  1.    Wi'd  species  of  the  country,  in  Jaw  or  wet  grounds :  corolla  yellow. 

L.  thyrsiflbra.  Wet  swamps  N. :  smooth,  with  simple  stem  leafless  at 
base,  above  with  lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  in  the  axils  of  one  or  two  of  them 
a  short-pcduncled  oblong  spike  or  cluster  of  small  flowers,  having  slender  fila- 
ments and  lance-linear  mostly  separate  purplish-dotted  petals,  and  as  many  little 
teeth  between  them. 

L.  Stricta.  Common  N.  &  S. :  smooth,  very  leafy,  branching,  with  mostly 
opposite  lanceolate  sessile  dark-dotted  leaves  tapering  to  each  end,  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels  in  a  terminal  long  raceme  leafy  at  base,  unequal  filaments  mo- 
nadelphous,  and  lance-oI)long  lobes  of  coroila  blackish-streaked. 

L.  quadrifdlia.  Sandy  moist  ground  :  rather  hairy,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
sessile  leaves  4  (or  3  -  G)  in  a  whorl,  slender  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
ones,  and  ovate-oblong  lobes  of  corolla  dark-streaked. 

L.  Cili^ta.  Low  thickets  ;  with  erect  stems  2°  -  3°  high,  opposite  dotless 
leaves  lance-ovate  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  ciliate  base  and  on  fringed 
petioles,  flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  upper  axils,  light  yellow* 
corolla  not  streaked  nor  dotted,  the  lobes  round-ovate  and  wavy-margined  or 
denticulate,  little  longer  than  the  sepals. 

L.  radicans,  fi'om  Virginia  S.  W.,  resembles  the  foregoing,  but  stems  or 
branches  reclined  and  rooting,  and  leaves  and  flowers  smaller  by  half. 

li.  lanceol^ta,  commonest  W.  «&  S.,  is  similar,  but  with  oblong  or  linear 
leaves  mostly  narrowed  into  short  and  margined  petioles. 

L.  longifdlia,  from  Western  New  York  W.,  has  similar  but  deeper  yellow 
flowers,  and  sessile  linear  blunt  stem-leaves  of  thicker  texture. 

§  2.   European  species  in  cultivated  grounds,  Sfc. 

L.  vulgaris,  Common  L.  of  Europe :  a  rather  stout  downy  plant,  2°  -  3° 
high,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaves  3  or  4  in  a  whorl,  flowers  in  panicles, 
and  monadelphous  filaments. 

L.  nuramul^ria,  Money wonr  :  trailing  and  creeping  in  damp  garden- 
grounds,  or  running  wild  sometimes  ;  smooth,  with  opposite  small  round 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  peduncles.  (Lessons,  p.  77, 
fig.  155  ) 


BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.  225 

6.  ANAGALLIS,  PIMPERNEL.    (Old  Greek  name,  meaning  de%/t(/u/.) 
Low  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  flowering  all  summer. 

A.  arvensis,  Common  P.  or  Poor-Man's  Weather-glass,  the  small 
(red,  ]>urple,  or  white)  flowers  said  to  close  at  the  approach  of  rain  ;  in  gardens 
and  running  wi'd  in  sandy  fields ;  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  pale  ovate 
leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncles,  and  rounded  petals  fringed  with  minute 
glandular  teeth.     0 

A.  cserulea,  Blue  P.,  of  the  gardens,  a  tender  mostly  larger  form  of  the 
preceding,  with  larger  blue  flowers.     (1) 

7.  SAMOLUS,  W^ATER-PIMPERNEL,  BROOKWEED.     (Old  name, 

of  unknown  meaning.)     Fl.  late  summer.     ®    Jl 

S.  Valerandi,  van  Americ^nus.  Along  rills  and  wet  places  ;  spread- 
ing, 6'  -  10'  high,  with  obovate  leaves,  and  very  small  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, which  bear  a  bractlet  at  the  middle,  but  no  bract  at  base. 

8.  HOTTOlSriA*  WATER   VIOLET    or   FEATHERFOIL.      (Named 
for  a  Prof.  Hotton  of  Holland.)     Fl.  summer.     IJ. 

H.  iuflata.  A  singular  plant  in  pools  and  ditches,  smooth,  with  stems  and 
branches  much  inflated  except  at  the  joints,  bearing  finely  cut  pectinate  leaves  ; 
flowers  white. 


72.  LENTIBULACSiE,  BLADDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  the  ovary  and  pod  as  in  Primrose 
Family,  but  with  irregular  bilabiate  flowers  bearing  a  spur  or  sac 
underneath,  and  onlj  2  stamens:  —  represented  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.  UTRICULARIA.     Calyx  parted  into  2  nearly  entire  lips.     Corolla  deeply  2- 

lipped,  the  lower  lip  bearing  above  a  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat,  and 
below  a  large  spur.  Anthers  2,  converging  in  the  throat  of  corolla.  Stigma 
2-lipped.  Leaves  finely  cut,  mostly  into  threads  or  fibres,  many  bearing 
little  air-bladders;  some  are  leafless. 

2.  PINGUICULA.      Upper  lip  of  calyx  3-cIeft,  lower  2-cleft.     Lips  of  corolla 

distinctly  lobed,  the  hairy  or  spotted  palate  smaller,  so  that  the  throat  is 
open.  Otherwise  as  in  Utricularia.  Leaves  all  in  a  tuft  at  base  of  the 
1-flowered  scapes,  broad  and  entii'e,  soft  and  tender. 

1.   UTRICULARIA,  BLADDERWORT.     {Ufnciilus,  a  little  bladder.) 
Fl.  all  summer.     The  following  are  the  commonest  species. 

*  Floating,  branching,  bladder-bearing :  corolla  violet-purple. 

U.  purptirea.  Only  E.  &  S.,  with  2-4  flowers  on  the  peduncle,  and  a 
rather  short  spur  appressed  to  the  3-lobed  lower  lip  of  corolla. 

*  *  Floating,  branching,  bladder-beariiig  :  corolla  yellow. 

U.  infl^ta.  Only  E.  &  S. :  swimming  free,  the  petioles  of  the  whorl  of 
leaves  around  base  of  the  5-10-flowered  scape  inflated  into  oblong  bladders, 
besides  little  bladders  on  the  thread-like  divisions  of  the  leaves. 

U.  vulgaris,  Large  B.  Common  in  still  or  slow  water  ;  the  stems  l°-3° 
long  and  very  bladder-bearing  on  the  thread-like  many-])artcd  leaves ;  flowers 
5-10  in  raceme,  large,  with  spur  rather  shorter  than  lower  lip. 

U.  intermedia.  Chiefly  N.  in  shallow  water,  with  stems  3' -6'  long, 
bearinfr  rather  rigid  leaves  with  linear-awl-shaped  divisions,  and  no  bladders, 
these  being  on  sejiarate  leafless  branches,  the  slender  raceme  few-flowered  ; 
spur  nearly  equalling  the  very  broad  lower  lip. 

U.  gibba.      Chiefly  Middle  States  :    small,  with  short  branches  bearing 
sparse  thread-like  leaves  and  some  bladders,  1  -  2-flowered  i)edunclcs  only  l'-3' 
high,  and  blunt  conical  spur  shorter  than  lower  lip. 
15 


226  BIGNONIA    FAMILY. 

U.  bifl6ra.  Chiefly  S. :  stems  4'  -  6'  long,  bearing  rootlet-like  leaves  and 
many  bladders,  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles  2'  -  4'  high,  and  awl-shaped  spur  as 
long  as  lower  lip. 

*  *  *  Simple  and  erect  naked  scape-like  stem  rooting  in  wet  soil,  with  mimite  and 

fugacious  grass-like  leaves  seldom  seen :  commonly  no  bladdeis  :  flowers 
yellow. 
U.  SUbul^ta,  from  N.  Jersey  S.  in  wet  sand;  very  slender,  3' -5'  high, 
with  several  very  small  slender-pedicelled  flowers. 

U.  eornilta.  In  bogs  N.  &  8. ;  6'-  15'  high,  bearing  2-4  large  flowers 
crowded  together  on  short  pedicels,  or  S.  with  4-12  more  scattered  and  smaller 
flowers. 

2.     PINGUiCULA,  BUTTERWORT.   (Name  from  Latin,  pivguis,   fat. 

Both  names  from  the  fatty  or  greasy-looking  leaves,  which  in  ours  are  more 

or  less  clammy-pubescent.) 

♦  Corolla  violet-purple  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed. 

P.  VUlg6.ris,  is  scarce  on  wet  rocks  along  our  northern  borders ;  scape  2' 
higli ;  ujjper  lip  of  corolla  short ;  spur  straightish  and  slender  :  fl.  summer. 

P.  pumiLa,  in  moist  sand  from  Georgia  S.  &  W.,  has  rather  large  flower 
on  scape  2'  -6'  high,  with  blunt  sac-like  spur:  fl.  spring. 

P.  el^tior,  borders  of  ponds  from  N.  Carolina  S.,  has  scapes  near  1°  high, 
and  large  corolla  (I'  wide)  with  blunt  spur  :  fl.  summer. 

*  *  Corolla  yeJlow,  wore  hellshaped,  less  distinctly  2-lipped,  the  5  lobes  often  clejl. 
P.  Itltea.     Wet  pine  barrens  S.  ;   whole  plant  yellowish,  with  nodding 

flower  (1'  or  more  wide)  on  scape  G'-12'  high,  in  spring. 


73.    BIGNONIACE^,  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  or  a  few  herbs,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate  flowers, 
diandrous  or  didynamous  stamens  (often  with  rudiments  of  the 
wanting  ones),  2-lipped  stij^rna,  fraa  variously  1  —  4-celled  ovary, 
and  fruit,  usually  a  pod,  containing  many  large  mostly  flat  and 
winged  seeds,  filled  with  the  large  embryo :  no  albumen. 

I.  BIGNONIA  FAMILY  proper  ;  almost  all  woody  plants, 
wiih  opposite  leaves,  I-2-celled  pods,  and  flat  winged  seeds.  (Les- 
sons, p.  loJ,  fig.  316.) 

4  1.    Climbers,  with  compound  leaves  and  ^fertile  stamens  in  two  pairs. 
*  Barely  woody  or  herbaceous  :  ovary  and  pod  one-celled  wiih  2  parietal  placenta. 

1.  ECCREMOCARPUS.     Calyx  5-cleft,  short.     Corolla  tubular,  with  5  short  and 

round  recurved  lobes.    Pod  short.     Seeds  winged  all  round. 

«  «   Woody-stemmed:  ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  (he  placentie  parietal :  valves  of  pod 
jailing  aioay  from  tUc  partition  :  seeds  loilh  a  broad  thin  icing. 

2.  BIGNONIA.      Calyx  nearly  truncate.      Corolla  tubular  bell--ihnped,  5-lobed. 

Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Climbing  by  leaf- 
tendrils. 

3.  TECOMA.     Calyx  5-tootlied.     Corolla  funnel-shaped,  tubular,  or  bell-shaped, 

6-lobed.  Pod"^flattish  or  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  the  edges  of 
which  separate  IVom  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Leaves  in  ours  odd-pinnate. 
The  hardy  species  climb  by  rootlets. 

§  2.    Trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  2  or  rarely  \  fertile  stamens. 

4.  CATALPA.     Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.     Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped,  the  5-lobed 

border  more  or  fess  2-lipped  and  wavy.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  hanging; 
the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Narrow  wings  of  tlie  seed  lacerate- 
fringed.    (For  corolla  and  stamens,  see  Lessons,  p.  95,  fig.  1^6.) 


BIGNONIA    FAMILY.  227 

II.  SESAMUM  FAMILY,  &c.  ;  herbs,  wlih  simple  leaves, 
some  of  llie  upper  ones  alternate,  and  4-celle(l  ovary  and  fruit 
(but  the  stigma  of  only  2  lips  or  lobes),  containing  fiat  but  thick- 
coated  wingless  seeds. 

5.  SESAMUM.     Calyx  5-parted,  short.     Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  6-lobed ;  the 

2  lobes  of  the  upper  Up  shorter  than  tiie  others.  Stamens  4.  Fruit  an 
oblong  obtusely  4-sided  pod,  2-valved.  Flowers  solitary  hi  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  ahnost  sessile. 

6.  MAR  I'YNIA.     Calyx  5-toothed,  often  cleft  down  one  side.    Flowers  large,  in 

terminal  corymb  or  raceme. 

1.  ECCREMOCARPUS.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  hanging  fruit.) 
E.  SC^ber,  or  Calampelis  scaber,  from  Chili,  cult,  in  gardens  and  con- 
servatories ;  tender,  climbs  by  branched  tendrils  at  the  end  of  the  twice  pinnate 
leaves  ;  leaflets  roughish  or  smoothish,  thin,  ovate  or  heart-shaped ;  flowers  in 
loose  drooping  racemes ;  corolla  inliated-clubshaped  and  gibbous,  orange-red, 
about  1'  long. 

fii/dC^*   BIGNONIA.     (Named  for  the  French  Abb^  Bignon.)     Our  only  true 

/  /      native  BiGNONiA  is 
2,-^-^^       B.  capreolata.     Climbing  trees  from  S.  Virg.  to  111.  and  S.  ;  smooth, 

^u  «^the  leaves  evergreen  at  the  south,  with  a  short  jictiole  and  often  what  seems 
I  ^  like  a  pair  of  stipules  in  the  axil,  a  single  pair  of  lance-oblong  leaflets  heart- 
/^y^    shaped  at  base,  and  a  branched  tendril  between  them  ;   flowers  several  in  the 

'  axils,  the  corolla  2'  long,  orange  red  outside,  yellow  within,  in  spring. 

3.  TECOMA,  TRUMPET-FLOWER.  (Mexican  name  abridged.) 
Formerly  under  Bigxonia,  which  name  the  species  still  bear  in  cultivation. 
Fl.  late  summer. 

T.  radicans,  Wild  T.  or  Trumpet-Creeper.     Wild  from  Penn.  and 

111.  S.,  planted  farther  N. ;  climbing  freely  by  rootlets;  leaves  of  5-11  ovate  or 
lance-ovatc  taper-pointed  and  toothed  leaflets ;  flowers  corymbed ;  orange-yellow 
and  scarlet  corolla  funnel-shaped. 

T.  grandiflbra,  Great-flowered  T.  Cult,  from  Japan  and  China, 
not  quite  hardy  N.,  climbing  little,  with  narrower  leaflets,  and  5-cleft  calyx 
nearly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  is  bell-shaped,  3'  long  and 
broad,  much  wider  than  in  the  foregoing. 

T.  Capensis,  Capk  T.  of  conservatories,  has  smaller  and  rounder  leaflets, 
naked-peduncled  cluster  of  flowers,  long-tubular  and  curving  orange-colored 
corolla  2'  long,  and  stamens  jjrotrudcd. 

T.  jasminoides.  A  flne  greenhouse  species,  from  Australia,  twining, 
very  smooth,  with  lance-ovatc  entire  bright  green  leaflets,  and  white  corolla 
pink-purple  in  the  throat. 

4.  CATALPA,  or  INDIAN  BEAN.  (Aboriginal  name;  the  popular 
name  alludes  to  the  shape  of  the  pods.) 

C.  bignonioldes,  Common  Catalpa.  Tree  wild  S.  W.,  and  widely 
planted ;  with  large  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves  downy  beneath,  open  panicles 
(in  summer)  of  white  flowers  (1'  long)  variegated  and  dotted  within  with  some 
yellow  and  purple,  and  pods  1°  long. 

C.  Ksdmpferi,  of  Japan,  beginning  to  be  planted,  has  smooth  leaves, 
many  of  them  3-lobed  or  angled,  and  flowers  one  half  smaller. 

5.  SESAMUM,  SESAME.     (The  Greek  name,  from  the  Arabic.)     ® 

S.  indieum,  from  India  and  Egypt,  somewhat  cult,  or  running  wuld  in 
waste  places  far  S. ;  rather  |)ubescent,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  the 
lower  often  3-lobed  or  ])arted,  pale  rose  or  white  corolla  1'  long,  and  sweet 
oily  seeds,  used  in  the  East  for  food,  oil,  &c. 


228  BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY. 

6.  MARTYNIA,  UNICORN-PLANT.  (Named  by  Linnscus  for  Prof. 
Martijn..)  Clammy-pubescent  and  heavy-scented  rank  herbs,  with  long- 
petioicd  rounded  and  obliquely  heart-shaped  wavy -margined  leaves,  and  large 
flowers,  in  summer,     (i) 

M.  probOSCidea,  Common  U.  •  Wild  S.  W.,  and  cult,  in  gardens; 
coarse,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  large  corolla  whitish  with  some  purple  and 
yellow  spots,  and  long-beaked  fruit. 

M.  fr^grans,  Sweet-scented  U.  Cult,  from  Mexico ;  less  coarse  and 
clammy,  Mith  somewhat  3-lobed  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  and  showy  violet- 
purple  vanilla-scented  llowers. 

74.  GESNERIACE-aS,  GESNERIA  FAMILY. 

Tropical  plants,  with   2-li|)ped  or  somewhat  irreguhir  corollas, 
didynnmous  stamen:^,  a  oiie-ceiled  ovary  witli  two  parietal  many- 
seeded  placentce,  —  th(;refbre  botanically  like  tlie  next  family  ;  but 
with  green  herbage,  and  not  parasitic,  and  the  common  cultivated 
\  species  have  the  tube  of  the  calyx  colierent  at  least  with  the  base 
J^of  the  ovary.     Many,  and  some  very  showy,  plants  of  this  order 
^'"^      are  in  choice  conservatories  ;  the  commonest  are  the  following. 

Gloxinia  specidsa.  An  almost  stemlcss  herb,  with  ovate  and  crenately 
toothed  leaves  and  1 -flowered  scape-like  peduncles  ;  tlie  dcliexed  corolla  2'  long, 
ventricoso,  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  gibbous,  with  a  short  and 
spreading  somewhat  unequal  5-lobcd  border,  violet  with  a  deeper-colored  throat, 
in  one  variety  white.     2/ 

Gesn^ria  zebrina.  Stem  tall,  leafy;  leaves  pctioled,  cordate,  velvety, 
purple-mottled  ;  a  terminal  raceme  of  showy  flowers  noddinj*  on  erect  pedicels  ; 
corolla  tubular-ventricose,  with  a  small  5-lobed  and  somewhat  2-li))ped  border, 
glandular,  scarlet,  with  the  under  side  and  inside  yellow  and  dark-spotted.  — 
There  arc  several  oths.'r  sT)ecies.     ^ 

Achim^nes  longinbra.  Stem  leafy  ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  oblong  or 
ovate  hairy  leaves,  which  they  exceed;  tube  of  the  obliquely  salver-shaped 
corolla  over  an  inch  long,  narrow,  the  very  flat  5-lobcd  limb  2'  or  more  broad, 
violet-colored  above,  —  also  a  white  variety.  Propagates  by  scaly  bulblets  from 
the  root.     ^ 

75.  OROBANCHACEiEI,  BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY. 

Low,  root-parasitic  perennials,  destitute  of  green  herbage,  and 
with  yellowish  or  brownish  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  the  monopet- 
alous  corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular,  4  didynamous 
.stamens,  and  one-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  the  2  or  4  parietal  pla- 
ceiita3  covered  with  innumerable  small  seeds.  Ours  occur  in  woods, 
and  mostly  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

1.  EPIPIIEGUS.    Stems  slender  and  bushy-branching,  with  pmall  and  scattered 

scales  and  two  sorts  of  flowers,  scattered  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes,  with 
minute  bracts.  Upper  flowers  conspicuous,  but  seldom  ripening  fruit,  with 
tubular  4-tootIied  corolla,  and  long  filaments  and  style;  lower  flowers  small 
and  f>hort,  seldom  oj)ening,  but  fertilized  in  the  bud. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS.     Stems  thick,  covered  with  finn  overlapping  scales,  each  of 

the  upper  ones  with  a  flower  in  its  axil,  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  4-  &-toothed, 
and  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  short,  strongly  2-!ipped;  upper 
lip  arched  and  notched;  lower  one  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  pro- 
truding. 
S.-^APHYLLON.  Stems  are  chiefly  slender  1-flowered  scapes  from  a  scaly 
mostly  subterranean  base.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved 
tube,  and  a  spreading  slightly  2-li'pped  or  irregular  5-lobed  border;  the  lobes 
all  nearly  aUke.     Stamens  included  iu  the  tube. 


FIG  wop   FAMILY.  229 

1.  EPIPHEGUS,  BEECH-DROPS,  CANCER-ROOT.  (Name  in 
Greek  means  on  the  Beech :  the  plant  chiefly  found  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
that  tree.)     One  species, 

E.  Virgini^na.  Common,  about  1°  high,  with  purplish  flowers  ^'  or  more 
long,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS,  SQUAW-ROOT,  CANCER-ROOT.  (The  name 
is  Greek  for  cone-scale,  the  plant  having  the  aspect  of  a  slender  fir-cone  when 
old.)     One  species. 

C.  Americana.  Not  widely  common,  in  oak  woods,  forming  clusters 
among  fallen  leaves,  3'  -  6'  long,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  yellowish :  fl.  eai'ly 
summer. 

3.  APHYLLON,    NAKED    BROOM-RAPE    or   ONE-FLOWERED 

CANCER-ROOT.     (Name  in  Greek  means  without  leaves.)     Fl.  spring  and 
early  summer. 

A.  uniflbrum.  Open  woods  or  thickets  :  slightly  clammy-pubescent,  with 
1-3  scapes  (3' -5'  high)  from  a  subterranean  scaly  base,  and  lance-awl-shaped 
calyx-lobes  half  the  length  of  the  violet-purplish  corolla. 

A.  fascicul^tum,  the  other  species,  occurs  only  from  Northern  Michigan 
W. ;  has  scapes  from  a  scaly  base  rising  out  of  the  ground,  and  short  triangular 
calyx-lobes. 


76.  SCROPHULARIACE^,  FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

'  ^^npwn  on  the  whole  by  the  2-lipped  or  at  least  more  or  less 
/y}fU^  ifYe0:iir  monopetalous  corolla,  2  or  4  didynamous  stamens,  single 
^J  style,  entire  or  2-Iobed  stigma,  and  2-celled  ovary  and  pod  contain- 
"^A  "'^  ^tjveral  or  many  seeds  on  the  plaeentie  in  the  axis  ;  these  with 
^6^  ^  a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  But  some  are  few-seeded,  a 
^  f(pw  have  tlie  corolla  almost  regular,  and  one  or  two  have  5  stamens, 
.  '  ^^^.^ither  complete  or  incomplete.     A  large  family,  chiefly  herbs,  some 

shrubby,  and  one  species  is  a  small  tree. 

§  1.  Intermediate  between  this  family  and  the  Nightshade  Family  ;  the  flowers  ter- 
minal or  lateral,  never  really  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts ;  the 
corolla  hardly  if  at  all  sensibly  i-lipped,  sometimes  almost  regular.,  the  lobes 
plaited  in  the  bud:  stigma  enlarged.,  often  2-lipped.     All  garden  exotics. 

♦  With  4  stamens  only,  included  icithin  the  narrow  throat  of  the  salver-shaped  corolla  : 

leaves  alternate  and  entire. 

1.  BRUNFELSIA.     Shrubs,  with  glossy  oblong  leaves.     Corolla  with  5  rounded 

and  about  equal  lobes,  two  of  them,  however,  a  little  more  united.    Anthers 
all  alike.     Fruit  fleshy. 

2.  BROWALLIA.     Herbs,"^  mostly  a  little  pubescent  and  clammy.     Corolla  with 

somewhat  unequally  5-lobed  border,  the  lobes  with  a  broad  notch.     Two  of 
the  anthers  shorter  and  only  1-celled.     Fruit  a  dry  pod. 

#  #   With  4  anther-bearing  stamens  and  a  sterilef  lament :  corolla  with  wide  throat. 
V  8.   SALPIGLOSSIS.     Herbs,    with    cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid    alternate    leave?. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  with  very  open  throat,  a  little  oblique  or  irregular,  the 
lobes  all  with  a  deep  notch  at  the  end.     Pod  oblong. 

§2.  Oyrolla  imbricated  and  not  plaited  in  the  hud;  the  smaller  tip  S-parted;  the 
larger  5-clefl,  and  the  lobes  again  2-cleft  or  deeply  notched.  Flowers  terminal, 
panicled. 

V  4.  SCHIZANTHUS.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow.  Corolla  with  tube 
shorter  than  the  divisions,  which  appear  as  if  cut  up,  the  middle  lobe  of  the 
smaller  lip,  towards  which  the  stamens  and  style  are  inclined,  more  or  less 
hooded  or  sac-like.  Stamens  with  good  anthers  2,  the  2  or  3  others  small  and 
abortive.     Stigma  luiuute.     Leaves  aiiernate,  pinnate,  or  pimiately  cut. 


s.- 


230  FIGWOKT    FAMILY. 

§  3.    Corolla  with  lobes  imbricated  and  not  plaited  in  the  bud,  either  2-lipped  or  more 
07'  less  irreyular,  the  divisions  or  lobes  at  most  5.     Pedundts  fruiu  the  axil  of 
leaves  or  bracts,  no  flower  ever  reidly  terminating  the  main  stem  or  branches. 
«  Tree,  with  larye  and  opposite  Cutnlpa-like  leaves. 

5.  PAULOWXIA.     Calyx  very  downy,  deeply  5-cleft.     Corolla  decui-ved,  Avith  a 

cylindrical  or  funnel-form  tube,  and  an  enlarf^ed  oblique  border  of  5  rounded 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  included.  Pod  turgid,  thick,  filled  with  very  numerous 
winged  seeds. 

«  «  Herbs,  or  a  few  becoming  low  shrubs. 
H-  With  5  anther-bearing  stamens  a',%d  a  whtel-shnped  or  barely  concave  coi'olln. 

6.  VERBASCUM.     Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  rsiceme  or  spike.     Calyx  5-parted. 

Corolla  with  5  broad  and  rounded  only  slightly  unequal  divisioiis.  All  the 
filaments  or  3  of  them  woolly.  Style  expanding  and  flat  at  apex.  Pod 
globular,  many-seeded.    Leaves  alternate. 

-»-  ■•-  With  only  2  or  4  anther-beating  stamens. 
■*-*■  Corolla  tch eel-shaped,  or  at  least  with  wide  spreading  border  mostly  much  longer 
than  the  short  tube :  fioivers  single  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  collected  in  a 
raceme  or  spike. 

7.  CELSL\.    Like  Verbascum,  but  with  only  4  stamens,  those  of  2  sorts. 

8.  ALOXSOA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  very  unequal,  turned  upside  down  by 

the  twisting  of  the  pedicel,  so  that  the  much  larger  lower  lobe  appears  to  be 
the  upper  and  the  two  short  upper  lobes  the  lower.  Stamens  4.  Pod  many- 
seeded.     Lower  leaves  opposite  or  i:i  threes. 

9.  VEROXICA.      Calyx  4-parted,  rarely  3 -5-parted.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or 

sometimes  salver-shaped,  with  4  or  rarely  5  rounded  lobes,  one  or  two  of 
them  usually  rather  smaller.  Stamens  2,  with  long  slender  filaments.  Pod 
flat  or  flattish,  2  -  many-seeded.  At  least  the  lower  leaves  opposite  or  some- 
times whorleil. 
*■¥*+ Corolla  salver-sliiped,  with  almost  regular  4  -  5-lobed  border:  flowers  in  a 
terminal  spike.     Ilert  one  species  of  No.  9  tcould  be  sought. 

10.  BUCHXERA.      Calyx  tubular,  6-toothed.      Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  and 

the  border  cleft  iiito  5  roundish  divisions.  Anthers  4  in  2  pairs,  one-celled. 
Style  club-shaped  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded.  Leaves  mainly  opposite, 
roughish. 

++^-v++  Corolla  either  obviously  2-Upped,  or  funnel-form,  tubular,  or  bell-sliaped. 
=  Corolla  2-parted  neiirhj  to  the  base,  the  2  lips  sac-shaped  or  the  lotver  larf/er  one 
slipper-shaped :  stamens  only  2  {or  very  rarely  3),  and  no  i-udiments  of  more. 

11.  CALCEOLARIA.     Calyx  4-parted.     The   two   sac-shaped  or  slippei--shaped 
divisions  of  the  corolla  entire  or  nearly  so.      Pod  many-seeded.      Leaves 

chiefly  opposite,  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters. 
=  =  Corolla  almost  2-pnrted,  the  middle  lube  of  the  lower  Up  folded  together  to  form 
aflat  i)ocket  which  encloses  the  4  stamens  and  the  style. 

12.  COLLIXSIA.     Calvx  deeply  5-cleft.     Corolla  turned   down  ;  its  short  tube 

laterally  flattenerl,  strongly  bulging  on  the  upper  side:  upper  lip  2-cleft  and 
turned  back;  the  lower  one  larger  and  3-lobed,  its  middle  and  laterally 
flattened  pocket-shaped  lobe  covere  1  above  by  the  two  lateral  ones.  A  little 
rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  present.  Pod  globular,  with  few  or  several  seeds. 
Flowers  on  pedicels  single  or  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  oppo- 
/  site  (rarely  whorled)  leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  to  bracts,  forming 
an  internipted  raceme. 

=  =  =  drolla  not  2-pnrted  nor  snlver-ahaped,  but  with  a  tube  of  some  length  in 

proportion  to  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  {rarely  nearly  regular) 

A -b-lobed  border,  and 
a*    With  a  spur  or  sac-like  projection  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side,  and  a  projecting 

palate  to  the  lower  lip,  which  commonly  closes  the  throat  or  nearly  so  :  stamens 

4,  and  no  obvious  rudiment. 

13.  LINARIA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  personate,  and   with  a  spur  at  bnse, 

(Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  211.)     Pod  m:iny-seeded,  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink 
wliich  form*?  below'the  summit  of  eacfi  cell. 
1 1.   AXTIRRHIXUM.     No  spur,  but  a  sac  or  gibbosity  nt  the  base  of  the  personate 
corolla  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  210):  otherwise  like  13. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  231 

b.  Neither  spur  nor  sac  at  base  of  the  corolla,  nor  a  projecting  palate  in  the  throat, 
nor  with  the  upper  lip  laterally  compressed  or /aided  and  narrow  and  arched. 

1*  Stamens  tcitk  anthers  4,  and  no  rudiment  of  the  fifth:  peduncles  1-fiowered, 

16.  MAURANDIA,  including  LOPHOSPERMUM.  Herbs  with  alternate  or  partly 
opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils,  climbing 
by  their  coiling  leafstalks  and  flowerstalks.  Calyx  5-parted,  foliaceous. 
Corolla  open-mouthed,   between   bell-shaped   and    inflated-tubular,   with  2 

f)laits  or  hairy  lines  running  down  the  tube  within,  the  border  obscurely  2- 
ipped  or  oblique,  but  the  5  spreading  roundish  lobes  nearly  similar,  the  upper 
ones  outermost  in  the  bud.     Pod  as  in  14. 

16.  DIGITALIS.     Herbs  with  erect  simple  stem,  alternate  leaves,  and  a  simple 

terminal  raceme  of  hanging  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  foliaceous,  the  upper 
sepal  smallest.  Corolla  declining,  with  a  long  more  or  less  inflated  tube  and 
a  short  scarcely  spreading  border,  distinctly  or  indistinctly  lobcd,  the  lower 
lobe  or  side  longest, -the  lateral  ones  outermost  in  the  biid.  Pod  2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

17.  GER ARDIA.     Herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  or  some  alternate  leaves, 

and  above  with  single  flowers  in  their  axils  or  those  of  the  bracts.  Calyx 
5-toothed  or  5-cIefl.  Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped  or  tubular-funnel  form, 
with  an  oblique  or  rather  unequal  border,  the  5  lobes  somewbat  equal,  the 
lower  and  lateral  ones  outside  in  the  bud.  Two  pairs  of  stamens  of  quite 
unequal  length.  (Lessons,  p.  95,  fig.  194.)  Pod  globular  or  ovate,  pointed, 
2-valved,  manv-secded. 

18.  SEYMERIA.     Serbs,  like  17;  but  corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  bell-shaped 

tube,  not  longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  eqiial  spreading  lobes ;  and 
the  stamens  almost  equal,  their  anthers  blunt  at  base. 

19.  MIMULUS.     Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 

upper  ones.  Calyx  prismatic,  with  5  projecting  angles,  5-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular  or  funnel-form,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  2  rounded  and  recurved 
lobes,  the  lower  of  3  rounded  sj)readiiig  lobes.  Stamens  included.  Stigma 
of  2  flat  lips.     Pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

20.  TOREXIA.     Trailing  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.     Calyx 

prismatic,  with  sharp  angles,  2-lipped  at  summit,  the  lips  2-toothed  and 
3-toothed.  Corolla  short-funnel-shaped  or  tubular  with  inflated  throat, 
4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  (sometimes  slightly  notched)  outermof^t  in  the  bud. 
Filaments  arched  and  their  anthers  brought  together  in  pairs  under  the  upper 
lobe,  the  longer  pair  almost  equalling  the  upper  lobe  and  bearing  a  short 
naked  branch  or  appendage  at  base;  the  shorter  pair  simple  and  included. 
Stigma  2-lipped.     Pod  many-seeded. 

2*  Stamens  with  good  anthers  only  2,  a  pair  of  sterile  ones  or  abortive  filaments 
generally  present  also:  fiov'ers  small:  calyx  b-parted:  corolla  2-lipped :  leavfs 
opposite,  with  single  fiowers  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  ones:  peduncles  simple 
and  bractkss. 

21.  ILYSANTHES.     Spreading  little  herbs.     Upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla  erect 

and  2-lobed:  the  lower  lai'ger,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Upper  pair  of  stamens 
with  good  anthers,  included  in  the  tube" of  the  corolla;  lower  pair  borne  in 
the  throat  and  protnided,  2-forked,  without  anthers.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod 
many-seeded. 

22.  GRAT'IOLA.     Low  herbs.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  either  entire  or  2-cleft; 

lower  3-c!eft.  Stamens  included;  the  upper  pair  with  good  anthers;  the 
lower  pair  short  with  rudiment  of  anthers  or  a  mere  naked  filament,  or  none 
at  all.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  many-seeded.  A  pair  of  bracts  at  the  base 
of  the  calyx. 

3*  Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  stamen  present  as  a  barren  filament  or  a  scale  : 
calyx -^-parted  or  of  5  imbricated  sepals:  stigma  simple:  leaves  chiefly  oppo- 
site :  flnirers  in  the  axils  of  the.  upper  leaves,  or  ivhen  these  are  reduced  to 
bracts  forming  a  termimd  panicle  or  raceme :  peduncles  few- flowered,  or  when 
one-fi(rwered  hearing  a  pair  of  bractleis,  from  the  axils  of  which  fiowers  may 
spring  :  pod  many-seeded. 

23.  SCROPITULARIA.     Homely  and  rank  erect  herbs.      Corolla   small,  with  a 

globular  or  oval  tube,  and  ii  short  border  composed  of  4  short  erect  lobes  and 
one  (the  lower)  spreading  or  rofloxed.  Fertile  stamens  short  and  included; 
the  rudiment  which  ansvvers  to  the  fifth  is  a  little  scale  at  the  summit  of  tho 
tube  of  the  corolla. 


232  FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

24.  CHELOXE.  Low  npright  smooth  herbs,  with  flowers  sessile  in  spikes  or 
cluBters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  accompanied  by  closely  imbri- 
cated concave  roundish  bracts  and  bractlets.  Corolla  short-tubular  and 
inflated,  concave  underneath,  with  the  2  broad  lips  only  slightly  o{Sn;  the 
upper  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle,  notched  at  the  apex;  the  lower  one 
woolly  bearded  in  the  throat  and  3-lobed  at  the  end.  Filaments  and  anthers 
woolly:  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others.     Seeds  winged. 

26.  PENTS'TEMON.  Herbs  (or  a  few  shrubby  at  base),  with  mostly  upright 
stems  branching  only  from  the  base,  and  panicled  or  almost  racemed  flowers. 
Corolla  tubular,  bell-shaped,  fuimel-form,  &c.,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  open- 
mouthed.  Sterile  filament  conspicuous^  usually  about  as  long  as  the  anther- 
bearing  ones.     Seeds  wingless. 

26.  RUSSELMA.     Rather  shrubby  spreading  plants,  or  with  pendulous  angular 

branches;  the  flowers  loosely  panicled  or  racemed.  Corolla  tubular  with  5 
short  spreading  lobes,  the  2  upper  a  little  more  united.  Sterile  filament 
small  and  inconspicuous  near  the  base  of  the  corolla.    Seeds  wingless. 

C.  Neither  spur  nor  snc  at  base  of  the  corolla,  the  narrow  laterally  compressed  or 
infolded  upper  lip  of  which  is  helmtt-^nped  or  arched,  entire  or  minutely 
notched,  and  enclosing  the  4  stamens;  no  sterile  Jilament.  Often  showy  but 
uncuUivable  plinls. 

27.  CASTILLEIA.     Herbs  with  simple  stems,  alternate  leaves,  some  of  the  upper, 

with  flowers  chiefly  sessile  in  their  axils,  colored  like  petals,  and  more  gay 
than  the  corollas.  Calyx  tubular,  flattened  laterally,  2-4-cIeft.  Corolla 
tubular,  with  a  long  and  narrow  condnnlicato  erect  ixnpcr  lip,  and  a  very 
short  3-lobed  lower  Hp.     Cells  of  the  anther  unequal.     Pod  many-seeded. 

28.  PEDICIJLAKIS.      Herbs   with   simple    stems,  chiefly   pinnatifid   leaves   and 

spiked  flowers.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  strongly  arched  or  flattened  helmet- 
sliaped  upper  lip,  and  the  lower  erect  at  base,  i2-crestcd  above  and  3-lobed. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cell. 

29.  MELAMI'YRUM.     Low  herbs   with  branching  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and 

flowers  in  their  axils,  or  the  upper  crowded  in  a  bracted  spike.  Calyx  bell- 
shaped,  4-cloft,  the  lobes  taper-pointed.  Corolla  tubular,  enlarging  above, 
with  the  lower  tip  nearly  equalling  the  nan-ow  upper  one  and  its  biconvex 
palate  apprcssed  to  it,  3-lobed  at  the  summit.  Cells  of  the  anther  minutely 
pointed  at  base.    Pod  oblique,  with  oivly  2  seeds  hi  each  cell. 

1.  BRUNPELSIA.     (Named  for  the  old  herbalist,  Otto  Brnnfih.)     Con- 
"■  servatory  shrubs,  from  Brazil,  cult,  under  the  name  of  Fkanc/scea  ;  with 

showy  flowers,  blue  or  violet  turning  paler. 

B.  latifolia,  is  very  smooth,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  and  few  flowers 
at  the  end  of  the  branches  1^'  acrosn. 
B.  Hopcana,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  2'  long,  and  flower  only  1'  wide. 

2.  BROWALLIA.     (Xamcd  for  Dr.  Browall,  of  Sweden,  first  a  friend, 
later  a  bitter  o))poncnt  of  Linnaius.) 

B.  demissa  (named  also  B.  kl\ta  when  the  plant  and  the  man  it  was  named 
for  grew  exalted),  from  S.  America;  cult,  in  the  gardens,  l°-2°  high,  bushy- 
branched,  with  ovate  leaves  and  handsome  briuht  vio!ct-blue  flowers  (1'  or  less 
across,  at  length  as  it  were  racemed)  produced  all  summer.     (T) 

3.  SALPIGLOSSIS.     (Greek  for  trnmpet-tonque,  from  the  cuiwcd  apex  of 
the  style  with  dilated  stigma  likened  to  the  end  of  a  trumpet. 

1.  S.  sinu^ta.  Cult,  from  Chili  as  an  ornamental  anntial  or  biennial,  under 
various  names  ansl  varieties  according  to  the  color  of  the  large  f'owers,  dark- 
purple,  or  straw-colored  and  mostly  striped  :  fl.  all  summer.  In  appearance 
resembles  a  Petunia. 

4.  SCHIZANTHUS.     (Creek  for  cut  floicer,  the  corolla  being  as  if  cut 
into  slips.)     Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Chili  :  fl,  summer.     (T) 

S.  pinn^tus,  the  common  species,  of  several  varieties  ;  slender,  1^-2°  high, 
pubescent  with  fine  glandular  hairs,  with  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate  or  parted 
into  narrow  divi.^ions,  and  numerous  handsome  flowers  barely  1'  in  diameter. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  233 

usually  pink  ami  white  variegated  with  yellowish  and  some  deeper  purple  spots 
on  the  larger  lobe.  —  There  ai*e  one  or  two  larger  flowered  but  less  common 
species. 

5.  PAULOWNIA.     (Named  for  a  Russian  Princess.)     Only  one  species. 
P.  imperialis,  of  Japan,  cult,  for  ornament,  scarcely  hardy  far  N.  ;  the 

heart-shaped  very  ample  leaves  resembling  those  of  Catalpa  but  much  more 
downy,  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicle,  in  spring,  the  violet  corolla  l2^'-2' 
long. 

6.  VERBASCTJM,  MULLEIN.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     Natives  of  the 
.    ^    /    Old  World,  here  weeds,  often  hybridizing:  fl.  summer.     Jl  © 

ICoujC    V.  Th^psus,  Common  M.     Fields:  densely  woolly,  the  tall  simple  stem 
,  winged  from  the  bases  of  the  oblong  leaves,  bearing  a  long  dense  spike  of  yellow 

^H/-^   (rarely  white)  floAvers. 

\MjiM/&y^'  Lychnltis,  White  M,     Waste  places,  rather  scarce  :  whitened  with 
'  thin  powdery  woolliness,  the  stem  not  winged,  ovate  leaves  greenish  above,  and 

spikes  of  yellow  or  rarely  white  flowers  panicled. 

V.  Blattaria,  Moth  M.     Roadsides  :  green  and  smoothish,  2°  -  3°  high, 

slender,  with  ovate  toothed  or  sometimes  cut  leaves,  and  loose  raceme  of  yellow 

or  else  white  and  purplish-tinged  flowers. 

7.  CELSIA.     (Named  for  0.  Celsius,  a  Swedish  Orientalist.)     Fl.  summer. 

C.  Cr6tica,  cult,  for  ornament  from  the  Mediterranean  region:  2° -3° 
high,  rather  hairy,  or  the  raceme  clammy,  with  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  upper 
toothed  and  clasping  at  base,  corolla  orange-yellow  with  some  purple  ( 1 '  -  2' 
across),  lower  pair  of  filaments  naked,  the  upper  pair  short  and  woolly- 
bearded.     (D 

8.  ALONSOA.     (Named  for  Alonzo  Zanoni,  a  Spanish  botanist.)     Cult,  as 
annuals,  from  South  America  :  fl.  all  summer. 

A.  ineissefblia  (also  called  urtic^f6lia)  :  smoothish,  branching,  l°-2° 
high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong  sharply  cut-toothed  leaves,  and  orange-scarlet 
corolla  less  than  1'  wide  :  several  varieties. 

X.  9.   VERONICA,  SPEEDWELL.     (Name  of  doubtful  derivation,  perhaps 
referring  to  St.  Veronica.)     Fl.  summer. 

§  1.   Shruhhy,  tender,   very  leafy  species,  from  New  Zealand,  ivith   entire  and 
(flossy  smooth  and  nearly  sessile  evergreen  leaves,  all  opposite,  dense  many- 
Jloivered  racemes  from  the  axils,  and  acutish  pods. 
V.  speeibsa,  is  smooth  throughout,  with  obovate  or  oblong  blunt  or  retuse 
thick  leaves,  and  very  dense  spike-like  racemes  of  violet-purple  flowers. 

V.  salicif61ia,  has  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  and  longer  clammy-pubescent 
•    racemes  of  blue  flowers. 

V.  Lindleyana,  has  oblong-lanceolate  pale  leaves,  and  racemes  of  pale 
lilac  flowers. 

§  2.   Herbs,  growing  icild,  or  those  of  the  first  subdivision  cultivated  in  gardens. 

*  Spikes  or  dense  spike-tike  racemes  tei-viinating  the  erect  stem  or  branches  and 
often  clnstcred.     2/ 

V.  spic^ta,  and  sometimes  V.  rAxicuiATA,  or  hybrids  between  them,  are 
cult,  for  ornament,  from  Eu.  :  9' -2°  high,  with  opposite  lanceolate  toothed 
leaves,  lobes  of  mostly  blue  corolla  much  longer  than  the  distinct  tube,  and  pod 
notched  at  the  end. 

V.  Virginica,  Cut.ver's  root.  Wild  in  rich  woods  from  Vermont  W. 
&  S.  ;  remarkable  for  the  tube  of  the  small  whitish  corolla  longer  than  the 
acutish  lobes  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  simple  stems  2° -6°  high,  bear- 
ing whorls  of  lanceolate  or  lauce-ovatc  pointed  finely  serrate  leaves ;    spikes 

dense  and  clustered.    ^  c  t7     «, 
o  &  -c  — 2 1 


204  FIG  WORT    FAMILY. 

«  ♦  Racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves  ;  stems  creeping  or  procumlienf  at 
Ixuie,  but  above  ascending :  corolla,  as  in  all  the  following,  strictlij  wheel- 
shaped.      % 

-*-  "Water  Speedwells  or  Brooklime,  in  water  or  toet  ground,  smooth  and 
with  pale  blue  (sometimes  darker  striptd)  Jlowers  on  slender  spreading  pedicels. 

V.  Anag^Uis.  In  water  N.  :  leaves  lance-ovate  acnte,  sessile  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  2' -3'  long- ;  pod  slightly  notched,  many-seeded. 

V.  Americana.  In  brooks,  much  more  common  ;  leaves  mostly  petiolcd, 
ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  ou  more  slender  pedicels  ;  and  pod  more  tur- 
gid than  in  the  foregoing. 

V.  SCUtell^ta.  lii  bogs  N. ;  slender,  with  linear  slightly  toothed  sessile 
leaves,  only  1  or  2  very  slender  zigzag  racemes,  few  long-pedicelled  pale  flowers ; 
and  very  fiat  pod  deeply  notched  at  both  ends,  broader  than  long,  few-seeded. 

•*-•*-  In  dry  ground,  pubescent,  with  light  blue  Jlowers  in  spike-like  racemes. 

V.  ofO-Cin^is,  Common  Speedwell.  Spreading  or  creeping,  low;  leaves 
wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  serrate,  short-pctioled ;  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx  ; 
pod  wedge-obcordate,  several-seeded. 

»  *  *  Raceme  loose,  terminating  the  leafy  lo>o  stem  or  branches,  or  Hie  small  Jlowers 
in  the  axils  of  the  gradually  decreasing  leaves. 

V.  serpyllifblia.  Thyme-leaved   S.      Creeping  or  spreading  on  the 
ground;  with  simple  llowering stems  ascending  2' -4',  smooth;  leaves  roundish, 
small,  almost  entire ;  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish  with  darker  stripes,  longer 
than  the  calyx.      % 
.cx^A,«,f.7!  V.  peregrina,  Neck  weed  or  Purslaxe-S.      Common  weed  in  damp 
Lri2.«-6^    waste  or  cult,  ground ;   smooth,  erect,  branching,  with  lower  leaves  oval  or 
"oblong  and  toothed,  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  inconspicuous  flowers 
almost  sessile  in  their  axils,  whitish  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  many- 
seeded  pod  slightly  notched,     (i) 

V.  arvdnsis,  Corn  S.  Introduced  into  waste  and  cult,  grounds  E.  ; 
hairy,  3'  -  8'  high,  with  lower  le.ives  ovate  and  crenate,  on  petioles,  the  upper 
sessile  lanceolate  and  entire,  blue  flowers  short-])e(luncled,  and  pod  obcordate.    (i) 

10.  BUCHNERA,  BLUE-HEARTS.  (Named  for  one  Buchner,  an  early 
German  botanist.)     Flowers  summer.     2/ 

B.  Americana.  Sandy  or  gravelly  plains,  from  New  York  W.  &  S. ; 
-rough-hairy,  turning  blackish  in  drying;  with  slender  stem  l°-2^°  high,  veiny 

leaves  coarsely  few-toothed,  the  lowest  obovate,  middle  ones  oblong,  uppermost 
lance-linear,  flowers  scattered  in  the  slender  spike,  and  corolla  deep  purple. 

11.  CALCEOLARIA.  (From  Latin  ca/croZ^s,  a  shoe  or  slipper.)  Tender 
South  American  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  curious  and  handsome  Howei-s,  cult,  as 
house  and  bedding  i)lants.  The  common  cultivated  species  are  now  for  the 
most  part  too  much  mixed  and  crossed  for  botanical  analysis. 

C.  integrifblia  (also  called  rug6sa  and  salvi.efolia)  is  the  commonest 
woody-stemmed  species,  with  oblong  leaves  rugose  in  the  manner  of  Gai-den 
Sage,  aiid  small  yellow  or  orange  flowers  in  crowded  clusters. 

C.  COrymbbsa,  herbaceous,  hairy  or  clammy-pul)escent,  with  ovate  crenate- 
toothed  leaves  nearly  all  at  the  root,  and  loose  corymbs  or  cymes  of  yellow  flow- 
ers, the  purple-spotted  mouth  considerably  open. 

C.  crenatiflbra,  a  fertile  ])arent  of  many  of  the  more  showy  herbaceous 
garden  forms,  with  more  leafy  stems  and  larger  flowers,  their  orifice  rounder  and 
smaller,  the  hanging  lower  lip  or  sac  1'  or  more  long,  more  obovate  and  flat, 
somewhat  3-lobcd  as  it  were  towards  the  end,  and  variously  spotted  with  purple, 
brown,  or  crimson. 

C.  Seabiossefblia  is  a  delicate  annual,  with  pinnately  divided  slightly 
hairy  leaves,  on  ]ietioies  dilated  and  connate  at  base,  and  loose  small  pale  yellow 
flowers  vv-ith  globular  lower  lip  about ,}'  wide. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  235 

12.  COLLINSIA.  (Named  by  Nuttall  for  the  late  Ztccheus  Cdlina  of 
Fhiliulclphia.)     Flowers  handsome,  mostly  2-colored.     ®  (2) 

C.  v6rna.  Wild  from  Western  New  York  W.  :  slender,  6'  -  20'  high,  with 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  toothed  leaves,  the  upper  clasping  heart-shaped,  and 
slender-peduncled  flowers  in  early  spring,  lower  lip  blue,  upper  white. 

C.  bicolor,  of  California,  and  a  handsome  garden  annual,  is  stouter,  with 
crowded  flowers  as  if  whorled,  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx,  lower  lip  of  corolla 
violet,  the  upper  pale  or  white,  or  in  one  variety  both  white. 

13.  LINARIA,  TOAD-FLAX.  (Name  from  Linum,  Flax,  from  resem- 
blance in  the  leaves  of  the  commoner  species.)     Fl.  summer. 

*  Leav(S  ruirrow,  sessile,  and  entire:  stems  erect:  flowers  racemed. 

L.  Canadensis,  Wild  T.  Gravelly  and  sandy  ground,  with  scattered 
linear  leaves  on  the  slender  flowering  stems,  or  oblong  and  in  pairs  or  threes  on 
prostrate  shoots,  and  very  small  blue  flowers.     ®  (2) 

JLi.  vulgaris,  Comaion  T.,  Ramsted,  Butter-and-Eggs.  A  showy  but 
troublesome  European  weed,  of  fields  and  roadsides,  l°-3°  high,  with  alternate 
crowded  linear  or  lanceolate  pale  leaves,  and  a  dense  raceme  of  yellow  flowers 
(I'long)  with  paler  tips.      2/ 

L.  triornith6phora.  Cult,  from  Europe:  glaucous,  2° -3°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves  in  whorls,  and  rather  large  slender-peduncled  long-spurred 
flowers,  violet  and  purple-striped.     21 

*  *  Leaves  hroad,  often  lohed :  stems  and  branches  trailing :  flowers  very  small, 
yellow  and  purple  mixed,  on  long  axillary  pf^duncles :  natives  of  Europe. 

L.  Elatine.  Nat.  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil :  hairy,  with  ovate  and  halberd- 
shaped  short-petioled  leaves,  the  lower  ones  opposite.     (T) 

L.  Cymbal^ia.  Cult,  as  a  delicate  little  trailing  ornamental  plant :  very 
smooth,  ])alc,  with  rooting  branches,  and  thickish  almost  kidney-shaped  3-5- 
lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles.     ^ 

14.  ANTIRRHINUM,  SNAPDRAGON.  (Name  from  the  Greek, 
compares  the  flower  with  the  snout  or  muzzle  of  an  animal.)  Nat.  and  cult, 
from  Europe  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.  True  Snapdragon,  with  palate  closing  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and  ei'ect 
or  ascending  stems,  not  climbing. 

A.  m^jus,  Large  S.  of, the  gardens;  with  stems  l°-3°  high,  oblong  or 
lanceolate  entire  smooth  leaves,  and  glandular-downy  raceme  of  showy  flowers, 
the  crimson,  purple,  white,  or  variegated  corolla  over  1'  long.     21 

A.  Ordntium,  S.mall  S.  Weed  in  some  old  gardens  and  cult,  grounds  ; 
low,  slender,  with  linear  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  axillary  flowers  ^' 
long.     (1) 

§  2.  Maurandia-like  S.,  with  palate  not  so  large,  nor  fully  closing  the  mouth, 
and  stems  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  their  slender  pdioks  and  sometimes  of 
the  p'-dnncles  also. 

A.  maurandioides,  cult,  from  Texas  and  Mexico,  as  MaurAndia 
axtiruiiimflora  ;  smooth,  with  triangular-halbcrd-shapcd  leaves,  or  some  of 
them  hcai-t-shaped,  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils,  the  violet  or  purple  corolla 
1'  or  more  long.     2/ 

15.  MAURANDIA.  (y^iimcd  for  Prof.  ^raHranch/.)  Excluding  the  last 
preceding  s])ecies,  which  has  the  flower  of  Snapdragon,  and  including 
LopHOSPERMUM,  wlilch  lias  wing-margined  seeds.  Mexican  climbers,  with 
triangular  and  heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  and  obscurely  lobed  leaves, 
tender,  cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  all  summer. 

§  1 .    Corolla  naked  inside,  rather  obviously  2-lipped. 
M.  Barclay^na.     Stems  and  leaves  smooth  ;  calyx  glandular-hairy,  c'am- 
my,  its  divisions  lance-linear ;  corolla  purple,  u^^ually  dark,  2'  or  more  lon^;. 


236  PIG  WORT   FAMILY. 

M.  semperflbrens,  has  lanceolate  smooth  calyx-divisions,  and  smaller 
rose-piirple  or  violet  corolla. 

§  2.    LopiiosPERMUM.    Corolla  very  ohscnrehj  2-Vpped,  and  with  2  bearded  lines. 

M.  erubdscens.  Somewhat  soft-pubescent,  with  irrcfrularly  toothed  leaves, 
rosc-colorcd  llowers  3'  long,  and  ovate-oblong  rather  leaf-like  sepals 

M.  scandens,  now  less  common  and  not  so  showy,  is  less  pubescent,  and 
has  smaller  less-infiate(|l  deeper  purple  corolla,  and  lance-oblong  sepals. 

16.  DIGITALIS,  FOXGLOVE.  (Latin  name,  from  shape  of  the  corolla, 
likened  to  the  finger  of  a  glove,  in  the  common  species.) 

D.  purptirea.  Purple  F.,  of  which  varieties  with  corolla  white  or  pale 
and  more  or  less  strongly  spotted  corolla  are  common,  2'  long,  the  lobes  rather 
obscure ;  leaves  rugose,  somewhat  downy.     Cult,  from  Eu. :  fl.  summer.     "21 

17.  GERARDIA.  (Named  for  the  herbalist,  Gerarde.)  Handsome,  but 
uncultivable  plants  :  fl.  late  summer  and  autumn.  The  following  are  the 
commonest  wild  species  :  mostly  of  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

§  I.  Corolla  purple  or  rose-color,  somewhat  bell-shafyed :  calyx-teeth  short :  anthers 
all  alike,  nearly  pointless  at  base :  leaves  narrow,  linear  or  thread-shaped, 
entire:  loosely  hranchiny,  nearly  all  annuals,  except  tlie first. 

G.  linifblia.  Pine-barrens  S.  ;  with  erect  branches,  and  erect  linear  leaves 
about  the  length  of  the  peduncles,  truncate  calyx,  and  corolla  1'  long.      11 

G.  tenuifolia.  N.  &  S.  ;  with  opposite  pedicels  equalling  the  linear 
spreading  leaves,  broadly  awl-sliaped  calyx-teeth,  and  corolla  ^'-i'  long. 

G.  fiiifblia.  S.  ;  with  alternate  pedicels  twice  the  leiigth  of  the  rather 
fleshy  thread-shaped  or  slightly  club-shaped  leaves ;  corolla  %'  long. 

G.  aph.;^lla.  S.  ;  with  short  pedicels  alternate  along  one  side  of  the 
flowering  branches,  and  minute  scale-like  or  awl-shaped  appresscd  leaves, 
minute  calyx-teeth,  and  corolla  ^'  long. 

G.  purpurea.  N.  &  S.  in  low  ground  ;  with  stout  pedicels  not  longer 
than  the  consjiicuously  5-lobed  calyx,  opposite  and  spreading  rather  broad 
linear  leaves,  and  corolla  ^'  -  1'  long. 

G.  maritima.  Salt  marshes  N.  &  S.,  lower  than  the  preceding,  and  with 
fleshy  blunt  leaves,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  the  upper  ones  and  as  the  obtusely 
5-toothed  calyx,  and  corolla  ^'  -\'  long. 

§  2.  Corolla  purple  {nr  sometimes  white)  :  cah/x  deeply  and  uneqtially  ry-rlrjl ; 
anthers  pointles-:,  those  of  the  shorter  jmir  much  smaller:  leaves  rather  broad. 

G.  auriculata.  Low  grounds,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. ;  rough-hairy,  with 
nearly  simple  stem,  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  entire,  or  the  lower  with  a  lobe 
on  each  side  of  the  base  ;  flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils ;  corolla  I'  long. 

§  3.    Corolla  yelloio  and  with  a  longer  tube,  the  inside  woolly,  as  are  the  filaments 
and  anthers ;  the  latter  almost  projfctinc),  slender-pointed  at   base :  ca'yx 
5-clefi :  taller  herbs,  with  leaves  or  some  of  them  ]>innatifid  or  toothed,      il 
«  Stems  nearly  simple :  flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme :  corolla  more  tubular. 

G.  fl^va,  DowxY  False  Foxglove.  Open  dry  woods:  3° -4°  high, 
minutely  soft-downy  ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  and  entire,  lower  sinuate 
or  pinnatifid  ;  jicdicels  very  shf)rt ;  corolla  \^'  long. 

G.  quercifolia,  Smooth  F.  Rich  woods,  commoner  S.  &  W. :  3° -6° 
high,  smooth  and  glaucon:s ;  upper  leaves  often  entire,  lower  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  calyx  ;  corolla  2'  long. 

G.  integrilolia.  Barrens,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. :  l°-2°  high,  smooth, 
not  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  ;  corolla  1'  long. 

*  *  Steins  bushy-branched :  calyx-lobes  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  leaves  mostly  cut. 

G.  grandiflbra.  Oak  openings  from  Wisconsin  S. :  3° -4°  high,  minutely 
downy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid;  ped- 
icels shorter  than  the  barely  toothed  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla  2'  long. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  237 

G.  pedicul^ria.  Common  N.  &  S. :  sjightly  pubescent,  2° -3°  high,  very 
leafy;  leaves  all  ])innatifid  and  the  lobes  cut-toothed;  pedicels  opposite  and 
lon<2:er  than  the  hairy  serrate  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla  over  1'  long. 

Gr.  pectin^ta.  Sandy  barrens  S.  :  more  hairy  than  the  foregoing,  with 
finer  divided  leaves,  alternate  pedicels  shorter  than  pinnatifid  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla 
broader  and  1^  long. 

18.  SEYMERIA.  {'Earned  for  Henry  Seijmer.)  Wild  plants  S.  &  W.,  very 
near  Gerardia  :  flowers  yellow,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

S.  macroph^ila,  Mullicin-Foxglove.  Shudy  river-banks  W.  :  4° -5° 
high,  with  large  leaves,  the  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  divided  or  cut,  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  toothed  ;  curved  corolla  woolly  inside,  also  the  filaments ;  style 
short.     2/ 

S.  peetin^ta.  Sandy  ground  S. :  about  1°  high,  branchy,  clammy-pubes- 
cent ;  ]!innatiii(l  leaves  with  ohiong-linear  lobes  ;  corolla  ^'  long.     (T) 

S.  tenuilblia.  Low  sandy  grounds  S. :  2°  -  4°  high,  with  long  slender 
branches  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  thread-shaped  divisions  ;  corolla  hardly 
^>  long.     (1) 

19.  MIMULUS,  MONKEY-FLOWER.  (From  Greek  for  an  ape,  from 
the  grinning  corolla.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Wild  in  ivet  jjlaces,  with  erect  square  strm  1°  — 2°  Jiigh,  ohJong  feather-veined 
serrate  leaves,  and  violit-purple  corolla  (1'  or  so  in  length).     ^ 

M.  ringens,  the  commonest,  with  clasping  leaves,  peduncles  longer  than 
the  flower,  and  taper-pointed  calyx-teeth. 

M.  alatUS,  not  rare  more  S.,  has  leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole,  peduncle 
shorter  than  calyx  and  short-toothed,  and  sharp  wing-like  angles  to  stem ; 
whence  the  name. 

*  *  Cult,  for  ornament,  chi'fi/  in  conservatories,  from  Western  N.  America. 
M.  glutinbSUS,  shrubby  conservatory  plant  from  California,  glutinoi-.s- 

pubesccnt,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  large  yellow  orange  or  brick- 
red  flower. 

M.  cardin^lis.  Erect,  clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  partly 
c]as])ing,  several-nerved  ;  flowers  large,  brick-red.     2/ 

M.  luteus.  Erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate-clasping,  several- 
nerved  ;  flowers  shoAvy,  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  brown ;  of  many 
varieties.     2/ 

M.  mosch^tus,  Musk-plant.  Weak  and  diffiise,  rooting,  clammy-vil- 
lous,  smelling  strong  of  musk ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ;  flower  small,  pale 
yellow.     2/ 

20.  TOREISTIA.     (Named  for  0.  Toren,  an  obscure  Swedish  botanist.) 

T.  Asi^tiqa,  cult,  from  India,  a  handsome  hothouse  plant,  with  lance-ovate 
serrate  leaves,  wing-angled  calyx,  and  coi-o'-a  over  1'  long,  j-.ale  violet  or  purple 
with  the  tube  and  the  end  of  the  3  roundetl  lower  lobes  dark  violet. 

21.  ILYSANTHES,  FALSE  FIMPEKNEL.  (From  Greek  words  for 
mire  awd  flower,  alluding  to  the  station.)     Fl.  all  summrt'. 

I.  gratioloides.  Common  in  wet  places,  a  smooth  diffiisc  little  plant, 
4'  -  8'  high,  with  rounded  or  oblong  leaves,  and  small  purple  or  bluish 
flowers.     (T) 

22.  GRATIOLA,  PIKDGE-HYSSOP.  (Old  name,  from  Latin  gratia, 
grace.)  Rather  insignificant  plants,  in  low  or  wet  places  :  flowering  all 
summer.     (T)    % 

*  Sterile  fit nviMits  minute  or  hardhj  any :  corolla,  whitish,  ivith  i/elloivish  tube. 

Gr.  Virgini^na.  Rather  clammy,  with  lanceolate  leaves  a:id  slender  pe- 
duncles. 


238  FIG  WORT    FAMILY. 

G.  SphaBroc&rpa.  Chiefly  S. :  smooth  and  stouter,  with  lancc-ovat3 
leaves,  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  larger  spherical  pod. 

»  *  Sterile  Jilarnents  obvious,  itsita/Ji/  tipped  with  a  little  glandular  head  in  place  of 
the  anther :  leaves  shoH. 

G.  viscbsa.  Chiefly  S.  W.  :  clammy,  with  lance-ob'.ong  toothed  leaves 
shorter  than  the  peduncles,  and  whitish  flowers. 

G.  atirea.  Sandy  wet  soil,  V,.  &  8. :  nearly  smojtli,  with  rather  narrow 
entire  leaves  as  long  as  the  peduncles,  and  golden  yellov  flowers. 

G.  pil6sa.  From  N.  Jersey  S.  :  very  difl^erent  from  any  of  the  foregoing, 
having  rigid  and  ^simple  erect  stems  and  ovate  or  oblong  sessile  leaves,  both 
hairy,  the  flowers  sessile,  the  white  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

23.  SCROPHULARIA,  FIGWORT.  (Plants  a  supposed  remedy  for 
scrofula.)  These  homely  and  insigniflcant  plants  hardly  ought  to  have  given 
the  name  to  this  large  and  imjxjrtant  family. 

S.  nodosa.  Damp  shady  ground  :  smooth,  with  4-sided  stem  3° -4°  high, 
ovate  or  oblong  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  small  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes, 
all  summer.     21 

24.  CHELONE,  TURTLE-HEAD  (to  which  the  name,  from  the  Greek, 
refers),  SNAKE-HKAD,  BALMONY. 

C.  glabra,  the  common  species,  of  wet  places;  l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  and  white  or  pale  purple  corolla 
1'  or  more  long,  all  summer.     ;^ 

25.  PENTSTEMON.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  meaning  5  stamens, 
refers  to  the  presence  of  the  5th  stamen,  which,  however,  has  no  antiier.) 
Showy  North  American  and  a  few  Mexican  plants,  chiefly  Western  ;  two  or 
three  are  wild  E. ;  several  are  in  choice  cultivation,  but  few  arc  yet  common 
h^re.     Fl.  late  spring  and  summer.      Jl 

*  Wild  E.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  sometimes  cult. :  flowers  ivhite,  commonly  tincjed 
with  some  pnrp  isli  or  vio/et :  leaves  partly  clasping,  often  senate:  panicle 
clammy,  the  corolla  slightly  so. 

P.  pub6scens.  Somewhat  clammy-pubescent,  or  smoothish  except  the 
panicle,  l°-3°  high,  variable;  stem-leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  nodding;   the 

f)lainly  2-lipped  coro.la  (1  long)  with  gradually  enlarging  tube  concave  on  tho 
ower,  convex  on  the  upper  side,  a  sort  of  palate  almost  closing  the  mouth  ; 
sterile  filament  yellow-bearded  down  one  side. 

P.  Digitalis.  N.  Virginia  to  111.  &  S. :  taller  (20-4°),  smooth  up  to  the 
naked  panicle,  with  wider  more  entire  leaves  ;  corolla  but  slightly  2-lipped, 
open,  abruptly  inflated  bell-shaped  above  from  a  narrow  tube  ;  stenle  filament 
sparingly  bearded  on  one  side. 

*  ♦   Wild  beyond  but  near  the  Mississijypi,  showy  and  cultivafed  for  ornament. 

P.  grandiflbrus.  Plains  from  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  W.  &  S.  W. :  veiy 
smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  l°-3°  high,  with  thick  ovate  leaves  (l'-2'  long) 
closely  sessile  and  entire,  the  upper  ones  rounded,  short-pedicellcd  flowers 
racemcd,  lilac-jmrjile  oblong-bcll-sh  \pcd  corolla  l^'-2'  long  and  almost  equally 
5-lobcd,  the  sterile  filament  nearly  smooth. 

P.  Cobsea.  Plains  from  Nebraska  S. :  I°-2o  high,  stout,  with  ovate  often 
denticulate  thick  leaves,  a  slightly  clammy  few-flowered  panicle  or  raceme, 
pale  purplish  or  whitish  corolla  al)out  2'  long  and  abruptly  much  inflated  above 
the  narrow  base,  the  border  2-linped,  but  the  oblong  lobes  similar;  the  sterile 
filament  bearded. 

P.  glaber.  Plains  from  Nebraska  and  Missouri  W, :  very  smooth,  com- 
monly pale  or  glaucous,  with  ascending  stems  1°-  2°  long,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate  entire  leaves,  and  a  narrow  panicle  of  very  handsome  flowers  ;  the  tubular- 
inflated  corolla  about  1^'  long,  bright  pui-))le  blue,  with  the  spreading  lobes 
of  the  2  short  lips  similar ;  sterile  filaments  and  also  the  anthers  slightly  hairy 
or  else  naked. 


,      -         ACANTHUS    FAMILY.  239 

*  *  *  Farther  Western  species,  cultivated  and  hardy  in  the  rjardens. 

P.  OVcltUS,  of  Oregon,  is  an  early  blue-flowered  species,  smoothish,  with 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  serrate  leaves,  and  open  panicle  of  small  flowers. 

P.  barbatUS,  supposed  to  come  from  Mexico,  ion^^  cult,  in  the  gardens ; 
smooth,  with  slender  wand-like  stems  3° -4°  high,  lanceolate  and  entire  pale 
leaves,  long  and  loose  raceme  or  panicle  of  drooping  flowci-s,  narrow  tubular 
scarlet  corolla  over  1'  long,  with  erect  upper  lip  ccmcave  and  slightly  2-iobed, 
the  lower  parted  into  3  rcflexed  or  spreading  ob!ong  lobes,  some  beard  in  the 
throat,  and  sterile  fllament  naked.  Var.  Tokri>,yi,  from  New  Mexico  and 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  taller,  the  brighter  red  corolla  with  little  or  no  beard  in 
the  throat. 

*  *  *  *  Common  garden  species  from  Mexico,  hut  not  hardy  N.,  are  forms  of 

P.  HartW^gi.  Smooth  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  the  upper  broader  at  the 
base  and  clasping  ;  peduncles  elongated,  3-flowered  ;  corolla  2'  long,  deep  red 
or  red  purple,  the  border  almost  equally  5-cleft ;  sterile  fliament  naked. 

P.  campanul^tUS.  Smooth  :  IcaA^es  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, the  base  clamping  ;  flowers  in  a  raceme-like  one-sided  panicle  ;  corolla  ven- 
tricose  above,  reddish-purple  or  rose-colored  ;  sterile  filament  bearded.  Varies 
greatly  in  cultivation. 

26.  RUSSELLIA.     (Named  for  Z)r.  ^/eranc/eriJusse// of  Scotland.)     ^ 
R.  jlincea,  of  Mexico,  a  showy  house  and  bedding  plant;  very  smooth, 

with  small  lance-ovate  or  linear,  or  else  reduced  to  little  scales  on  the  copious 
long  and  rush-like  green  hanging  branches  and  branchlcts  ;  corolla  1'  long,  nar- 
row, bright  carmine  red. 

27.  CASTILLEIA,  PAINTED-CUP.  (Named  for  CastiUejo,  a  Spanish 
botanist.)  There  are  several  showy  species  on  the  plains  from  beyond  the 
Mississip])i  to  the  Pacific.     Fl  all  late  spring  and  summer. 

C.  eoccinea,  Scarlet  P.  Sandy  Ioav  grounds ;  pubescent,  simple- 
stemmed,  l°-2°  high,  with  stem  leaves  cut-lobed,  those  next  the  flowers 
3-cleft,  their  dilated  and  cut-toothed  lobes  brilliant  scarlet,  while  the  2-cleft 
calyx  is  yellowish  and  the  narrow  corolla  pale  yellow.     ®  @ 

28.  PEDICULARIS,  LOUSEWOKT  (which  the  name  denotes).     -^ 
P.  Canadensis,    Comimon    P.  or  Wood-Betony.     Low,   rather  hairy, 

with  alternate  leaves,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  lower  pinnate,  a  short  dense  spike  of 
greenish  and  purplish  flowers,  oblique  calyx  without  lobes  but  split  down  in 
front,  and  a  dagger-shaped  pod  :  fl.  sj-.ring. 

P.  lanceoi^ta.  Less  common,  in  swamps  ;  l°-3°  high,  smoothish,  with 
lance-oblfmg  leaves  doubly  cut-toothed,  some  of  them  opposite,  a  close  spike  of 
pale  yellow  flowers,  2-lobed  leafy-crested  calyx,  and  ovate  pod  :  fl.  late  summer. 

29.  MELAMPYRUM,  COW-WHEAT.  (The  name  in  Greek  means 
black  grain,  from  the  color  of  the  seeds.)     ® 

M.  Americ^num,  our  only  species,  common  in  open  woodlands  ;  6'- 12' 
high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  abrupt  or  truncate  at  base  and 
with  a  few  bristle-tip])ed  teeth,  the  scattered  flowers  pale  yellowish  or  almost 
white,  sometimes  purplish-tinged  ;  profluced  all  summer. 

77.   ACANTHACE^,  ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Plant-^  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  2-lipped  or  otlierwise  irregu- 
lar or  even  regular  monopefalous  corolla,  4  didynamoiis  or  else  only 
2  stamens,  2-celled  ovary  and  pod.  and  few  seeds,  —  distinguished 
from  the  related  orders  by  the  seeds  without  albumen  and  borne  on 
hook-like  projections  of  the  [)]acenta3  or  on  a  sort  of  cup.  Chiefly 
a  tropical  family  ;  many  in  clioice  conservatories,  here  omitted. 


J 


nam 
4.   DICLl 


240  ACANTHUS    FAMILY. 

§  1.    Tunning  tropical  herbs  {or  cult,  as  herbs),  with  nearly  rcgulir  b-lobed  corolla, 
and  globular  seeds  supported  by  a  cartilaginous  ring  or  sli allow  cup. 

1.  THUNBERGIA.     Flowers  enclosed  when  in  bud  by  a  pair  of  large  leaf-like 

bractlets  borne  below  the  short  cu|)-shaped  calyx.  Corolla  with  a  mostly 
somewhat  curved  tube  and  an  abruptly  wide-spreading  border  of  5  rounded 
equal  lobes,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  included.  Pod  globular, 
tipped  with  a  long  and  conspicuous  flattened  beak,  2-4-seeded.  Peduncles 
axillary,  i-flowered. 

§  2.   Erect  or  spreading  :  all  the  following  are  herbs,  with  flat  seeds  borne  on  hook- 
like processes  (retinaculu) :  calyx  i-5-parted,  mostly  2-bracted. 

2.  ACANTHUS.     Corolla  of  one  3-lobed  lip,  the  upper  lip  wanting.     Stamens  4, 

with  one-celled  cilinte  anthers.     Leaves  pinnatifid.     Flowers  in  a  spike. 

3.  RUEIXLV.     Corolla  funnel-form,   with  an  almost  equally  5-lobed   spreading 
border,  convolu'^e  in  the  bud.     Stamens  4,  included:  cells  of  the  anthers 

)arallel.  Pod  narrow,  contracted  into  a  stalk-like  base,  above  4-  12-sceded. 
ULIPTERA.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  3-Iobed,  the  upper  2-cleft  or 
entire;  but  the  flower  as  it  were  reversed  so  that  the  3-lobed  lip  seems  to  be 
the  upper  one.  Stamens  2,  protruded:  cells  of  the  anther  equal,  but  one 
placed  below  the  other.  Pod  2-4-seeded  below  the  middle. 
5.  DIANTHEKA.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect  and  notched;  the  lower 
3-lobed,  wrinkled  or  veiny  towards  the  base,  spreading.  Stamens  2 :  cells  of 
the  anther  one  below  the  other,  mostly  unequal.  I'od  flattened  above,  coii- 
jotract94  into  a"8talk-like  base,  4-seeded  above  the  middle. 

1.  TEtuNBERGIA.  (Named  from  the  Swedish  botanist  Thunberg.) 
Showy  flowers  produced  all  summer. 

T.  al^ta  (so  named  from  its  winjjcd  petioles)  from  Africa,  is  the  one  com- 
monly cultivated  (as  an  annual)  in  many  varieties  as  to  size  and  color  of  flower, 
bufl",  oranji^c,  white,  &c.,  usually  with  blackish-purple  eye ;  herbage  soft-downy 
or  hairy  ;  leaves  between  heart-shaped  and  arrow-shaped.     ^ 

2.  ACANTHUS.  (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name,  from  the  word  for  spine  or 
prickle. )      11 

A.  mbllis,  one  of  the  classical  species,  from  S.  Eu.,  is  occasionally  cult.,  not 
hardy  N.  :  the  broad  sinuatcly  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  mostly  from  the  root, 
hardly  at  all  prickly  ;  flowers  on  a  short  scape,  dull-colored. 

3.  RUELLIA.  (Named  for  the  herbalist  Rnelle.)  Ours  are  wild  herbs, 
chiefly  southern,  with  purple  or  blue  showy  flowers,  mostly  in  clusters, 
produced  all  summer.     21 

§  1 .    Cells  of  the  anther  pointed  at  base :  stigma  only  one  :  pod  ^-sefided. 
R.  oblongifolia.     Pine  barrens  S.  :  downy,  6'-  12'  hij^h  from  a  creeping 
base,  with  nearly  sessile  oval  leaves  barely  1'  long,  almost  bristle-shaped  sepals, 
but  oblong  bracts,  and  spotted  purple  corolla  1'  long. 

§  2.    Cdls  of  the  anther  blunt :  stigmas  2  :  pod  8  -  \2-seeded :  stems  l°-4°  high. 

R.  cili6sa.  Bry  soil  W.  &  S.  :  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs,  the  oval  or 
oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile,  pale  blue  corolla  (about  2'  long)  with  slender  tube 
much  longer  than  the  inflated  upper  part  and  than  the  bristle-shaped  sejials. 

R.  Str6pens.  Richer  soil,  from  Penn.  AV.  &  S. :  smooth  or  slightly  downy, 
with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  (l'-4'  long)  narrowed  into  a  j)etiole,  and  purple- 
blue  corolla  (l'-2'  long)  with  tube  hardly  longer  than  the  expanded  portion  or 
than  the  linear-lanceolate  sepals. 

4.  DICLIPTERA.  (Greek  words  for  double,  shut,  from  the  2-valved  pod.) 
D.  brachiata,  of  low  banks  S.  is  nearly  smooth,  with  6-angled  stem  bear- 
ing many  branches,  thin  ovate-oblong  ])ointed  leaves  on  slender  petiole,  and 
inten-uptcd  s])ike-like  clusters  of  small  purple  flowers,  each  with  a  pair  of  con- 
spicuous flat  bracts.     2/ 


VERVAIN    FAMILY.  241 

6.    DI  ANTHER  A.     (From  Greek  for  double  anther,  alluding  to  the  two 

separated  cells  on  each  filament.)     Fl.  all  summer.     "21 

D.  OV^ta.  Muddy  banks  of  streams  S.  :  4' -8'  high,  smooth,  with  lance- 
ovate  short-petioled  leaves  longer  than  the  3-4-flowered  peduncles  in  their 
axils,  and  small  pale  pur])le  flowers. 

D.  Americana.  Wet  borders  of  streams  :  2°  high,  smooth,  with  long 
linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  long  peduncles  (4' -6'  long)  bearing  an  oblong 
spike  of  pale  purple  flowers. 

78.   VERBENACE^,  VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  (or  sometimes  whorled)  leaves,  diiFering 
from  the  other  orders  with  irregular  moiiopetalous  and  didynamous 
or  tetrandrous  flowers  by  the  ovary  not  4-lobed  and  with  a  single 
ovule  in  each  of  its  (1-4)  cells,  the  fruit  either  fleshy  or  when 
dry  at  length  splitting  into  as  many  1-celled  indehiscent  nutlets. 

Besides  the  following  some  species  of  Clerodendron  are  culti- 
vated, in  choice  conservatories. 

§  1.   Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes,  the  flowers  expanding  fivm  below-upwards. 

1.  PHRYMA.     Flowers  in  slendes-  loose  spikes.     Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lippecl,  the 

upper  lip  of  3  slender-pointed  teeth,  the  lower  short  and  2-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  notched,  lower  larger  and  3-lobed.  Stamens 
included.     Ovary  1-celled,  forming  a  simple  akene  in  the  calyx.     Herb. 

2.  VERBENA.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.     Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  5-ribbed 

and  plaited.  Corolla  §alver-form,  the  tube  often  cuiwed,  the  border  rather 
unequally  5-cleft.  Stamens  included:  upper  pair  sometimes  wanting  the 
an-hers.  Ovary  4-celled,  at  maturity  splitting  into  4  dry  akenes  or  nutlets. 
Herbs. 
8.  LIP  PI  A.  Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  2- 5-toothed. 
Coi'olla  tubular,  with  5-lobed  2-lipped  border,  the  lower  3-lobed  lip  larger. 
Stamens  included.     Ovary  and  dry  fruit  2-celIed,  2-seeded. 

4.  LANTANA.     Fiowers  in  heads  or  short  spikes.     Calyx  minute,  obscurely 

4-toothed.  Corolla  with  an  unequal  4-cleft  spreading  border,  the  vipper  lobe 
sometimes  iiotched.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  berry- 
like,  and  containing  2  little  stones  or  nutlets.     Shrubs  or  herbs. 

§  2.   Flowers  nearly  regular,  in  cymes  from  the  axils  of  the  simple  leaves  :  shrvbs. 

5.  CALLICARPA.    Calyx  4- 5-toothed,  short.    Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  short, 

4 -5-lobed.  Stamejis  4,  protmded,  nearly  equal.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit 
beny-like,  with  4  little  stones. 

§  3.   Flowers  irrerjnlnr,  in  cymes  or  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  compound  digitate 
leaves  or  <f  the  upper  leaves  reduced  to  bracts:  shi'ubs  or  trees. 

6.  VITEX.     Calyx  5-toot^lied.     Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spreading  2-lipped  boi'der, 

the  lower  lip  3-parted  and  rather  larger  than  the  2-lobed  upper  lip.  Stamens 
4,  pi'otrude.l,  as  is  the  style.  Ovary  4-celled,  becoming  berry-like  in  the 
fruit,  which  cojitains  a  single  4-celled'  stone. 

1.  PHRi'MA,  LOPSEED.  (Name  of  unknown  meaning.)  One  species. 
P.  LeptOSt^jhya.    Copses,  &c.  ;  2° -3°  high,  with  coarsely-toothed  ovate 

thin  leaves,  and  brandies  terminated  by  the  slender  spikes  of  very  small  purplish 
flowers,  in  summer,  the  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit.     % 

2.  VERBENA,  VErvVAIN.  (Latin  name  of  some  sacred  herbs.)  Fl.  all 
summer.  —  (xcnus  of  difficult  analysis  on  account  of  numerous  hybrids,  both 
wild  and  in  cultivation, 

§  1.  Vervains  native  to  the  country,  or  growing  as  wild  weeds,  inosth/  in  waste 
or  cnltlvdtf-d  ground  :  the  flowers  insignificant,  in  slender  spikes  ;  no  appen- 
dage at  tip  of  the  anthers.     All  but  the  last  with  upright  stems.      % 

V.  angustif61ia,  Narrow-leaved  V.  Stems  6' -18' high;  leaves  nar- 
16 


242  VERVAIN    FAMILT. 

row  lanceolate,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed  ;  spikes  few,  thickish,  crowded 
with  purple  flowers. 

V.  Stricta,  Hoary  V.  Barrens  W.  &  S. :  whitish-hairy,  10-2°  hi^h  ; 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  sessile  ;  spikes  thick  and  dense  ;  flowers  blue, 
larger  than  in  the  <Hhers. 

V.  hastata,  Blue  V.  Stem  4° -6°  high;  leaves  lance-oblong,  some  of 
the  larger  with  short  side  lobes  at  base,  cut-serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  densely- 
flowered,  coryrabed  or  panicled ;  flowers  blue. 

V.  urticifblia,  Nettle-lkaved  or  White  V.  Stem  4° -6°  high; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  of  small  wliite 
flowers  slender  and  loose. 

V.  ofiBLcin^lis,  European  V.  Nat.  by  roadsides,  at  least  S.  Stems 
l°-.3°  high,  branched  ;  leaves  sessile,  3-cleft  and  mostly  pinnatifid  into  narrow 
cut-toothed  lobi^s  ;  small  purplish  flowers  in  very  slender  panicled  spikes. 

V.  bractebsa.  From  Wisconsin  S.  ;  hairy,  spreading  o:  procumbent ; 
leaves  wedge-sliaped  or  lance-oblong,  cnt-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  short-petioled  ; 
small  purple  flowers  in  solitary  loose  spikes,  tlu  lower  ones  leafy-bracted. 

§  2.  Verhenas  of  the  rjarden  soi-t,  with  creeping  or  spreading  stfvis,  and  dense 
spikes  of  larger  or  showy  Jlotvers :  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  with  a 
gland-like  tip.     ^  (V) 

V.  Aubl6Lia.  Wild  from  111.  and  Caro'ina  W.  &  S.  :  has  cnt-pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  a  long-peduncled  spike  of  purple  flowers,  minutely  bearded  in  the 
throat.  —  This  and  the  several  following  species  fram  South  Brazil,  Buenos 
Ayres,  &c.,  variously  and  greatly  mixed,  make  up  the  Verbenas  which  adorn 
our  gardens  in  summer. 

V.  chamaedrifolia,  the  original  Scarlet  V.,  with  ob'ong-lanceolato 
coarsely  serrate  leaves,  nearly  all  sessile,  and  most  intense  red  or  scarlet  flowers, 
in  a  flat  cluster. 

V.  phlogiflbra,  also  named  TweediXna.  More  upright;  the  leaves 
decidedly  petioled  ;  the  flowers  inclined  to  form  an  oblong  spike,  and  crimson, 
varying  to  rose,  but  not  to  scarlet. 

V.  incisa,  diflers  fro:n  the  last  in  the  pinnatifid  incised  leaves,  the  petioled 
ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base ;  flowers  in  a  flat  cluster,  rose-color  or  purple. 

V.  teueroid3S.  Erect  or  spreading,  with  ovate-oblong  and  i  icised  sessile 
leaves,  and  a  lengthened  spike  of  white  or  pale  rosy  flowers,  sweet-scented, 
especially  at  nightfall. 

V.  erinoides,  or  mult^fida.  Dwarf  and  much  creeping,  rough-hairy, 
with  leaves  piunatifld  into  linear  divisions,  and  originally  with  violet  purple 
flowers,  and 

V.  pulchella  or  tenera,  with  equally  finely  cut  leaves,  and  rather  larger 
originally  rose-violet  flowers,  are  part  parents  of  the  smaller  races. 

3.  LIPPIA.  (Named  for  A.  L'ppi,  an  Italian  botanist.)  Fl.  late  summer. 
L.  lanceol^ta,  Fog-fruit.      A  creeping  weedy  herb,  along  river-banks 

from  Penn.  S.  &  W.,  with  wedge-: ;patul ate  or  oblanecolate  leaves  serrate  alx)ve 
the  middle,  and  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  bearing  a  head  of  bluish 
small  flowers. 

1j.  citrioddra  (or  Alot^sia),  the  Lemon-scented  or  Sweet  Verbena 
of  the  gardens  ;  shrub  from  Chili,  with  whorls  of  linear-lanceolate  fragrant 
leaves,  roughish  with  glandular  dots,  and  small  whitish  and  bluish  flowers  in 
slender  spikes.  , 

4.  LANTATTA.  (Origin  of  name  obscure.)  Tropical  or  subtropical, 
mostly  shrubby  plants,  planted  out  in  summer,  when  they  flower  freely  until 
frost  comes  ;  stems  often  rough-prickly ;  herbage  and  flowers  odorous,  in 
some  pleasant,  others  not  so.     The  species  are  much  mixed. 

L.  C^mara,  from  Tropical  America,  has  flowers  deep  yellow,  turning  first 
to  orange,  then  to  red. 

L.  mixta,  from  Brazil,  has  flowers  oj^ening  white,  soon  changing  to  yel- 
low, orange,  and  finally  to  red. 


MINT    FAMILY.  243 

Ii.  nivea,  from  Brazil,  has  the  pleasant-scented  flowers  white  and  unchang- 
ing; or,  in  var.  mutabilis,  changing  to  bluish. 

L.  involucr^ta,  of  West  Indies,  has  small  obovate  and  prominently  veiny 
leaves,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  heads  of  lilac-purple  flowers,  involucrate 
by  the  outer  bracts. 

L.  Sellowiana,  of  Southern  Brazil,  is  low  and  spreading,  with  wedge- 
oblong  or  ovate  strongly  veined  leaves,  long  peduncles,  and  heads  of  reddish- 
purple  flowers  lengthening  somewhat  with  age. 

5.  CALLICARPA.     {¥rom  Greek  for  beauttfid  fruit.)    Fl.  early  summer. 
C.  Americana,  Fkench  Mulberry.     Kich  soil  from  Virginia  S. :  shrub 

3°  -  8°  high,  Avith  some  scurfy  down,  especially  on  the  lower  face  of  the  ovate- 
oblong  toothed  leaves,  and  the  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  ;  fruits  violet-blue  and 
showy. 

6.  VITEX,  CHASTE-TREE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

V.  Agnus-castus,  Chaste-tree,  of  Mediterranean  region,  has  .5-7  lan- 
ceolate entire  leaflets  whitened  underneath,  and  bluish  flowers  in  sessile  clusters 
forming  an  internipted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  hardy  only  S. 

V.  ineisa,  of  Northern  China,  barely  hardy  in  gardens  N.,  has  5-7  leaflets 
lanceolate  and  cut-pinuatifid,  and  the  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  peduncled. 

79.   LABIAT.^,  MINT  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  herbage,  square  stems,  opposite 
simple  leave?,  moie  or  less  2-lipped  corolla  (whence  the  name  of 
the  order),  either  4  didynamous  or  only  2  stamens,  2-lobed  stigma, 
and  at  once  distinguished  from  all  the  related  families  by  the  deeply 
4-parted  ovary  (as  if  4  ovaries  around  the  base  of  a  common  style), 
ripening  into  as  many  seed-like  nutlets,  or  akenes,  each  containing 
a  single  seed.  Embryo  usually  filling  the  seed.  As  in  all  these 
families,  there  are  2  lobes  belonging  to  the  upper  and  3  to  the  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  tlie  leaves  or  bracts, 
usually  in  cymose  clusters,  or  running  into  terminal  racemes  or 
spikes. 

^  1.  Stamens  4,  pnrnlhl  and  ascending,  and  projecting  from  a  notch  on  the  tipper 
side  (ftke  corolla.  Nutlets  reticulated  ana  pitted,  obliquely  fxed  by  the  inner 
side  near  the  bnse. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  and  oblong,  turned  fonoard  so  that  there  seems 

to  be  no  upper  tip,  ihejilaments  conspicuously  projecting  from  the  upper  side. 

1.  TEUCRIUM.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  with  a  deep  cleft  between  the  two 

upper  lobes.     Cells  of  the  anther  confluent. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA.  'Calyx  5-cleft  in  2  lips,  oblique.     Filaments  very  long  and 

slender,  curved,  coiled  up  hi  the  bud. 

♦  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  eqwdly  spreading  :  f  laments  slightly  projecting  from  the 

notch  between  the  2  upper  h>hes. 

8.  ISANTHUS.  Catyx  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobec1,  enlarging  after  flowering. 
Corolla  only  little  longer  than  the  calyx",  bell-shaped,  with  5  equal  spreading 
lobes. 

^  2.  Stamens  4,  reclining  on  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla,  the  outer  or  loicer  pair 
lunger:  anthers  2-ctlltd.  Corollt  loiuallij  turned  down  or  declining.  Nutlets 
smooth  or  smoothiah.  fixed  by  their  base,  as  in  all  the  following  divisions. 

4.  OCOIU^I.  Calyx  deflexed  in  fruit,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  or  lobe  much 
broadest  and  sometimes  wing-margined.  Corolla  short,  the  upper  lip  as  it 
were  of  4  lobes,  the  lower  of  one  entire  flat  or  flattish  decliueJ  lobe  scarcely 
longer  than  the  upper.     Filaments  separate. 


244  MINT    FAMILY. 

B.  COLEUS.  Calyx  as  in  No.  4.  Corolla  similar,  but  the  lower  lobe  longer  and 
concave  or  bout-shaped,  enclosing  the  stamens  and  style:  filaments  monadel- 
phous. 

6.  HYPTIS.     Calyx  with  5  less  unequal  or  equal  teeth.     Corolla  of  4  short  simi- 

lar upper  lobes,  and  a  longer  abruptly  deflexed  saccate  lower  one ;  filaments 
separate. 

7.  LAVANDULA.     Calyx  not  deflexed,  13-15-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth 

mostly  larger.  Corolla  with  \ube  longer  than  the  calyx,  regularly  2-lipped, 
i.  e.  upper  lip  2-lobcil,  lower  S-lobed,  t'ne  lobes  all  equally  spreatling.  Sta- 
mens included,  but  declined  towards  the  lower  lobe  of  the' corolla. 

§  3.    Stamens  4  (and  (he  lower  or  outer  pair  longest)  or  2,  slraujht  and  distant  or 
divevfihuf:  anthers  plainly  2-ctlltd,  not  conniinnf/  in  p  tirs.      Lobes  of  the 
corolla  fiat  and  spreading^  or  the  upper  erect  but  md  arihed. 
«  Corolla  short  and  rather  bell-shaped,  hardly  if  at  all  2-lipped,  the  4  or  rarely  5 
lobes  nearly  equal  and  all  spreading. 
3.   PERILLA.     Calyx  in  flower  5-cleft,  in  fruit  nodding  and  enlarging,  becoming 
2-lipped.     Corolla  5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  a  little  longer.     Stamens  4,  nearly 
equal.     Style  deeply  2-cleft. 
9.   MENTHA.    'Calyx  eq'ually  5-toorhed.     Corolla  with  a  4-cleft  border,  the  upper 
lobe  a  little  broader  and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.     Stamens  4,  nearly 
equal,  similar. 

10.  LYCOPUS.     Calyx  4 -5-toothed.     Corolla  with  4  about  equal  lobes.     Stamens 

2:  the  upper  pair,  if  any,  without  anthers. 
«  «  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped,  but  all  the  lobes  of  nearly  equd  length,  the  upper  lip 
erect  and  mostly  nottheil.  the  tower  spreading  and  '6-cleft,  the  tube  not  bearded 
within  :  stamens  with  anthers  only  2. 

11.  CUNILA.     Calyx  equally  5-toothed,  striate,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  one  half 

shorter  than  the  corolla'.  Stamens  2,  lo:ig  and  protruding:  no  rudiments  of 
the  other  pair. 

12.  HEDEOMA.     Calvx  2-lipped,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  hairy 

in  the  throat.     Corolla  short.     Stamens  2,  with  anthers  scarcely  protruded, 
and  2  sterile  short  filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head  in  place  of  anther. 
«  «  «  O'l'olla  elongated  and  irregidar :  the  It.wer  lube  or  lip  much  the  larger,  pen- 
dent, cut-toothed  or  f ringed,  tlie  Mothers  nearlu  equal  and  alike:  tube  toith  a 
bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  Uie  enlarged  throat :  stamens  2  ivith 
anthers  or  rarely  4. 

13.  COLLINSONIA.     Calyx  ovate,  enlarging  and  turned  down  after  flowering, 

2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  flat  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.     Cells  of  the  an- 
ther diverging. 
*  #  #  *  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped.  short,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  somewhat  spread- 
ing ami  nearly  entire  or  notched,  the  lower  siyreauing  or  3-cleft :  stamens  with 
anthers  4. 

14.  HYSSOPUS.     Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  6-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat. 

Corolla  with  the  miildle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens 
very  long  and  protruding. 

15.  PYCN ANTHEM UM.     Calyx  oblong  or  short-tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally 

5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lippcd,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  with  the  lobes 
of  the  lower  lip  ovate  and  entire.     Flowers  crowded  in  heads  or  close  cyxnQ<. 

16.  OKIGANrM.     Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat,  about  13-nerved.     Lower  lip  of  the 

corolla  of  3  similar  lobes.'  Flowers  crowded  into  spike-like  clusters  and  fui-- 
nished  with  imbricated  often  colored  bracts. 

17.  THYMUS.     Calyx  ovate,  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nervpd,  2-lipped;  the  up])er 

lip  3-toothed  and  spreading, "the  lower  cleft  into  2  awl-shaped  ciliute  lobes. 
Corolla  not  strongly  2-lippecl,  the  upper  lip  resembling  the  3  lobes  of  the  lower 
lip  but  notched  at  the  apex.     Stamens  mostly  protruding. 

18.  SATURElX.      Calyx   bell-shaped,  naked   in 'the   throat,   10-nerved,  equally 

6-toothed.  Corolla  with  lower  lip  of  3  nearly  equal  entire  lobes.  Stamens 
somewliLit  ascending.     Leaves  naiTow. 

^  4.  Stamens  4  {the  lower  or  oider  pair  longer),  ascending  or  curved  and  iciih  (he 
phiinh)  2-ielled  anthers  ojjpraximate  or  conniving  in  pairs  under  the  erect  and 
flattish  but  not  arched  upper  lip.      Calyx  more  w  less  2-lipped. 

19.  CALA:MINTHA.     Calyx  not  flattened.     Corolla  straight,  with  inflated  throat, 

and  2-lipped  border,"  the  spreading  lower  lip  3-parted,  its  middle  lobe  entire 
or  slightly  notched. 


MIxNT    FAMILY.  245 

20.  :MELTSSA.     Ciih-x  with  3-toothed  iipper  lip  fl:it.     Corolla  more  or  le^s  curved 

and  ascending.'  Filaments  arching  and  bringing  the  anthers  together  iii  pairs. 
Otherwise  as  in  19. 

§  5.  Stamens  only  2,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  erect  or  someu:hat  scythe- 
shaped  entire  or  barely  notched  upper  lip  of  the  corolla:  anthers  1-celled, 
either  strictly  so  or  by  lonjiuence  of  the  2  celU  end  to  end. 

21.  SALVIA.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower  2-clefr, 

tliroat  not  hairy.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  lower  lip  spreading  or  hanging, 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.  f^ilament 
as  it  were  compound,  the  proper  filament  short  and  bearing  on  its  apex  an 
elongated  thread-like  or  linear  body  (the  connective,  in  fact)  attached  by  its 
middle,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  bears  a  linear 
1-celled  anther,  the  other  descending  bears  the  other  smaller  and  imperfect 
cell,  or  a  mere  vestige  of  it,  or  is  naked.     Flowers  usually  large  or  showy. 

22.  ROSMARINUS.     Calyx  and  corolla  nearly  as  in  Salvia,  but  the  lateral  lobes  of 

the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  erect  and  somewhat  contoi'ted  (as  in  some  Sages 
also).  Stamens  resembling  those  of  Monarda  and  protruded,  but  with  a  short 
tooth  on  the  filament  below  the  middle.     Shrub. 

23.  MOXARDA.     Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  many-nei-ved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed, 

mostly  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  narrow  m  the  throat, 
the  oblong  or  linear  lips  about  equal  in  length,  the  lower  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
its  narrower  middle  lobe  slightly  notched.  Stamens  with  long  and  simple 
filament  bearing  directly  on  its  apex  a  linear  anther.  Flowers  rather  large, 
numerous  in  the  whorled  or  terminal  heads. 

24.  BLEPHiLIA.     Calyx  short-tubular,  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped,  the  upper 

lij)  with  3  awned,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  blunt  teeth.  Corolla  with  a  more 
expanded  throat,  bluish.     Otherwise  like  Monarda,  but  flowers  smaller. 

§  6.    Stamens  4,  direr fjinfj  or  ascending^:  the  upper  or  inner  piir  longer  !     Upper 
lip  if  the  torolli  erector  a  hide  arching,  the  luicer  spreading. 

25.  LOPHANTHUS.     Calyx  rather  unequally  5-toothed.     Upper  lip  of  corolla 

slightly  2-lobed,  the  lower  moderately  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  somewhat 
crenate.  Stamens  not  parallel,  the  lower  and  shorter  ones  more  or  less  as- 
cending, the  upper  and  longer  ones  diverging  and  declining,  so  as  to  seem  the 
lower.     Tall  erect  herbs,  with  small  flowers  clustered  in  paniclcd  spikes. 

26.  NEPETA.     Calyx  obliquely  5-toothe*l.     Stamens  parallel  and  ascending,  and 

their  anthers  approaching  in  pairs  under  tlie  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  their 
cells  diverging  from  each  other.  Middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  of  corolla  con- 
siderablv  largest. 

27.  CEDRONKLLA.      Flowers  nearly  like  those  of  Kepeta:   but  the  cells  of  the 

anthers  parallel. 
87.   PHLOMIS,  of  the  next  section,  might  from  the  stamens  be  sought  for  here. 

§  7.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  or  outer  pair  longer,  ascemJing  and  parallel,  their  anthers 
in  jxiirs  mostly  tinder  the  concave  or  arched  upper  lip  of  the  corolla.  Plants 
not  sweet-scented,  some  <f  them  bitter-qroinatic. 

»  Q>rolla  inflated  fumi'l-form  and  rather  slightly  1-Hpped :  calyx  ihinnish.  open 
bell-shiiped  in  fruit,  the  5  teetli  equal  and  pointless:  fuwtrs  simply  spiked^ 
only  one  to  each  bract  or  f  oral  laf. 

28.  PHYSOSTEGIA.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broad  and  a  little  arched,  entire; 

lower  of  3  broad  and  somewhat  spreading  short  lobes.     Smooth  and  scentless 
herbs,  with  thickish  and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 
«  *  Girolla  decidedly  24lpped :  calyx  also  2-lipped,  irregular,  closed  in  fruit. 

29.  BRUXELLA.      Calyx   tubidar  bell-shaped,   reticulated,  flattened   on  the  up- 

per side;  the  upper  lip  broad,  flat,  3-toothcd;  the  lower  3-cleft.  Tube  of 
the  corolla  dilated  on  the  lower  side  just  below  the  rather  nan-owed  throat; 
upper  lip  arche<l  and  entire;  lower  widely  spreading,  with  lateral  lobes  ob- 
long, the  concave  middle  one  rounded  and  crenulate.  Filaments  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  close 
.  head  or  short  spike. 
80.  SCUTELLARIA.  Calyx  short,  with  the  very  short  lips  trur.catc  and  entire,  and 
a  large  hump  on  the  U)>|)er  side,  the  whole  helme:->haped;  the  upper  lip  usu- 
ally falling  awav  when  the  fruit  is  ri])e.  Corolla  with  rather  long  ascending 
tube,  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  small  and  somewhat  comiected  v.i'.h 
the  arched  upper  liji,  the  mi<l(l!e  lolio  larger  and  spreading  or  the  sides  roflox'-f' : 
anthers  of  the  lower  stamens  1-ceIled.  Rijr<M'ish  herbs,  not  aromatic,  w'.Ai 
flowers  single  iu  the  axil  of  each  bract  or  leaf. 


246  MINT    FAMILY. 

«  «  *  CoroUa  decidedly  2-li/)ped :  calyx  5-toothed,  regular,  or  sometimes  obscurely 
2-lipped,  not  closing  in  fruit :  the  tettk  commonly  awl-shaped  or  trianyular, 
ofttn  rigid  oi'  spiny-tipptd. 

-*-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  calyx  10-toothed. 

31.  MARRUBIUM.     Teeth  of  the  calj-x  awl-shaped  or  spiney-tipped,  recurved 

after  flowering.  Corolla  small:  upper  lip  erect.  Bitter-aromatic  plauts: 
flowers  in  axillary  capitate  whorls. 

••-  I-  Stamens  raised  out  of  the  tube  of  lite  corolla  :  calyx  o-toothed. 
•M-  Anthers  opening  crosswise  by  2  uneqwd  valves,  the  smaller  one  ciliate. 

32.  GALEOPSIS.     Calvx  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  spinv-tipped  teeth. 

Corolla  enlarged  In  the  throat,  the  ovate  and  entire  upper  lip  arched,  tlie 
middle  lobe  of  spreading  lower  lip  obcordate.  Flowers  in  axillary  whorl-like 
clusters. 

++  ++  Anthers  opening  lengthwise  in  the  ordinary  way. 

33.  LAMIUM.     Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  with  5  awl-shaped   spreading  teeth. 

Corolhi  much  enlarged  in  the  throat,  the  upper  lip  arching  ana  with  a  narrow 
base,  lateral  lobes  of  lower  lip  very  short,  the  middle  one  rounded  and  spread- 
ing or  turned  down,  its  base  much  narrowed.  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  209.) 
Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip.  Nutlets  tnuicate  at  the  top. 
84.  LICONURUS.  Calvx  top-shaped,  the  awl-shaped  teeth  when  old  spreading  and 
spiny-pointed.  Corolla  like  Stachys,  but  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  obcordate. 
Stamens  parallel.  Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  Stems  erect. 
Flowers  in  close  whorls  in  the  axils  of  cut-lobed  leaves. 

35.  STACHYS.     Calyx  mostly  tubular  bell-shaped,  the  teeth  triangular  or  awl- 

shaped,  sometimes  rigid  or  even  pungent.  Corolla  not  enlarged  in  the  throat, 
the  upper  lip  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  3-lobed  with  the  middle  lobo 
nearly  entire.  Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  but  the  outer  pair 
turned  down  after  discharging  their  pollen !  Nutlets  obtuse,  but  not  trun- 
cate. Flowers  crowded  in  whorls,  most  of  these  commonly  approximate  in  a 
terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

36.  BETONICA.     Like  Stachys,  but  calyx  more  tubular  and  with  awn-like  teeth, 

tube  of  corolla  longer  and  its  upper  lip  sometimes  notched,  and  the  stamens 
generallv  remaining  parallel. 

37.  PHL0MIt5.     Calyx  tubular,   with 'rigid  nan-ow  awl-shaped   teeth   from  the 

notch  of  as  many  very  short  and  broad  lobes.  Corolla  as  in  Stachys.  Upper 
pair  of  stamens  (rather  the  longer)  with  an  awl-shaped  appendage  at  the  base 
of  the  filaments. 

38.  MOLUCCKLLA.     Calyx  membranaceous  and  greatly  enlarged,  fimnel-form, 

the  border  reticulated,  vei?iv,  entire,  except  5  mucronate  points.  Corolla 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx;  the  middle  lobe  of  its  lower  lip  obcordate. 
Nutlets  3-sided. 

1.  TEirCKIUM,  GERMANDER.  (Named  for  Tcurer,  kinj- of  Troy.)  % 
T.  Canadense,  our  only  species,  in  low  grounds,  l°-3°  high,  downy, 

with  ovate-lanccolatc  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath,  and  pale  purple  or  rarely 
■white  flowers  collected  in  a  long  spike,  in  late  summer. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA,  BLUE  CURLS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  means 
hair-like  stamens.)  Ours  are  branching  loosely-flowered  rather  clammy  low 
herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  as  it  were  panicled,  blue,  or 
changing  to  purple,  in  summer  and  autumn.     (T) 

T.  dichotomum,  Common  B.  or  Bastard  Pennyroyal.  Sandy  fields 
E.  &  S, :  6'-  12'  high,  with  mostly  lance-oblong  short-petioled  leaves. 

T.  line^re,  from  New  Jersey  S.,  has  linear  or  lance-linear  smoother  leaves. 

3.  IS ANTIIUS,  FALSE  PENNYROYAL.  (Name  in  Greek  means  eywa/ 
flower,  i.  c.  parts  of  corolla  regular.)     ® 

I.  CSeruleus.  Common  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil ;  bushy-branched,  clammv- 
pubescent,  G'  -  12'  Iiigh,  with  obong'3-nerved  entire  leaves,  and  scattered  small 
\)luc  flowcro  on  axillary  peduucles  :  all  summer. 


MINT   FAMILY.  247 

4.  6CIMUM,  SWEET  BASIL.  (Greek  name,  referring  to  the  odor,  the 
herbage  sweet-scented.) 

O.  Basilicum,  Sweet  Basil.  Low  sweet-herb,  of  kitchen-gardens,  from 
India,  with  ovate  somewhat  toothed  leaves,  ciliate  petioles  and  calyx,  and  bluish- 
white  faceuied  flowers,  in  summer.     (T) 

5.  COLEUS.  (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  sheath,  alluding  to  the  mona- 
delphous  stamens.) 

C.  Bllimei,  of  Java,  especially  its  var.  Verschaffeltii,  the  showy  spe- 
cies of  ornauientiil  grounds  in  summer,  planted  for  its  richly-colored  ovate  pointed 
and  coarsely  toothed  Icaves^jeither  blotched  with  crimson  or  bi-onze-red,  or  almost 
wholly  colored  ;  the  inconspicuous  flowers  blue  or  bluish  and  racemed. 

6.  HYPTIS.     (From  a  Greek  word  meaning  reversed.)     Fl.  late  summer. 
H.  radiata.     Low  ground,  North  Carolina  &  S. :    stems  2°  -  4°  high  ; 

leaves  lance-ovate,  toothed  ;  flowers  white  or  purple-dotted,  small,  crowded  in 
peduncled  whitish-involucrate  heads,     y, 

7.  LAVANDULA,  LAVENDER.  (From  Latin  lavo,  to  lave,  for  which 
Lavender-water  is  used.) 

L.  v6ra,  Garden  L.  Cult,  from  S.  Europe :  a  low  undershrub,  barely 
hardy  N.,  hoary,  with  lance-linear  leaves,  and  slender  spikes  of  bluish  small 
flowers  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  in  summer. 

8.  PERILLA.     (Name  unexplained.)     Natives  of  China  ana  Japan.     0 

P.  oeimoides,  var  crispa,  or  P  Naxkinensis  of  the  gardens,  a  bal- 
samic-scented much-branched  herb,  cult,  for  its  foliage,  the  ovate-petiolcd  leaA'es 
in  this  variety  dark  pui-ple  or  violet-tinged  beneath,  bronze-purple  .above,  the 
margins  wavy  and  deeply  cut-toothed,  the  insignificant  rose-colored  or  whitish 
flowers  in  panicled  spike-like  racemes,  in  late  summer. 

9.  MENTHA,  MINT.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.)  One  native 
and  two  very  common  naturalized  European  species,  mostly  spreading  rap- 
idly by  running  rootstocks  ;  leaves  toothed  ;  the  small  flowers  purplish- 
bluish,  or  almost  white,  in  summer.  2/  The  following  common  Mints 
all  in  wet  places. 

M.  viridis.  Spearmint.  Nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  wrin- 
kled-veiny sessile  leaves,  and  flowers  in  narrow  terminal  spikes. 

M.  piperita,  Peppermint.  Smooth,  with  ovate  acute  petioled  leaves,  and 
whorled  clusters  of  flowers  forming  loose  interrupted  spikes. 

M.  Canadensis,  Wild  Mint.  Along  shaded  brooks;  pleasant-scented, 
hairy  or  a  smooth  variety,  with  ovate  or  lance-oblong  acute  or  pointed  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  whorls  of  flowers  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  pairs. 

10.  LYCOPUS,  WATER-HOREHOUND.  (Name  in  Greek  means  uWA 
foot.)  Kesembling  the  Wild  Mint,  but  bitter,  and  not  aromatic,  commonly 
producing  slender  sometimes  tuber-bearing  runners  from  the  l)ase,  smooth,  the 
very  small  white  flowers  close-clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  in  summer. 
Wild  in  shady  moist  soil.     ^ 

L.  VirginiCUS,  Bcgleweed.  Common  N. ;  stems  blunt-angled,  6'-  18' 
high  ;  leaves  mostly  lance-ovate  and  merely  toothed  ;  calyx-teeth  4,  ovate  and 
bluntish.     Used  iu  medicine. 

L.  EuropSGUS,  under  several  varieties  :  common  N.  &  S.,  is  taller,  wiLli 
sharply  4-imgled  stems,  ovate-ubloug  or  lanceolate  leaves  cither  toothed  or  pin- 
natifid,  many  flowers  iu  the  elusteri  or  whoris,  and  5  Cidyx-teeth  rijid  and 
sharp-pointed. 


248  MINT    FAMILY. 

11.  CUNIL A,  DITTANY.     (An  old  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 
C.  Mariana,  Maryland  D.     Dry  hills  through  the  Middle  States ;  nearly 

smooth,  1°  high,  corynibosely  much  branclied,  with  ovate  or  heart-shaped  almost 
sessile  serrate  leaves  (1'  long*),  and  pcduucled  loose  cymes  of  purplish  flowers,  in 
summer.     ^ 

12.  HEDEOMA.  (Formed  from  a  Greek  name  of  a  sort  of  Mint,  refers  to 
the  sweet  scent. )  Low  and  fragrant-scented,  growing  in  dry  and  ojjen  or  sterile 
grounds,  with  small  flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters,  all  summer. 

H.  pulegioides,  American  Pennyroyal,  the  pungent  aromatic  scent 
and  taste  being  like  that  of  the  English  Pennyroyal  or  Mentha  Pulegiuni  of  Eu. ; 
very  common,  5'  -  8'  high,  hairy,  branching,  with  oblong-ovate  petioled  leaves, 
few  flowered  clusters,  and  bluish  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.     0 

H.  hispida,  is  common  from  Western  Illinois  S.  W. ;  2'  -  5'  high,  hairy, 
with  sessile  linear  entii'e  leaves,  and  bristly-ciiiate  calyx.     (T) 

13.  COLLINSONIA,  HORSE-BALM.  (Named  for  Peter  Col/inson  of 
London,  who  corresponded  with  Bartram  and  Linnaeus.)  liather  tall  and 
large-leaved  strong-scented  plants  :  fl.  summer.     ^ 

C.  Canadensis,  also  called  Rich-weed  and  Stone-root,  the  only  com- 
mon species,  in  rich  moist  woods;  smooth,  2° -3°  high,  with  ovate  serrate 
leaves  3'  -  6'  long  and  on  long  petioles,  and  pale  yellow  lemon-scented  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels  in  panicled  racemes. 

14.  HYSSOPUS,  HYSSOP.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  plant,  from 
the  Hebrew.)      ]/ 

H.  officinalis,  the  only  species,  cult,  in  gardens  from  the  Old  World, 
rarely  running  wild  :  smooth  tufted  simple  stems  or  branches  2°  high  ;  leaves 
lance-linear  and  entire ;  small  clusters  of  blue  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal 
spike,  in  summer. 

16.  PYCNANTHEMUM:,  mountain  mint  or  BASIL.  (Name 
from  Greek,  means  dense  floiar-clusters.)  Several  species,  all  aromatic-scented, 
1°  -  3°  high,  in  open  usually  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  flowers  with  pale  corolla 
often  purple-dotted,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  ^  Only  the  following 
widely  common. 

P.  inc^num.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  remotely  toothed,  finely 
soft-downy  above  and  white-hoary  beneath,  those  next  the  open  flat  cymes 
whitened  both  sides;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  somewhat  awn-pointed. 

P.  mtlticum.  Minutely  soft-downy  but  hardly  whitened,  rather  low, 
bushy-branched  ;  leaves  mostfy  lance-ovate  and  sessile,  with  rounded  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  base,  minutely  sharp-toothed,  rather  rigid  ;  flowers  in  heads  or 
dense  clusters  ;  calyx-teeth  and  inner  bracts  rather  blunt. 

P.  pil6sum.  Only  from  W.  Penn.  W.,  is  downy  with  rather  long  soft 
hairs  ;  the  broadish  lanceolate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  nearly  entire ; 
whorled  heads  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  the  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  acute, 

P.  arist^tum.  Only  from  New  Jersey  S.,  in  pine-barrens  :  minutely  soft- 
pubescent;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  broadly  linear,  rigid,  almost  entire  ;  flowers 
in  heads,  with  the  narrow  and  awn-pointed  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the 
corolla. 

P.  laneeol^tuni.  Smoothish,  not  hoary,  very  leafy,  bushy  branched ; 
leaves  small  and  clustered,  narrow  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  rigid,  sessile,  ob- 
tuse at  base  ;  flowers  small,  in  numerous  globular  close  heads  which  are  crowded 
in  terminal  corymbs  ;  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  short,  triangular ;  lips  of  the 
corolla  very  short. 

P.  linifdlium.  Like  the  last,  less  common  N. :  smoother,  with  lanoe- 
linear  leaves,  and  narrower  sharp-pointed  bracts  and  calyx-teeth. 


MINT    FAMILY.  249 

16.  out GANUM,  MARJORAM.  ( Old  Greek  name,  said  to  mean  delight 
of  mountains.)     Natives  of  the  Old  Worid  :  sweet-herbs  :  fl.  summer.     2/ 

O.  vulg^re,  Wild  Marjoram.  Old  gardens,  and  wild  on  some  road- 
sides ;  l°-2°  high,  with  small  ovate  nearly  entire  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  and 
purplish  flowers  in  corymbed  purple-bracted  clusters  or  short  spikes ;  calyx 
equally  5-toothed. 

O.  Majoraua,  Swekt  Marjoram.  Cult,  in  kitchen-gardens  (as  an  ®) ; 
leaves  small  and  linely  soft-downy  ;  the  bracts  not  colored  ;  flowers  whitish  or 
purplish,  with  calyx  hardly  toothed  but  cleft  nearly  down  on  the  lower  side. 

17.  THYMUS,  THYME.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  )  Low  or 
creeping  slightly  woody-stemmed  sAvcet-aromatic  plants  of  the  Old  World : 
fl.  small,  in  summer.  Leaves  in  the  common  species  entire,  small,  from  ^' 
to  near  ^'  long,  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong  with  tapering  base.     ^ 

T.  Serpyllum,  Crekpixg  Thyme.  Cult,  as  a  sweet  herb,  rarely  a  little 
spontaneous ;  creeping,  forming  broad  flat  perennial  turfs ;  leaves  green ; 
whorls  of  purplish  or  flesh-colored  flowers  crowded  or  somewhat  spiked  at  the 
ends  of  the  flowering  branches. 

T.  vulgaris,  ('03IM0N  Thyme.  Rarely  cult.,  more  upright  and  bushy 
than  the  other,  pale  and  rather  hoai'y  ;  flowers  in  shorter  clusters. 

18.  SATUREIA,  SAVORY.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.)  Aromatic : 
fl.  summer. 

S.  hortensis.  Summer  Savory.  Low  and  homely  sweet  herb  of  the  gar- 
dens, sparingly  run  wild  W.,  with  oblong-linear  leaves  tapering  at  base,  and 
pale  or  purplish  small  flowers  clustered  in  their  axils,  or  running  into  panicled 
spikes  at  the  end  of  the  branches.     ® 

19.  CALAMINTHA,  CALAMINTH.  (GrQQ\  fox  heautifd  Mint.)  FL 
summer.     21 

§  \.    Flowers  loose  in  the  axils,  or  above  running  into  racemes  or  panicles. 

C.  glabella.  A  delicate  native  but  uncommon  species,  only  from  Niagara 
Falls  W. :  smooth,  with  weak  stems  5'  -  20'  long,  also  with  creeping  runners, 
oblong  or  almost  linear  leaves,  or  ovate  on  the  runners,  the  loose  purplish  flow- 
ers about  ^'  long. 

C.  Ndpeta,  BASiL-TnyjrE.  Nat.  from  Eu.  from  Virginia  S.  :  soft-downy, 
branching,  l°-2°  high,  with  round-ovate  crcnate  leaves,  small  and  loose  purple 
flowers,  and  calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

§  2.   Flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  head-like  whorls,  croicdid  with  awl-shaped  bracts. 

C.  Clinopbdium,  Basil.  Waste  grounds  and  along  thickets  ;  hairy, 
with  rather  simple  stems  l°-2°long,  ovate  and  nearly  entire  petioled  leaves, 
and  pale  purple  small  corollas. 

20.  MELISSA,  BALM,  BEE-BALM.  (Old  name  from  Greek  for  6ee. ) 
Old- World  sweet  herbs.     Fl.  summer.     2J. 

M.  0flB.cin^is,  Commox  B.  Gardens,  sparingly  running  wild  ;  rather 
hairy,  loosely-branched,  lemon-scented,  with  ovate  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  cre- 
nate-toothed  leaves,  and  yellowish  or  soon  white  flowers  in  small  loose  axillai-y 
clusters. 

21.  SALVIA,  SAGE.  (From  the  Latin  salvo,  to  save,  from  its  reputed 
healing  qualities.) 

§  1.    Wild  Sages  of  the  country,  all  with  blue  or  partly  ichite  corollas.     Jl 
*  Upper  lip  of  calyx  3-toothed:  lower  cell  of  the  anther  present  but  d formed. 
S.  lyr^ta.     Sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  to  III.  &  S. :  1°  -  2°  high,  rather 
hairy,  with  leaves  mostly  at  the  root  atid  obovate  or  lyre-shaped,  and  a  smaller 

E air' on  the  stem;    whorls  of  flowers  forming  an  interrupted  raceme;    corolla 
ardly  1'  long. 


250  MINT   FAMILY. 

*  *  Upper  lip  of  the  cahjx  entire :  lower  cell  of  the  anther  wanting. 

S.  urtieif61ia.  Woodlands  from  Maryland  S. :  l°-2o  high,  leafy,  some- 
what clammy-downy ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate ;  racemes  slender,  the  blue  and 
white  corolla  only  J'  lon<^. 

S.  aziirea.  Sandy  soil  S.  &  S.  W.  :  nearly  smooth  and  green,  with  rather 
simple  stems,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lance-linear  with  tapering  base,  obtuse, 
entire,  or  the  lower  serrate;  the  showy  azure-blue  flowers  (less  than  1' long) 
numerous  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 

S.  Pitcher  i,  from  Kansas  to  Texas,  is  very  like  the  foregoing,  but  minutely 
soft-downy  ;  occasionally  cultivated,  as  is  also 

S.  farinbsa,  of  Texas,  with  more  ])etioled  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  the 
spikes,  calyxes,  &c.  white-hoary,  in  contrast  with  the  light  blue  corolla. 

§2.    Garden  Sages,  cultivdled  for  ornament,  or  the  first  species  for  its  savory 
foliage.     Perennials,  bat  some  cult,  as  annuals,  sectral  woocltj  at  base. 
*  Flowers  blue. 
S.  officinalis,  Commox  Sage,  from  S.  En. :  low,  minutely  hoary-pubes- 
cent, with  ol)long-lanceolate  leaves  finely  reticulated-rugose  and  the  margins 
crenulate,  spiked  flower-whorls,  and  short  corolla. 

S.  patens,  from  Mexico  :  2° -3°  high,  rather  hairy,  with  crenate  triangular- 
ovate  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  or  the  u])])erm()st  sessile  ones  oval,  loosc-pcdi- 
celled  flowers,  showy  deep  blue  corolla  over  2'  long,  the  lips  widely  gaping  and 
the  stamens  exserted. 

*  *  Flowers  scarlet-red. 

S.  spldndens,  Scarlet  Sage,  of  Brazil  :  smooth,  with  branching  stems, 
ovate  pointed  leaves,  the  floral  ones  and  calyx  as  well  as  the  corolla  (2'  or  more 
long  and  with  short  lower  lij))  bright  scarlet. 

S.  fTilgens,  Cardinal  or  Mexican  Red  S.,  from  Mexico:  tall,  pubes- 
cent, with  crenate  ovate  or  oval  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base  and  somewhat 
rugose,  green  calyx,  and  long-tubed  downy  deep  scarlet  corolla  over  2'  long, 
the  style  plumose. 

S.  COCCinea,  from  Tropical  America :  somewhat  downy  or  soft-hairy, 
with  ovate  and  heart-shaped  acute  cn-nate  leaves,  deciduous  bracts,  green  or 
purplish  calyx,  and  smooth  red  corolla  1'  long,  with  lower  lip  much  longer  tiTan 
the  up))er  one. 

S.  pseudo-COCCinea,  from  Trop.  Amcr. :  like  tlie  last,  but  with  bristly- 
hairy  stems,  less  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  corolla  more  or  less  pubescent. 
*  *  *  Flowers  tvhite. 

S.  argentea,  from  the  Mediterranean  regions  :  cult,  for  its  silvery-white 
foliage,  hardy  ;  the  very  large  round-ovate  root-leaves  clothed  with  long  white 
wool ;  flowering  stem  and  its  sessile  leaves,  as  well  as  calyx,  &c.  clammy-hairy; 
the  white  corolla  with  scythe-shaped  upper  lip  1'  long  and  a  very  short  tube. 

22.  ROSMARINUS,  KOSEMARY.  (Old  Latin  name,  dew  of  the  sea.) 
R.  officin^is,  IVom  S.  Eu. :  not  hardy  N. :  leaves  evergreen,  linear,  entire, 

with  rcvolute  margins,  white  hoary  beneath,  the  upper  with  pale  blue  flowers  in 
their  axils. 

23.  MONARDA,  HOnSE-MIXT  or  BALM.  (Named  for  an  Ciirly 
Si)anish  writer  on  the  medicinal  plants  of  the  New  World,  Monardez.)  Fl. 
summer. 

§  1 .    St<imens  and  sfi/le  protruding  beyond  the  narrow  acute  upper  lip  of  the  coroJla . 

hares  oblong-orate  or  lance-ovate,  with  roundish  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base^ 

veiny,  }>leasant-scente<l. 

M.  didyma,  Oswego  Tea  or  Bee-Balm.     Wet  ground  N.,  and  cult. ; 

leaves  ])etioled  ;  the  floral  ones  tinged  with  red;  calyx' naked  in  the  throat; 

corolla  bright  red.  , 

M.  flstulbsa,  Wild  Bercamot.  Rocky  grounds  ;  soft-downy  or  smooth- 
ish  ;  leaves  ])etioled,  the  floral  ones  often  whitish ;  calyx  very  hairy  in  the 
throat ;  corolla  rose-color,  purple,  or  white. 


MINT    FAMILY.  251 

M.  Bradburi^na.  From  Ohio  W.,  differs  from  the  prccedin;,'  in  the 
sesdiie  leaves  soft-hairy  beneatli,  calyx  contracted  above,  and  shorter  corolla. 

§  2.  Stainevs  not  lovcjer  than  the  purple-spotted  notched  tipper  lip  of  the  short 
corolla,  the  tube  of  which  is  nearli/  enclosed  in  the  calyx.     ®  (2) 

M.  punctata,  Horse-Mint.  Dry  sandy  ground,  from  New  York  to 
111.  and  IS.  :  strong-scented  and  pungent,  slightly  hoary  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
the  tloral  ones  and  bracts  tinged  yeliow  and  purp.e ;  calyx-teeth  short  and  awn- 
less  ;  corolla  yellowish. 

M.  aristata.  IMains  from  Missouri  S.  W.,  has  its  calyx  strongly  bearded 
in  the  throat  and  with  awn-like  teeth,  the  floral  leaves  and  bracts  conspicuously 
awn-tipped. 

24.  BLEPHIIjIA.  (From  Greek  for  eyelash,  the  bracts  strongly  ciliate, 
the  outer  ones  ovate.)     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

B.  Ciliata.  Dry  ground,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.  :  leaves  almost  sessile,  ovate 
or  oblong,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  outer  bracts  large,  acute  ;  corolla  hairy. 

B.  nepetoides.  Low  shady  grounds  N.  &  W. :  hairy  all  over ;  leaves 
lance-ovate  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  base,  on  distinct  petioles  ;  bracts  smaller 
and  very  slender-pointed  ;  corolla  smoothish,  purple-spotted. 

25.  LOPHANTHUS,  GIANT  HYSSOP.  (Name  from  Greek  for  rrcsf 
and  flower,  not  very  appro])riatc.  Wild  in  rich  soil,  chiefly  N.  &  W.,  with 
ovate  and  toothed  leaves  :  fl.  summer.     21 

L.  nepetoides.  Smooth,  coarse,  not  sweet-scented  ;  stem  4°  -  6°  high 
and  sharply  4-angled;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  bluntish,  almost  equalling  tlie  dull 
yellowish  corolla. 

L.  seroph.ulariif6Hus.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  obtusely  an- 
gled stem  and  sharper-toothed  leaves  rather  pubescent,  the  lanceolate  acute  calyx- 
teeth  shorter  than  the  purplish  corolla. 

L.  anisatUS.  Wild  from  Wisconsin  far  N.  W.  and  rare  in  cultivation  : 
slender,  Avith  anise-scented  leaves  white  beneath,  and  calyx  much  shorter  than 
the  lavender-blue  corolla. 

26.  NEPETA,  CAT-MINT.     (Latin  name,  from  the  city  Nepete.)     11 
N.  Cataria,  Catnip.     Weed  nat.  from  Eu.  around  dwellings  and  gardens  : 

soft-downy  ;  with  oblong  heart-shaped  leaves  deeply  crenjite,  and  whitish  flow- 
ers crowded  in  terminal  clusters  or  spikes,  in  late  summer. 

N.  Glechoma,  Ground  Ivy,  Gill.  Weed  nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  or 
cult,  shaded  grounds  :  creeping  and  spreading,  with  smoothish  rounded  kidney- 
shaped  crcnate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  light  blue  flowers  in  their  axils, 
each  i)iur  of  anther  cells  approaching  and  forming  a  little  cross  :  fl.  all  spring 
and  summer. 

27.  CEDRONi^LIiA.  (From  Greek  name  of  o<7  of  cedar,  alluding  to  the 
sweet  aromatic  scent  of  the  foliage  of  the  first  si^ecies.)  The  cultivated  species 
not  hardy  N.  :  fl.  summer.     Jl 

C.  triph:^lla,  Balm-of-Gilead  of  the  English  gardens,  here  rarely  cult., 
from  Madeira  ;  very  sweet-scented  leaves  of  3  broadly  lanceolate  leaflets  ;  flowers 
purplish. 

C.  Mexicana,  from  New  Mexico,  has  simple  lance-ovate  leaves  with  heart- 
shaped  l)asc,  erect  stems,  and  handsome  rose-colored  flowers  in  close  clusters. 

C.  COrd^ta,  wild  in  shady  grounds  from  W.  Penn.  S.,  but  rare :  low, 
hairv,  with  long  leafy  runners,  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  the 
purplish  corolla  1^'  long,  its  throat  inflated. 

28.  PHYSOSTEGIA,  FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD.  (Name  from  Greek 
words  for  inflated  or  bladdery  covering.)     Fl.  ail  summer.      2/ 

P.  Virginiana.  Wet  banks  of  streams,  from  New  York  W.  &  S.,  in  sev- 
eral varieties:  1° -4°  high;  leaves  mostly  serrate;  flowers  either  crowded  or 
rather  distant  in  the  spikes  ;  corolla  pale  rose-purple,  1'  or  more  long. 


252  MINT    FAMILY. 

29.  BRUNi^LLA,  SELF-HEAL  or  HEAL-ALL.    (Latinized  from  the 
old  Gennaii  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     % 

B.  vulgaris.  Low  fields  and  copses  •  low,  spreading,  with  ovate  or  oblong 
petiolcil  leaves,  and  3  flowers  under  each  of  the  broad  and  round  purplish  bracts 
of  the  head  ;  corolla  bluish-purple  or  rarely  white. 

30.  SCUTELLARIA,    SKULLCAP.      (Name  from  Latin  scutellum,  a 
dish.)     Fl.  in  summer,  in  species  ours  blue  or  violet.     11 

§  1.    Fhicers  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the  stem  atid  branches. 

S.  versicolor.  River-banks,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.  :  stem  stout,  l°-.3°  hio;h, 
soft-pul)esccnt,  as  are  the  heart-shaped  very  veiny  and  rugose  crenate  and  bhmt- 
ish  long-pctlolcd  leaves;  spike-like  racemes  clammy-pubescent;  corolla  almost 
r  long,  the  lower  lip  purple-spotted. 

S.  canescens.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W. :  stems  branching,  2° -4°  high; 
leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  or  some  of  tliem  heart-shaped  at  base,  the 
lower  surface  as  also  the  racemes  and  flowers  whitish  with  very  fine  soft  down, 
otherwise  smoothish  ;  corolla  1'  long. 

S.  pilbsa.  Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  nearly  simple,  l°-.30 
high,  bearing  rather  distant  pairs  of  roundish  or  oblong-ovate  veiny  leaves,  the 
lower  sometimes  heart-shaped,  upper  on  short-margined  petioles ;  racemes 
short,  the  bracts  spatulate  ;  corolla  |'  long. 

S.  integrlfblia.  Along  thickets:  minutely  hoary,  lo-2°  high;  leaves 
lance-oblong  or  linear,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  very  short-petioled ;  raceme  short; 
corolla  1'  long,  much  enlarged  upwards. 

§  2.    Flowers  short-pcdunclcd  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  sessile  leaves. 

S.  nerv6sa.  Moist  ground  from  New  York  S.  W. :  smooth,  lo-2°  high, 
slender;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate,  sparingly  toothed,  1'  long,  those  subtending 
the  tlowers  ovate-lanceolate  and  entire,  the  nerve-like  main  veins  prominent 
beneath  ;  flowers  ^'  long. 

S.  parvula.  Dry  banks  and  shores,  commoner  W.  &  S. :  low  and  spread- 
ing, 3' -6'  high;  with  round-ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped 
leaves  ^'  or  more  long,  and  flowers  \'  long. 

S.  galericul^ta.  Wet  groimd  N. :  smoothish  ;  the  slender  sim])le  stems 
lo_2o  i,i„.i, .  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  acute, 
serrate  ;  flowers  %'  long,  with  arched  upper  lip. 

§  3.    Flowers  in  axillarij  or  some  terminal  one-sided  racemes. 
S.  lateriflora.     Wet  shady  places  :  smooth,  branching,  1°  -2°  high,  with 
lance-ovate  or  oblong  acute  coarsely  serrate  leaves  on  slender  petioles  ;  racemes 
rather  leafy-bracted  ;  flowers  \'  long. 

31.  MARRUBIUM,  IIOREHOUND.     (Late  Latin  name,  from  Hebrei^ 
word  for  oitter.)     Fl.  late  summer.     ^ 

M.  VUlgare,  Common  H.,  from  Europe,  in  gardens  and  waste  places  : 
branching,  spreading,  hoary-downy,  with  round-ovate  crenate-rugose  leaves  on 
petioles,  and  small  wliite  corolla. 

Black  Houkhound,  Ballot  a  nIgra,  of  Europe,  and  naturalized  in  a 
few  ])laces  E.,  is  not  hoary,  and  has  purplish  flowers  with  a  spreading  .5-toothed 
border  to  the  calyx. 

32.  GALEOPSIS,    HEMP-NETTLE.      (Name  in  Greek  means  like  a 
jveasrl ;  the  likeness  not  at  all  ol^vious.)     Fl.  summer,     (i) 

G.  Tetrahit,  Common-  H.  Damp  waste  and  cult,  grounds,  nat.  from  Eu. : 
a  common  weed,  rather  bristly-hairy,  with  stem  swollen  below  each  joint,  leaves 
ovate  and  coarsely  serrate,  and  corolla  purplish  or  variegated. 

33.  LAMIUM,  DEAD-NETTLE.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  Mroaf.) 
Low  spreading  herbs  IVom  Old  World  :  fl.  spring  and  summer. 


MINT   FAMILY.  253 

«  Insignijicant  weeds  in  waste  or  cnltivated  grounds,  with  few  small  and  purple  or 
slendtr  flowers  in  some  of  the  axils.     Q)  ® 

L.  amplexic^ule.  Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  and  cut,  the 
tipper  ones  clas[)ing ;  corolla  with  a  long  tube,  its  upper  lip  bearded,  the 
lower  one  spotted. 

L.  purplireum.  Not  so  common :  leaves  more  heart-shaped,  and  less 
cut,  all  of  them  petioled. 

#  *  Flowers  larger,  V  long,  in  several  axillary  whorls:  corolla  ascending,  the 
lateral  lobes  bearing  a  sender  awl-shaped  appendage.     ^ 

Ii.  album.  Gardens  and  waste  grounds :  hairy  ;  leaves  all  petioled,  ovate 
and  heart-shaped,  rugose-veiny  ;  flowers  white. 

L.  maculktum.  Cult,  in  gardens  ;  hairy  or  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  as  in 
the  other,  but  with  a  white  spot  or  blotch  on  the  upper  face ;  flowers  purple. 

34.  LEONURUS,  MOTHERWORT.  (Name  in  Greek  means //o«'sto7, 
but  there  is  no  obvious  resemblance.)     Fl.  late  summer. 

Ij.  Cardiaca,  Comimox  M.  Nat  from  Eu.  in  cult,  and  waste  grounds; 
tall,  with  paimaicly  cleft  long-petioled  leaves,  the  lower  rounded,  the  upper 
wedge-shaped  at  base  ;  upper  lip  of  pale  purple  corolla  beai'ded.     2/ 

35.  STACHYS,  HEDGE-NETTLE.  (Greek  word  for  spike,  from  the 
inflorescence.)     Elowers  in  summer,  in  all  ours  2/. 

*   Wild  species  in  Wi  t  grounds,  with  small  light  reddish-purple  corolla. 

S.  pallistris.  Common  in  many  and  diverse  varieties,  rough-hairy  or 
smooth,  or  the  angles  of  the  stem  bristly  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  or  the 
lower  heart-shaped  at  base,  crenatcly  toothed,  the  lower  or  nearly  all  petioled  ; 
calyx-teeth  sharp-])ointcd  or  pungent. 

S.  hyssopil61ia.  Wet  sandy  soil,  not  common  :  smooth,  low  (1°  high)  ; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  almost  entire,  sessile ;  calyx-teeth  softer  and  less 
pointed. 

*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament  •  not  very  common. 

S.  lariclta,  from  Europe :  low,  tufted  ;  the  stems,  oblong  Mullein-like 
leaves,  and  dense  interrupted  spike  wholly  covered  with  thick  and  silvery  white 
wool,  and  very  short  dull  purple  corollas. 

S.  COCCinea,  Scarlet  S  ,  from  Mexico,  with  ovate-oblong  and  heart- 
shaped  pu.bescent  leaves,  and  whorled  flowers  with  bright  red  corolla,  its  tube 
often  1'  long. 

36.  BETONICA,  BETONY.  (The  Latin  name.)  Cult,  occasionally  in 
old  gardens,  from  O.d  World.  Stems  low,  erect:  leaves  coarsely  crenatc, 
oblong,  those  on  the  stem  few,  of  the  root  hvrger  and  heart-shaped  on  long 
petioles.     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

B.  grandiflbra,  Grkat  B.,  from  Northern  Asia;  with  stem  l°-2°  high, 
flowers  in  separated  whoHs,  purple  corollas  1^'  long. 

B.  o£Q.Gin^llS,  >\^ood  B.,  from  Europe,  has  flowers  many  times  smaller,  in 
a  more  crowded  oblong  spike. 

37.  PHLOMIS,  JERUSALEM  SAGE.  (Old  Greek  name  of  some  woolly 
plant.)     Fl.  summer.     % 

P.  tuberosa,  from  E.  Eu. :  cultivated  in  old  gardens,  sparingly  run  wi'd  ; 
stems  3°  -  5°  high  ;  lea\cs  ovate  or  ovjite-oblo.ng  and  heart-shaped,  crenate, 
rugose,  smoothisli ;  flowers  in  remote  and  dense  Avhorls  ;  upper  lip  of  the  purpio 
corolla  white-hairy  inside. 

38.  MOLUCCELLA,  MOLUCCA  BALM,  SHELL-FLOWER.  (Name 
from  Molucca  Islands.)     Fl.  summer.     0 

M.  IsBVis,  from  Asia :  in  some  old  gardens :  low,  much  branched,  smooth, 
with  roundish  petioled  leaves,  flowers  sessile  in  their  axi's  accompanied  by 
spine-like  bracts,  the  remarkable  large  cup-shaped  calyx  oblique  and  I'long, 
much  exceeding  the  inconspicuous  corolla. 


iy/y-''-'^jto\  BORAGE   FAMILY. 


80.  BORRAGINACE^,  BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Mo-^tly  rough  or  rouijh-liairy  plants,  known  from  all  related 
monopetalous  orders  by  having  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary,  or  apparently 
4  ovai'ies  around  the  base  of  a  common  style,  each  1-ovulcd,  ripen- 
ing into  akenes  or  nutlets,  along  with  regular  flowers  (Echiura 
excepted),  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (5)  and 
alternate  with  them,  and  alternate  (mostly  entire)  leaves.  In  the 
Heliotrope  tribe,  however,  the  ovary  is  not  lobed,  but  the  fruit  at 
maturity  separates  into  2  or  4  nutlets.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Embryo 
filling  the  seed  :  no  albumej^.  Flowers  disposed  to  be  on  one  side  of 
the  stem  or  branches,  or  of  the  branches  of  cymes,  the  raceme-like 
clusters  coiled  at  the  end  and  straightening  as  the  flowers  expand. 
Herbage  not  aromatic  ;  juice  commonly  bitterish,  often  somewhat 
mucilaginous.     Roots  of  several  are  red  and  used  for  dye. 

I.  BORAGE  FAMILY  proper,  having  the  deeply  4-parted 
ovary  as  above.     Ours  all  herbs. 

^  1.    Corolla  irregular  funnel-form,  naked  in  (he  throat :  stamens  unequal! 

1.  ECHIUM.     Two  of  the  spreading  lobes  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  others. 

Stamens  ascending,  more  or  less  protruding:  filaments  and  style  long  and 
slender.    Stigmas  2.    Nutlets  erect,  leathery,  rough-wrinkled. 

§  2.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  no  tube  at  all. 

2.  BORRAGO.     Flowers,  as  in  all  the  following,  perfectly  regular.     A  blunt  scale 

at  the  base  of  each  lobe  of  the  5-parted  corolla,  alternating  with  the  con- 
niving stamens.     Filaments  very  short,  broad,  and  with  a  cartilaginous  pro- 
jection behind  the  linear  pointed  anther.     Nutlets  erect. 
6.   MYOSOTIS,  and  7.  OMl'HALODES,  from  the  short  tube  to  the  corolla  may 
be  sought  for  here. 

§  3.    Corolla  tulmlar,  funnel-form,  or  salver-shaped,  sometimes  almost  wheel-shaped, 
*  Open  in  the  tliroat,  the  folds  or  short  scales,  if  any,  not  closing  over  the  orifce. 

3.  MERTENSIA.     'Corolla  tubular,  trumpet-shaped,  with  the  widely  spreading 

border  scarcely  at  all  lobed  and  its  throat  perfectly  naked  in  the  common 
species;  the  slender  filaments  protruding.  Fruit  fleshy,  smooth  or  wrinkletl. 
Smooth  plants,  which  is  rare  in  this  order. 

4.  ONOS^I ODIUM.     Corolla  tubular,  with  the  5  acute  lobes  erect  or  converging, 

the  throat  perfectly  naked,  bearing  the  arrow-shaped  or  linear  and  mucronate 
anthers :  filaments'  hardly  any.  Style  very  slender  and  pi-otruding.  Nutlets 
stony,  smooth,  fixed  by  their  base.  Very  "rough-bristly  homely  plants, 
6.  LITHOSPEUML'31.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  with* rounded  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  or  without  evident  short  and  broad  scales  or 
folds  in  the  throat.  Anthers  oblong,  included :  filaments  hardly  any.  Nut- 
lets stony,  smooth  or  roughened,  ovate,  fixed  by  the  base.  Rough  or  hairy 
?lants,  mostly  with  red  roots. 
OSOTIS.  Corolla  very  short-salver-form,  the  tube  only  about  the  length  of 
the  5-toothed  or  5-cleft  calyx,  the  rounded  lobes  eonvolute  in  the  bud,  the 
throat  with  5  small  and  l)lunt  arching  appendages.  Anthers  short,  included. 
Nutlets  smooth  and  hard,  fixed  by  their  base.  Low  and  small,  mostly  soft- 
hairy  plants,  the  small  racemed  flowers  commonly  bractless. 

•  «  Scales  or  appendages  of  the  corolla,  conspicuous  one  before  the  bast  of  each  lobe, 
and  closing  or  nearly  closing  the  orifce. 
•*-  Corolla  short-salcer-shaped  or  nearly  wheel-shaped :  stamens  included. 

T.  OMPHALODES.  Corolla  with  tube  shorter  than  the  rounded  lobes.  Nutlets 
smooth,  depressed,  and  with  a  hollow  basket-like  top.  Flowers  loosely  ra> 
cemed:  no  bracts.     Low  smooth  or  smoothish  herbs. 


r 


BORAGE    FAMILY.  255 

8  ECHINOSPERMUM.  Corolla  with  tube  as  short  as  the  rounfled  lobes,  the 
throat  closed  with  short  rounded  scales.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  base  of  the  style,  triangular,  roughened,  and  bearing  one  or  more 
marginal  rows  of  barb-tipped  prickles,  forming  small  burs.  Coarse  weeds, 
with  leafy-bracted  racemed  flowers. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.  Corolla  between  short  funnel-form  and  wheel-shaped,  the 
tube  about  the  length  of  the  rounded  lobes ;  throat  closed  by  the  blunt  scales. 
Nutlets  bur-like,  oblique  on  the  expanded  base  of  the  style,  to  which  they 
are  fixed  by  their  apex,  roughened  all  over  with  short*  barbed  or  hooked 
prickles.  Coarse  and  strong-scented  plants,  with  racemed  flowers,  the  lower 
sometimes  bracted,  otherwise  bractless. 

■I-  ■«-  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  lesa  funnel-shaped. 

10.  LYCOPSIS.     Corolla  with  a  curved  tube,  slightly  oblique  5-lobed  border,  and 

bristly-luiiry  scales  in  the  throat.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube.  Nut- 
lets rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse,  rough-bristly 
plants. 

11.  SYMPHYTUM.     Corolla  straight,  tubular-fumiel  form,  with  short  spreading 

lobes  which  are  somewhat  longer  than  the  large  awl-shaped  scales  and 
tlie  linear  or  lanceolate  anthers.  Style  slender,  commonly  protruding.  Nut- 
lets erect,  smooth,  coriaceous,  fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse  herbs,  branch- 
ing and  leafy,  with  thickened  or  tuberous  roots,  the  juice  mucilaginous  and 
bitterish,  used  in  popular  medicine.  Flowers  nodding  in  raceme-like  often 
forked  clusters,  either  naked  or  leafy-bracted  at  base. 

II.  HELIOTROPP:  family,  the  ovary  not  divided  but 
tipped  with  the  simple  style,  the  fruit  when  ripe  separating  into  2 
or  4  closed  pieces  or  nutlets. 

12.  HELIOTROPIUM.     Corolla  short  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  the  open  throat 

more  or  less'  plaited.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  included.  Style  short:  stigma 
conical  or  capitate.  Ovary  4-celled,*in  fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets.  Flowers 
small,  in  one-sided  single  or  cymose-clustered  spikes,  mostly  bractless. 

13.  HELIOPHYTUM.     Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.     Style  very  short.     Fruit 

mitre-shaped,  sj)litting  at  maturity  into  2  nutlets  each  2-celled.  Otherwise 
as  in  Helioti-opiura. 

1.  ECHIUM,  VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.  (Name  from  Greek  word  for  viper.) 
E.  vulgcire,  Commox  V.  or  Blueweed.     Cult,  from  Eu.  in  old  pardons, 

and  a  weed  in  fields,  Pcnn.  to  Virjrini.T, :  l°-2°  hig'h,  very  rough-bristly,  with 
lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemed  clusters,  the  pur];le 
corolla  changing  to  bright  blucf  in  summer.     @ 

2.  BORRAGO,  BORAGE.  (Old  name,  supposed  corruption  o^  cor  ago,  from 
imagined  eordial  properties. ) 

B.  officinalis,  Common  B.  CiiU.  from  Eu.  in  old  gardens,  spreading, 
branched,  beset  with  sharp  and  whitish  spreading  bristles ;  leaves  oval  or 
oh'ong-lanceolate;  flowers  loo.sely  racemed,  handsome,  blue  or  purplisli,  with 
dark  anthers,  in  summer.     ® 

3.  MERTENSIA.     (Named  for  a  Prof.  Mertens,  of  Germany.)     -^ 

M.  Virginiga,  Viroiman  or  Smooth  Luxowort.  Alluvial  soil  VT. 
&  S.,  and  cult,  for  ornament :  a.,vrr;i  smooth  and  ])a'e  leafy  jdant,  1°-!.°  high, 
with  obovate  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  root  ]ong-j)etio!ed,  handsome  flov.-crs 
spreading  or  hanging  on  slender  pedicels  in  loose  raecme-likc  clusters,  the  light 
blue  or  at  first  purple  corolla  1'  long  :  fl.  spring. 

4.  ONOSMODIUM,  FALSE  GROMWELL.  (Name  means  hie  Ono,- 
via,  an  European  genus  of  this  family.)  "Wild  ])lants  of  the  country,  mostly 
in  rich  soil,  in  dry  or  alluvial  ground  :  flowers  leafy-bracted,  greenish  or  yel- 
lowish-white, in  summer.     2/ 


256  BORAGE    FAMILY. 

O.  Virgini^num.  Clothed  with  harsh  but  appressed  short  bristles,  1  o  -  2° 
hiiih,  with  obloiip:  leaves,  and  lance-awl-shaped  lobes  of  narrow  corolla  spar- 
ingly bristly  outside. 

O.  Carolini^num.  From  New  York  W.  &  S. :  shaggry  with  rough  and 
spreading  bristles,  stout,  3° -4°  high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong-acute  leaves, 
and  lobes  of  rather  broad  corolla  triangular  and  thickly  hairy. 

O.  moUe.  Only  W. :  hoary  with  softer  and  whitish  appressed  hairs,  the 
oblong-ovate  bluntish  leaves  strongly  ribbed,  and  lobes  of  the  triangular-poiutcd 
lobes  of  the  narrow  corolla  thickly  hairy  outside. 

5.  LITHOSPERMUM,  GROMWELL,  PUCCOON.  (Name  from 
Greek,  means  stony  seed.)  Flowers  in  late  spring  and  summer,  at  length 
scattered  or  as  if  spiked,  leafy -bracted. 

§  1.  Corolla  white  or  on/i/  jjiUowish  in  the  wholly  naked  throat,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  calyx  :  nutlets  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull.     (V)  @ 

L.  arv6nse,  Corn  Gromwell.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  dry  soil,  6'-  12' 
high,  roughish-hoary,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  and  inconspicuous  flowers. 

§  2.  Corolla  dull  whitish,  rather  short,  with  little  downy  scales  or  rather  folds  in 
the  throat:  nutlets  smooth  or  with  a  few  pores,  of  en  ivory-white.     JJ. 

L.  angUStifdlium.  River-banks  from  111.  S.  &  W. :  minutely  roughish- 
hoary,  braiichi'd,  G' -  15'  high,  with  linear  rigid  leaves,  short  peduncles  recurved 
in  fruit,  and  corolla  not  longer  than  calyx. 

L.  offlcin^ie,  Common  G.  of  Europe,  a  weed  by  some  roadsides  :  l°-2o 
high,  bniiichcd  above,  with  broadish-lanccolate  acute  leaves  rough  above  but 
soft-downy  beneath,  and  corolla  longer  than  calyx 

L.  Iatif61ium.  From  W.  New  York  W.  &  S. :  larger  and  rougher  than 
the  last,  ovate  aiul  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves  2'  -  4'  long  and  prominently 
ril)bcd,  those  from  the  root  larger  and  roundish  ;  corolla  shorter  than  calyx. 

§  3.  Coro'ln  bright  orange-yellow,  showy,  longer  than  calyx,  almost  salvr-shaped, 
with  little  appendages  in  the  throat  evident :  nutlets  smooth,  usually  ivory-white. 

L.  hirtum,  Hairy  Prccoox.  Dry  ground,  chiefly  S.  &  W.  :  10-2° 
high,  roughish-bristly,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  or  those  next  the  flowers 
ovate-oblong  and  bristly-ciliate,  the  crowded  flowers  ]>cduncled,  tube  of  the 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  border  (i'-l'j  and  woolly- 
bearded  at  base  inside. 

L.  can^scens,  Hoarv  P.  Mostly  N.  &  W.  :  softer-hairy  and  somewhat 
hoary,  G'- 15' high,  smaller-flowered  than  the  preceding,  and  tube  of  corolla, 
smooth  at  base  inside. 

L.  longiflbrum,  only  on  prairies  N.  W.,  flas  linear  leaves,  and  tube  of 
corolla  1'  or  more  long,  many  times  longer  than  the  eroded-toothed  lobes. 

6.  MYOSOTIS,  FORGET-ME-NOT  or  SCORPION-GRA^S.  (Name 
in  Greek  means  )nouse-ear,  from  the  short  soft  leaves  of  some  species.)  Fl. 
spring  and  summer. 

M.  pallistris,  True  F.,  in  gardens  and  some  waste  places,  with  loosely 
branched  steins  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rough-|)nbescent  lance-oblong 
leaves,  moderately  5-cleft  calyx  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels,  its  hairs 
not  hooked  nor  glandular,  and  its  lobes  open  in  fruit;  corolla  light  blue  with  a 
yellow  eye.  —  Var.  l.4xa,  wild  in  wet  places  N.,  has  smaller  flowers  on  still 
longer  pedicels.     ]•/ 

M.  arvensis.  Not  rare  in  fields,  &c.  :  hirsute,  with  lance-ob'ong  acutish 
leaves,  racemes  naked  at  base  and  stalked,  small  b'ue  corolla,  pedicels  spreading 
in  fruit  and  longer  than  the  5-cleft  equal  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are  closed  in 
fruit,  and  the  tube  beset  with  some  hooked  oV  glandular-tipped  hairs,     fi)  (2) 

M.  v6rna.  Dry  hills  :  bristly-hirsute,  erect  (4'-  10  high),  branched  from 
base,  with  oblong  and  blunt  leaves,  racemes  leafy  at  base,  very  small  mostly 
white  corolla,  pedicels  in  fruit  erect  and  aj^pressed  at  base,  but  abruptly  bent 
outwards  near  the  aj)ex,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  unequal  very  bristly  calyx, 
some  of  its  bristles  hooked  or  glandular  at  their  tip.     (1)  (D 


BORAGE   FAMILT.  *  257 

7.  OMPHAIjODES.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  refers  to  the  navel-shaped 
depression  on  the  upper  face  of  the  nutlets.)     Cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament. 
O.  verna,  Blue  or  Spring  Navelwort.     Spreading  by  leafy  runners ; 

leaves   ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  2' -3'  long,  pointed,  green  ;  flowers 
azure-bliic,  in  spring.     2/ 

O.  linifdlia,  White  N.  Erect,  6'-12'hig'h,  loosely  branched,  very  pale 
or  glaucous,  with  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  sparingly  ciiiate,  the  upper  sessile, 
white  or  bluish  flowers,  and  turgid  nutlets  toothed  around  the  margin  of  the 
cavity.     Q) 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM,  STICKSEED.  (Name  of  two  Greek  words 
for  hcdtiekog  and  seed,  from  tiie  nutlets  ) 

E.  L^ppula.  Weed  of  waste  grounds,  especially  N.,  roughish-hairy,  erect, 
1°-  2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  small  blue  flowers,  and  nutlets  with  rough- 
tubercled  back  and  thickly-prickled  margins  :  fl.  all  summer.     Q) 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  HOUNDSTONGUE  (which  the  name  means  in 
Greek).     Fl.  summer.     Nutlets  form  burs  which  adhere  to  fleece. 
C.  ofl&ein^le,  Common  H.     Coarse  weed  from  Europe,  common  in  pas- 

^  tures  and  roadsides  :  leafy,  soft-pubescent,  with  spatulate  or  lance-oblong 
leaves,  the  upper  ones  closely  sessile,  crimson  purple  corolla,  and  flat  somewhat 
margined  nutlets.     @ 

C.  Virginicum,  Wild  Comfrey.  Rich  woods :  bristly-hairy ;  with 
simple  stem  leafless  above  and  bearing  a  few  corymbed  naked  racemes  of  blue 
flowers,  the  stem  leaves  lance-oblong  with  heart-shaped  clasping  base,  the  nut- 
lets very  convex.     2/ 

C.  Morisbni,  Beggar's  Lice.  Thickets  and  open  woods :  a  common 
weed,  ^°  -  4°  high,  with  slender  widely  spreading  branches,  thin  oblong-ovate 
leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  forking  and  diverging  racemes  of  very  small 
whitish  or  bluish  flowers  on  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit,  and  convex  barbed-prickly 
small  nutlets.     (1)  (2) 

10.  LYCOPSIS,  BUGLOSS.  (Name  of  Greek  words  for  M;o//and  face  or 
aspect.)     European  weeds.     Fl.  summer.     (1) 

L.  arv6nsis,  Field  or  Small  Bugloss.  Very  rough-bristly  weed,  about 
1°  high,  in  sandy  fields  E. ;  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  small  blue  corolla 
little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

11.  SYMPHYTUM,  COMFREY.  (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  rjrow 
tofjether  or  unite,  alluding  probably  to  supposed  healing  properties.)  Cult, 
from  Old  World  :  fl.  summer.      2/ 

S.  officinale,  Common  C.  Rather  soft-hairy ;  the  branches  winged  by 
/^■|4;he  dccurrent  bases  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  ;  corolla  yellowish-white. 
r^  Naturalized  sparingly  in  moist  grounds. 

i/^^S.  aspdrrimum,  Hough  C.     Cult,  in  some  gardens:   stem  and  widely 
\lj^  spreading  branches  excessively  rough  with  short  and  somewhat  recurved  little 
prickles,  not  winged  ;  calyx-lobes  short ;  corolla  reddish  purple  in  bud  changing 
to  blue. 

12.  HELIOTROPIUM,  HELIOTROPE  (i.  e.,  in  Greek,  turning  to  the 
sun).     Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Splices  only  in  pairs,  or  the  lateral  ones  solitary :  Jloicers  irhite.     (\) 

H.  Curassavicum.     Sandy  shores  and  banks  from  Virginia  and  Illinois 

S.  :   very  smooth  and  pale ;  leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lance-linear,  thickish, 

veinless 

H.  Europseum.     Old  gardens  and  waste  places  S.,  introduced  from  Eu. ; 

hoary -downy,  6' -18'  high;  leaves  oval,  long-pctioled,  veiny. 

S  &  F— 22 


258  WATERLEAF    FAMILY. 

*  *  Spikes  coVcrted  in  terminal  and  several  times  forked  a/mr it :  woody-stemm' d 
or  shrubby  house  and  bedding  plants  from  Peru  and  Chili.      21 

n.  Peruvi^num,  Swekt  Heliotrope.  Pubescent,  with  ovate-oblonj^ 
or  lance-ovate  very  veiny  rugose  leaves,  and  vanilla-scented  pale  blue-purple 
flowers. 

H.  corymbosum.  Cult,  with  the  other,  differs  mainly  in  the  larger  and 
deeper-blue  flowers  of  much  less  fragrance. 

13.   HELIOPHYTUM.     (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for  sun  and  plant, 
indicating  the  resemblance  to  Heliotrope.) 

H.  Indicum,  Indiav  Heliotkope  :  hairy  low  plant,  nat.  from  India  as  a 
weed  in  waste  Lrround  S. ;  with  ovate  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  solitary  spikes  of 
small  purj^lish  flowers,  in  summer ;  a  cavity  before  each  seed-bearing  cell  of  the 
2-lobed  fruit,     d) 

81.  HYDROPHYLLACE^,  WATERLEAF  FAMILY. 

Plants  in  some  sort  resembling  botli  the  foregoing  and  tlie  following 
families,  in  the  arrangement  of  the  flowers  more  commonly  imitating 
the  former;  differing  from  both  in  the  I -celled  ovary  and  pod  with 
2  parietal  placentixi.  In  some  the  placenta?  unite  in  the  axis,  making 
a  two-celled  ovary.  Style  2-cleft  or  else  2  separate  styles.  Ovuh\s 
at  least  2  to  each  placenta.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  hard 
albumen.  Juice  inert  and  watery.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  simple 
or  compound.  The  following  are  all  N.  American  plants,  some 
wild,  the  others  cult,  for  ornament  from  the  West. 

§  1.   Slijle  2-cleft:  ovnry  and  pod  \-celltd,  with  tiro  parietal  placentcB, 

»  These  fleshif  and  so  broid  that  they  line  the  omn/,  and  enclose  the  {mostly  4)  ovules 
ami  seeds :  corolla  usually  convolute  in  the  bud,  comnwnly  uriih  6  ur  10  folds, 
scales,  or  other  appendcu/es  down  the  inside  of  the  tube. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.     Calyx  5-parte(l,  sometimes  with  pmall  appendages  at  the 

sinuses,  not  enlarged  in  tVuit.  Corolla  bell-shaped.  Style  and  mostly  hairy 
filaments  protruded  :  anthers  linear.  Pod  small,  globose,  ripening  1-4 
spherical  seeds.  Flowers  in  crowded  cymes  or  clusters.  Leaves  alternate, 
slcnder-petioled. 

2.  NEMOPHiLA.    Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus, 

somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit.      Corolla  open  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped, 
longer  than  the   stamens.     Flowers   solitary  and   long-peduncled.     Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones. 
«  «  Phrenice  nnrrmo^  adherent  directly  to  the  walls,  or  else  borne  on  an  incomjtlete 
pirtithm  and  projecting  into  the  cell,  where  they  sometimes  meet:  lubes  of  the 
corolla  imbricaltd  in  the  bud. 
8.   PHACELIA.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  :  no  appendages  at  the 
sinuses.     Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  approaching  wheel-shaped.    Stamens  and 
style  often  protmdcd.     Pod  4  -  m my-seeded.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  in 
one-sided  raceme-like  clusters  or  spikes. 
4.   WHITLAVIxV.     Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped  or  slightly  contracted  at  the  throat, 
the  5  short  and  broad  lobes  abruptly  and  widely  spreading.     (Pod  many- 
seeded.)     Otherwise  as  the  last  section  of  Phacelia. 

§  2.    Styles  2  {rarely  S),  separate  quite  to  the  base:  ovary  and  pod  2-celled :  seeds 
minute  and  very  numerous. 

6.  HYDROLEA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  open-bell-shaped  or  approaching  wheel- 
shaped,  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens:  filaments  enlarged  at  base.  Herbs, 
or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  entire  leaves  and  often  spines  in  their  axils. 
Flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters. 
WIGANDIA,  trom  South  America,  with  very  large  roiinded  leaves  and  sharp 
or  stinging  bristles,  is  of  late  planted  out  as  an  ornamental  leaf-plant,  but  is 
as  yet  uncommon. 


WATKRLEAF    FAMILY.  259 

1.  HYDROPHYLIitTM,  WATERLEAF,  is  a  translation  of  the  name 
from  the  Greek,  the  application  obscure.  Plants  of  rich  woods,  &c.  Flow- 
ers white  or  bluish-tinged,  in  early  summer.     21 

*  Cahjx  wilh  minute  appendages  if  ani^  :  rootsfocks  creeping,  scaly-toothed. 

H.  raaeroph^llum.  From  Ohio  W.  &  S.  W.  :  rough-hairy,  with  leaves 
pinnately«divided  into  9-13  cut-toothed  divisions  or  leaflets  ;  a  globular  cluster 
of  flowers  on  a  very  long  peduncle. 

H.  Virginicum.  Very  common  N.  &  W.  :  smooth  or  smoothish,  with 
5-7  main  divisions  to  the  piimate  leaves,  the  lowest  pair  2-parted,  and  calyx- 
lobes  bristly-ciliate. 

H.   Canad6nse.     Chiefly  N. :  barely  1°  high,  nearly  smooth,  the  roundish 
leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed  and  with  heart-shaped  base,  or  some  minute  leaflets 
on  the  petioles,  which  arc  longer  than  the  peduncles  of  the  flower-cluster. 
*  *  Cahjx  with  a  conspicuous  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus. 

H.  appendieul^tum.  From  New  York  W.  &  S. :  pubescent  or  hairy, 
with  rounded  pnlmately  5-lobed  leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnately  divided,  rather 
loose  flower-clusters,  and  bristly-hairy  calyx. 

2.  NEMOPHIIjA.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  means /owro/'^^e  (/row.)  Low 
spreading  plants  cultivated  for  ornament ;  all  but  the  first  from  California  : 
fl.  summer.     (T) 

"N.  phacelioides.  Wild  from  Arkansas  S.,  and  sparingly  cult.  ;  with 
ascending  stems  l°-2°  long,  alternate  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  3-9  oblong 
entire  divisions,  and  purplish-blue  corolla  1^'  broad. 

N.  insignis.  Slender,  procumbent,  with  lobes  of  the  pinnate  leaves  cut- 
toothed,  and  pure  blue  corolla  1'  broad. 

Hf.  macul^ta.  Pro-trate,  with  leaves  all  opposite  and  mostly  sessile, 
the  lower  lyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  sparingly  cut-toothed,  and  white  corolla  with 
violet  patch  on  each  lobe. 

"N.  atom^ria.  Procumbent ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnatifid ;  corolla  smaller, 
white  sprinkled  with  chocolate-brown  spots. 

3.  PHACELIA.  (Name  from  Greek  Avord  for  a  cluster.)  Several  species 
cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  spring  or  summer. 

§  1.    True  Phacelia,  ivith  onJy  4  ovules  and  seeds  :  lubes  of  corolla  entire. 

P.  COngesta.  Cult,  from  Texas,  <S:c.  :  rather  pubescent,  with  leaves  pin- 
nately divi(led  or  cleft  into  few  oblong  or  ovate  cut-toothed  leaflets  or  lobes,  and 
small  blue  flowers  in  3  or  4  spikes  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle  ;  stamens 
slightly  ])rotruding.     ® 

P.  tanacetif  61ia,  from  California :  taller,  bristly-hairy,  with  narrower 
pinnatifid  leaflets,  larger  flowers  in  louL-^er  dense  spikes,  and  long  stamens.     ® 

P.  bipinnatilida.  Vfild  from  Ohio  S.  &  W,  in  rich  shady  soil  :  \°-2<> 
high,  branched,  glandular-hairy,  with  leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  into  ovate 
cut-lobcd  leaflets,  flowers  slender  pedicelled  in  long  loose  racemes,  violet-blue 
corolla  ^'  or  more  broad.     @ 

§2.    CosmAntiius,  with  ^  ovules  and  se£d^,  and  fringed  lobes  to  corolla.     ®  (2) 
P.  Plirshii.     Shady  soil  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.  and  cult,  under  the  name  of 

the  next :  slender,  8' -12'  high  ;  lobes  of  pinnatifid  leaves  several,  lance-oblong, 

acute  ;  flowers  of  the  raceme  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  corolla  light  blue 

or  Avhitish,  ^'  broad  ;  filaments  hairy  below. 

P.   fimbriita,  the  true  i)lant  grows  only  in  the  high  Alleghanies    S.,  is 

smaller,  Avith  3-7  rounded  or  oblong  blunt  divisions  to  the  leaves,  few  and 

smaller  white  flowers. 

§  3.   EtjTOCA,  with  seeds  or  at  leaM  ovules  several  or  many  :  coroHa-lnbes  entire. 

P.  parvifl6ra.  Shaded  banks  from  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  :  scarce,  delicate 
little  plant,  3' -6'  high,  with  pinnatelv  divided  or  cleft  leaves,  a  raceme  of  few 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  bluish  corolla  less  than  ^'  wide,  and  few  seeds.     ® 


260  POLEMONIUM    FAMILY. 

P.  viscida,  cult,  from  California  as  EtxocA  vfsciDA  :  clammy  all  ovei 
with  dark  j^landular  hairs,  rather  coarse  ;  leaves  ovate,  cut-toothed,  short- 
petioled;  racemes  single  terminating  the  branches  ;  corolla  deep  blue,  1'  or  less 
wide ;  pod  many-seeded,     (d 

4.  WHITIjAVIA.     (Named  by  the  lamented  Professor   Harvey  for  his 
friend  ^1/r.  Whitla.)     Fl.  summer.     0  • 

W.  grandiflbra.  Cult,  for  ornament,  from  California  :  resembles  Pha- 
celia  viscidain  growth  and  fohage,  but  only  slightly  chimmy,  the  roundish-ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  leaves  coarsely  toothed,  on  longer  petioles  ;  racemes 
loose  ;  corolla  1'  or  more  long,  violet-biue  (also  a  white  variety) ;  stamens  and 
style  very  slender  and  protruding. 

5.  HYDROLEA.     (Named  from  Greek  word  for  «;afe/;  the  plants  aquatic 
or  in  wet  places.)     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

H.  quadriv&lvis,  of  S.  E.  States,  has  hairy  stems  ;  lanceolate  acute  leaves 
tapering  to  the  base,  and  lanceolate  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

H.  affinis,  of  river-banks,  from  S.  Illinois  S.,  is  smooth,  with  short-petioled 
lanceolate  leaves,  and  ovate  sepals  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

H.  ov^ta,  of  S.  W.  States,  has  soft-downy  stems,  ovate  leaves,  looser  flow- 
ers, and  lanceolate  villous  sepals. 

82.  POLEMONIACE^,  POLEMONIUM  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  persistent  5-eleft  calyx,  the  5 
lob(^s  of  the  monopetalous  corolhi  convolute  in  the  bud,  3-lol)ed 
style,  3-celled  ovary  and  pod  ;  the  sinji^le,  few,  or  many  seeds  in  each 
cell  borne  on  the  thick  axis.  Embryo  strai<;lit  in  the  axis  of 
albumen.  Insipid  and  innocent  plants,  the  juice  watery.  Nearly 
all  are  N.  American  plants,  many  cult,  for  ornament. 

§  1.   Erect  or  diffuse  herbs,  not  climbing,  andicilh  nothing  resembling  stipules. 

1.  PHLOX.     Calyx  narrow,  prismatic  or  plaited,  5-toothed  or  5-clcft.     Corolla 

salver-shapeil,  with  a  long  tube  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  208),  in  which  the  5 
short  and  unequally  inserted  stamens  are  included.  Ovary  often  with  2 
ovules,  but  the  short  pod  with  only  one  seed  in  each  cell.  Leaves  entire  and 
mostly  sessile,  the  lower  all  opposite,  upper  often  alternate. 

2.  GILL\.'   Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,   5-cleft.     Corolla  of  various   shapes. 

Stamens  equallv  inserted  and  projecting  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not 
declined.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  Leaves  either  entire,  cut, 
or  divided. 

3.  POLEMONIUM.     Calyx  bell-shaped.     Corolla  open-bell-shaped  or  short-funnel 

form.  Stamens  sleiuler,  like  those  of  Gilia,  but  declined,  hairy-appendaged 
at  the  base.     Leaves  pinnate,  alternate. 

§  2.    Tall-climbing  by  compound  tendrils  on  the  pinnate  leaves :  lowest  leaflets  close 
to  the  stem,  unlike  the  others,  imitating  stipules. 

4.  COBvEA.     Calyx  of  5  large  leaf-like  divisions,  the  margins  of  which,  applied 

each  to  each,  appear  like  5  winged  angles.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  short 
and  broad  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  declined.  A  fleshy  disk  around  the 
base  of  the  ovary.  Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  winged.  Pe- 
duncles axillary,  1-flowered,  leafy-bracted  near  the  base,  naked  above. 
Leaves  alternate. 

1.   PHLOX.     (Greek  hr flame,  anciently  applied  to  Lychnis,  and  transferred 
to  these  North  American  plants.) 

§1.    ®   Cu'tivated  for  ornam''nt  from  Texas :  fl.  all  summer. 
P.  Drumm6ndii.     From  this  come  all  the  annual  Phloxes  of  the  gardens  : 
rather  low,  branching  and  spreading,  somewhat  clammy-pubescent,  with  co- 
rymbs of  purple,  criiusou,  rose-colored,  or  even  white,  showy  flowers. 


POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.  261 

§  2.    ^      Wild  in  mostly  dry  or  rocky  ground,  also  common  in  gardens,  where  the 
species  are  much  crossed  and  varied. 

*  Stems  erect :  flowers  in  oblong  or  pyramidal,  panicle,  with  short  peduncles  and 

pedicels :    lobes  of  corolla  entire,  pink-purple,  and  with   white   varieties. 
Wild  from  Pennsylvania  S.  and  W. :  Ji.  summer. 
P.  panicul^ta.     Smooth,  or  some  varieties  roughish  or  soft  hairy,  2°  -  4° 
high,  stout ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  mostly  with  tapering  base ; 
panicle  broad  ;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed. 

P.  maculata.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  l°-20high,  purple-spotted  lower 
leaves  lanceolate,  upper  lance-ovate  from  a  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped 
base  ;  panicle  long  and  narrow,  leafy  below  ;  calyx- teeth  hardly  pointed. 

*  *  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  but  oflen  ivith  a  prostrate  base,  1°  -3°  high:  whole 

plant  smooth,  not  clammy  nor  glandular :  flowers  corymbed :  lobes  of  corolla 
round  and  entire.      Wild  chiefly  W.  and  S.,  seldom  cult. :  fl.  summer. 
P.  Carolina.     Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  or  the  upper  heart- 
shaped  ;  flowers  crowded,  short-pcduncled,  pink ;  calyx-teeth  acute. 

P.  glaberrima.  Slender;  leaves  often  linear-lanceolate,  3' -4'  long; 
flowers  fewer  and  loose,  pink  or  whitish  ;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed. 

*  *  *  Flowering  stems  ascending,  or  in  the  flrst  erect,  loio,  terminated  by  a  loose 

corymb,  which  is  clammy-pubescent  more  or  less,  as  well  as  the  tliinnish 
leaves  :  flowers  mostly  jtedicelled :  calyx-teeth  very  slender :  fl.  late  sj>7-i}ig. 

P.  pildsa.  From  N.  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  &  S.  :  mostly  hairy  ;  erect 
stems  1°  or  so  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  tapering  to  appoint  (l'-2^' 
long) ;  flowers  loose,  with  s]>reading  awn-pointed  calyx-teeth ;  lobes  of  pink, 
rose,  or  rarely  white  corolla  oliovate  and  entire. 

P.  anKJBna.  Barrens  from  \jrg.  to  111.  &  S.  :  pubescent,  spreading 
from  the  base,  6' -1°  high,  leaves  lanceolate,  or  broadly  oblong  or  ovate  on 
sterile  shoots,  short ;  flowers  in  a  crowded  leafy-bracted  corymb,  with  straight 
hardly  awn-pointed  calyx-teeth  ;  corolla  purple,  pink,  or  nearly  white. 

P.  r^ptans.  Moist  woods  from  Tenn.  and  Kentucky  S.  :  spreading  by 
long  runners,  which  bear  round-obovate  often  smoothish  leaves,  those  of  the  low 
flowering  stems  oblong  or  ovate  (about  ^'  long)  ;  flowers  few  but  crowded  ;  lobes 
of  the  deep  pink-purple  corolla  round-obovate,  large  (1'  broad). 

P.  divaricata.  Moist  woods  from  N  New  York  W.  &  S.  :  soft-pubescent; 
stems  loosely  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  broad-lanceolate  (l'-2'  long)  ; 
flowers  looselv  corymbed  and  peduncled  ;  corolla  large,  pale  lilac,  bluish,  or 
lead-colored,  the  lobes  wedge-obovate  or  commonly  inversely  heart-shaped  and 
as  long  as  the  tube. 

m  *  *  1^  Stems  creeping  and  tufted,  rising  little  above  the  ground,  almost  ivoody, 
persistent,  as  are  the  rigid  and  crowded  glandular-pubescent  leaves :  flowers 
few  in  the  depressed  clusters,  in  early  spring. 

P.  subul^ta,  Ground  or  Moss  Pink.  Wild  on  rocky  hills  W.  &  S.  of 
New  England,  and  common  in  gardens,  forming  broad  mats  ;  leaves  awl-shaped 
or  lanceolate,  at  most  |'  long ;  corolla  pink-purple,  rose  with  a  darker  eye,  or 
varying  to  white,  the  wedge-obovate  lobes  generally  notched  at  the  end. 

2.  -GILIA.     (Named  for  one   Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist.)      Species   abound 

from  Texas  and  Kansas  to  California.     Several  are  choice  annuals  of  the 

gardens  :  fl.  summer. 

G.  coronopif61ia,  or  Ipomopsis,  called  Cypress  Gilia  from  the 
foliage  resembling  that  of  Cypress- Vine  :  wild  S.  and  cult.  ;  has  erect  wand- 
like stem  2° -3°  high,  thickly  clothed  with  alternate  crowded  leaves  pinnately 
divided  into  thread-like  leaflets,  and  very  long  and  narrow  strict  leafy  panicle 
of  showy  flowers  ;  the  corolla  tubular-funnel  form,  light  scarlet  with  whitish 
specks  on  the  lobes  inside,  1^'  long.     (Lessons,  p.  101,  flg.  201.)     @ 

G.  androsacea,  or  Leptosipiion  AXDROsACErs,  of  California;  low  and 
slender,  with  opi)<)site  leaves  palmately  cleft  into  5-7  narrow  linear  divisions, 
a  head-like  cluster  of  flowers  with  very  long  and  slender  but  small  salver-shaped 
corolla,  lilac  or  whitish  with  a  dark  eye.     Q) 


2G2  CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. 

G.  tricolor,  of  California:  with  branching  stems,  about  1°  hij^h,  scattered 
Hiternate  leaves  2-3  times  pinnatcly  dissected  into  short  linear  divisions,  flow- 
ers panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  short  funnel-form  corolla  with  lilac- 
purple  or  whitish  lobes,  brown-purple  throat,  and  yellow  tube.     ® 

G.  capitata,  of  California  and  Oregon;  lo-2°  high,  with  alternate  leaves 
twice  pinnately  divided  into  small  linear  or  thread-like  leaflets  or  lobes,  and 
numerous  small  blue  Howers  crowded  in  heads  at  the  end  of  naked  branches; 
.  the  corolla  narrow  funnel-form  with  lanceolate  lobes,     (i) 

3.  POLEMONIUM,     GUEEK    VALERIAN,    JACOB'S    LADDER. 

(Ancient  name,  from  the  Greek  word  for  war,  or  in  honor  of  a  philosopher  or 
king  named  Poltmon.)     Fl.  early  summer.     ^ 

P.  r6ptans.  Woods  of  Mi  Idle  States,  also  cult. ;  smooth,  with  weak  and 
spreading  (but  never  creeping)  stems  6' -10'  long,  7-11  lance-ovate  or  oblong 
leaflets,  small  corymbs  of  nodding  light  blue  flowers,  and  stamens  and  style  not 
longer  than  the  corolla. 

P.  caeruleum.  Cult,  in  gardens  from  Eu.,  also  rarely  wild  N.  :  smooth 
or  sometimes  hairy ;  with  erect  stem  l°-3°  higli,  9-21  mostly  lanceolate  and 
crowded  leaflets,  clusters  of  bright  blue  flowers  collected  in  a  long  panicle,  and 
stamens  and  style  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  is  1'  broad. 

4.  COBiEA.     (Nam  m1  for  one  Coho,  a  Spanish  priest  in  Mexico,  from  which 
country  the  common  species  was  introduced  into  cultivation.)     2/ 

C.  SC^ndenS.  Smooth,  tall-climbing  by  its  much  branching  tendrils ; 
leaflets  ovate  ;  dull  purple  or  greenish  corolla  2'  or  more  long,  long  filaments 
coiling  spirally  when  old  :  fl.  all  summer,  usually  cult,  as  an  annual. 

83.  CONVOLVULACE^,  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

Tiduing,  ti'uilijig,  or  rai'ely  erect  plants,  (ours  herbs,)  commonly 
jrtjth_some  milkyjujce,  allernnte  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  regular  mono- 
petalous  flowers  wi;h  5  (rarely  4,)  iml>ricated  sepals,  as  many 
separate  stamens,  corolla  convolute  or  twi>ted  in  the  bud,  a 
2-4-celled  ovar}--  and  poil  with  only  1  or  2  ovules  erect  from  the 
base  of  each  cell,  becoming  large  seeds,  containing  a  curved  or 
.coiled  con  picuous  embryo  iu  some  mucilaginous  (or  when  dry, 
harder)  albumen.  "^ 

L  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY  proper;  with  ordinary  foli- 
age, axillary  peduncles  bearing  one  or  more  usually  showy  flowers, 
and  embryo  with  broad  leaf-1  ke  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled  in 
the  seed.    (Lessons,  p.  14,  fig.  25  -  28.)     Calyx  of  5  separate  sepals. 

§  1.    Style  single  and  entire :  stigm'is  1-3. 
«  Cnhjx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  leafy  bracts. 

1.  QUA^IOCLIT.     Corolla  nearly  salver-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  long 

tube,  the  border  not  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  and  style  commonly  pro- 
truded. Stigma  capitate,  more  or  less  2-lobed.  Pod  4-celled:  cells  1-seeded. 
(Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  202,  203.) 

2.  IPOMCEA.     Corolla  various,  more  commonly  funnel-form,  the  border  twisted 

in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostiv  included.  Stigma  capitate,  commonlj'  2  -  3-lobed. 
Pod  2-4-celled. 

3.  CONVOLVULl'S.     Corolla  open  fimnel-form  or  almost  bell-shaped.     Stamens 

included.     Stigmas  2,  linear.     Pod  2-celIed:  cells  2-seeded. 
«  *   Calyx  surrounded  and  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  large  leafy  haart-shaped  bracts. 

4.  CALYSTEGIA.     Corolla  open  funnel-form,  the  Avide-spreading  border  obscure- 

ly lobed  or  entire.  Stamens  included.  Style  bearing  2  linear  or  oblong 
stigmas.     Pod  4-seeded.     Peduncles  l-flowered. 


CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.  2G3 

§  2.    Style  1-cleft  or  2  separate  styles,  rarely  3.     Spreading  or  trailing,  not  twining. 

5.  BONAMIA.     Like  Convolvulus,  but  the  styles  2  or  sometimes  3,  or  in  one 

species  2-cleft,  and  stigmas  capitate.     Peduncles  1  -  7-flowered. 

6.  J^VOLV^ULUS.     Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-fornr,  or  almost  wheel-shaped. 

Styles  2,  each  2-cleft:  the  4  stigmas  obtuse.     Tod  2-celled:  cells  2-seede(f. 

II.  DODDER  FAMILY  ;  slender  parasitic  twiners,  without 
green  herbage  and  with  only  some  minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves  ; 
embryo  slender  and  spirally  coiled  in  the  seed,  destitute  of  coty- 
ledons. 

7.  CUSCUT  A.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  or  of  5  separate  sepals.     Corolla  short,  4  -  5-cleft. 

Stamens  with  a  scale-like  mostly  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.     Styles  2 
in  our  species.     Ovary  2-celled :'  cells  2-ovuled.     Pod  commonly  4-seeded. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.  (Aboriginal  Mexican  name.)  Twiners,  with  small 
flowers  red  or  crimson,  and  with  pale  or  white  cultivated  varieties,  in  summer, 
open  through  the  day.     Qj 

Q.  vulgaris,  Cypress-Vine.  Cult,  from  Mexico  :  leaves  pinnately  parted 
into  slender  almost  thread-shaped  divisions ;  peduncles  1 -flowered ;  border  of 
the  narrow  corolla  5-lobcd. 

Q.  COCCinea.  Run  wild  S.  &  W. :  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  sepals 
awn-pointed  ;  peduncles  several-tiowcred  ;  border  of  (1'  long)  corolla  merely 
5-augled. 

2.  IPOMCEA,  MORNING  GLORY.     (Greek-made  name.)    FL  summer. 

§  1.    Ovari/ a7id pod  3-celIed  {or  accidental!!/  4-ceIlecl),  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell: 

stigma  more  or  less  3-lobcd :  corolla  funnel -fur  m,  opening  in  early  morning 

for  a  few  hours :  stems  twining  freely,  hairy,  the  hairs  more  or  less  retrorse. 

I.  purptirea,  Commox  M.      Cult,  from   Trop.  Amer.  and  wild  around 

dwellings  ;  with  heart-shaped  pointed  entire  leaves,  3-4-flowered  peduncles,  and 

puqDlc  sometimes  variegated  or  nearly  white  corolla,  2'  long.     (I) 

>ce  I.  NIL     Cult,  or  run  wild  S,  :  with  heart-shaped  3-lobcd  leaves,  1  -3-flow- 

J^^^     ered  peduncles,  slender-pointed  sepals,  and  blue-purple  or  sometimes  white 

.^         corolla  1'- 2' long.     (T) 

^^'^^.V  I.  limb^ta  or  albo-margin^ta,  perhaps  a  var.  of  the  preceding,  a 
tender  spci'lcs,  with  leaves  little  lobod,  angled  or  entire,  and  larger  corolla  with 
deep  violet  border,  ed^cd  with  white  2^'  broad.     ® 

I.  Learii,  cult,  from  S.  Amer.  :  tender,  less  hairy,  with  heart-shaped  and 
some  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  many  flowers  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the 
peduncle,  and  deep  violet-blue  corolla,  3'  long  and  border  3'  wide.     ;^ 

§  2.  Ovary  and  pod  2-cellect,  the  cells  2-S('eded,  or  sometimes  each  cell  divided  by  a 
partiiion  making  4  one-seeded  cells:  lobes  of  the  stigma  if  any  only  2. 

I.  Bona-N6x,  or  C.vloxy'ction  spkciosum.  Cult.,  also  wild  far  S.  : 
tall-twining,  very  smooth,  but  stems  often  beset  with  soft  almost  prickly 
projections  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  angled ;  peduncles  long, 
1  -  few-flowered  ;  corolla  salver- form  with  a  slender  tube  3' -4' long  and  the 
border  still  broader,  white,  opening  at  evening. 

I.  Batatas,  Sweet  Fotato.  Cult,  from  East  Indies  :  creeping,  seldom 
twining,  smooth,  producing  the  large  fleshy  edil)le  roots  for  which  the  plant  is 
cultivated;  leaves  variously  heart-shaped,  ha'bcrd-shaped,  or  triangulai-,  some- 
times cut-lobed  ;  ])eduncles  bearing  3  or  4  flowers  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  purple, 
1^'  long  ;  ])od  with  4  one-seeded  cells.     2/ 

I.  Michauxii.  Light  soil  along  the  coast  S. :  creeping  or  twining,  with 
heart-shaped  or  triangular  sometimes  lobed  leaves  downy  beneath ;  flowers 
downy  ;  corolla  purplish-white  with  purple  eye,  3'  -  4'  long,  opening  at  night ; 
pod  partly  4-celled,  with  silky  seeds  ;  root  extremely  large  and  fleshy.     ^ 


2G4  CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. 

I.  pandur^ta,  Wild  Potato- Vine  or  Max-of-the-Earth.  Sandy  or 
gravelly  soil,  Conn,  to  111.  &  S. :  trailinjj;  or  twining,  stout,  smooth,  with  heart- 
sliapcd  and  sometimes  liddle-sliaped  or  halberd -'Mo  bed  leaves,  I  -  .'i-tlowered 
p3duncles,  sma.l  braets,  and  open  fiinnel-forra  white  corolla  with  deep  purple 
eye,  2'  -  3'  long  ;  root  very  large  and  deep.     11 

I.  sagittildiia.  Salt-marshes,  from  North  Carolina  S. :  smooth,  with 
stems  twining  2° -3°  high,  or  trailing,  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  long-sagittate 
leaves,  1  -3-flowcrcd  club-shaped  peduncles,  and  the  bright  purple  funnel-forra 
corolla  2'  -  3'  long.      "jI 

I.  laeunosa.  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S. :  twining,  nearly  smooth, 
with  heart-shaped  nearly  entire  leaves,  sliort  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles,  #mall 
white  5-lobcd  corolla  about  ^'  long  and  twice  the  length  of  the  pointed  eiliate 
sepals,  and  slightly  hairy  pod.     (j) 

I.  eommutata.  Low  grounds  S.  &  W. :  rather  hairy,  twining;  with  thin 
heart-shaped  and  sometimes  angled  or  3-5-lobed  leaves,  4-angled  1-5-flowered 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petioles  ;  purple  corolla  1'- 2' long 
and  4-5  times  the  length  of  the  pointed  eiliate  sepals ;  pod  hairy. 

3.  C0NV6LVITLUS,    bindweed.      (From  Latin  convolvo,   to  roll 
around  or  twine.)     Fl.  summer. 

C.  arv6nsis,  Field  Bindweed  of  Eu.,  is  a  weed  on  the  coast  E. :  spread- 
ing and  low-twining,  smoothi.^h  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  and  narrow-shaped  ;  pe- 
duncles 1-flowered  ;  corolla  white  tinged  reddish,  less  than  1'  long.     2/ 

C.  tricolor.  Cult  from  S.  Europe  in  gardens  ;  hairy,  low,  with  ascending 
branching  stems,  lance-obovate  or  spatulate  almost  sessile  leaves,  1-flowered 
peduncles,  ratlfer  largo  and  showy  flowers  opening  in  sunshine,  the  corolla  blue 
with  pale  or  white  throat  and  yellow  tube,     ij) 

4.  CALYSTEGIA,    BRACTED    BINDWEED.      (From  Greek  words 
denoting  the  calyx  cov  red,  that  is,  by  the  bracts.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

C.  sdpium,  HKD-iE  B.  Wild  in  low  grounds,  also  planted :  twining  freely, 
sometimes  also  trailing,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks;  smooth,  also  a  downy 
variety ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes 
at  base  obliquely  truncate  and  sometimes  toothed  or  sinuate ;  peduncles  4-angled ; 
corolla  white  or  light  rose-colored,  \^'  -2'  long.      2/ 

C.  spithamaea.  Dry  sterile  ground  ;  downy,  not  twining,  6' -12'  high; 
leaves  oblong,  some  of  them  more  or  less  auricled  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
corolla  white,  2'  long.     11 

5.  BOWAMIA.      (Named  for  F.  Bonamy.)     Low,  small-flowered:  corolla 
more  or  Ic^s  silky  or  hairy  outside  :  fl.  suiivmer  :  chiefly  S.     2/ 

B.  humistr^ta.  Dry  pine  barrens  from  Virg.  S. :  sparsely  hairy  or 
smoothish  ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong  vv^ith  heart-shaped  base  to  linear ;  sepals 
smooth  ;  corolla  white,  almost  1'  long  ;  filaments  hairy  ;  styles  united  at  base. 

B.  aquatica.  Along  ponds  S.  :  finely  soft-downy ;  leaves  varying  as  in 
the  preceding  ;  sepals  silky  ;  corolla  pink  or  purple  ^'  long  ;  filaments  smooth  ; 
styles  nearly  separate. 

B.  Pickeringii.  Sandy  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.,  scarce:  leaves  nearly 
linear,  narrow,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base  ;  bracts  leaf-like  and  longer  than  the 
flowers;  sepals  hai'y  ;  corolla  white,  hardly  ^'  long;  styles  united  to  above  the 
middle,  and  with  staineni  also  protruding. 

6.  EVOLVULUS.     (From  Latin  for  unroll,  that  is,  it  does  not  twine.) 
Low  and  diminutive  small-flowered  plants,  only  S.     Fl.  summer.      % 

E.  arg^nteus.  Dry  ground  from  Missouri  S. :  tufted  from  a  woody  base, 
.5' -7'  high,  silky-woolly  all  over;  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  crowded,  mostly 
nearly  sessile,  as  are  the  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  corolla  purple ;  \'  broad. 

E.  Serioeus.  Damp  ground  S.  &  S.  W.  :  slender-stemmed,  silky  with 
fine  appressed  hairs,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  scattered  lance-linear  leaves , 
corolla  white  or  bluish,  not  ^'  broad. 


NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.  265 

7.  CtJSCUTA,  DODDER.  (Old  name,  of  imcertmn  derivation.)  Plants 
resemble  threads  of  yarn,  yellowish  or  reddish,  spreading  over  herhs  and  low 
bushes,  coiling  around  their  branches,  which  they  adhere  to  and  rob  of  their 
juices.     Flowers  small,  mostly  white,  clustered. 

§  1.  Stigmas  slender ;  pod  opening  hi/  a  trannvrrse  division,  all  round  near  the  base, 
Laving  the  partition  behind.     Nativs  of  Eurojw  :  Ji.  earlij  summer. 

C.  Epiiinum,  Flax  Dodder.  Growing  on  flax,  which  it  injures;  occa- 
sionally found  iu  our  flax-fields  ;  flowers  globulai*,  in  scattered  heads  ;  corolla. 
5-parted.     j^ 

§  2.    Stigmas  capitate :   pods  bursting  irregularly  if  at  all :   wild  species  of  the 
country,  mosily  in  rich  or  low  ground :  Jl.  summer  and  autumn.     ® 

*  Flowers  in  rather  loose  clust>rs,  mostly  shoj-t-pcdicel/ed,  the  scaly  bracts  few  and 

scattt-red :  calyx  4  -  5-cle/l. 
-*-  Corolla  with  cylindriad  tube,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

C.  tenuifldra.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs  from  N.  Jersey  W.  &  S.,  in 
swamps  :  pale  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  twice  the  length  of  its  ovate  acute  spreading 
lobes  and  of  the  ovate  blunt  calyx-lobes. 

C.  inflexa.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs  in  prairies  and  barrens  W.  &  S. : 
corolla  fleshy,  mostly  4-cleft,  its  tube  no  longer  than  the  ovate  acutish  crenulate 
erect  or  inflexcd  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes. 

C.  decora.  Wet  prairies  S.  W. :  with  larger  flowers,  the  corolla  broadly 
bell-shaped,  its  5  lobes  lance-ovate  and  acute. 

"^-^  Corolla  bell-shaped,  remaining  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod.    " 
C.  arvdnsis.     On  low  herbs,  in  fields  and  barrens  from  New  York  to  111. 
&  S.  W.  :  flowers  earliest  (June,  July)  and  smallest ;  tube  of  corolla  shorter  than 
its  5  lanceolate  pointed  spreading  lobes,  much  'onger  than  the  stamens. 

C.  Chloroc^rpa.  On  low  herbs,  in  wet  soil,  from  Delaware  W.  &  S.W. : 
orange-co'ored  ;  oj)en  bell-shaped  corolla  with  lobes  about  the  length  of  the 
mostly  4  acute  lobes  and  the  stamens  ;  pod  large,  d'^pressed,  greenish-yellow. 

C.  Gronbvii.  The  commonest  E.  &  W.  and  the  only  one  N.  E. ;  on  coarse 
herbs  and  low  shrubs  in  wet  places;  beli-sha}  ed  corolla  with  tube  usually 
longer  than  its  5  (rarely  4)  ovate  blunt  spreading  lobes;  its  internal  scales 
large  and  copiously  fringed. 

*  *  Floicers  sessile  in  compact  mostly  continuous  clusters,  making  large  bunches  or 

close  matted  coils,  when  old  resembling  pieces  of  rope  twisted  uruuna  the  stems 
of  coarse  herbs  or  shrubs :   calyx  of  stjxtrate  sepals  swroumlcd  by  similar 
crowded  bracts :  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the  top  of  the  ripe  pod. 
C.  COmpacta.     On  shrubs,  from  N.  York  S.  &  W.  :  bracts  (3-5)   and 
sepals  round  and  appressed;  tube  of  corolla  cylindrical. 

C.  glomer^ta.  On  Golden  rods  and  other  coarse  Compositje,  from  Ohio 
W.  &  S.  W.  :  the  numerous  oblong  scarious  bracts  closely  imbricated  with 
recurving  tips ;  sepals  similar,  shorter  than  the  cylindraceous  tube  of  the  corolla. 

84.    SOLANACE^,  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  rank-scented  herba*^e  (this  and  the  fruit  more  com- 
monly narootic-poisonous,  colorless  juice),  alternate  leaves  (l)ut  apt 
to  be  in  pairs  and  unequal),  rcunlar  flowers  with  the  parts  usually 
in  fives,  but  the  ovary  nio.-tly  2-cellod,  the  many->eeded  placentjB 
in  the  axis.  The  seeds  have  a  slender  usually  curved  embryo  in 
fleshy  albumen.  (Lessons,  p.  15,  fig.  34,  3.J.)  The  order  runs  on 
the  one  hand  into  Scrophulariaceaj,  which  a  few  species  aj  proach 
in  a  somewhat  irregular  corolla,  but  their  stamens  are  as  many  as 
the  lobes.  On  the  other  hand  the  Nolana  group  is  appended,  which 
differs  from  all  in  its  separate  ovaries  around  a  common  style. 


266  KIGHTSIIADE    FAMILY. 

I.  NOLANA  FAMILY,  with  few  or  many  separate  ovaries 
collected  in  a  circle  or  heap  around  the  ba.e  of  a  single  style.  Low 
and  spreading  plants. 

1.  NOLANA.     Ciilyx  S-cleft,  foliaceous.      Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-form, 

Slaited  in  the'bud.      Stameus  5.     Style  1:  stigma  capitate  or  club-shaped. 
varies  3  -  40,  becoming  1  -  4-celled  drupelets  or  nutlets,  each  cell  1-seeded. 

.  IL  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY  proper,  with  only  one  2-cellftd 
or  sometimes  3-o-celled  ovary  as  well  as  style,  the  many -seeded 
placentae  in  the  axis,  usually  much  projecting  into  the  cell. 

§  1.  Corolla  icheel-shaped,  lobed  or  jmrted  into  5  or  sometimes  more  dlmslons,  plaited 
and  Vdlvute  or  the  mnvijins  turned  inwards  in  the  bud:  the  lube  very  short : 
antliers  conniving  around  the  style':  fruit  a  berr-ij. 

2.  LYCOPERSICUM.     Like  Solanum,  except  that  the  anthers  are  united  by  a 

membrane  at  their  tips  and  the  cells  open  lengthwise.  Leaves  pinnately 
compound. 

3.  SOLAiS'UiL    Stamens  with  anthers  equalling  or  mostly  longer  than  the  very 

short  filaments,  usually  not  united,  the  cell's  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex. 
(Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  204,  205.)     Leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 

4.  CAPSICUM^.     Stamens  with  slender  filamcu' s  nmcli  longer  than  the  short  and 

separate  commonly  heart-shaped  anthers,  their  cells  opening  lengthwise. 
Berry  sometimes  dry  and  inflated,  then  becoming  1-celled. 

§  2.  Oyrolla  between  wheeUshnped  ojid  funnel-form,  plaited  in  the  bud,  the  border  very 
moderately  if  at  all  lobed:  anthers  sep'irate,  opeidnt/  lengthwise:  calyx  blad- 
dery-hijlated  after  Jloweriny,  enclosing  tke  ylobul  ir  berry. 

5.  PHYSALIS.     Calvx  5-cleft.     Corolla  mostlv  somewhat  5-lobed..  (Lessons,  p. 

101,  fig.  206.)     Stamens  erect.     Fmit  a  juicy,  of.eu  edible,  2-cellcd  beiry. 

6.  NICANDKA.     Calyx  5-parted  and  angled,  'tlie  divisions   somewhat  arrow- 

shaped.  Corolla'witli  widely-spreading  border  almost  entire.  Fruit  a  dry 
3  -  5-celled  berry. 

§  3.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel  form,  tubular,  or  salver-shaped:  anthers  separate, 
opening  Itugthwi^e  :  calyx  not  bladdery-injl  tied. 
«  Calyx  urn-sh  iped  in  fruit,  enclosing  thejxHl'  corolh  considerably  irregular. 

7.  HYOSCYAMUS.     Calyx  5-lobed,  the  spreading  border  becorning  reticulated, 

enclosing  the  2-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.  Co- 
rolla short  funnel-form,  with  the  plaited*  border  more  or  less  oblique  and 
unequal.     Stamens  declined. 

*  Calyx  h-2)arttd  to  near  the  base,  the  lobes  foliaceous. 

8.  ATIiOPA.     Calyx  with  ovate  divisions,  in  fruit  enlarging  and  spreading  under 

the  globose  purple  berry.  Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  with 
5  triangular-ovate  lobes'     Stamens  and  style  somewhat  declined,  slender. 

9.  PETUNIA.     Calyx  with  narrow  somewhat  spatulate  lobes  much  longer  than 

the  tube.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  somewhat  salver-shaped,  the  5-lobed  border 
commonly  a  little  unequal.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube,  unequal.  Pod 
2-celled,  j-valved. 

*  *  *  Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  or  bell-shaped, 

••-  Covering  the  dry  pod  or  nea'i'h^  so  :  corolla  snlver-sh^tped  or  funnelform,  the  lobes 

plaited  in  the  bud  :  seeds  minute. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA.     Corolla  with  very  slender  threid-like  tube  (<^'-l' long), 

abruptly  cxpanderl  at  the  narrow  throat  into  a  saucer-shaped  or  almost  wheel-, 

shaped  5-lobed  border.     Stamens  short,  borne  on  the  throat.     Stigma  kidney- 


shaped  and  somewhat  2-lipped.     Flowers  scattered. 
NICOTIAXA.     Corolla  with  a  re 


11.  NICOTIAXA.     Corolla  with  a  regular  5-lobed  border.     Stamens  inserted  on  its 

tube,  included:  filaments  straight.     Stigma  capitate.     Pod  2-4-valved  from 
the  apex.     Flowers  more  or  less  racemed  or  panicled. 

t-  ••-  Calyx  prismatic,  falling  away  after  flowering ,  leaving  the  2-  4-celled  pod  naked. 

12.  DATURA.     Corolla  funnel-form,  strongly  plaited  in  tlie  bud,  and  with  5  or 

more  i)oiuted  teeth.    (Lessons,  p.  100,  fig.  199;  p.  110,  fig.  225.;     Filaments 


[nigiitshade  FAatlLTjf  267 

■■^  .-^^'^'\-  " 

slendor.  Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed  or"2-lipped.  Pod  globular,  in  the  com- 
mon species  prickly  and  4-cciied,  but  the  2  ])lacentae-bearing  or  false  par- 
titions often  incom'plete.  Seeds  large  and  flat,  somewhat  kidney-shaped. 
Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks. 
+-  -t-  +-  Calyx  btll-shnped,  cup-shaptd,  or  short-tubular,  in  fruit  pei^sistent  under  or 
partly  covering  the  2-ctUed  berry ;  slirubs,  with  entire  J eather-veined  Itaves. 

13.  CESTRUM.     Corolla  tubular-funnel-form  or  club-shaped,  the  lobes  folded  or 

plaited  lengthwise  in  the  bud.     Stamens  included.     Stigma  capitate.     Ovary 
with  few  ovules  in  each  cell.     Berry  few-seeded.     Flowers  in  clusters. 

14.  LYCIUM.     Parts  of  the  flower  often   in  fours.      Corolla  funnel-form,  bell- 

shaped  or  tubular,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Stigma  capitate.     Beny 
many-seeded,  red  or  reddish.     Flowers  solitary  or  umbelled,  lateral. 

1.  NOLANA.  (From  Latin  no/a,  a  little  bell.)  Cult,  for  ornament,  from 
coast  of  Peru  and  Chili ;  the  foilovvjng  procumbent  and  spreading,  rather 
fleshy-leaved,  smooth  except  some  scattered  hairs  on  the  stalks,  the  showy 
blue  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  or  lateral  peduncles,  opening  in  sunshine,  all 
summer. 

N.  atriplieifblia,  with  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate  leaves  (resembling 
those  of  ypinach,  whence  the  specific  name)  ;  sky-blue  corolla  2'  wide  with 
white  and  yellowish  centre ;  ovaries  numerous  in  a  heap,  each  1-celled  and 
1 -seeded.     (\) 

N.  prostrata,  now  less  common,  has  more  petioled  rather  narrower  leaves, 
smaller  pale  vio.et-blue  flower  striped  with  purple,  and  few  ovaries  each  of  2  -  4 
cells.     (X) 

i^  LYCOPERSICUM,  TOMATO.  (Name  in  Greek  means  wolf-peach, 
""'  no  obvious  application.)     Fl.  summer. 

L.  escul^ntun] ,  Tomato,  cult,  from  trop.  America,  includes  the  manifold 
varieties  and  forms  ;  hairy,  rank-scented  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  larger 
leaflets  cut  or  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  yellowish,  by  cultivation  having  their  parts 
often  increased  in  number,  .the  esculent  red  berry  becoming  several  celled.     ® 

3.  SOLANUM,  NIGHTSHADE,  &c.  (Derivation  uncertain.)  Flowers 
mostly  in  corymb  or  raceme-like  clusters,  in  summer. 

§  1.    More  or  less  prickly  herbs,  ivith  acute  elongated-lanceolate  anthers. 

*  Ven/  priclchi  calyx  enclosing-  the  dry  berry :  anthem  declined,  unequal,  one  of 
them  much  longer  than  the  rebt,  leaves  dnuately  once  to  thrice  piniiatijid.     (T) 

S.  rostratum.  Wild  on  plains  W.  of  Mississippi,  and  becoming  a  weed 
in  some  g.irdens.  has  yellow  flowers,  1'-  1^'  in  diameter. 

S.  heterodbxum.  Wild  S.  W.  beyond  the  Mississippi,  sometimes  cult, 
for  ornament,  has  violet-blue  flowers,  and  the  more  divided  leaves  resemble 
those  of  Watermelon,  but  are  very  prickly 

*  *  Calyx  mostly  someivhat  prickly  but  not  enclosing  the  fruit:  anthers  nearly  equal. 
S.  Carolin6nse,  Horsi  -Nktt-le.     Wild  weed  in  sandy  soil  from  Conn. 

S.  :  roughish  downy,  1°  high,  with  ovate-oblong  angled  or  sinuate-lobed  leaves, 
yellowish  prickles,  and  pale  blue  or  white  flowers  almost  1'  wide.     JJ. 

S.  aculeatiSSimum.  Weed  introduced  into  waste  pUices  S.,  10-2° 
high,  bristly  hairy,  greener  and  more  prickly  than  the  foregoing,  with  smaller 
wiiite  flowers.      ij) 

S.  Melong^na,  Egg  Plant,  Aubergine.  Cult,  for  the  large  oblong 
or  ovate  violet-colored  or  white  esculent  fruit  (2'-G'  long)  ;  leaves  ovate,  rather 
downy,  obscurely  sinuate  ;  corolla  violet  with  yellow  eye.     ® 

§  2.    Plants  not  at  all  prickly  :  anthers  blunt. 
S.   nigrum,   Black   or  Common   Nightshade.      Low  weed  of  shady 
grounds,  much  branched,  nearly  smooth,  with  ovate  wavy-toothed  or  sinuate 
leaves,  very  small  white  flowers,  and  globular  black  berries  said  to  be  poison- 
ous.    (I) 


268  NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY. 

S.  tuberosum,  Potato.  Cult,  from  Chili  for  the  esculent  tubers ;  leaves 
pinnate,  of  several  ovate  leaflets  and.  some  minute  ones  intermixed  ;  flowers  blue 
or  Avhite  ;  berries  round,  jj^reen.     "^l 

S.  Dulcamara,  Bittersweet.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  moist  cult,  and  waste 
grounds  ;  smoothish,  with  tall  stems  woody  at  base  and  disposed  to  climb,  ovate 
and  heart-shaped  leaves,  some  of  the  up])er  ones  halberd-3-lobed,  or  with  one  or 
two  pairs  of  smaller  leaflets  or  lobes  at  base,  corolla  violet-purple  with  a  pair 
of  greenish  spots  on  the  base  of  each  loI>e,  and  oval  red  berries.     2/ 

S.  j  asminoides.  Woody-stemmed  house-plant  from  Brazil,  tall-climbing 
by  its  petioles,  very  smooth,  with  oblong  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  entire 
leaves,  or  some  of  them  divided  into  3  leaflets,  and  clusters  of  white  or  bluish 
flowers.     % 

S.  Pseudo-Capsicum,  Jerusalem  Cherry.  Shrubby  house-plant 
from  Madeira,  cult,  fur  the  ornamental  bright  red  ])erries,  resembling  dierries  ; 
smooth,  with  lance-oblong  entire  leaves  and  small  white  flowers.     2/ 

4.  CAPSICUM,  CAYENNE  or  RED  PEPPER.  (Said  to  come  from 
Greek  word  meaning  to  gobble  or  eat  quickly.)  Originally  all  South  Ameri- 
can.    Fl.  summer. 

C.  ^nnuum,  Commox  C.  Cult,  for  the  large  oblong  or  globular  and  often 
angled  dry  berry  (red  or  green),  which  is  exceedingly  pungent,  and  used  as  a 
condiment ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  ;  flowers  white,  with  ti-uncatc  calyx.     0 

C.  eerasiforme,  is  cult,  rarely  as  a  ])epper,  more  commonly  for  the  orna- 
mental cherry-like  Iruit,  either  bright  red  or  yellow  ;  stem  shrubby.     ]/ 

6.   PHYSA.LIS,  GROUND  CHERRY.     (Greek  name  for  hladdcnj,  from 

the  inflated  fruiting  calyx.)     El.  summer. 

§  1.  Low  stems  (6' -20'  hi(fh)  from  slender  creepirif/  root  storks  :  anthers  yellow : 
fruitinrj  calyx  loosely  inflated,  5-<inr/led,  much  lar<jer  than  the  edible  berry. 
All  but  the.  first  are  wild  species  of  the  country,  in  liyht  or  sandy  soil.      21 

P.  Alkekengi,  Strawberry  Tomato.  Cull,  from  S.  Eu.,  and  running 
wild  E.  :  rather  downy  ;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  pointed ;  corolla  greenish- 
white,  .'j-lobcd,  not  spotted  ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  turning  red  ;  berry  rod. 

P.  Pennsylvanica.  Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  but  not  clammy  ;  leaves 
varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  (var.  lanceolXta),  entire  or  sparingly  wavy- 
toothed  ;  corolla  yellowish  with  a  darker  throat  and  slightly  5-io-toothed 
border  ;  fruiting  calyx  sunken  at  the  base  ;  berry  red. 

P,  visc6sa.  Clammy-pubescent,  much  branched,  bushy  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
heart-sha})ed  and  mostly  toothed  ;  corolla  light  yellow  with  dark  brown  centre; 
fruiting  calyx  truncate  or  slightly  concave  at  base,  sharply  5-angled ;  berry 
orange  or  reddish,  glutinous. 

§  2.  Stems  1  °  -  3°  high,  from  an  annual  root :  flowers  smnll,  licjht  (jreenish-yeUow : 
anthers  tinged  with  blue  or  v  o'et.      Wild  sp'cies  in  low  or  cult,  grounds.     (V) 

P.  pubescens.  Clammy-hairy  or  downy  ;  stems  much  spreading  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  augulate-toothed  ;  corolla  brown-spotted  in  the  throat ; 
sharply  .5-angled  fruiting  calyx  loo.sely  enclosing  the  yellow  or  greenish  berry. 

P.  angulata.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  more  sharply  cut-toothed  ;  peduncles 
slender,  very  small  corolla  not  spotted ;  fruiting  calyx  lO-angled,  loose,  at  length 
filled  by  the  greenish-yellow  berry. 

P.  Philad^lphiea.  Almost  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and 
oblique  at  base,  slightly  toothed  or  angled  ;  corolla  dark  colored  in  the  throU, 
over  ^'  wide ;  fruiting  calyx  globo.se,  comnletely  filled  by  the  large  reddish  or 
purple  edible  berry,  and  open  at  the  mouth. 

6.  NICANDRA,  APPLE-OF-PERU.  (Named  from  the  poet  Nicander?) 
Only  one  species  :  fl.  summer.     ® 

N.  physaloides.  Tall  smooth  weed  from  Peru,  Avild  in  moist  waste 
grounds  ;  with  ovate  angled  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncles, 
bearing  a  rather  large  pale  blue  flower. 


NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.  "      2G9 

7.  HYOSCYAMUS,  HENBANE.  (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for  horj 
and  bean.)     Fl.  sumn>er.     Q)  (2) 

H.  nlger,  Black  Henbane,  of  Europe,  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  a  weed 
in  waste  places  :  clammy-downy,  strong-scented,  narcotic-poisonous ;  with  clasp- 
ing sinuate-toothed  leaves,  sessile  flowers  in  one-sided  leafy-bracted  spikes,  and 
dull  yellowish  corolla  netted-veiny  with  purple. 

8.  ATROPA,  BELLADONNA.     (Named  after  one  of  the  Fates.)     ^ 

A.  BeUadonna,  the  only  species,  sparingly  cult,  from  Europe :  low  and  , 
spreading,  nearly  smooth,  with  ovate  entire  pointed  leaves,  flowers  single  or  in 
pairs  nodding  on  lateral  peduncles,  dull-purple  corolla,  and  handsome  purple 
berry ;  whole  plant  poisonous,  used  in  medicine. 

9.  PETUNIA.  {Petun  is  an  aboriginal  name  of  Tobacco.)  Cultivated  as 
garden-annuals,  from  South  America.  The  common  Petunias  are  of  the  two 
following  species  and  their  hybrids :  herbage  clammy-pubescent;  flowers  large 
and  showy,  in  summer. 

P.  nyctaginiflbra,  with  originally  white  corolla,  the  long  narrow  tube 
3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

P.  violkcea,  now  much  the  more  common,  Avith  weaker  stems,  and  violet- 
purple  or  rose-red  corolla,  the  broader  and  ventricose  tube  hardly  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA.  (Named  for  J.  Nieremberg,  a  priest  and  botani- 
cal collector  in  Buenos  Ay  res,  Avhence  the  common  species  comes.)     ]^  (T) 

N.  gracilis.  Cult,  for  ornament  under  many  varieties,  low,  with  slender 
bushy  branches,  small  linear  or  spatulate-linear  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers 
produced  all  summer,  white  or  veined  or  tinged  with  purple. 

11.  NICOTIANA,  TOBACCO.  (Named  for  John  Nicot,  one  of  the  in- 
troducers of  Tobacco  into  Europe.)  Rank,  acrid-narcotic,  mostly  clammy- 
pubescent  plants,  chiefly  of  America  ;  leaves  entire  or  merely  wavy-margined. 
Fl.  summer. 

N.  Tabacum,  Common  T.,  the  principal  species  cult,  for  the  foliage:  4°- 
6°  high,  with  lance-ovate  decurront  leaves  l°-2°  long,  or  the  upper  lanceolate, 
panicled  flowers,  and  rose-purple  funnel-form  corolla  2'  long,  with  somewhat  in- 
flated throat  and  short  lobes.     (T) 

N.  nistica,  a  weed  in  some  places,  is  a  low  homely  plant,  with  ovate  and 
petioled  leaves  2' -5'  long,  and  green  funnel-form  corolla  (1'  long)  contracted 
under  the  short  round  lobes.     (1) 

N.  longiflbra,  is  slender,  2° -3°  high,  cult,  for  its  handsome  white  flow- 
ers, which  0])en  toward  evening  ;  corolla  salver-shaped,  the  green  tube  4'  and 
the  lance-ovate  acute  lobes  ^'  long  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate.     (D 

N.  noctiflbra,  its  handsome  white  flowers  also  opening  at  evening  (as  the 
name  denotes),  is  similar  to  last,  but  with  ovate-lanceolate  petioled  leaves,  tube 
of  corolla  only  2'  -  3'  long,  and  its  roundish  lobes  notched  at  the  end.     ® 

12.  DATURA,  THORN-APPLE,  STRAMONIUIVI,  &c.  (Name  altered 
from  the  Arabic.)  Rank-scented,  mostly  large-flowered,  narcotic-poisonous 
weeds,  or  some  ornamental  in  cultivation  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1 .   Flower  and  the  umalJif  prickli/  4-vahed  pod  erect,  the  latter  resting  on  n  plate 

or  saucer-shaped  bodi/  tvhtch  is  the  persistent  kise  of  the  calyx,  the  irhole 

upper  part  of  which  Jails  off  entire  ajler  flowering  :  corolla  with  a  5-toothed 

Iwrder.     ® 

D.  Strambnium,  Common  T.  or  Jamestown-Weed.     Waste  grounds : 

smooth,  with  green  stems  and  white  flowers  (3'  long)  ;  leaves  ovate,  angled,  or 

sinuate-toothed. 

D.  T^tula,  Purple  T.  A  weed  very  like  the  other,  but  rather  taller,  with 
purple  stem  and  pale  violet-purple  flowers. 


270  GENTIAN    FAMILY. 

§  2.  Pod  nodding  on  the  short  recurved  peduncle,  rather  Jitshy,  bursting  irregular' 
ly,  otherioise  as  in  the  foregoing  section  :  flowers  large,  showy.  Cult,  from 
warm  ngions  for  ornament.     (T)   2/ 

D.  Metel.  Clammy-pwbescent ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  obscurely  angled- 
toothcd  ;  corolla  white,  the  10-toothcd  border  4'  wide. 

D.  meteloides.  Cult,  from  New  Mexico  (sometimes  under  the  name  of 
D.  Wrightii  ) ;  like  the  other,  but  pale,  almost  smooth,  the  flower  sweet-scented, 
and  the  corolla  with  more  expanded  5-toothed  border  5' -6'  wide,  white  or  pale 
violet. 

§  3.  Flower  and  smooth  2-ce'led  pod  hanging,  the  former  very  large,  6'-  10'  long: 
calyx  splitting  down  lengthwise  after  flowering.  Tropical  American  tree- 
like shrubs,  cult,  in  conservatories :  floivers  sometimes  double. 

D.  arbor ea,  has  ovate  or  lance-oblong  entire  or  angled  pubescent  leaves, 
long  teeth  to  the  corolla,  and  unconnected  anthers. 

D.  suaveolens,  has  mostly  entire  and  smooth  leaves,  short  teeth  to  the 
corolla  and  the  anthers  sticking  together. 

13.  OESTRUM.  (Name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  some  different  plant, 
the  derivation  obscure.)  Shrubs  of  warm  climates,  chiefly  American  ;  a  few 
cult,  in  conservatories. 

C.  61egans,  or  IIabrothAmxus  elegans,  from  Mexico,  has  the  branches 
and  lower  face  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  downy-])ubescent, 
terminal  corymbs,  and  rose-purple  club-shaped  corollas  less  than  1'  long. 

C.  nocturnum,  from  W.  Ind. ;  with  smooth  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary- 
clusters  of  yellowish  green  slender  flowers,  very  sweet-scented  at  night. 

C.  Parqui,  from  Chili ;  has  lanceolate  smooth  leaves  very  acute  at  both 
ends,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  crowded  spikes  or  racemes  of  tubular-funnel- 
form  or  partly  club-shaped  dull-yellow  flowers,  fragrant  at  night. 

14.  LYCIUM.     (Named  from  the  country  of  the  original  species,  Lycia.) 
Trailing,  climbing,  or  low  spreading  shrubs,  usually  spiny,  with  small  leaves 
often  clustered  on  lateral  spurs,  and  small  flowers,  in  spring  and  summer. 
Ij.  VUlg^re,  Matrimony  Vink.    From  the  Mediterranean  region  :  planted, 

and  sparingly  running  wild  in  some  places,  slightly  thorny,  with  very  long  and 
lithe  recurved  or  almost  climl)ing  branches,  oblong-spatulate  leaves,  slender 
stalked  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  pale  greenish-purple  5-cleft  corolla 
about  equalling  the  5  stamerrs. 

L.  Carolini^num.  Wild  in  salt  marshes  S.  :  low,  spiny,  with  fleshy 
thickened  almost  club-shaped  leaves,  scattered  small  flowers,  and  4-cleft  purple 
corolla  shorter  than  the  4  stamens. 

85.  GENTIANACE^,  GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Known  generally  from  the  other  monopetalous  plants  with  free 
ovary  by  the  1-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  2  parietal  placentae 
covered  with  small  seeds,  along  with  regular  flowers,  their  stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  and 
the  leaves  opposite,  simpFe,  entire,  and  sessile,  without  sripules.  The 
exceptions  are  that  in  some  cases  the  ovules  cover  the  whole  inner 
face  of  the  ovary,  and  in  one  group  the  leaves  are  alternate  and 
even  compound.  They  are  nearly  all  very  smooth  and  bitter-tonic 
plants,  with  colorless  juice,  the  calyx  persistent.  Ours  herbs,  none 
in  common  cultivation. 

§  1.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire^  sessile.     Corolla  with  the  lobes  mostly 
convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  also  plaited  in  the  sinuses. 
+-  Style  slender,  deciduous  from  the  pod  :  anthers  soon  curving. 
-1.   S  ABB  ATI  A.     Calyx  5  -  12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.     Corolla  wheel-shaped. 
5  -  12-parted.     Style  2-parted.     Pod  globular,  many-seeded.     Slender  herbs. 


GENTIAN   FAMILY.  271 

•»-■»-  Style  {if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent  on  the  pod:  anthers  straight. 

2.  FRASERA.     Culyx  and  corolla  deeply  4-parte(l,  wheel-shaped;  divisions  of  the 

latter  with  a  glandular  and  fringed"^  spot  or  pit  on  their  middle.  Pod  oval, 
flattened,  rather  few-seeded:  seeds  large  and  flat,  wing-margined.  Large 
thick-rooted  herbs,  with  whorled  leaves  and  panicled  flowers. 

3.  GENTIANA.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.     Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  often  with  teeth  or  salient 

folds  at  the  sinuses,  usually  withermg-persistent.  Style  short  or  none;  stig- 
mas 2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  containing  innumerable  small  seeds  with  loose 
cellular  or  winged  coat.     Flowers  solitaiy  or  clustered,  mostly  showy. 

4.  BARTONIA.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  deeply  4-cleft.     Style  none.    Pod  ob- 

long, flattish,  the  minute  innumerable  seeds  covering  its  whole  imier  face. 
Flowers  very  small.     Leaves  reduced  to  little  awl-shaped  scales. 

§  2.   Leaves  alternate,  long  petioled.     Corolla  with  the  lobes  valvate  and  the  edges 
turned  inwards  in  the  bud.     Seeds  many  or  few,  tcith  a  hard  or  bony  coat. 

5.  MENYANTHES.      Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  very  short-funnel-form,  5-lobed, 

white-bearded  over  the  whole  upper  face.  Style  slender,  persistent:  stigma 
2-lobed.  Pod  globular,  with  many  smooth  and  shining  seeds.  Flowers 
racemed  on  a  stout  scape;  one  or  more  long  petioles  sheathing  its  base, 
and  bearing  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets. 

6.  LIMNANTHEMUM.     Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted;  the  oval  divisions  of  the 

latter  with  a  yellowish  crust  at  their  base,  and  in  our  species  otherwise 
naked.  Style  short  or  none.  Pod  several-seeded.  Water-plants,  bearing 
the  flowers  in  an  umbel  on  the  long  slender  petiole  of  the  floating  round- 
heart-shaped  leaves. 

1.  SABBATIA,  AMERICAN  CENTAURY.  (Named  for  Sahhati,  an 
Italian  botanist.)  Chiefly  in  sandy  and  low  or  wet  grounds,  along  the 
coast  (with  one  or  two  exceptions) :  flowers  white  or  pink,  usually  handsome, 
in  summer.     ®  (D 

*  Flowers  white,  h-parted,  numerous  in  cymes  or  cori/mbs,  seldom  over  ^'  broad. 

S.  paniculkta.  Low  grounds  S.  :  stem  l°-2°  high,  with  4  sharp  wing- 
like angles  ;  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  mostly  1 -nerved  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  little 
longer  than  the  narrows-linear  calyx-lobes. 

S.  lanceolata.  From  New  Jersey  S. :  taller,  larger-flowered,  with  lance- 
ovate  3-nervcd  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  distant,  acute ;  lobes  of 
corolla  much  exceeding  the  thread-shaped  calyx-lobes. 

S.  maerophylla.  Only  S.  :  2° -3°  high,  glaucous,  with  terete  stem, 
thickish  lance-ovate  S-S-Jiervcd  leaves,  and  lobes  of  smaller  corolla  very  much 
exceeding  the  bristle-like  calyx-lobes. 

*  *  Flowers  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  with  yellowish  or  greenish  eye,  5-parted,  in 

panicled  clusters,  1'  or  more  broad.     In  rather  dry  ground,  much  branched 
above,  l°-3^  /t/>//i,  the  only  species  which  extend  \\  .  to  Illinois,  <j'C. 
S.  braehi^ta,  chiefly  S.,  has  slightly  angled  stem,  linear  or  narrow-oblong 
leaves,  and  fewer  flowers  only  1'  broad. 

S.  angularis,  from  N.  York  S.  &  W.,  has  wing-like  angles  to  the  stem, 
ovate  or  heart-shaped  5-nerved  leaves,  and  corolla  1^'  broad. 

*  *  *  Flowers  rose-purple  or  white,  5  -  G-parted,  1 '  or  less  broad,  scattered  singly 

on  long  pednncles  :  stems  slender  5'  -  20'  high,  commonly  forking,  scarcely 
angled.     All  grow  in  salt  vuirshes  or  near  the  coast. 
S.  calycbsa.     Only  from  Virg.  S.  :  has  oblong  pale  leaves  narrowed  at 
base,  and  lance-spatulate  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  mostly  white  corolla. 

S.  Stell^ris.  From  Mass.  S.  :  has  lance-oblong  leaves  or  the  upjjer  linear, 
and  linear  calyx-lohes  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  yellowish  eyed  corolla. 

S.  gracilis.  From  Mass.  S.  :  very  slender,  with  linear  or  almost  thread- 
like leaves,  thread-shaped  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  corolla,  otherwise  like  preceding. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  bright  rose-colSr  or  with  white  varieties,  7  -\2-parted,  very  hand- 

some, 1^'  -  2'  broad :  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  1°  -  2°  Jiigh. 

S.  chloroldes.  Along  sandy  ponds,  from  Plymouth,  ^Mass.  S.  :  leaves 
lanceolate;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  slender;  calyx-lobes  linear. 

S.  gentianoides.  Wet  barrens  S.  :  stem-leaves  linear ;  flowers  short- 
pcdunclcd  or  sessile,  clustered. 


272  GENTIAN    FAMILY. 

2.  FRASERA,  AMERICAN  COLUMBO.     (Named  for  John  Eraser.) 

F.  Carolinensis.  Rich  wooded  ground  W.  &  S.  :  root  very  large  and 
deep,  bitter  (used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for  Columbo)  ;  stem  3° -8°  high; 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  or  the  lowest  spatulate;  corolla  1' wide, 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish,  and  dark-dotted.     @   21. 

3.  GENTIANA,  GENTIAN.  (Old  name,  from  G^en^aw,  king  of  Illy ria.) 
Chiefly  in  woods  and  damp  ground :  flowering  chiefly  in  autumn,  a  few  in 
summer. 

§  1 .    Corolla  without  plaits  at  the  sinuses  :  anthers  separate :  seeds  wingless.     ®  (2) 

G.  quinqueflbra.  Chiefly  N.  &  W.  :  branching  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base ;  flowers  panicled,  hardly  I '  long,  the  5  lobes 
of  the  pale  blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed. 

G.  crinita,  Fuinged  Gentian.  Low  grounds  N.  &  W. :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  broader,  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  base ;  flowers  solitary  on  long 
peduncles  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches  ;  calyx  with  4  unequal 
lobes  ;  corolla  sky-blue,  showy,  2'  long,  funnel-form,  the  4  wedge-obovate  lobes 
with  margins  cut  into  a  long  and  delicate  fringe. 

G.  det6nsa,  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding  species  N.  W.,  and  is  perhaps 
a  variety  of  it :  has  linear  leaves  and  less  fringe  to  the  corolla  (to  which  the 
name  alludes),  often  none  at  the  top  of  the  lobes. 

§  2.    Corolla  naked,  l|-'-2'  long,  with  plaits  at  the  sinuses,  which  project  more  or 
less  iiTto  teeth  or  thin  intermediate  lobes  :  pod  stalked  in  the  corolla.     IJ. 

*  Stems  low,  bearing  1-3  slender-peduncled flowers :  seeds  wingless. 

G.  angustifolia.  Pine  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  6' -15'  high,  with 
linear  leaves,  and  open  fumiel-form  azure-blue  corolla  2'  long,  its  lobes  ovate  ; 
anthers  separate. 

*  *  Stems  l°-2°  high,  bearing  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  2-bracted  flowers  attlie 

summit  of  the  leafy  stem,  and  oflen  in  the  upper  axils  also. 
•»r-  Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  short  funnel  form  or  obconical,  mostly  open,  with 
ovate  lobes  exceeding  the  usually  toothed  appendages  of  the  plaits. 

G.  oehroletica.  Chiefly  S.  in  dry  ground  :  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  linear ;  corolla  greenish-white  with 
greener  and  purplish  stripes  inside,  somewhat  bell-shaped ;  anthers  separate ; 
seeds  wingless. 

G.  alba.  Along  the  Alleghanies  and  N.  W.  :  flowering  at  midsummer ; 
leaves  lance-ovate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  base,  tapering  thence  to  a  point ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  short ;  corolla  yellowish-white,  with  short  and  broad  lobes ; 
anthers  conniving  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

G.  puberula.  Dry  barrens  and  prairies  W.  &  S.  :  low,  roughish,  or 
minutely  pubescent,  with  lancc-oblong,  ovate,  or  linear  rough-margined  leaves 
only  1'  -2'  long ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  ;  corolla  bright  blue,  open,  its  spreading 
ovate  lobes  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  cut-toothed  intermediate  appendages  ; 
seeds  not  covering  the  walls  of  the  pod,  as  they  do  in  the  related  species. 

G.  Saponaria,  Soapwort  G.  Low  woods,  chiefly  N,  and  along  the 
Alleghanies ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  or  in  a  northern  variety 
linear,  narrowed  at  base  ;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate  ;  corolla  light  blue  or 
verging  to  white,  little  open,  its  short  and  broad  lobes  longer  than  the  con- 
spicuous 2-cleft  intermediate  appendages ;  anthers  conniving  or  united ;  seeds 
narrowly-winged. 

-»-  •*-  Corolla  more  club-shaped  and  seldom  open,  truncate,  with  no  proper  lobes. 
G.  Andrewsii,  Closed  G.  Woods  especially  N. :  leaves  lance-ovate  or 
lance-oblong  Avith  a  narrowed  base  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  short ;  corolla 
blue  (rarely  a  white  variety),  its  proper  lobes  if  any  shorter  than  the  broad  and 
more  conspicuous  fringe-toothed  and  notched  appendages  which  terminate  the 
folds  ;  anthers  connected ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 


LOGANIA    FAMILY.  273 

4.  BARTONIA.  (Named  for  Prof.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.)  In- 
significant herbs,  with  awl-shaped  scales  for  leaves,  and  a  few  pedunclcd  white 
flowers.     ®  .© 

B.  ten611a.  Woods  :  5'-  10'  high,  with  branches  or  peduncles  1  -3-flow- 
ered  ;  lobes  of  corolla  oblong,  aciitish  ;  ovary  4-angled  :  fl.  summer. 

B.  v6rna.  Bogs,  only  S. :  smaller,  less  branched,  1  -  few-flowered ;  flowers 
larger,  in  early  spring ;  lobes  of  corolla  spatulate,  obtuse  ;  ovary  flat. 

5.  MENYANTHES,  BUCKBEAN.  (Name  from  Greek  words  for 
month  and  flower ;  application  not  obvious.  The  popular  name  from  the 
leaves,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  Horsebean.) 

M.  trifoli^ta.  Cold  wet  bogs  N. :  fl.  late  spring  ;  corolla  white  or  tinged 
with  pink  ;  scape  hardly  1°  high.     2/ 

6.  LIMNANTHEMUM,  FLOATING-HEART.  (Name  formed  of 
Greek  words  for  swamp  and  blossom.)  But  our  species  grow  in  water,  and  pro- 
duce through  tho  summer  the  small  white  flowers,  accompanied  by  spur-like 
thick  bodies,  probably  of  the  nature  of  roots.     "21 

L.  lacunbsum,  is  common  E.  &  S. :  leaves  l'-2'  long,  on  very  slender 
petioles,  entire  ;  lobes  of  corolla  broadly  oval ;  seeds  smooth  and  even. 

L.  trachysperma,  in  deeper  water,  from  Maryland  S. :  leaves  rounder, 
2' -6'  broad,  wavy-margined,  roughish  or  dark-pitted  beneath ;  petioles  stouter ; 
seeds  roughened. 

86.  LOGANIACE^,  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

Known  among  monopetalous  plants  by  having  opposite  leaves 
with  stipules  or  a  stipular  line  between  their  bases,  along  with  a 
free  ovary ;  the  flower  regular  or  nearly  so,  and  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them. 

§  1.    Woody  twining  climber,  with  evergreen  haves  and  showy  Jlowers. 

1.  GELSEMIU^M.     Calyx  5-parted.     Covolla  open  funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  broad 

and  imbricated  in"^  the  bud.  Stamens  5:  anthers  sagittate.  Style  slender: 
stigmas  2,  each  2-parted,  lobes  linear,  ovary  2-celled.  Pod  oval,  flattened 
contrary  to  the  partition,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  winged. 

§  2.   Herbs,  nol  climbing. 

2.  SPIGELTA.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  narrow.     Corolla  tubular  and  some- 

what funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  5 :  anthers  linear. 

Style  1,  slender,  hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.     Pod  short,  twin, 

2-celled,  few-seeded,  when  ripe  separating  across  neai'  the  base  which  is  left 

behind,  and  splitting  2  or  4  Valves. 
MITREOLA,  of  the  South,  comprises  a  couple  of  quite  inconspicuous  weeds,  and 
POLYPREMUM,  also  S.  is  a  common  weedy  plant;  —  both  wholly  insignificant, 

as  well  in  the  herbage  as  in  the  minute  white  flowers. 

1.  GELSEMIUM,  YELLOW  JESSAMINE  of  the  South,  the  name  an 
Italian  one  for  Jessamine,  but  of  a  different  order  from  true  Jessamine. 

G.  Senip6rvirens,  our  only  species  :  low  grounds  from  E.  Virg.  S.,  climb- 
ing trees,  bearing  shining  lance-ovate  small  leaves  (evergreen  far  S.),  and  a 
profusion  of  axillary  clusters  of  bright  yellow  very  fragrant  handsome  flowers 
(1'  or  more  long),  in  early  spring. 

2.  SPIGELIA,  PINK-ROOT  or  WORM-GRASS.  (Named  for  Adrian 
Spiegel,  latinized  Spigelius.)     Fl.  summer. 

S.  Marilandica,  Maryland  P.  Rich  woods,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. : 
nearly' smooth,  6' -18'  high;  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  acute;  flowers  in 
simt)le  or  forked  spike-like  clusters  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  corolla 
1^'  long,  slender,  handsome,  red  outside,  yellow  within,  the  lobes  lanceolate. 
Root  used  as  a  vermifuge.  2/ 
18 


274  DOGBANE    FAMILY. 

87.  APOCYNACE^,  DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  known  mainly  by  the.  milky  acrid 
juice,  opposite  (sometime^;  whorled)  simple  and  entire  leaves,  with- 
out stipules,  and  legular  monopetalous  flowers  with  5  in  the  calyx, 
corolla,  and  stamens,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in 
the  bud,  the  anthers  conniving  around  the  stigma  or  often  adhering 
somewhat  to  it,  ordinary  pollen,  filaments  separate,  tlie  2  free  ovaries 
commonly  separate,  but  often  the  styles  and  always  the  stigmas 
united  into  one.    The  ovaries  also  are  often  united  into  one,  the  juice 

SBVefSt  (as  of  Periwinkle  and  Oleander)  is  not  at  all  or  slightly 
milky,  and  one  of  our  genera  has  alternate  leaves.  Some  are  orna- 
mental in  cultivation,  many  are  acrid-poisonous.  There  is  com- 
monly a  ring,  membrane,  or  other  appendage  on  the  style  below  the 
stigma,  to  which  the  anthers  are  apt  to  adhere. 

'  '  /  '^  1.   Snrubs  cult,  for  ornament,  natives  ofioarm  climates:  leaves  oftener  whm'led. 

*  1.  ALL  AMANDA.  Corolla  larore,  yellow,  Ayith  short  tube  abniptly  expanded  into 
cylindrical  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  broad  and' rounded.  Sta- 
mens at  the  summit  of  the  proper  tube  or  throat,  alternate  and  conniving  with 
as  many  2-parted  nai-row  scales.  Ovary  one  and  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  pla- 
centaj,  becoming  a  prickly  pod.  Style  slender.  Seeds  naked. 
2.  NERIUM.  Corolla  salver-form  or  the' long  tube  narrow  funnel-fonn.  the  throat 
crowned  with  5  slender-toothed  scales.  Stamens  on  the  middle  of  the  tube: 
anthers  2-tailed  at  base  and  tapering  at  the  apex  into  a  long  hairy  twisted 
awn-like  appendage.     Style  1.     Ovaries  2,  forming  pods.     Seeds  tufted. 

§  2.   More  or  less  woody-stemmed  twiners,  icith  opposite  leaves. 
8.  ECHITES.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat.    Fila- 
ments very  short.     Style  1.     Ovaries  2,  becoming  2  long  terete  pods.     Seeds 
with  a  downv  tuft,     ^''lowers  large  and  showy. 

4.  FORSTERONfA.     Corolla  funnel-form,  ueai-ly  as  in  Echites,  but  the  flower 

small,  and  filaments  slender. 

§  3.   Herbs  or  scarcely  woody  plants,  not  twiners :  hark  usually  abounding  with  tough 
Jibres  '  ovaries  2,  becoming  muny-seedtd  2>ods  in  fruit. 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

5.  VINCA.      Corolla  salver-shaped  or  the  tube  funnel-form,  the  throat  naiTow 

and  naked.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  upper  part  or  middle  of  the  tube :  fila- 
ments short.  Style  1,  slender.  Pods  rather  short.  Seeds  abrupt  at  each 
end,  naked,  rough.     The  hardy  species  trail  or  creep. 

6.  APOCVNUM.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  crowned  with  5  triangular  appendages  in 

the  throat.  Stamens  attiiched  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Style  none. 
A  large  ovate  stigma  unites  the  tips  of  the  2  ovaries,  which  in  fi-uit  foiTn  long 
and  slender  pods.  Seeds  with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  down  at  one  end.  Upright 
or  ascending  herbs,  with  small  pale  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or 
corymbs,  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  very  numerous. 

7.  AMSONIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped  or  the  slender  tuba  somewhat  funnel-form, 

beai'ded  inside,  without  appendages  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  long  and  linear. 
Stamens  inserted  on  and  included  in  the  tube :  anthers  blunt  at  both  ends. 
Style  1,  slender.  Pods  long  (4' -6')  and  slender.  Seeds  cylindrical,  abriapt 
at  both  ends,  with  no  tuft.  Upright  herbs,  with  terminal  panicled  cymes  of 
bluish  flowers. 

1.   ALL  AM  AND  A.      (Named  for  Dr.  F.  Allamand,  who  discovered  the 
common  species  iu  Guiana.) 

A.  cathartiea.  A  showy  shrub  of  the  conservatory,  with  bright  green 
oblong  thiunish  leaves,  and  goiden-yellow  flowers  2^-3'  long. 


DOGBANE   FAMILY.  275 

2.  NERIUM,  OLEANDER.  (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.) 
Leaves  coriaceous,  rigid,  closely  and  transversely  veiny.  Flowers  showy,  in 
terminal  cymes,  in  summer,  deep  rose-color,  or  with  white  varieties,  either 
single  or  double. 

N.  Oleander,  the  Oleander  of  common  house-culture,  from  the  Levant : 
leaves  lanceolate ;  appendage  surmounting  the  anthers  scarcely  protruding ; 
flowers  large,  scentless. 

N.  odbrum,  Sweet  0. :  less  cult.,  from  India,  more  tender ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  appendage  of  the  anthers  protruding  ;  flowers  fragrant. 

3.  ECHITES.  (Name  from  Greek  -word  for  a  viper.)  Plants  from  the 
warm  parts  of  America,  one  not  rare  as  a  conservatory  climber,  viz. 

E.  suav6olens,  or  MANDEvfLLEA  suaveolens,  Chili  Jessamine,  a 
slender  woody-stemmed  tall  twiner,  with  thin  oblong  or  ovate  heart-shaped 
pointed  leaves,  and  slender  peduncles  bearing  a  few  racemed  very  fragi'ant  flow- 
ers, the  white  corolla  with  ample  5-lobed  border,  2'  broad. 

4.  FORSTERONIA.     (Named  for  an  English  botanist,  T.  F.  Forster.) 
P.  diff6rmis,  in  low  grounds  from  Virginia  S.  &  W.,  is  a  barely  woody 

twiner,  the  flowering  branches  herbaceous  and  downy ;  leaves  thin,  oval-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  or  sometimes  linear,  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  flowers  ^'  long, 
in  cymes,  greenish-yellow,  all  summer. 

5.  VINCA,  PERIWINKLE.  (Latin  name,  from  a  word  meaning  to  bind, 
from  the  thread-like  stems.)     X- 

§  1.  True  Periwinkles,  cu^.from  Europe,  hardy  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  trail- 
ing over  the  ground  or  creepitu/,  only  the  short  flowering  stems  ascending, 
with  blue  {or  by  variation  icliite)  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  in  spring  or 
early  summer. 

V.  minor,  Common  Periwinkle,  in  all  country-gardens,  spreading  freely 
by  the  creei)ing  sterile  stems,  evergreen,  with  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  shining 
leaves  barely  l^'  long,  and  almost  truncate  wedge-shaped  lobes  to  the  corolla: 
fl.  early  sjjring. 

V.  m^jor,  Large  P.,  not  quite  hardy  N.,  a  variety  with  variegated  leaves 
is  most  cultivated,  larger  than  the  first  species  and  leaves  rounder,  the  lobes  of 
corolla  obovate. 

V.  herbacea :  not  evergreen  ;  stems  reclining  and  rooting ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  lobes  of  the  more  purple-blue  corolla  oblong-obovate  :  fl.  late  spring. 

§  2.    Tropical  erect,  somewhat  woody  at  base:  flowers  produced  all  the  season. 

V.  r6sea,  house  and  bedding  plant  from  West  Indies,  with  oblong-petioled 
veiny  leaves,  and  showy  corolla  with  slender  tube  and  very  narrow  oriiice,  rose- 
purple,  or  white,  with  or  Avithout  a  pink  eye. 

6.  APOCYNUM,  DOGBANE  (to  which  the  name  in  Greek  refers), 
INDIAN  HEMP,  from  the  use  made  of  the  bark.     El.  summer.     ^ 

A.  androsaemifblium,  Spreading  D.  Along  thickets,  mostly  N. : 
branches  forking  and  widely  spreading ;  leaves  ovate,  petioled ;  corolla  open 
bell-shaped  with  spreading  lobes. 

A.  cann^binum,  Common  Indian  Hemp.  Gravelly  or  wet  banks  of 
streams  :  branches  more  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  lance-oblong,  ovate,  or  slightly 
heart-shaped ;  flowers  more  crowded  and  erect ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  little 
spreading. 

7.  AMSONIA.  (Named  for  a  Mr.  Charles  Amson.)  Low  grounds  chiefly 
S. ;  very  leafy,  2°  -  3°  high,  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  with  rather  small 
flowers,  in  late  spring. 

A.  Tabernsemont^na.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  or  lance-ovate  to 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  pale  beneath. 

A.  eili^ta.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  margins  and  mostly  the 
stems  beset  with  some  scattered  bristles. 


276  MILKWEED    FAMILY. 

88.  ASCLEPIADACE^,  MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  leaves,  pistils,  fruits,  and  seeds  nearly  as 
in  the  preceding  family  ;  but  the  anthers  more  connected  with  the 
stigma,  their  pollen  collected  into  firm  waxy  or  granular  masses 
(mostly  10),  the  short  filaments  (monadelphous  except  in  the  last 
genus)  commonly  bear  curious  appendages  behind  the  anthers  form- 
ing what  is  called  a  crown,  and  the  corolla  more  commonly  valvate 
in  the  bud.  The  flowers  are  rather  too  difficult  for  the  beginner 
readily  to  understand  throughout.  For  a  particular  study  of  them 
the  Manual  must  be  used. 

§  1.  Erect  herbs,  with  ordinary  foliage,  and  deeply  h-paried  reflexed  calyx  and 
corolla.  FUncers  in  simple  umbels.  Fruit  a  pair  ofjnxls  {follicles,)  containing 
numerous  _p.at  seeds  furnished  with  a  coma  (Lessous,  p.  135,  fig.  317)  or  long 
tuft  of  sifl  down  at  one  etid. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS.     Stamens  with  their  short  filaments  monadelphous  in  a  ring  or 

tube,  bearing  behind  each  anther  a  curious  erect  and  hood-like  or  ear-like 
appendage,  Avith  a  horn  projecting  out  of  the  inside  of  it:  the  5  broad  anthers 
closely  surrounding  and  pai'tly  adhering  to  the  very  thick  stigma,  a  mem- 
branous appendage  at  their  tip  inflected  OA'er  it.  Each  of  the  2  cells  of  the 
anther  has  a  finn  waxy  pear-shaped  pollen-mass  in  it:  and  the  two  adja- 
cent masses  from  two  contiguous  anthers  are  suspended  by  a  stalk  from  a 
dark  gland ;  these  5  glands,  bonie  on  the  margin  of  the  flat  top  of  the  stigma, 
stick  to  the  legs,  &c.  of  insects,  and  are  can*ied  oft',  each  gland  taking  with  it 
2  pollen  masses,  the  whole  somewhat  resembling  a  pair  of  saddle-bags. 

2.  ACLRATES.     Like  Asclepias,  but  no  horn  in  the  hoods  or  eai"-like  appendages, 

and  the  flowers  always  greenish. 

§  2.    Tidnivg  plants  icith  ordinary  foliage  ;  pods  and  seeds  nearly  as  in  Asclepias. 

*  Anthers  icith  their  hanging  pollen-masses  nearly  as  Asclepias  :  pods  smooth  and  even. 

3.  ENSLENIA.     Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted,  the  divisions  lance-ovate  and  nearly 

erect'.  The  5  appendages  of  'the  filaments  are  in  the  form  of  membranaceous 
leaflets,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  awns  on  their  truncate  tip.     Herb. 

4.  VINCETOXICUM.      Corolla    5-partcd,    wl'.eel-sliaped.      A    flat    and    fleshy 

5-  10-lobed  disk  or  crown  in  place  of  the  hoods  of  Asclepias.     Herbs. 

*  *   The  10  pollen-masses  horizontal,  fxed  inp>airs  to  5  glands  of  the  stigma. 
6.   GONOLOBUS.     Corolla  wheel-shaped:  a  fleshy  and  wary-lobed  ring  or  crown 
in  its  throat. 

*  *  *  The  10  short  pollen-masses  fixed  by  their  base  in  pairs  to  the  5  glands  of  the 

stigma,  and  erect,     iihrubby  plants,  of  tropical  regions. 

6.  HOYA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,   thick  and  wax-like  in  appearance. 

Crown  of  6  thick  and  depressed  fleshy  appendages  radiating  from  the  central 
column. 

7.  STEPHANOTIS.     Corolla    salvei^shaped,  the  tube    including    the    stamens, 

crown,  &c.,  in  its  somewhat  swollen  base,  the  5  ovate  lobes  couA'olute  in  the 
bud.     Crown  of  5  thin  erect  appendages.     Stigma  conical. 
»  *  *  *  Anthers  distinct,  the  5  pollen-masses  each  composed  if  4  small  granular 
masses  united,  and  applied  directly  to  the  glands  of  the  stigma  witliout  any  stalk. 
Shrubby  twiners. 

8.  PERIPLOCA.     Corolla  5-parted,   wheel-shaped,  the  divisions   hairy  on  the 

upper  face:  alternate  with  them  are  5  small  thick  scales,  each  bearing  a 
bristle-shaped  appendage.  Filaments  distinct,  bearing  anthers  of  more  ordi- 
nary appearance  than  in  the  rest  of  this  family.  Stigma  hemispherical. 
Pods  smooth. 

§  3.   Fleshy  loio  plants,   Cactus-like,  ivith  only  small  fleshy  scales  or  teeth  in  place  of 
leaves,  onihe  angles  of  the  thickened  stems  or  branches. 

9.  STAPELIA.     Flowers  lar^e,  lurid,  solitary,  lateral.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla 

6-cleft,  wheel-shaped:  within  is  a  crown  formed  of  two  rings  of  short  appen-  ^ 
dages  or  lobes.     Masses  of  waxy  pollen  10,  erect. 


MILKWEED    FAMILY.  277 

1.   ASCLEPIAS,  MILKWEED,   SILKWEED.     (The  Greek  name  of 

/Escidapias,  father  of  medicine.)     Flowering  in  summer.     % 

#  F/oicers  bright  oram/e  or  red;  pods  smooth  :  leaves  opposite,  except  in  the  first. 

A.  tuberdsa,  Butterfly-Weed,  PLEtiRiSY  Kqot.  Dry  hills  :  milky 
juice  hardly  any  ;  stems  and  mostly  scattered  linear  or  lance-oblong  leaves 
hairy  ;  flowers  bright  orange. 

A.  Curassavica.  Wild  far  S.,  cult,  from  S.  America,  as  a  house  and 
bedding  plant;  nearly  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate;  umbels  long-peduncled ; 
corolla  scarlet-red,  the  hoods  orange. 

A.  paup^rcula.  Wet  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  tall,  smooth,  with 
long  lance-liucar  leaves,  one  or  more  few-flowered  umbels  raised  on  long 
peduncle,  and  red  corolla  with  bright  orange  hoods. 

A.  rtlbra.  Low  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  smooth,  with  lance-ovate 
gradually  taper-pointed  leaves,  a  few  many-flowered  umbels  on  a  long  naked 
peduncle,  and  purple-red  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  pink  or  light  rose-purple  :  leaves  all  opposite  :  pods  smooth. 

A.  incarn^ta,  Swamp  Milkweed.  Wet  grounds,  with  very  leafy 
branching  stems,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  acute  leaves,  often  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base ;  smooth  or  smoothish,  or  in  var.  pulchra  pubescent  and 
the  leaves  very  short-petioled. 

*  *  *  Flowers  dull  purplish,  greenish,  or  white. 
•*-  Steins  branching,  almost  woody  at  base  :  leaves  all  opposite  :  pods  smooth. 

A.  per^nnis.  Low  grounds  S. :  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  slender-petioled  ;  flowers  small,  white ;  seeds  mostly  without  a  tuft ! 

•*-  •♦-  Stem  simple :   leaver  all  opposite  and  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  the  apex  rounded  or  notchtd:  plants  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous. 

A.  Obtusifolia.  Sandy  grounds,  2° -3°  high,  the  ratlfer  remote  broadly 
oblong  leaves  wavy ;  umbel  mostly  solitary,  long-peduncled ;  flowers  pretty 
large,  greenish-purplish. 

A.  araplexicaulis.  Dry  barrens  S.  :  stems  reclining,  1°- 2°  high,  very 
leafy;  leaves  ovate-heart-sbaped  ;  umbels  several,  short-peduncled ;  corolla  ash- 
colored,  the  hoods  Avhite. 

-*-■*-  -^  Stem  simple  or  nearly  so,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate,  oval, 
or  oblong,  pretty  large,  short-petioled :  umbels  lateral  and  terminal :  Jiowers 
^'  long  or  nearly  so. 

++  Pods  beset  with  soft  prickle-shaped  or  warty  projections. 

A.  Cornuti,  Common  Milkweed  of  fields  and  low  grounds  N.  :  downy, 
or  the  large  pale  leaves  soon  smooth  above  ;  flowers  dull  greenish-purplish. 

++  ++  Pods  even,  but  usually  minutely  downy. 

A.  phjrtolaccoides,  Poke -Milkweed.  Moist  grounds  N.  &  W.  ; 
smooth  or  smoothish,  3°  -  .5°  high  ;  leaves  large,  pointed  or  acute  at  both  ends ; 
umbels  loose,  the  long  pedicels  ( 1'  -3')  equalling  the  peduncle ;  corolla  greenish, 
but  the  more  conspicuous  hoods  white. 

A.  purpurascens.  Rich  ground  N.  &  W. :  lo-3°  high;  leaves  downy 
beneath,  smooth  above,  the  upper  taper-pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  rather  loose 
umbel  sliorter  than  the  peduncle  ;  corolla  dark  dull  purple. 

A.  variegata.  Dry  grounds,  commoner  S.  &  W. :  l°-20  high,  nearly 
smooth  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  wavy  ;  j)eduncle  and  crowded  pedicels 
short  and  downy  ;  corolla  white,  the  hoods  purplish. 

•*-•*-■*-•*-  Stems  simple  or  rarely  branched,  slender:  leaves  most  of  them  in  whorls  : 
pods  slender  and  smooth  :  fioivcrs  small,  white  or  ivhitish. 

A.  quadrifdlia,  Fouu-leaved  ]\L  Rocky  woods  mostly  N.  :  stems  1° 
-  2^  high,  nearly  smooth,  naked  below,  bearing  about  the  middle  one  or  two 
whorls  of  4  ovate  or  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  petiolcd  leaves,  and  beneath  or 
above  them  usually  a  ]iair  of  smaller  ones ;  pedicels  slender ;  corolla  mostly 
tinged  with  pink,  the  hoods  white. 


278  MILKWEED    FAMILY. 

A.  vertieill^ta,  Whorled  M.  Dry  ground,  l°-20  high,  smoothish ; 
stems  very  leafy  throughout ;  leaves  very  narrow  linear  or  thread-shaped,  in 
whorls  of  3  -  6  ;  flowers  greenish-white. 

2.  ACERATES,  GKEEN  MILKWEED.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  means 
ivithout  a  horn,  i.  e.  none  to  the  hood-like  appendages,  in  which  it  differs  from 
Asclepias.)     Flowers  green  or  greenish,  in  summer.     ^ 

§  1.  Flowers  in  compact  lateral  umbels:  corolla  with  oblong  rcflexed  divisions: 
the  hoods  erect :  jxkIs  slender,  sometimes  downy,  but  with  the  surface  even. 

A.  viridiflora.  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil :  soft-downy  or  smoothish, 
l°-2°  high;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  mostly  opposite;  globular 
umbels  nearly  sessile ;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  nearly  ^'  long  when  open ; 
hoods  not  elevated  above  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

A.  longifolia.  Low  barrens  W.  &  S. :  rather  hairy  or  roughish,  l°-3° 
high,  with  very  numerous  mostly  alternate  linear  leaves,  flowers  smaller  and  on 
slender  pedicels,  the  umbel  peduncled,  hoods  elevated  on  a  short  ring  of  fila- 
ments above  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

§  2.  Floivers  in  loose  terminal  and  solitary  or  corymbed  umbels :  divisions  of  the 
corolla  bare'y  spreadinr/,  but  the  lar(/e  hoods  spreading  and  slipper-shaped  : 
pods  thick,  often  with  some  sq/l  tubercle-tike  projections. 

A.  paniculata.  Dry  prairies  and  barrens  from  111.  S.  &  W. :  smoothish, 
1°  high  ;  leaves  alternate,  oblong  or  lance-oblong;  flowers  1'  broad,  green,  the 
hoods  purplish. 

3.  ENSLENIA.     (Named  for  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  traveller.)     ^ 

E.  ^Ibida.  River-banks  from  Ohio  S.  &  W.  :  climbing,  80-12°  ;  smooth, 
with  opposite  heart-ovate  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in 
raceme-like  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  all  late  summer. 

4.  VINCETOXICUM.  {^amc  is  equixaicnt  to  Poison  Periivinkle.)  % 
V.  nigrum,  from  Eu. :  a  low-twining  smooth  weed,  escaping  from  gardens 

E. ;  leaves  ovate  and  lance-ovate ;  flowers  small,  brown-purple,  rather  few  in 
axillary  umbels,  in  summer. 

6.  GONOLOBUS.  (Name  in  Greek  means  angled  pod.)  Ours  are  twin- 
ing herbs,  along  river-banks,  chiefly  IS.,  with  opposite  heart-shaped  petioled 
leaves,  and  corymbs  or  umbels  of  dark  or  dull-colored  small  flowers,  on  pedun- 
cles between  the  petioles,  in  summer.     % 

G.  ISBvis.  From  Virg.  to  Illinois  S.  :  smooth  or  only  sparingly  hairy,  the 
yellowish-green  flowers  and  the  longitudinally  ribbed  pods  smooth. 

G.  obliquus.  From  Fcnn.  S. :  haiiy,  somewhat  clammy  ;  flowers  mi- 
nutely downy  outside,  long  and  narrow  in  the  bud,  dull  crimson-purple  within, 
the  straj)-sliaped  or  lanceolate  divisions  ;j'  long  ;  pods  ribless,  warty. 

G.  hirsutus.  From  Virginia  S.  :  differs  from  the  last  in  its  short-ovate 
flower-buds,  the  oval  or  oblong  divisions  of  corolla  only  about  4'  long. 

6.  HOYA,  WAX-PLANT.     (Named  for  T.  Hoy,  an  English  florist.) 

H.  carndsa,  a  well-known  house-plant  from  India ;  with  rooting  stems, 
thick  and  fleshy  oval  leaves,  umbels  of  numerous  flesh-colored  or  almost  white 
flowers,  the  upper  surface  of  corolla  clothed  with  minute  papilla). 

7.  STEPHANOTIS.     (Name  from  Greek  for  crown  and  ear,  referring  to 

the  appendages  of  the  stamens.) 

S.  floriblinda,  from  Madagascar  :  a  fine  hot-house  twiner,  very  smooth, 
with  opposite  oval  or  oblong  thiekish  leaves,  and  lateral  umbels  of  very  showy 
fragrant  flowers,  the  pure  white  corolla  1^'  in  diameter,  the  tube  1'  long. 


OLIVE    FAMILY.  279 

8.  PEBIPLOCA.  (Name,  a  Greek  word,  implies  that  the  plant  twines.) 
P.  Graeca,  of  S.  Eu.,  cult,  as  an  ornamental  twiner,  hardy  through  the 

Middle  States  :  smooth,  with  opposite  ovate  mostly  pointed  leaves,  on  short 
petioles,  and  lateral  cymes  of  rather  small  flowers,  the  corolla  greenish-yellow 
with  the  upper  face  of  the  oblong  lobes  brownish-purple  :  in  summer. 

9.  STAPELI A.  (Named  for  a  Dutch  naturalist.  Dr.  Van  Stapel. )  Strange- 
looking  llcshy  plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  cult,  in  conservatories  along 
with  Cactuses.     The  commonest  is  « 

S.  hirsuta.  Stems  or  branches  G'-IO'  high,  with  concave  sides,  pale  and 
obscurely  downy  ;  liowcr  3' -4' in  diameter,  dull  purple  and  yellowish  with 
darker  transverse  stripes,  beset  with  purple  very  long  hairs,  and  with  denser 
hairiness  towards  the  centre,  exhaling  a  most  disgusting  odor,  not  unlike  that 
of  putrid  meat. 


89.   OLEACE^,  OLIVE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  smooth,  without  milky  juice,  distinguished 
among  monopetalous  plants  with  free  ovary  by  the  regular  flowers 
having  stamens  almost  always  2,  and  always  fewer  than  the  4  (some- 
times 5  or  more)  divisions  of  the  corolla,  the  ovary  2-celled  and 
(except  in  Jasminum  and  Forsythia)  wi:h  one  pair  of  ovules  in 
each  cell :  style  if  any  only  one,  rarely  2-cleft.  A  few  are  nearly 
or  quite  polypetalous  ;  others  apetalous. 

§  1.    Calyx  and  coi'olla  with  5-8  lobes     A  single  erect  ovule  and  seed  in  each  cell. 

1.  JASMINUM.     Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.     Stamens 

2,  included  in  the  tube.     Ovary  and  the  berry-Uke  fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded. 

^  2.  Calyx  and  corolla  with  the  parts  in  fours,  or  sometimes  (in  Fraxinus)  one  or 
both  wanting.  Ovules  hanging,  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell,  many  in  No.  2. 
Leaves  opposite,  except  accidentally. 

*  Leaves  simple  :  flowers  perfect  and  complete. 
+-  Ovides  and  seeds  numerous  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  pod. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.     Corolla  golden  yellow,  bell-shaped,   4-lobed,  the  lobes  con- 

volute m  the  bud.  The  2  stamens  and  style  short.  Pod  ovate.  Leaves 
deciduous. 

H-  +-  Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell,  but  the  seeds  often  fevcer. 

3.  SYRINGA.     Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  much 

longer  than  the  4-toothed  calyx.  Fruit  a  pod,  4-secded,  flattened  contrary 
to  the  narrow  partition,  2-valved,  the  valves  almost  condupHcate.  Seeds 
sH^htly  wing-margined.     Leaves  deciduous. 

4.  LIGUS'IRUM.     Corolla  short  funnel-form,  with  spreading  ovate  obtuse  lobes, 

valvate  in  the  bud,  white.  Fruit  a  1-4-seeded  black  beny.  Leaves  finn 
and  thickish,  but  deciduous. 

5.  OLEA.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped,  or  deeply  cleft  into  4  spreading  lobes,  white. 

Fruit  a  drupe,  the  hard  stone  often  becoming  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Leaves 
evergreen. 

6.  CHIONANTIIUS.     Corolla  Avhite,  4-parted,  or  of  4  very  long  and  narrow  linear 

petals  slightly  or  scarcely  united  at  their  base;  to  which  tlie  2  (rarely  3  or 
even  4  in  cultivation)  verv  short  stamens  barelv  adhere.  Fruit  a  fleshy  and 
globular  drupe,  the  stone  becoming  1-celled  and  commonly  1-seeded.  Leaves 
deciduous. 

#  *  Leaves  pinnate  :  flowers  polygamous  or  dioscious,  in  most  species  apetalous. 

7.  FRAXINUS.     Calvx  small,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wholly  wanting.     Petals  4, 

2,  or  none.  Anthers  large.  Fruit  a  simple  samara  or  key  (Lessons,  p.  131, 
fig.  300),  usually  becoming  1-ceIled  and  1-seeded.    Leavcs'deciduous. 


280  OLIVE    FAMILY. 

1.  JASMINUM,  jessamine.  (From  the  Arabic  name.)  Cultivated 
for  ornament,  from  the  Old  World,  all  tender  and  house-plants  except  at  the 
South.     Flowers  fragrant. 

*  Flowers  ydlow :  leaves  commonly  alternate  and  compound. 

J.  odoratissimum,  Common  Sweet  Yellow  J.,  from  Madeira :  smooth, 
tAvining  ;  leaflets  3  or  5,  ovate  ;  jjeduncles  terminal,  few-flowered. 

J.  revolutum,  from  Himalayas  or  China  :  not  twining,  has  mostly  3-7 
leaflets,  and  more  numerous  and  fragrant  flowers,  1^'  Avide. 
*  *  Flowers  ivhite :  leaves  opfosite. 

J,  ofl3.cin^le,  Commox  White  J.,  from  the  East,  has  striatc-angled 
branches  scarcely  twining,  about  7  oblong  or  lancc-OA-ate  leaflets,  a  terminal 
cyme  of  very  fragrant  flowers  and  calyx-teeth  slender. 

*  J.  grandiflbrum,  from  India,  has  7  or  9  oval  leaflets,  the  uppermost  con- 
fluent, larger  and  fewer  flowers  than  the  foregoing,  reddish  outside. 

J.  Az6ricum,  from  the  Azores  and  Madeira :  not  twining,  with  3  ovate  or 
heart-shaped  leaflets,  terminal  cymes  of  very  sweet-scented  flowers,  and  very 
short  calyx-teeth. 

J.  Sambac,  from  Tropical  India :  scarcely  climbing,  pubescent ;  leaves 
simple,  ovate,  or  heart-shaped ;  flowers  in  small  close  clusters  ;  calyx-teeth 
about  8,  slender,  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  corolla  as  many ;  flowers  simple  or 
double,  very  fragrant,  especially  at  evening. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.  (Named  for  W.  A.  Forsyth,  an  English  botanist.) 
Ornamental  shrubs,  from  China  and  Japan,  with  flowers  from  separate 
lateral  buds,  preceding  the  serrate  leaves,  in  early  spring. 

P.  viridissima,  a  vigorous  shrub,  with  strong  and  mostly  erect  yellowish- 
green  branches,  covered  in  early  spring  with  abundant  showy  yellow  flowers, 
followed  by  the  deep  green  lance-oblong  leaves. 

F.  SUSp^nsa,  shrub  with  long  and  slender  weak  branches  hanging,  or  some 
of  them  creeping,  to  be  treated  as  a  climber ;  flowers  still  earlier,  but  less  pro- 
fuse ;  leaves  thinner,  duller,  ovate. 

3.  SYRINGA,  LILAC.  (From  Greek  word  for  tube,  alluding  either  to  the 
tubular  corolla  or  to  the  twigs,  used  for  pipe-stems.)  Familiar  ornamental 
tall  shrubs,  from  the  Old  World,  with  scaly  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
but  hardly  ever  a  terminal  one  (so  that  there  is  only  a  pair  at  the  tip  of  a 
branch),  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  crowded  compound  panicles  or 
thyrsus  of  mostly  fragrant  flowers,  in  spring. 

S.  vulgaris,  Common  L.,  from  E.  Europe  or  Persia  :  with  ovate  and  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  lobes  of  corolla  moderately  spreading  ;  fl.  lilac 
or  pale  violet,  and  a  white  variety. 

S.  P6rsica,  Persian  L.  ;  more  slender,  with  lance-ovate  leaves,  and  looser 
clusters  of  lilac-purple  or  paler  or  sometimes  white  flowers,  border  of  the  corolla 
flat  when  open. 

4.  LIGtJSTRUM,  PRIVET  or  PHIM.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  Shrubs 
of  Old  AVorld,  planted  for  ornament,  with  short-petioled  entire  leaves  and 
panicles  of  small  flowers,  in  early  summer. 

L.  VUlg^re,  Common  P.,  of  Europe,  here  planted  for  hedges,  and  running 
wild  E. ;  leaves  small,  lance-ovate  or  lance-oblong. 

L.  Japonieum.  Cult,  from  Japan,  not  hardy  N.  :  has  long  and  widely 
spreading  branches,  larger  ovate  leaves,  and  larger  flowers  in  ample  panicles. 

5.  OLE  A,  OLIVE.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  Flowers  small,  and  in 
small  panicles  or  corymbs,  in  spring. 

O.  Europsea,  Olive  of  the  Levant,  sometimes  planted  far  S.  :  tree  with 
lanceolate  or  iancc-oblong  pale  entire  leaves,  whitish-scurfy  beneath,  and  oblong 
edible  oily  fniit. 


OLIVE    FAMILY.  281 

O.  Americana,  Devil-wood.  Wild  alon^^  the  coast  from  Virginia  S.  : 
small  tree,  with  lance-oblong  and  entire  very  smooth  green  leaves  (3' -6'  long), 
and  spherical  fruit. 

O.  fragrans,  or  OsmAnthus  fragrans,  of  Japan  and  China  (differing 
from  Olive  genus  in  the  almost  4-parted  corolla  and  2-parted  style),  cult,  in 
green-houses  for  the  exquisite  fragrance  of  its  very  small  flowers  ;  the  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  sharply  serrate,  bright  green,  very  smooth. 

6.  CHIOWANTHUS,  Fringe-Tree.  (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for 
snoiv  and  blossom,  from  the  very  light  and  loose  panicles  of  drooping  snow- 
white  flowers.) 

C.  Virginica,  Common  F.  River-banks  from  Penn.  S.,  and  planted  for 
ornament :  shrub  or  low  tree,  Avith  entire  oval  or  obovate  leaves  (3' -5'  long), 
the  lower  surface  often  rather  downy,  loose  panicles  of  flowers  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer,  petals  1'  long,  and  fruit  blue-purple  with  a  bloom. 

7.  FRAXINUS,  ASH.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  Timber-trees,  with  light 
and  tough  wood,  dark-colored  buds,  and  small  insignificant  flowers  appearing 
in  spring  with  or  rather  before  the  leaves  of  the  season,  from  separate  buds  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  year. 

§  1.   European  Ashes,  planted  as  shade  trees,  <Jr. :  Jlowers  polygamous. 

F.  drnus,  Flowering  Ash,  of  S.  Europe,  the  tree  which  furnishes  manna, 
not  hardy  N.,  sometimes  planted  S.  :  this  and  a  species  like  it  in  California  have 
4  petals,  cither  distinct  or  slightly  united,  or  sometimes  only  2,  narrow,  green- 
ish ;  leaflets  5-9,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  small. 

F.  excelsior,  English  or  European  Ash.  Hardy  fine  tree,  with  bright 
green  lance-ob!ong  leaflets  nearly  sessile  and  serrate ;  petals  none  and  calyx 
hardly  any  ;  fruit  flat,  linear-oblong.  The  Weeping  Ash  is  a  variety  or  sport 
of  this. 

§  2.   American  Ashes,  all  destitute  of  petals,  and  dioecious  or  mostly  so. 

*  Fruit  terete  at  the  base,  winged  from  the  other  aid:  calyx  nwiule,  persistent : 

leaflets  7-9,  or  sometimes  5,  stalked,  either  sparingly  toothed  or  entire. 

F.  Americana,  White  Ash.  Large  forest  tree  of  low  grounds,  furnish- 
ing valuable  timber ;  with  ash-gray  bi'anches,  smooth  stalks,  ovate  or  lance- 
oblong  pointed  leaflets  either  pale  or  downy  beneath  ;  and  rather  short  fruit 
with  a  terete  marginless  body  and  a  lanceolate  or  wedge-linear  wing. 

F.  pubescens,  Red  Ash.     Common  E.   &   S.  ;  known  by  its  velvety- 

Eubescent  young  shoots  and  leafstalks,  and  fruit  Avith  its  flattish  Vedgcd  seed- 
earing  body  acute  at  the  base,  the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  lance-linear 
or  oblanceolatc  wing. 

F.  viridis,  Green  Ash.  Like  the  last,  into  which  it  seems  to  pass,  but 
is  smooth,  with  leaves  bright  green  on  both  sides  :  a  smaller  tree,  most  common 
W.  &S. 

*  *  Fruit  flat  and  ivinged  all  round :  ^leaflets  mostly  green  both  sides  and  serrate. 

F.  sarabucif61ia,  Black  Ash.  8mall  tree  in  swamps,  N.  &  N.  W., 
with  tough  wood  separable  in  layers,  used  for  hoops  and  coarse  baskets  ;  the 
bruised  leaves  with  the  scent  of  Elder  :  smooth;  leaflets  7  - 11 ,  sessile  on  the 
main  stalk,  oblong-lanceolate  tapering  to  a  point ;  calyx  none,  at  lea^t  in  the 
fertile  flowers  ;  fruits  linear-oblong. 

F.  quadrangul^ta,  Blue  Ash.  Large  forest  tree  W.,  yielding  valuable 
wood ;  with  square  branchlets,  5-9  ovate  veiny  leaflets  on  short  stalks,  and 
narrowly  oblong  fruits. 

F.  piatycarpa,  Carolina  Water-Ash.  River  swamps  S  :  small  tree, 
with  terete  branchlets,  5-7  ovate  or  oWong  short-stalked  leaflets  acute  at  both 
ends,  and  broadly  winged  (sometimes  3-winged)  fruits,  oblong  with  a  tapering 
base. 

S&F— 23 


282  BIRTPIWORT    FAMILT. 

III.  APETALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  orders  with 
flowers  destitute  of  corolla ;  some  are  destitute  of  calyx  also. 

90.   ARISTOLOCHICAE^,  BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  from  all  other  apetalous  orders  by  the  numerous  ovules 
and  seeds  in  a  6-celled  ovary,  to  which  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx 
is  adherent,  the  latter  mostly  3-lobed,  the  stamens  genei-ally  G  or 
12.  Anthers  adnate  and  turned  outwards.  Calyx  dull-colored, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Leaves  petioled,  usually  heart-shaped,  not 
serrate.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  commonly  large.  Bitter,  tonic 
Of  stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic  plants. 

1.  ASARUM.     Low  stemless  herbs,  with  one  or  two  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a 

flower  at  the  end  of  a  creeping  aromatic  rootstock,  tlie  flowers  therefore 
close  to  the  ground.  Calyx  regular,  with  3  equal  lobes.  Stamens  12,  dis- 
tinct, borne  on  the  apex  of  the  ovary  or  the  base  of  the  stout  style,  usually 
pointed  beyond  the  anther.  Seeds  large,  thickish,  in  a  rather  fleshy  and 
u'rcgularly  bursting  pod. 

2.  AKIS  fOLO'CHIA.    Leafy-stemmed  herbs  or  woody  twiners.     Calyx  tubular 

variously  irregular,  often  curved.  Filaments  nonc^  anthers  adherent  directly 
and  by  their  whole  inner  face  to  the  outside  of  the  3  -  G-lobed  stigma.  Seeds 
very  flat,  in  a  dry  6-valved  pod. 

L  ASARUM,  ASARABACCA,  WILD    GINGER.     (Ancient  name,  of 
obscure  derivation.)     On  hillsides  in  rich  woods  :  fl.  sjmng.     11 
§  1.   Filaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers:  style  1,  thick,  hearing 
6  thick  stigmas :  leaves  a  single  pair  with  a  peduncle  between  them. 

A.  Canad6nse,  Canada  Wild  Ginger,  sometimes  called  Snakeroot. 
Common  N.  :  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  not 
evergreen  ;  calyx  bell-shaped  but  cleft  down  to  the  adherent  ovary,  brown- 
purple  inside,  the  abruptly  sj)rcading  lobes  pointed. 

§2.  Filaments  short  or  almost  none:  anthers  oblong -linear :  styles  6j.each  2-cleft, 
bearing  the  stigma  below  the  cleft :  leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  smooth,  ojlen 
mottled,  usually  only  one  each  year :  rootstocks  in  a  close  cluster. 

A.  VirginieurQj  Virginia  W.  Along  the  Alleghanies  S.  :  leaves  small, 
rounded  heart-shaped  ;  calyx  tubular-bcU-shaped  with  a  somewhat  narrowed 
throat  and  broad  short  lobes,  the  base  coherent  only  with  base  of  the  ovary. 

A.  arifdliura,  from  Virginia  S  ,  has  larger  somewhat  halberd-shaped 
leaves,  and  very  short  and  blunt  lobes  to  the  calyx. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  BIRTHWORT.  (Ancient  name,  from  medicinal 
properties.)  Cells  of  the  anthers  in  our  species  4  in  a  liorizontal  row  under 
each  of  the  3  lobes  of  the  stigma,  i.  e.  two  contiguous  2-celled  anthers  in  each 
set,  or  6  in  all.     Flowers  in  and  above  the  axils. 

A.  Serpentiiria,  Virginia  Snakeuoot  (used  in  medicine).  Rich  woods, 
chiefly  in  Middle  States  and  S.  :  low  downy  herb ;  stems  clustered  about  1° 
high ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped,  sometimes  halberd-form,  acute  ; 
flowers  all  next  the  root,  curved  hke  the  letter  S,  contracted  in  the  middle  and 
at  the  throat,  in  summer.     2/ 

A.  Sipho,  Pipe- Vine,  Dutchman's  Pipe  (from  the  shape  of  the  curved 
calyx).  Rich  woods  from  Penn.  along  the  mountains  S.  and  planted  for  arbors ; 
very  tall-climbing  woody  twiner,  smooth,  but  the  rounded  heart-shaped  leaves 
often  downy  beneath,  these  becoming  8' -12'  broad  ;  peduncles  with  a  clasping 
bract,  di'ooping ;  calyx  Ij'  long,  inflated  above  the  ovary,  narrowing  above, 
contracted  at  tlie  throat,  the  flat  border  brown-purple  and  obscurely  3-lobed : 
fl.  late  spring. 

A.  tomentosa.  Common  S. :  a  more  slender  woody  climber,  with  smaller 
rounder  and  very  veiny  downy  leaves,  and  yellowish  flower  with  an  oblique 
almost  closed  brownish  orifice,  the  border  reflexed  :  fl.  late  spring  or  summer. 


four-o'clock  family.  ?83 

91.  NYCTAGINACE^,  FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 

Represented  by  a  few  plants  with  tubular  or  funnel-forra  calyx 
colored  like  a  corolla,  and  falling  away  from  a  persistent  lower 
portion  which  closes  completely  over  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary 
and  seed-like  fruit,  forming  a  hard  and  dry  covering  which  would 
be  mistaken  for  a  true  pericarp.  Stamens  2-5,  the  long  slender 
filaments  hypogynous,  but  apt  to  adhere  somewhat  to  the  sides  of 
the  calyx-tube  above.  Embryo  coiled  around  some  mealy  albumen. 
(Lessons,  p.  15,  fig.  36,  37.)  Ours  are  herbs,  with  opposite  simple 
entire  or  wavy  leaves,  and  jointed  stems,  tunid  at  the  joints. 

1.  ABRONIA.    Flowers  small,  many  in  a  peduncled  nmbel-like  head  surrounded 

by  an  involucre  of  about  5  separate  bracts.  Calyx  salver-shaped  with  a 
slender  tube,  and  a  corolla-like  5-lobed  border,  which  is  plaited  in  the  bud, 
the  lobes  generally  notched  at  the  end.     Stamens  5  and  style  included. 

2.  OXYBAPHUS.     Flowers  small,  a  few  together  surrounded  by  a  5-lobed  invo- 

lucre, which  enlarges  and  becomes  thin,  membranaceous,  reticulated,  and 
wheel-shaped  after  flowering.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  expanding  into  a 'bell-shaped  5-lobed  corolla-like  border, 
open  only  for  a  day.  Stamens  (mostly  3)  and  slender  style  pi'otruding. 
Fruit  (persistent  bo^se  of  calyx)  akene-like,   strongly-ribbed. 

3.  MIRABILIS.     Flower  large,  in  the  common  species  only  a  single  one  in  the 

cup-shaped  5-cleft  green  involucre,  which  thus  exactly  imitates  a  calyx,  as 
the  tubular  funnel-shaped  or  almost  salver-shaped  delicate  calyx  does  a 
corolla.  Stamens  5,  and  especially  the  style  (tipped  with  a  shield-shaped 
stigma)  protinided.    Fruit  ovoid,  smooth  and  nearly  even. 

1.  ABRONIA.  (Name  from  Greek  word  meaning  delicate.)  Western 
North  American  herbs,  cultivated  for  ornament :  fl  all  summer.     ^ 

A.  Uinbellata,  from  coast  of  California,  has  prostrate  slender  stems,  ovate- 
ohlont?  slender  petioled  leaves,  and  rose-purple  flowers  open  by  day,  the  invo- 
lucre of  small  bracts. 

A.  fr^grans,  from  Rocky  Mountains,  hardy  N.,  has  ascending  branching 
stems,  lance-ovate  leaves,  and  white  sweet-scented  flowers  opening  at  sunset; 
the  involucre  of  conspicuous  ovate  scarious  and  whitish  bracts. 

2.  OXYBAPHUS.  (Name  from  a  Greek  word  for  a  vinegar-saucer,  from 
the  shape  of  the  involucre.)  If.  Several  species  on  Western  plains  :  fl.  rose- 
purple,  all  summer. 

O.  nyctagineUS.  Rocky  or  gravelly  soil  from  Wisconsin  W.  &  S. : 
smooth  or  smoothish ;  leaves  petioled,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  heart-shaped  at  base. 

O.  ^Ibidus.  From  North  Carolina  S.  :  often  hairy  above ;  leaves  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  acute  at  base,  lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  fruit  more  hairy. 

3.  MIRABILIS,  FOUR-O'CLOCK  or  MARVEL-OF-PERU.  (Clu- 
sius  called  it  Adiniral>i/is,  which  Linnteus  shortened.)  Natives  of  warm  parts 
of  America  :  roots  very  large  and  fleshy ;  leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped, 
the  lower  petioled  ;  flowers  mostly  clustered,  showy,  opening  towards  sunset 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  produced  all  summer.     '^ 

M.  Jal^pa.  Cult,  for  ornament  in  many  varieties  as  to  flower  (red,  yellow, 
white,  or  variegated),  its  tube  only  2'  long  and  thickish,  stamens  shorter  than 
its  sj)rcading  border  ;  whole  plant  nearly  smooth. 

M.  longiflbra.  Less  common  in  cult. ;  tube  of  the  sweet-scented  flower 
6'  long  and  clammy-hairy  (as  well  as  the  upper  leaves) ;  stamens  shorter  than 
its  spreading  white  border. 

M.  Wrighti^na.  Texas  and  cult. :  more  slender  than  the  last,  nearly 
smooth,  tube  of  the  smaller  and  more  slender  fointly  fragrant  flower  4'  long, 
the  border  white  tinged  with  rose ;  stamens  and  style  much  protruding. 


284  '  GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY. 

92.  PHYTOLACCACE^,  POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

A  small  family,  represented  here  only  by  a  single  species  of  the 
principal  genus, 

1.   PHYTOLACCA,    POKE  or  POKEWEED.      (A  mongrel  name,  of 

the  Greek  word  for  plant  prefixed  to  the  French  lac,  lake,  alluding?  to  the 

crimson  coloring-matter  of  the  berries.)     Calyx  of  .5  rounded  petal-like  white 

sepals.     Stamens  5-30.     Ovary  of  several  ccll^  and  lobes,  bearing  as  many 

short  styles,  in  fruit  a  depressed  juicy  berry,  containing  a  ring  of  vertical 

seeds  ;  these  formed  on  the  plan  of  those  of  the  next  family.     21 

P.  dee^ndra,   Common  P.  or  Score,  Garget,  &c.      Coarse  smooth 

weed  of  low  grounds,  with  large  acrid-poisonous  root,  stout  stems  6° -9°  high, 

alternate  ovate-oblong  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  racemes  becoming  lateral 

opposite  a  leaf,  in  summer,  ripening  the  dark  crimson  purple  berries  in  autumn ; 

stamens,  styles,  and  seeds  10. 

93.  CHENOPODIACE^,  GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

Represented  chiefly  by  homely  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  green- 
ish flowers  i  the  l-celled  ovary  has  a  single  ovule  and  ripens  into 
an  akene  or  utricle,  containing  a  single  seed,  usually  with  embryo 
coiled  more  or  less  around  mealy  albumen.  Leaves  chiefly  alter- 
nate. Plants  neither  attractive  nor  easy  to  students  ;  only  the 
cultivated  plants  and  commonest  weeds  here  given. 

^  1.    Cultivated  for  ornament,  twining  plant,  with  white  flowers :  calyx  corolla-like. 

1.  BOUSSINGAULTIA.     Flowers  in  slender  spikes  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 

perfect.  Calyx  6-paried,  spreading,  and  with  one  or  two  exterior  sepals  or 
bracts.  Stamens  6.  Avith  slender  filaments.  Style  slender:  stigmas  3,  club- 
shaped.     Fruit  a  thin  akene,  pointed  with  the  persistent  style. 

^  2.    Cultivated  for  food,  Jrom  Eu. :  flmcers  greenish,  as  is  usual  in  the  family. 

2.  BETA.     Flowers  perfect,  clustered,  with  3  bracts  and  a  5-cleft  calyx  becoming 

indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  hard  akene,  the  bases  of  the  two  coherent. 
Stamens  5.    Style  short:  stigmas  mostly  2.     Seed  horizontal. 

3.  SPINACIA.     Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillaiy  close  clusters;  the  staminate  ones 

racemed  or  spiked,  consisting  of  a  4-5-lobed  calyx  and  as  many  stamens. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  tubular  calyx  which  is  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex  and 
2-3-horned  on  the  sides,  hardening  and  enclosing  the  akene.  Styles  4. 
Seed  vertical. 

§  3.    Weeds  of  cultivation,  or  of  roadsides,  fields,  ^c.     Fhicers  perfect,  bractless. 

4.  BLITUM.     Flowers  in  close  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  which  are  sometimes 

confluent  into  inteiTupted  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted,  becoming  fleshy  or 
berry-like  in  fruit  in  the  genuine  species.  Stamens  1-5.  Styles  or  stigmas 
2.     Seed  vertical  in  the  calyx. 

5.  CHENOPODIUM.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  collected  in  spiked  or  sometimes 

open  panicles.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft,  not  succulent  in  fruit.  Ovary  and 
utricle  depressed.  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  297.)  Styles  2,  rarely  3.  Seed 
horizontal,  or  in  a  few  species  occasionally  vertical. 

The  following  also  are  common  species  along  the  coast  or  near  salt-water  :  — 

Atriplex  p^tula,  and  one  or  two  other  species  of  Orach  b:  most  like 
Spinacia,  but  scurfy  or  mealy. 

Salicornia  herbaeea,  and  tAvo  other  species  of  Glassavort  :  low,  leaf- 
less, fleshy,  jointed,  branching  plants,  with  the  flowers  sunken  in  the  fleshy 
spikes. 

Suasda  maritima,  Sea  Elite  :  with  branching  stems,  and  small  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  linear  nearly  terete  fleshy  leaves. 

S^sola  Kali,   Saltwort  :    bushy-branching  annual,  with  awl-shaped 


GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.  285 

prickly  pointed  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  horizontal  wings  on  the  back  of  the 
fruiting  calyx,  making  a  circular  broad  border. 

1.  BOUSSINGAXJLTIA.     (Named  for   the   traveller  and  agricultural 

chemist,  IJoussingault.) 

B.  baselloides,  of  South  America  :  high  twining  plant,  in  cultivation  her- 
baceous, from  oblong  tubers  resembling  small  potatoes  :  smooth,  with  some- 
Avhat  heart-shaped  succulent  leaves,  and  slender  racemes  of  deliciously  fragrant 
small  flowers  in  autumn.     ^ 

2.  BETA,  BEET.     (Latin  name.)     One  species  in  cuhivation,  viz. :  — 

B.  vulg^is,  CoMMOx  Bekt,  from  S.  Eu. :  cult  in  many  varieties,  with 
ovatc-oblong  smooth  often  wavy-margined  leaves,  sometimes  purple-tinged  ; 
flower-clusters  spiked  ;  root  conical  or  spindle-shaped.  Mangel  Wurtzel  or 
Scarcity-Root  is  a  mere  variety,  the  root  used  for  feeding  cattle.     (2) 

« 

3.  SPINACIA,  SPINACH.  (Name  from  Latin  for  spine  or  thorn;  prob- 
ably from  the  horns  or  projections  on  the  fruiting-calyx  which  become  rather 
spiny  in  one  variety. ) 

S.  oler^eea,  CoMMon  Spinach,  cult,  from  the  Orient,  as  a  pot-herb ;  the 
soft-fleshy  leaves  triangular  or  ovate  and  petioled.     (I)  (2) 

4.  BLITUM,  ELITE.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  some  pot-herb 
or  of  the  Amaranth.)     El.  summer. 

B.  capit^tum,  Strawberry  Elite,  the  flower-heads  as  the  fruit  matures 
becoming  bright  red  and  juicy,  like  strawberries  ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd- 
shaped,  wavy-toothed,  smooth  and  bright  green.  Dry  banks,  margins  of  woods, 
&c.  N.,  sometimes  in  gardens.     @  (i) 

B.  Bonus-Henrieus,'  Good-King-Henry,  cult,  in  some  old  gardens,  is 
between  a  Elite  and  a  Goosefoot,  being  slightly  mealy,  as  in  the  latter,  and  the 
calyx  not  fleshy  nor  fully  enclosing  the  fruit,  but  the  seed  is  vertical ;  leaves 
triangular  and  partly  halberd-shaped  ;  flower-clusters  crowded  in  an  interrupted 
terminal  spike.     ^ 

5.  CHENOPODIUM,  GOOSEFOOT  (which  the  name  denotes  in 
Greek),  PIGWEED,  &c.     Weeds  :  11.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

§  1.   Either  smooth  or  with  scurf  1/  mealiness,  insipid,  never  hair?/  nor  aromatic.  ® 

C.  Alburn,  White  G.  or  Lajib's-Quarters;  the  commonest  species  in  all 
cult,  grouiul :  pale,  more  or  less  mealy,  with  leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  either  anglcd-toothed  or  entire,  and  flower-clusters  in  dense  pani- 
cled  spikes.  Var.  EosciXnum,  Avild  in  shady  ])laces,  mostly  S.,  has  loose 
branches,  obscure  mealiness,  and  smaller  loosely  clustered  flowers. 

C.  Tirbicum,  in  waste  grounds,  is  dull  green,  scarcely  mealy,  the  triangular 
leaves  coarsely  and  sharply  many-toothed,  flower-clusters  in  dense  panicled 
spikes,  and  seed  with  I'ounded  margins. 

C.  hybridum,  Maple-leaved  G.  Waste  grounds,  unpleasantly  scented 
like  Stramonium,  bright  green  throughout;  the  widely  branching  stem  2° -4° 
high  ;  the  thin  large  leaves  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  sinuate  and  angled,  the 
angles  extended  into  a  few  taper-pointed  coarse  teeth ;  racemes  in  loose  and 
leafless  panicles  ;  seed  sharp-edged. 

§  2.  Not  meali/  or  scurfi/,  but  miniUeli/  glandular  or  pubescent,  aromatic-scented: 
the  seed  sometimes  vertical.     0  © 

C.  Bbtrys,  Jerusalem  Oak  or  Feather  Geranium.  Gardens  and 
some  roadsides :  low,  spreading,  almost  clammy-pubescent,  sweet-scented ; 
leaves  sinuatc-iinnatiiid,  slender-petiolcd  ;  racemes  loosely  corymbed. 

C.  ambrosioides,  Mexican  Tea,  Wormseed.  Waste  grounds,  especi- 
ally S. :  rather  stout,  smoothish,  strong-scented  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
vaiwing  from  entire  to  cut-i)innatitid,  nearly  sessile  ;  spikes  dense,  leafy  or  leaf- 
less. This,  especially  the  more  cut-leaved  var.  ANTiiELMfxTicuM,  is  used  as  a 
vermifuge,  and  yields  the  wormseed-oil. 


286  AMARANTH    FAMILY. 

94.   AMARANTACE-aS,  AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Weeds  and  some  ornamental  plants,  chieflj  herbs,  essentially  like 
the  foregoing  family,  but  the  flowers  provided  with  dry  and  mostly 
scarious  crowded  persistent  bracts,  and  the  fruit  sometimes  several- 
seeded.  The  cultivated  sorts  are  ornamental,  like  Immortelles,  on 
account  of  their  colored  dry  bracts  which  do  not  wither. 

^  1.   Leaves  alternate^  mostly  long-petioled :  anthers  2-ceUed. 

1.  AMARANTHS.      Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  each  with  3  bracts. 

Calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3,  equal  erect  sepals,  smooth.  Stamens  5,  some- 
times 2  or  3.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Ovule  solitary,  on  a  stalk  from  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Fruit  an  utricle,  2-3-pointed  at  apex,  usually  ojjening  all  round 
transversely,  the  upper  part  falling  ofl[' as  a  lid  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  298), 
discharging  the  seed.     Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters. 

2.  CELOSIA.     Flowers  perfect.     Ovules  and  seeds  numerous.     Otherwise  nearly 

as  Amarantus,  but  the  crowded  spikes  imbricated  with  shining  coloreci 
bracts.  In  cultivation  the  spikes  are  often  changed  into  broad  crests. 
§  2.  Leaves  opposite :  anthers  1-celled. 
8.  GOMPHRENA.  Flowers  perfect,  chieflj'  in  terminal  round  heads,  crowded 
with  the  firm  colored  bracts.  Calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals.  Stamens  5, 
monadelphous  below:  filaments  broad,  3-cleft  at  summit,  the  middle  lobe 
bearing  a  1-celled  anther  (Lessons,  p.  114,  fig.  239).     Utricle  1-seeded. 

Achyr^nthes  or  Ireslne  Verschaflf^ltii  is  lately  cult,  for  its  red 
foliage,  a  poor  substitute  for  Coleus,  except  in  shade,  where  it  has  clear  red 
stems,  its  ovate  or  roundish  opposite  leaves  strongly  veined  or  blotched  with  red, 
or  wholly  crimson. 

Iresine  celosioides,  a  wild  tall  weed,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  panicles 
of  small  wliitc-woolly  fiuwcrs,  is  common  S.  W. 

Acnlda  cannabina,  in  salt-marshes  along  the  coast,  is  a  tall  annual,  like 
an  Amaranth,  but  diwcious,  bracts  inconspicuous,  and  the  fleshy  indchiscent 
fruit  3  -  5-angled  and  crested. 

1.  AMARANTUS,  AMARANTH.  {Yvom  Greek  for  unfading.)  Coarse 
weeds  of  cult,  and  waste  grounds,  and  one  or  two  cultivated  for  ornament : 
fl.  late  summer.     Bracts  commonly  awn-pointed.     0 

§  1.    Red  Amaranths,  the  Jlower -clusters  or  the  leaves  tinged  ivith  red  or  purple. 

A.  caud^tus,  Princes'  Feather.  Cult,  from  India  :  tall,  stout ;  leaves 
ovate,  bright  green  ;  spikes  red,  naked,  long  and  slender,  in  a  drooping  panicle, 
the  terminal  one  forming  a  very  long  tail. 

A.  hypochondriacus.  '  Cult,  from  Mexico,  &c.  :  stout ;  leaves  oblong, 
often  reddish-tinged  ;  flower-clusters  deep  crimson-purple,  sliort  and  thick,  the 
upper  making  an  interrupted  blunt  spike. 

A.  panicul^tUS.  Coarse  weed  in  gardens  :  the  oblong-ovate  or  lance- 
oblong  leaves  often  blotched  or  veined  with  purple ;  flowers  in  rather  slender 
purplish-tinged  spikes  collected  in  an  erect  terminal  panicle. 

A.  inelancll61icus,  Love-lies-Bleeding.  Cult,  from  China  or  India: 
rather  Ioav  ;  stems  and  stalks  red  ;  the  ovate  thin  leaves  dark  purple  or  partly 
green  ;  or,  in  var.  tricolor,  greenish  with  red  or  violet  and  yelloAv  variously 
mixed  ;  sepals  and  stamens  only  3. 

§  2.    Green  Amaranths,  or  Pigweeds,  flowers  and  leaves  green  or  greenish. 

A.  retrofl^XUS,  Common  Pigweed  :  erect,  roughish-pubcscent  or  smooth- 
er ;  spikes  crowded  in  a  stifl"  panicle,  the  awn-pointed  bracts  rigid. 

A.  spinbsus,  Thorny  A.  Waste  ground,  chiefly  S. :  dull  green  leaves 
with  a  pair  of  spines  in  their  axils  ;  flowers  small,  yellowish-green,  in  round 
axillary  clusters  and  in  a  long  terminal  spike. 

A.  4lbus.  Roadsides  and  streets,  spreading  over  the  ground  ;  with  obovate 
and  spatulate  leaves,  flowers  all  in  small  clusters  in  their  axils  and  covered  by 
rigid  sharp-pointed  bracts  ;  sepals  3  ;  stamens  2  or  3. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.  287 

2.   CELOSIA,  COCKSCOMB.     (Name  in  Greek  means  dried,  alluding  to 

the  scarious  bracts.)     Fl»  summer.     ® 

C.  erist^ta,  Common  C.  of  the  gardens,  from  India,  in  various  usually 
monstrous  forms,  the  showy  flower-crests  crimson-red,  sometimes  rose-colored, 
yellow,  or  white. 

8.    GOMPHRENA.     (Ancient  name  of  an  Amaranth.)    Fl.  summer, 

G.  globdsa,  Globe  Amaranth  or  Bachelor's-Button.  Cult,  from 
India  :  low,  branching,  pubescent,  with  oblong  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  dense 
round  heads  crimson,  rose-color,  or  white. 


95.   POLYGONACEiE,  BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  alternate  entire  leaves  having  stipules  in  the  form 
of  scarious  or  membranous  sheaths  at  the  strongly  marked  usually 
tumid  joints  of  the  stem.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  on  jointed  pedi- 
cels, with  green  or  colored  4-6-parted  usually  persistent  or  wither- 
ing calyx,  4-9  stamens  on  its  base,  2  or  3  stigmas,  1-celled  ovary 
with  a  single  ovule  rising  from  its  base  (Lessons,  p.  122,  fig.  268), 
forming  an  akene  or  nutlet.  Embryo  mostly  on  the  outside  of 
mealy  albumen,  the  radicle  pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit. 

Eriogonum  differs  in  having  no  obvious  stipules,  and  the 
flowers  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  There  are  a  few  species 
of  the  genus  S.  and  S.  W.,  and  many  near  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

§  1.    Calyx  of  5,  rarely  4,  more  oi'  less  petal-like  similar  sepals^  erect  after  flowering. 

1.  POLYGONUM.     Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  else  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Akene  either  lenticular  when  there  are  2  stigmas,  or  triangular  when  there 
are  3.     Embiyo  curved  round  one  side  of  the  albumen:  cotyledons  narrow. 

2.  FAGOPYRUM.     Differs  from  one  section  of  Polygonum  mainly  in  having  an 

embryo  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  which  is  divided  into  2  parts  by  the 
very  broad  leaf-like  cotyledons.     The  triangular  akene  longer  than  the  calyx. 

§  2.    Calyx  of  6  sepals  often  of  two  sorts :  styles  3. 

3.  RHEUM.     Sepals  all  similar,  petal-like,  withering-persistent  underneath  the 

3-winged  fruit.     Stigmas  capitate  or  wedge-shaped.     Stamens  9. 

4.  RUMEX.     Sepals  of  2  sorts;  the  3  outer  ones  herbaceous  and  at  length  spread- 

ing; the  alternate  inner  3  larger,  somewhat  colored,  enlarging  after  flowering, 
becoming  veiny  and  dry,  often  bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  back,  and 
convergent  over  the  3-angled  akene.     Stigmas  a  hairy  tuft.     Stamens  6. 

I.  POLYGONUM,  KNOT  WEED,  JOINTWEED.  (The  name  in  Greek 
means  manij-jointed. )  Chiefly  Aveeds  ;  some  with  rather  showy  flowers  ;  the 
following  are  the  commonest :  fl.  late  summer  and^  autumn. 

§  1.  Flowers  along  the  stem,  nearlxf  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  almoit  sessile  linear  or 
oblong  leaves,  small,  greenish-white :  sheaths  scai'ious,  usually  cleft  or  torn 
and  fringed.     (T) 

P.  avioul^re,  Kvot-grass,  Goose-grass,  or  Doorweed.  Prostrate 
or  spreading  and  variable  low  weed,  with  ])ale  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves, 
commonly  5  stamens,  and  dull  3-sided  akene  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Yar. 
ERECTUM,  has  more  upright  stems,  and  larger  oblong  or  oval  leaves. 

P.  ramosissimum.  Chiefly  W.  in  sandy  soil :  with  nearly  erect  much- 
branched  and  rigid  striate  stems  2° -4°  high  ;  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  taper- 
ing  into  a  ])etiole,  and  a  glossy  akene ;  sepals  6  and  stamens  6  or  3,  or  else 
sepals  5  with  4  or  5  stamens. 


288  BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY. 

P.  t6nue.  Rocky  dry  soil :  slender,  upright,  with  thread-like  branches, 
along  which  the  upper  flowers  form  a  loose  leafy  spike ;  leaves  narrow  linear, 
acute ;  akene  shining^ 

§  2.   Flowers  collected  in  terminal  spUces  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-purple  or  flesh- 
color,  or  rarely  white  or  greenish. 

*  Leaves  small  and  thread-like  or  at  lengih  none :  the  sheaths  truncate,  naked,  rigid: 

many-jointed  raceme  with  a  single  flower  under  each  bract. 
P.  articuld-tum.     Sandy  shores  and  barrens  :  a  slender  little  plant,  bushy- 
branching,  4' -12'   high;   flowers   rose-colored,   nodding;    stamens  8;  akene 
triangular,     (i) 

*  *  Leaves   ovate,    sJiort-petioled :    sheaths   cylindrical,  f ringed-hairy :    greenish 

flowers  1  -  3  from  each  bract  of  the  long  and  slender  spikes,  unequally  4- 
parted ;  the  2  styles  reflexed  on  the  lenticular  akene  and  hooked  at  the  tip. 
P.  Virgini^num.     Thickets  :  20-40  high,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  rough- 
ciliate,  3'  -  6'  long  ;  flower  somewhat  curved  ;  stamens  5.     21 

*  *  *  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,   or  ovate,  chiefly  petioled :  sheaths  cylindrical: 

flowers  several  from  each  bract  of  the  spike,  b-parted. 
•»-  Sheaths  mostly  with  an  abruptly  spreading  foliaceous  border  {ivhich  sometimes 
falls  ojf)  :  tall,  30  -  80  high,  with  dense  cylindrical  nodding  spikes  of  rose- 
colored  flowers,  apdflat  akeJies. 

P.  orient^e,  Princes'  Feather.  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds,  from 
India  :  with  large  ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  7  stamens. 

P.  C^reyi.  Swam])s  from  Pennsylvania  N.  &  E. :  with  lanceolate  leaves, 
glandular  bristly  peduncles,  and  5  stamens. 

"<- "»-  Sheaths  truncate,  without  a  border. 

++  Herbage  and  flowers  not  acrid  nor  punctate  with  pellucid  c/lands  or  dots. 

=  In  moist  soil :  leaves  lanceolate  :  plants  nearly  smooth.     ® 

P.  incarn^tum.  Tall,  30- go  high;  leaves  tapering  from  near  the  base 
to  a  narrow  ])oint  (4' -12'  long)  ;  sheaths  smooth  and  naked  ;  peduncles  rough 
with  scattered  sessile  glands  ;  spikes  linear,  nodding ;  flowers  flesh-color  or  pale 
rose  ;  the  6  stamens  and  2  styles  included  ;  akene  flat  with  concave  sides. 

P.  Pennsylvanicum/  Stems  10-30  high,  the  branches  above  and  pe- 
duncles bristly  with  stalked  glands  ;  sheaths  naked ;  spikes  oblong,  thick  and 
blunt,  erect ;  flowers  rose-purple ;  stamens  8,  a  little  protruding ;  style  2-cleit ; 
akene  with  flat  sides. 

P.  Persicaria,  Lady's  Thumb.  Nat.  from  Eu.  near  dAvellings,  about 
10  high:  upper  face  of  leaves  with  a  dark  blotch  near  the  middle;  sheaths 
somewhat  bristly-ciliate ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  naked  peduncles  ; 
flowers  greenish-purple ;  stamens  mostly  6 ;  style  2  -  3-cleft ;  akene  either 
flattish  or  triangular. 

=  =  In  water  :  stems  rooting  below.    2J. 

P.  amphibium.  Water  p.  Chiefly  N.  :  stems  often  simple  bearing  a 
single  ovate  or  oblong  dense  spike  or  head  of  pretty  large  and  showy  i-ose-red 
flowers  ;  leaves  oblong,  heart-oblong,  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  long- 
petioled,  often  floating  ;  sheaths  not  fringed  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2-clcft. 

P.  hydropiperoides.  Commonest  S.  :  stems  slender,  rising  out  of 
shallow  Avatcr  IO-30  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  ;  sheaths 
hairy  and  fringed  with  long  bristles  ;  spikes  erect,  slender  ;  flowers  small,  pale 
or  white  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  akene  sharply  triangular. 

++  •*-*■  Herbage   (smooth)  pungently  acrid :    leai:es  and  pale  sepals  marked  with 
pellucid  dots  cr  glands,  in  which  the  acrid  quality  resides  :  sheaths  fringed 
ivith  bristles. 
P.  ^cre,  Water  Smartweed.     Shallow  water  or  wet  soil :  stems  rooting 
at  the  decumbent  base,  rising  2° -40  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  taper- 
pointed  ;  spikes  slender,  erect ;  flowers  whitish  or  pale  flesh-color  ;  stamens  8  ; 
akene  sharply  triangular,  shining.     21 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.  289 

P.  Hydrdpiper,  Commox  S.  or  Water  'Pepper.     Low  or  wet  grounds 

N.  :    l°-2°  high;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  spikes   nodding,   mostly   short; 
flowers  greenish-white  ;  stamens  6  ;  akene  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular.  0 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  petiokd :  sheaths  half-cylindrical. 
•*-  Tear-thumb.     Stems  with  spreading  branches,  the  angles  and  petio'es  armed 

with  sharp  reflexed  prickles,  bij  which  the  plant  is  enabled  almost  to  climb : 
/lowers  in  peduncled  heads  or  short  racemes,  white  orjlesh-color.  (T) 

P.  arifdlium.  Low  grounds  :  leaves  halberd-shaped,  long-petioled ;  the 
peduncles  glandular-bristly  ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  2  ;  akene  lenticular. 

P.  sagitt^tum.  Low  grounds  :  leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  the 
peduncles  naked ;  stamens  mostly  8  ;  styles  3  ;  akene  sharply  5-angled. 

•♦-  •*-  Black  Bixdw^eed.  Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  flowers  whitish,  in  loose 
panicled  racemes  :  three  outermost  of  the  5  divisions  of  the  calyx  keeled  or 
crested,  at  least  in  fruit :  stamens  8  :  styles  3  :  akenes  triangular. 

P.  Conv61vulus.  Low  twining  or  spreading  weed  from  Eu.,  in  culti- 
vated fields,  &c.  :  smoothish,  with  heart-shaped  and  almost  halberd-shaped 
leaves,  and  very  small  flowers.     (T) 

P.  cilinbde.  Rocky  shady  places :  tall-twining,  rather  downy,  a  ring  of 
reflexed  bristles  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  angled-heart-shaped  ;  outer  sepals  hardly 
keeled.     % 

P.  duinet6rum,  Cumbixg  False  Buckwheat.  Moist  thickets  :  tall- 
twining,  smooth  ;  joints  naked ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  approaching  halberd- 
shaped  ;  panicles  leafy ;  outer  sepals  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit  irregularly 
winged.     % 

2.  PAGOPYRUM,  BUCKWHEAT.  (The  botanical  name,  from  the 
Greek,  and  the  popular  name,  from  the  German,  both  denote  Deech-ivheat,  the 
grain  resembling  a  diminutive  beech-nut.)  Cult,  from  N.  Asia,  for  the  flour 
of  its  grain  :  fl.  summer.     ® 

P.  eseulentum,  Common  B.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  triangular-heart- 
shaped  inclining  to  halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  on  long-petioles*;  sheaths 
half-cylindrical ;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so  in  corymbose  panicles  ;  stamens  8, 
with  as  many  honey-bearing  glands  interposed ;  styles  3  ;  acutely  triangular 
akene  large. 

P.  tart^ricum,  Tartary  or  Indian  Wheat.  Cult,  for  flour  on  our 
N.  E.  frontiers  and  N.  :  like  the  other,  but  flowers  smaller  and  tinged  with 
yellowish  ;  grain  half  the  size,  with  its  less  acute  angles  wavy. 

3.  RHEUM,  RHUBARB.  (Name  said  to  come  from  the  Greek,  and  to 
refer  to  the  purgative  ])roperties  of  the  root ;  that  of  several  species,  of  N. 
Asia,  yield  oflieinal  rhubirb.)      % 

R.  Rhaponticura,  Garden  R.  or  Pie-plant  ;  the  large  fleshy  stalks  of 
the  ample  rounded  leaves,  filled  with  pleasantly  acid  juice,  cooked  in  spring  as 
a  substitute  for  fruit ;  flowers  white,  in  late  spring. 

4.  RUMEX,  DOCK,  SORREL.  (Old  Latin  name.)  The  three  enlarged 
sepals  which  cover  the  fruit  are  called  valves.  Flowers  greenish,  in  whorls 
on  the  branches,  forming  panicled  i-acemes  or  interrupted  spikes. 

§  1.    Dock.     Herbage  bitter:  flowers  perfect  or  partly  monoecious,  in  summer. 

*  In  marshes  :  stem  erect,  stout :  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  flat,  not  wavy  : 

valves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy-toothed  in  the  first  species.      ^ 

R.  orbicul^tus,  Great  Water  Dock.  Common  N.  :  50-0°  high; 
leaves  often  l°-2°  long;  flowers  nodding  on  slender  pedicels;  the  valves 
round-ovate  or  almost  orbicular,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  nearly  ^'  wide,  each 
bearing  a  grain. 

R.  Britannica,  Pale  D.    Commoner  S.  •  2° -6°  high  ;  pedicels  nodding, 
shorter  than   the  fruiting  calyx,  which  has  broadly  ovate  loosely  reticulated 
valves,  one  with  a  large  grain,  the  others  commonly  naked ;  root  yellow. 
19 


290  LAUREL    FAMILY. 

R.  salicif61ius,  White  D.  Salt  marshes  :  lo-3°  hi^h  ;  pedicels  much 
shorter  thaii  the  fruiting  calyx  and  in  much-crowded  whorls,  forming  a  spike  ; 
valves  more  triangular  than  in  the  foregoing  and  smaller,  their  grain  very 
large ;  root  white. 

R.  vertieillatus,  Swamp  D,  Common  N.  :  3° -5°  high;  whorls  loose  ; 
fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender  and  club-shaped,  abruptly  reflexed  ;  valves  some- 
what rhombic  and  with  narrow  blunt  apex,  each  bearing  a  very  large  grain ; 
leaves  thickish,  the  lowest  often  heart-shaped  at  base. 

*  *  Weeds  nat.  from  Europe  in  cult,  or  ivaste  rjround :  stem  erect,  2° -4°  high  : 
lower  hives  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  all  more  or  less  wavy : 
root  commonly  yellow  and  spindle-shaped.      IJ. 

R.  Crispus,  CuRLKD  D.  Leaves  green,  lanceolate,  very  wavy-curled,  the 
lower  rather  truncate  than  heact-shaped  at  base ;  whorla  crowded  in  long 
racemes  ;  valves  rounded,  heart-shaped,  nearly  entire  ;  mostly  grain-bearing. 

R.  sanguineus,  Bloody-veined  or  Red  D.  Leaves  less  curled  and 
red-veined,  knceolate  or  oblong ;  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves 
nari'owly  oblong,  one  or  more  grain-bearing. 

R.  Obtusifblius,  Bitter  D.  Leaves  little  wavy,  the  upper  lance-ob'ong 
and  acute,  lower  oblong-heart-shaped  and  obtuse ;  whorls  loose  and  distant  ; 
valves  ovate,  partly  halberd-shaped,  beset  with  some  long  sharp  teeth  near  the 
base,  usually  only  one  grain-bearing. 

*  *  *  Sandy  sea-shore  and  river-banks  N. :  5' -12'  high,  spreading.     ® 

R.  maritimus.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  lance-linear,  wavy-margined, 
the  lower  auriclcd  or  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  whorls  much  crowded  into  leafy 
spikes  ;  valves  rhombic-oblong  with  a  tapering  point,  turning  orange-colored,  a 
large  grain  on  the  back  and  2  or  3  long  stout  bristles  on  each  margin. 

§  2.  Sorrels.  Herhaqe  acid:  some  leaves  halberd-shaped,  others  with  entire 
narroired  base :  flowers  dioecious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle :  valves 
naked :  fi.  spring  and  summer.      "21 

R.  Aeetos611a,  Common  or  Sheep  Sorrel.  Low  weed  in  all  sterile 
fields  ;  leaves  lance-ol)long  or  halberd-shaped,  the  lobes  or  auricles  narrow  ;  pedi- 
cels jointed  with  the  flower  ;  ovate  valves  hardly  enlarging  in  fruit. 

R.  Engelm^nni,  only  S.  &  W.,  differs  in  pedicels  jointed  near  the  mid- 
dle, and  thin  rounded  heart-shaped  valves  becoming  many  times  larger  than 
the  akene. 

96.   LAURACE^,  LAUREL  FAMILY. 

Spicy-aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  the  alternate  simple  leaves  (with 
entire  margins  but  sometimes  lobed)  more  or  less  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots  ;  the  regular  flowers  with  a  calyx  of  4  or  6 
sepals  imbricated  in  two  ranks  in  the  bud,  and  free  from  the 
ovary  ;  the  latter  is  terminated  by  a  simple  style  and  stigma,  is 
1-celled  with  a  hanging  ovule,  and  in  fruit  becomes  a  berry  or 
drupe.  The  stamens  (in  ours  9)  furnish  a  special  character,  their 
anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  !  To  this  family  belong  the 
classical  Laurel  or  Bay,  the  Cinnamon,  the  Camphor-tree,  &c. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  panicles. 

1.  PERSEA.     Calyx  6-parted,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry.     Stamens  9 

with  anthers,  the  3  outer  of  which  are  turned  outwards,  the  6  others  inward; 
also  3  glands  or  sterile  filaments  forming  an  innermost  row.     The  two  proper 
cells  of  the  anther  with  a  lower  and  an  upper  chamber,  making  4  compart- 
ments, each  opening  by  a  valve  in  the  manner  of  a  trap-door. 
*  *  Flowers  toholly  or  nearly  diceciotis,  greenish-yellmo,  leaves  deciduous. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     Flowers  in  an  open  corymbed  and  peduncled  cluster,  with 

spreading  6-parted  calyx:  sterile  ones  with  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  filaments 
of  the  three  inner  with'  a  pair  of  yellow  stalked  glands  on  their  base.  Anthers 
with  4  chambers  as  in  the  preceding.  Fertile  flowers  with  6  i-udiments  of 
stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary,  becoming  a  drupe. 


MEZERUM   FAMILY.  291 

8.  LINDERA.  Flowers  in  sessile  lateral  clusters,  with  a  6-parted  honey-yellow 
calyx:  sterile  ones  with  9  stamens  having  simply  2-celled  and  2-valved 
anthei-s;  the  inner  3  filaments  lobed  and  glandular  at  base.  Fertile  flowers 
with  a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  bv  numerous  rudiments  of  stamens. 
Berry  red,  oval;  the  stalk  not  thickened. 

4.  TETRANTHERA.  Flowers  in  small  lateral  clustered  umbels,  with  6-parted 
deciduous  calyx:  sterile  ones  with  9  similar  stamens;  anthers  turned  in- 
wards, the  2  cells  with  2  chambers,  each  opening  by  a  valve,  as  in  Sassafras. 
•  Fertile  flowers  with  a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  by  numerous  rudiments  of 
stamens,  and  becoming  a  globular  drupe  or  beny. 

1.  PERSE  A,  EED  BAY.     (Ancient  of  some  Oriental  tree.)     Leaves  ever- 
green :  flowers  greenish-white,  in  summer. 

P.  Carolindnsis,  CAnoLixA  Red  Bay.  Tree  or  large  shrub,  in  low 
grounds,  from  Delaware  S. :  hoary  when  young,  the  oblong  leaves  soon  smooth 
above  ;  berries  blue  on  a  red  stalk. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     (The  popular  name  of  this  very  well-known  tree.) 

S.  oflS-Cinale,  Sassafras.  In  rich  woods  :  a  fine  tree  with  mucilaginous 
yellowish  twigs  and  foliage,  spicy  bark,  flowers  appearing  in  spring  with  the 
leaves ;  these  ovate  and  obovate,  and  some  of  them  3-cleft,  smooth  when  old ; 
fruit  blue  on  a  club-shaped  rather  fleshy  stalk. 

3.  LINDERA,     SPICEBUSH,    WILD   ALLSPICE,    FEVERBUSH. 

(Named  for  J.  Linder,  a  Swedish  botanist.)     Genus  also  named  Benzoin. 
Shrubs  :  fl.  in  spring,  preceding  the  leaves. 

L.  Benz6in,  Commox  S.  or  Bexjamix-bcsh.  Damp  woods:  6° -15° 
high,  almost  smooth  ;  leaves  thin,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  3'  -  5'  long. 

L.  melisssefblia.  Wet  grounds  S. :  2°  -  3°  high,  silky-pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  l'-2'  long,  when  old  smooth 
above. 

4.  TETRANTHERA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  four  anthers,  alluding  to 
the  4  chambers  to  each  anther.) 

T.  genieulata,  Pond  Spice.  Along  ponds  in  pine-barrens  from  Virginia 
S. :  large  shrub,  soon  smooth,  with  forking  and  divergent  or  zigzag  branches, 
rather  coriaceous  oval  or  oblong  leaves  (^'-1'  long),  appearing  later  than  the 
flowers  in  spring  ;  these  in  little  crowded  clusters  of  2  -  4  from  2  -  4-leaved  in- 
volucres ;  fruit  red,  globular. 

97.   THYMELEACEiE,  MEZEREUM  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  acrid  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers,  having  a  simple  corolla-like  calyx,  bearing  twice  as 
many  stamens  as  its  lobes  (usually  8),  the  anthers  of  the  ordinary 
sort ;  the  free  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  single  hanging  ovule,  becom- 
ing a  berry-like  fruit.     Flowers  commonly  in  umbel-like  clusters. 

1.  DAPHNE.     Calyx  salver-shaped  or  somewhat   funnel-shaped  ;    the  4  lobes 

spreading,  the  8  anthers  nearly  sessile  on  its  tube,  included.     Style  very  short 
or  none:  stigma  capitate. 

2.  DIRCA.      Calyx  tubular,   without  any  spreading  lobes,   the  wavy-truncate 

border  sometimes  obscurely  indicating  4  teeth.     The  8  stamens  ani  the  style 
long  and  slender,  protruding. 

1.    DAPHNE.     (Mythological  name,   the  nymph   transformed  by  Apollo 
into  a  Laurel.)     The  following  cult,  for  ornarnent  from  the  Old  World. 
D.  Mezdreum,  Mezereum.     Hardy  low  shrub  from  Europe.  1°  -  3°  high, 

with  purple-rosc-colored  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  lateral  clusters  on  shoots  of 

the  preceding  year,  in  early  spring,  before  the  lanceolate  very  smooth  green 

leaves  :  berries  "red. 


292  SANDALWOOD    FAMILY. 

D.  Cnebrum.  Hardy  under-shrub  from  Eu.,  spreading  and  branching, 
with  crowded  hmce-oblong  or  oblanceolate  evergreen  leaves  (Tess  than  1'  long), 
and  a  terminal  cluster  of  handsome  rose-])ink  flowers  in  spring. 

D.  odbra,  Sweet  Daphne.  Greenhouse  shrub  from  China,  with  bright 
green  lance-oblong  evergreen  leaves,  and  terminal  clusters  of  Avhitc  or  pale  pink 
sweet-scented  flowers,  in  winter. 

2.   DIBCA,    LEATHERWOOD,    MOOSE-WOOD.       (Classical    ftreek 
name  of  a  celebrated  foimtain.) 

D.  pallistris,  the  only  species,  in  damp  woods  chief! v  N. :  shrub  2°-G° 
high,  with  tender  white  wood,  but  very  tough  bark,  used'  by  the  Indians  for 
thongs  (whence  the  popular  names),  the  numerous  branches  as  if  jointed;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  alternate,  nearly  smooth,  deciduous ;  flowers  before  the  leaves 
in  earliest  spring,  honey-yellow,  few  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  3  or  4  dark-hairy 
scales  forming  an  involucre  ;  berry  reddish. 

98.   EL3EAGNACE^,  OLEASTER  FAMILY. 

Silvery-scurfy    shrubs    or    small    trees,    having    often    dioecious 

ijiconspicuous    flowers,    the   calyx-tube    of  the    fertile   ones   itself 

•  enclosing  the  ovary,  becoming  fleshy  and  ripening  into  a  sort  of 

berry,  around  the  akene-like  true  fruit,  the  seed  of  which  is  erect. 

Otherwise  much  like  the  preceding  family. 

Sheph^rdia  Canadensis,  a  low  shrub  along  our  northern  borders,  with 
opposite  oval  leaves,  soon  green  above,  but  silvery  and  with  some  rusty  scurf 
beneath,  dioecious  4-parted  flowers,  and  yellow  berries. 

S.  arg6ntea,  Buffalo-Bkrry,  shrub  through  the  plains  and  mountains 
far  W.  and  N.  \V.,  and  planted  for  ornament,  has  alternate  oblong  leaves  with 
narrowed  base,  silvery  both  sides,  and  edible  acid  red  berries. 

Else^gnus  arg6ntea,  Silver-Bkrry  of  the  far  West,  also  cult.,  with 
oval  silvery  leaves  and  mealy  edible  berries  ;  the  genus  known  by  the  mostly 
perfect  flowers  with  salver-shaped  calyx,  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes, 
usually  4.  —  One  or  two  Old  World  species  are  occasionally  planted. 

.J      ,(,^99.   SANTALACE^,  SANDALWOOD  FAMILY. 

/YWT^        Hepresented  by  one  or  two  shrubs  along  the  Alleghanies  S.,  one 


'km 


b. 


of  them  the  Pyrularia  oleifera,  the  Oil-nut  or  Buffalo-nut, 
—  and  widely  by  a  low  herb,  viz. 

1.  Com^ndra  Umbell^ta.  Dry  ground,  common  N. :  probably  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  shrubs.  Known  by  the  5  stamens  with  their  anthers 
connected  with  the  face  of  the  Avhite  calyx-lobes  behind  them  by  a  tuft  of  thread- 
like hairs  (to  which  the  name,  from  the  Greek,  alludes)  ;  tube  of  the  calyx 
coherent  below  with  the  ovary,  becoming  a  hard  or  nut-like  fruit,  filled  by  a 
globular  seed.     Stems  6'  -  10'  high,  with  many  small  oblong  pale  leaves. 

100.  LORANTHACE.^,  MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees,  represented  only,  through  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  by 

Phoradendron  flav6scens,  American  Mistletoe;  with  obovate  or 
oval,  yellowish-green,  thick,  slightly  petioled  leaves,  and  short  yellowish  jointed 
spikes  in  their  axils,  of  dioecious  greenish  flowers,  the  fertile  ones  ricening  v/hit« 
berries.  ,       .. 


SPURGE    FAMILY.  293 

101.    SAURURACEiE,  LIZARD'S-TAIL   FAMILY. 

A  very  small  family,  having  a  single  Eastern  North  American 
representative  in 

Saurtirus  cernuus,  Lizard's-tail.     Wet  swamps  :   fl.  summer ;  stem 

jointed,  2°  high,  branching;  leaves  heart-shaped,  Avith  converging  ribs,  petioled; 
flowers  white,  crowded  in  a  dense  but  slender  tail-like  spike,  with  the  end 
nodding,  perfect,  but  with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla ;  stamens  6  or  7,  with  long 
slender  white  filaments  ;  pistils  3  or  4,  slightly  united  at  base.  (Lessons,  p.  90, 
fig.  180.) 

102.  EUPHORBIACE.^,  SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  mostly  milky  acrid  juice  and  moncecious  or  dioecious 
flowers,  of  very  various  structure  ;  the  ovary  and  fruit  commonly 
3-celled  and  with  single  or  at  most  sc  pair  of  hanging  ovules  and 
seeds  in  each  cell. 

§  1.    Oi'ules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 
«  Flowers  both  stnminaie  and  pistillate  really  destitute  both  of  calyx  and  corolla:^  a 
pistillate  and  numerous  stamlnnte  surrounded  by  a  cup-like  involucre  which 
imitates  a  calyx-^  so  that  the  whole  would  be  iaktnfor  one  perfect  Jlower. 

1.  EUPHORBIA.     For  the  structure  of  the  genus,  which  is  recondite,  see  Manual, 

and  Structural  Botany,  fig.  1143.  Tiiese  plants  may  be  known,  mostly,  by 
having  the  3-lobed  ovary  raised  out  of  the  cup,  on  a  curved  stalk,  its  3 
short  styles  each  2-cleft,  making  6  stigmas.  Fruit  when  ripe  bursting  into 
the  3  carpels,  and  each  splitting  into  2  valves,  discharging  the  seed.  What 
seems  to  be  a  stamen  with  a  jointed  filament  is  really  a  staminate  flower,  in 
the  axil  of  a  slender  bract,  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a  pedicel,  the  joint 
being  the  junction. 

*  *  Flowers  of  both  kinds  provided  with  a  distinct  calyx. 

2.  STILLINGIA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  naked  and  staminate  above,  a  few 

fertile  flowers  at  base.  Calyx  2-3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  rarely  3.  Pod  3-lobed. 
Stigmas  3,  simple.  Bracts  with  a  fleshy  gland  on  each  side.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, stipulate. 

3.  ACALYPHA.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  spikes,  staminate  above, 

fertile  at  base;  or  sometimes  the  two  sorts  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx  of 
sterile  flowers  4-parted,  of  fertile  3- 5-pai-ted.  Stamens  8-16,  short,  raona- 
delphous  at  base;  the  2  cells  of  the  anther  long  and  hanging.  Styles  3, 
ciit-fringed  on  the  upper  face,  red.  Pod  of  3  (rarely  2  or  1)  lobes  or  cells. 
Fertile  fiower-clusters  embraced  by  a  leaf-like  cut-lobed  bract.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  with  stipules,  serrate. 

4.  RICINLIS.     Flowers  in  large  panicled  clusters,  the  fertile  above,  the  staminate 

below.  Calyx  5-parte(l.  Stamens  very  many,  in  several  bundles.  Styles  3, 
united  at  base,  each  2-parted,  red.  Pod  large,  3-lobed,  with  3  large  "^seeds. 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 

5.  JATROPHA.     Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles;  the  fertile  in  the  main  forks. 

Calyx  colored  like  a  corolla,  in  the  sterile  flowers  mostly  salver-shaped  and 
5-lobed,  enclosing  10-30  stamens,  somewhat  monadelphous  in  two  or  more 
ranks ;  in  the  fertile  5-parted.  Stvles  3,  united  below,  once  or  twice  forked 
at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  with 
stipules. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  mosthi  seeds  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  S-horned  jx>d.  Jtiice  not 
milky  in  the  fotlounny :  which  have  monoechms  flowers,  4  sep'ds,  4  exserted 
tlamens  in  the  sterile,  and  3  awl-shaped  spreading  or  recurved  styles  or  stigmas 
in  the  fertile  flowers. 

6.  BUXUS.     Flowers  in  small  sessile  bracted  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  thick 

and  evergreen  entire  opposite  leaves.     Shrubs  or  trees. 

7.  PACHYSANDRA.     Flowers  in  naked  lateral  spikes,  staminate  above,  a  few 

fertile  flowers  at  base.  Filaments  long,  thickish  and  flat,  white.  Nearly 
herbaceous,  low,  tufted:  leaves  barely  evergreen,  alternate,  coarsely  few- 
toothed. 


294  SPURGE    FAMILY. 

1.   EUPHORBIA,  SPURGE.    ( Said  to  be  named  for  Euphorbus,  physician 
to  King  Juba. )     Flowers  commonly  in  late  summer. 

§  1.    Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  wintfr-flowering,  icith  red  bracts  err  leaves. 

E.  pulcherrima,  or  Poinsettia,  of  Mexico  :  unarmed  stout  shrub,  with 
ovate  or  oblong  and  angled  or  sinuately  few-lobed  leaves,  rather  downy  beneath, 
those  next  the  flowers  mostly  entire  (4'  -  5'  long)  and  of  the  brightest  vermilion- 
red  ;  flowers  in  globular  greenish  involucres  bearing  a  great  yellow  gland  at  the 
top  on  one  side. 

E.  splendens,  of  the  Mauritius  :  smooth  with  thick  and  horridly  prickly 
Btems,  oblong-spatulate  mucronate  leaves,  and  slender  clammy  peduncles  bearing 
a  cyme  of  several  deep-red  apparently  2-petalous  flowers  ;  but  the  seeming  petals 
are  bracts  around  the  cup-like  involucre  of  the  real  flo\vers. 

E.  flilgens,  or  jacquini.t:fl6ra,  of  Mexico:  unarmed,  smooth,  with  slen- 
der recurved  branches  and  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  jicduncles 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  what  appeal's  like  a  5-cleft  corolla  are  the  bright  red 
lobes  of  the  involucre. 

§  2.   Herbs  natives  of  or  nattiralized  in  the  country,  the  first  and  last  and  some- 
times a  few  of  the  others  cult,  in  gardens  :  fl.  lute  summer. 

*  The  leaves  which  are  crowded  next  the  flowei'-cups  or  involucres  have  their  mar- 
gins or  a  paH  of  the  base  colored  (white  or  red)  :  stem  erect,  1°  -  3°  high.     ® 

E.  margin^ta.  Wild  on  the  plains  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  cult,  for 
ornament :  leaves  pale,  ovate  or  oval,  sessile,  the  lower  alternate,  uppermost  in 
threes  or  i)airs  and  broiuUy  white-margined  ;  flower-cup  with  5  white  petal-like 
appendages  behind  as  many  saucer-shaped  glands. 

E.  heteroph^lla.  Kocky  banks  S.  VV. :  smooth;  leaves  alternate,  ovate 
and  sinuate-toothed,  or  fiddle-shaped,  or  some  of  them  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
entire  ;  the  upper  with  red  base  ;  no  petal-like  appendages  to  the  flower-cup  and 
only  1  or  2  sessile  glands. 

E.  dent^ta.  Kich  soil  from  Penn.  S.  W. :  hairy,  only  the  lower  leaves 
alternate,  the  upper  opposite,  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  uppermost  paler  or 
whitish  at  base,  and  the  few  glands  of  the  flower-cup  short-stalked. 

*  *  The  leaves  none  of  them  colored :  but  the  flower-cup  ivith  5  bright-white  con- 

spicuous ajqyendages,  imitating  a  b-clcft  corolla.     Jl 

E.  COroll^ta.  Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  from  New  York  S.  &  W. :  2° -3° 
high;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  entire,  the  lower  alternate,  upper 
whorled  and  opposite  ;  flower-cups  umbellcd,  long-stalked. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  alike  and  opposite,  r/rem,  or  with  a  broivn-red  spot,  short-petioled, 

ivith  scaly  or  f ringed-cut  stipules  :  stems  low-spreading  or  prostrate,  repeat- 
edly forTced :  a  small  flower-cup  in  each  fork,  bearing  4  glands,  each  bor- 
dered tvith  a  more  or  less  petal-like  white  oi-  reddish  margin  or  appendage. 
Of  these  there  are  several  species,  insignificant  iveeds ;  these  two  are  the 
commonest  everywhere  in  sandy  or  gravelly  open  places. 
E.  macul^ta.  Prostrate  ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  ser- 
rulate above,  blotched  in  the  centre  ;  pods  sharp-angled,  very  small. 

E.  hypericifblia.  Ascending  10' -20'  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  serrate,  often  with  red  spot  or  margins;  pod  blunt-angled;  seeds 
wrinkled. 

*  *  *  *  Ijcaves  without  stipulea,  none  with  colored  margins  or  spots :  the  floiver- 

cups  also  green  or  greenish,  umheUtd,  their  glands  wholly  destitute  of  any 
petal-like  appendage. 
•*-  Leaves  of  the  commonly  erect  stem  alternate  or  scntfered :  those  of  the  umbel-like 
inflwescence  ivhorhd  or  opposite  and^f  different  shape,  usually  roundisli : 
glands  of  the  flower-cup  mostly  4.      Weeds  ofr  weed-like. 
•^  Glands  of  the  flower-cup  transversely  oval  and  obtuse.     (T) 
E.  platyph^lla.     Nat.  from  Europe  N. :  upper  stem-leaves  lance-oblonp-, 
acute,  minutely  serrulate  ;  uppermost  heart-shaped ;  floral  ones  triangular-ovalo 
and  heart-shaped  ;  umbel  5-rayed ;   glands  large  and  sessile ;    pod  beset  with 
depressed  warts  ;  seed  smooth. 


SPURGE   FAMILY.  295 

E.  obtUS^ta.  Native  W.  &  S. :  like  preceding,  but  taller,  l°-20  high; 
stem-leaves  oblong-spatulate  and  obtuse,  the  upper  heart-shaped  ;  floral  ones 
dilated-ovate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  3-rayed,  then  2-rayed  ;  glands  of  flower-cup 
short-stalked  ;  pods  long-warty. 

E.  dictyosperma.  Open  ground  S.  W.  Resembles  thB  preceding,  but 
slender  ;  leaves  obtusely  serrate  ;  glands  small,  almost  sessile  ;  seeds  delicately 
reticulated, 

E.  Helioscbpia.  Weed  from  Europe  in  waste  places  N. :  with  stouter 
ascending  stems  C -  12'  high;  leaves  all  obovate  and  rounded  or  notched  at  the 
end,  the  lower  wedge-shaped,  finely  serrate  ;  umbel  first  with  5,  then  3,  and  at 
length  with  2  rays ;  glands  orbicular  and  stalked ;  pods  smooth  and  even ; 
seeds  with  honeycomb-like  surface. 

++  ++  Glands  of  the  Jlower-cup  with  2  long  horns :  pod  smooth :  seeds  sculptured 
or  pitted  and  pale.     Q)  @ 

E.  P6plus.  Waste  places,  from  Eu.  :  stem  erect ;  leaves  petioled,  entire, 
round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  first  3-rayed,  afterwards 
2-forkcd  ;  pod  2-crested  on  each  lobe. 

E.  commut^ta.  Wild  from  Wisconsin  and  Virginia  S.  W.,  on  shady 
slopes  :  stems  with  decumbent  base ;  leaves  obovate,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
rounded  floral  ones  broader  than  long ;  mnbel  3-forked ;  pod  crestless  :  fl.  early 
summer. 

++++++  Glands  crescent-shaped :  pod  granular :  seeds  smooth,  dark-colored.     % 

E.  Cyparissias,  Cypress  Spurge.  Gardens  from  Eu.  and  running 
wild  E.  :  in  dense  clusters  6' -10'  high,  smooth;  stem  and  branches  crowded 
with  small  linear  entire  leaves,  the  floral  ones  small  and  rounded  heart-shaped ; 
umbel  many-rayed. 

•«-  -»-  Leaves  all  or  chiefly  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  almost  sessile :  pod  smooth. 

E.  Ipecacuanhse,  Ipecac  Spurge.  Sandy  soil  from  New  York  S. : 
branching  repeatedly  from  the  long  perpendicular  root,  widely  spreading ; 
leaves  barely  1'  long,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear  ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the 
forks,  slender  ;  flower-cup  dull  purple,  with  5  glands.     ^ 

E.  L^thyris,  Caper  Spurge.  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  country  gar^ns  :  glau- 
cous ;  stem  erect,  stout,  2°  -  3°  high ;  leaves  thick  ;  those  of  the  stem  lance- 
linear,  floral  ones  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped ;  umbel  4-rayed,  then  forking ; 
glands  short-horned.     ® 

2.  STILLING-IA.     {^amGd  for  Dr.  B.  Stilling/leet.)     Very  smooth  plants, 
only  S. :  flowering  all  summer. 

S.  sylv^tica,  Queen's  Delight.  Dry  soil  from  Virginia  S.  :  herb  1°- 
3°  high,  clustered  from  a  woody  root ;  leaves  crowded,  almost  sessile,  varying 
from  obovate  to  lance-linear,  serrulate  ;  stamens  2. 

S.  ligUStrina.  River-swamps  from  N.  Carolina  S.  :  shrub  6° -12°  high; 
leaves  lance-obovate  or  oblong,  entire  ;  spikes  short ;  stamens  mostly  3. 

S.  sebifera,  Tallow-tree  of  China,  planted  South  Carolina' &  S.  :  tree 
20°  -  40^  high  ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  entire,  long-petioled  ;  stamens  2  ;  seeds 
white,  yielding  a  useful  vegetable  tallow  or  wax. 

3.  ACALYPHA.     (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Nettle.)     Flowering  through 
latj  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  Virginica.  A  most  common,  coarse,  low  weed  in  fields,  &c  :  smoothish 
or  hairy,  turning  purplish,  with  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  fertile 
flowers  in  short  clusters  ;  pod  and  seed  smoothish.     ® 

A.  Carolini^na.  Cult,  ground,  chiefly  S. :  has  thin  heart-shaped  closely 
serrate  leaves,  mostly  a  long  terminal  fertile  spike,  pods  beset  with  soft  prickles, 
and  seeds  rough-wrinkled.     ® 

4.  RICINUS,  PALMA-CHRISTI,   CASTOR-OIL  PL^VNT.      (Latin 
name  of  a  bug,  Avhich  the  seed  resembles.) 

R.  COmm'Cinis,  the  only  species,  but  of  many  varieties,  native  probably  of 
Africa :  a  sort  of  tree,  but  cult,  in  temperate  climates  as  a  stately  annual,  for  its 


296  NETTLE    FAMILY. 

seeds,  from  which  castor-oil  is  expressed,  and  in  ornamental  grounds  for  its 
magnificent  foliage  ;  the  peltate  and  palmately  7  -  11-cleft  leaves  1°  -  2°  broad, 
or  even  more  :  fl.  late  summer. 

5.  JATROPHA.     (Derivation  of  name  obscure.)     Chiefly  tropical  plants ; 
one  is  a  weedy  plant  wild  S.,  viz. 

J.  tirens,  var.  stimulbsa  (or  J.  stimul6sa),  Tread-Softly  or  Spurge- 
Nettle,  names  referring  to  its  stinging  bristly  hairs,  which  are  like  those  of 
Nettles:  dry  sandy  soil,  branching,  6' -12'  high  ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped, 
3  -  5-Iobed  or  variously  cleft  or  parted  ;  flowers  slender,  white ;  stamens  10, 
their  filaments  almost  separate.     11 

6.  BtJXUS,  BOX.     (Ancient  Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Box-tree. ) 
B.  semp^rvirens,  Tree  Box,  and  its  more  common  var.  nAna,  the 

Dwarf  Box,  with  much  smaller  leaves,  from  the  Mediterranean,  are  planted 
North  chiefly  for  borders,  especially  the  Dwarf  Box. 

7.  PACHYSANDRA.     (The  name  in  Greek  means  <Kc^  stamens.)     % 
P.  prociimbens.    Rocky  woods,  W.  slope  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  in  some 

gardens  ;  developing  its  copious  spikes  from  the  base  of  the  short  procumbent 
densely  tufted  stems,  in  early  spring. 

103.   URTICACE^,  NETTLE  FAMILY- 

This  family,  taken  in  the  largest  sense,  includes  very  various 
apetalous  plants,  with  raona3cious  or  dioecious  flowers  (except  in 
the  Elm  Family),  having  a  distinct  calyx  free  from  the  1 -seeded 
fruit.  Liner  bark  generally  tough.  Leaves  with  stipules,  which 
are  sometimes  early  deciduous.     There  are  four  suborders. 

L  ELM  FAMILY.  Trees,  the  juice  not  milky.  Leaves 
alternate^*  2-ranked,  simple  :  stipules  small  and  falling  early. 
Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous,  many  of  them  perfect,  with 
the  lilaments  not  inflexed  in  the  bud,  and  2  diverging  styles  or 
loDg  stigmas.  Ovary  1  -  2-celled,  with  1  or  2  hanging  ovules, 
in  fruit  always  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

*  Fruit  dry,  loinged  or  nut-like.    Anthers  turned  outioards. 

1.  ULMUS.     Calyx  bell-shaped,   4-9-cleft.     Stamens  4-9:  filaments  long  and 

slender.  Ovary  mostly  2-ce]led,  becoming  a  1-celled  thin  samara  or  key- 
fruit  winged  all  round  (Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  301).  Flowers  in  clusters  in 
axils  of  last  year's  leaAes,  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  of  the  season, 
purplish  or  yellowish-green.     Leaves  straight -veined,  serrate. 

2.  PLANERA.    'Like  Elm,  but  flowers  more  polygamous,  appearing  with  the 

leaves  in  small  axillary  clusters;  the  lobes  of  tha  calyx  and  stamens  only  4 
or  5 ;  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  cvary  forming  a  wingless  nut-like  fruit. 
*  #  Fruit  a  berry-like  globular  small  drupe.  Anthers  turned  inward. 
8.  CELTIS.  Calyx  5- 6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  5  or  6.  Stigmas  very  long, 
tapering.  Ovary  and  drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Flowers  gi-eenish,  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves;  the  low^er  ones  mostly  staminate  and  clustered,  the  upper 
fertile  and  mostly  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle. 

II.  FIG  FAMILY.  Trees  with  milky  or  colored  acrid  or 
poisonous  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  strictly  monoecious  or 
dioecious.     Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 

§  1.   Flowers  of  both  kinds  mixed,  lining  the  inside  of  a  closed  fleshy  receptacle,  or 
•  holloio  jiower-stalk,  which  ripens  into  what  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  berry. 

4.  FICUS.  Receptncle  in  which  the  flowers  are  concealed  borne  in  the  axil  of 
the  leaves.  Akene  seed-like.  Stipules  large,  successively  enveloping  the 
young  leaves  in  the  bud,  falling  off  as  the  leaves  expand. 


NETTLE    FAMILY.  297 

§  2.  Flowers  of  the  two  kinds  mostly  separate ;  the  fertile  crowded  in  catkin-like 

spikes  or  hend^,  loliich  become  fleshy  in  fruit :  Jilavients  iiifiexed  in  the  bud, 

spreading  elastically  when  the  adyx  expands. 

-5.   MORUS.     Flowers  usually  monoecious,  both  sorts  in  catkin-like  spikes.     Calyx 

4-parted.     Stamens  4.     Fertile  spike  altogether  becoming  an  oval  or  oblong 

multiple  pulpy  fruit  imitating  a  blackberry,  but  the  pulp  consists  of  the 

calyx,  bracts,  &c.  of  the  flowers,  each  enclosing  a  small  akene. 

6.  BROUSSONpyriA.     Flowers  dioecious;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,»and 

like  those  of  Mulberry;  the  fertile  in  globular  heads,  mixed  with  little  bristly 
scales,  their  calyx  urn-shaped  and  3-4-toothed,  out  of  which  the  ripened 
ovary  protrudes  and  forms  a  club-shaped  rather  fleshy  fruit.     Style  single. 

7.  MACLURA.    Flowe  s  dioecious;  the  sterile  in  racemes,  and  nearly  like  those 

of  Mulben-y ;  the  fertile  densely  crowded  in  a  large  spherical  head,  its  calyx 
of  4  uneqiial  sepals,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  small  akene:  the  whole  head 
ripening  into  a  fleshy  yellow  mass,  resembling  an  orange  with  a  roughish 
surface. 

III.  NETTLE  FAMILY  proper.  Herbs,  as  to  our  wild 
species,  with  bland  watery  juice  and  tough  fibrous  bark  :  many  are 
armed  wi'h  stinging  hairs.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  green- 
ish. Filaments  transversely  wrinkled  and  inflexed  in  the  bud, 
straightening  elastically  when  the  calyx  opens.  Fruit  an  akene : 
style  or  stigma  one  and  simple.  —  All  ours  worthy  of  notice  belong 
to  the  three  followinij  o;enera. 

8.  URTICA.    Flowers  in  racemed,  spiked,  or  head-like  clusters;  the  calyx  in 

both  sorts  of  4  separate  sepals.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  a  sessile  globular  tuft. 
Akene  flat,  ovate,  straight  and  erect,  enclosed  between  the  larger  pair  of 
sepals.     Herbage  beset  with  stinging  hairs:  leaves  opposite. 

9.  LAPORTEA.     i  lowers  in  loose  open  cymes,  the  upper  chiefly  fertile,  and 

lower  sterile ;  the  latter  with  5  sepals'  and  stamens ;  the  foniier  of  4  venr 
unequal  sepals,  the  t\vo  outer  or  one  of  them  minute.  Stigma  slender  awl- 
shaped,  hairy  down  one  side,  persistent  on  the  ovate  flat  very  oblique  and 
nearly  naked  akene,  which  is  soon  reflexed  on  its  wing-margined  pedicel. 
Herbaoe  beset  with  stings :  leaves  large,  alternate. 

10.  BffiUMKRIA.     Flowers  either  dioecious  or  intermixed,  clustered  in  spikes;  the 

sterile  as  in  Urtica;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  calyx  barely 
toothed  at  the  apex,  enclosing  the  ovary  and  closely  investing  the  oblong  flat 
akene.    No  stings. 

IV.  HEMP  FAMILY.  Rough  herbs,  wnth  watery  juice  and 
tough  fibrous  bark.  Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  palmately  lobed 
or  compound.  Flowers  dioecious,  greenish  ;  the  sterile  in  axillary 
loose  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  the  fertile  in  close  clusters  or 
catkins  :  calyx  of  the  former  with  5  sepals,  of  the  latter  one  scale- 
like sepal  embracing  the  ovary  and  akene.  Stigmas  or  hairy  styles 
two,  long. 

11.  CANNABIS.    Erect  herb.     Stamens  5,  drooping.    Fertile  flowers  in  irregular 

spiked  clusters.     Leaves  of  5-7  lanceolate Trregularly  toothed  leaflets. 

12.  HLMULUS.     Tall-twining.     Stamens  erect.     Fertile  flowers  in  solitarv  short 

catkins  or  spikes,  2  flowers  under  each  of  the  bx'oad  thin  bracts  wliicli  make 
the  scales  of  the  strobile  or  hop-fruit. 

1.   ULMUS,    ELM.      (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Fine  trees  in   deep, 
mostly  moist  or  alluvial  soil.     Fl.  early  si)ring ;  fruit  in  early  summer. 

§  1.    Leaves  roufjh  and  harsh  on  the  upper,  soft  and  usuaUt/  downy  on  the  loiver 
surface:  seed  in  thf  middle  of  tJie  orhicidar  or  round-oval  fruit,  far  away 
from  the  shallow  notch  :  flower-clusters  (/lobular  :  pedicels  very  short. 
U.  flilva,  Slippery  Elm.     Common,  rather  small  tree  through  the  coun- 
try, with  tough  reddish  wood,  well-known  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark,  and 


298  NETTLE    FAMILY. 

rusty-downy  buds  ;  leaves  4' -8'  long,  doubly  serrate,  very  rough  above  ;  those 
and  the  flowers  sweet-scented  in  drying  ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  7  -  9 ;  fruit 
much  less  than  1'  long,  the  seed-bearing  centre  pubescent. 

U.  mont^na,  Wych  or  Scotch  Elm.  Planted  from  Eu.  :  leaves  smaller 
and  less  rough ;  buds  not  downy ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  about  5  ;  fruits  1' 
long,  smooth. 

§  2.    Leaves  smooth  above,  smaller:  notch  at  the  summit  of  the  fruit  reaching  nearly 
to  the  seed-bearing  cell :  fruit  only  about  ^'  long. 

*  European  species  occasionally  planted :  foioers  in  dose  clusters :  pedicels  very 

short  or  hardly  any  :  stamens  4  or  5  :  fruit  smooth,  round-obovate. 

XJ.  eamp6stris  (or  gl\bra),  English  Elm.  Large  tree  with  rather  short 
horizontal  or  ascending  branches  ;  leaves  2' -4'  long,  mostly  or  soon  smooth. 

U.  suber6sa,  European  Cork-Elm.  Probably  a  mere  variety  of  the 
preceding,  with  thick  plates  of  cork  on  the  branches. 

*  *   Wild  species,  with  the  flowers  soon  hanging  on  slender  stalks,  which  are  jointed 

above  the  middle :  Jruit  ovate  or  oval,  with  2  sharp  teeth  at  apex,  the  margin 
downy-ciliate  at  least  when  young. 

U.  Americana,  American  or  White  Elm.  Well  known  large  tree, 
with  long  ascending  branches  gradually  spreading,  drooping  slender  branchlets, 
which  are  smooth  as  well  as  the  buds,  not  corky ;  the  abruptly  pointed  leaves 
2'  -4'  long  ;  flowers  in  close  clusters,  with  usually  7-9  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ; 
fruit  smooth  except  the  margins,  its  incurved  points  closing  the  notch. 

U.  raeembsa,  Corky  White  Elm.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  with 
downy-ciliate  bud-scales  ;  branches  becoming  corky,  young  branchlets  some- 
what pubescent,  leaves  with  straighter  veins,  and  flowers  raccmed. 

XJ.  al^ta,  Whaiioo  or  Winged  Elm.  Virginia  to  111.  and  S.  :  small 
tree,  with  bud-scales  and  branchlets  nearly  smooth,  winged  plates  of  cork  on 
the  branches,  and  small  thickish  leaves  (l'-2'  long)  {ilmost  sessile. 

2.  PLANERA,  PLANETl-TREE.  (Named  for  /.  .7.  Planer,  a  German 
Botanist.)     Flowers  greenish,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early  spring. 

P.  aqu^tica,  American  P.  River  swamps,  from  Kentucky  S.  :  small 
tree,  leaves  ovate-oblong,  smooth ;  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular 
warts  or  crests. 

3.  CELTIS,  HACKBERRY  or  NETTLE-TREE.  (Ancient  Greek  name 
for  the  Lotus-berry,  produced  by  the  European  species.)  El.  spring:  fruit 
ripe  in  autumn,  eatable. 

C.  OCCident^lis,  American  H.  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  of  rich  Ioav 
grounds  ;  with  reticulated  ovate  and  taper-pointed  serrate  or  entire  leaves, 
oblique  or  partly  heart-shaped  at  base,  sweet  thin-fleshed  fruit  as  large  as  a  pea. 
Var.  pumila,  a  straggling  bush,  chiefly  S.,  only  4°-  10°  high. 

4.  PICUS,    FIG.     (The  Latin,  altered  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Fig.) 
F.  Carica,  Common  Fig.     Cult,  from  the  Levant,  as  a  house-plant  N. : 

leaves  broad,  3  -  5-lobed,  roughish  above,  rather  downy  beneath ;  figs  single  in 
the  axils,  pear-shaped,  luscious. 

P.  elastica,  India-Rubber-tree  of  E.  Indies  (not  that  of  S.  America) : 
tree  cult,  in  conservatories  for  its  beautiful  leaves,  6'  -  10'  long,  oval-oblong, 
entire,  thick,  smooth,  bright  green,  glossy  above. 

P.  ripens,  from  China,  a  delicate  creeping  species,  fixing  itself  firmly  by 
rootlets  and  covering  walls  in  conservato  -ie.i ;  leaves  1'  or  less  long,  oblong- 
ovate,  with  unequal  partly  heart-shaped  base. 

6.   MbRXJS,  MULBERRY.     (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Leaves  heart- 
shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  serrate,  often  palmately  lobed  ;    short  catkin-like 
spikes  axillary  or  lateral ;  fl.  spring  :  fruit  in  summer,  eatable. 
M.  rtlbra,  Red   Mulberry.     Low  tree,  wild  in  rich  woods  or  along 

streams  ;  leaves  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  pointed ;  spikes  often  dioecious, 

fruit  cylindrical,  red,  turning  dark  purple. 


NETTLE    FAMILY.  299 

M.  nigra,  Black  M.  Middle-sized  tree,  planted  and  sparinji^ly  run  wild 
from  the  Levant ;  leaves  rough  ;  spikes  short  and  short-peduneled  ;  fruit  short- 
oblong  or  globular,  red  turning  black,  pleasant- tasted. 

M.  ^Iba,  White  M.  Small  tree,  planted  from  China  :  the  leaves  feed  silk- 
worms, these  are  smooth  and  mostly  oblique  at  base  ;  spikes  slender-peduncled, 
in  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  rather  insipid. 

6.  BROXJSSONETIA,  PAPER-MULBERRY.    (Named  for  Broussonct, 
a  French  naturalist.) 

B.  papyrifera,  of  Japan.  Cult,  as  a  shade-tree  from  New  York  S. : 
spreading  by  suckers,  with  a  very  fibrous  bark  ;  leaves  rough  above,  downy  be- 
neath, serrate,  some  of  them  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  others  3-cleft  or 
vaiiously  lobed  :  flowering  iu  spring. 

7.  MACLtrRA,  OSAGE-ORANGE.     (Named  for  the  late  Mr.  Maclure, 

founder  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.) 
M.  aurantlaca,  Common  0.,  or  Bois  d'arc  (Bow-wood,  the  tough 
yellow  wood  used  for  bows  by  the  Indians).  Low  bushy  tree  from  Arkansas, 
&c.  :  multiplying  rapidly  by  its  running  roots ;  planted  for  hedges,  especially 
W.  ;  armed  with  slender  and  very  sharp  spines  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  very- 
glossy  :  fl.  spring. 

8.  URTICA,  NETTLE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Common  in  waste 
grounds  and  near  dwellings  :  fl.  summer. 

*  Floioer-clusters  in  branching  panicled  spikes  :  often  dicecious.     % 
TJ.  dioica,  Common  N.     A  weed  from  Eu.,  full  of  stings,  20-3°  high, 
with  hcait-ovate  very  decpl}'^  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath. 

U.  gracilis.      Fence-rows,  &c. :    2°  -  6°  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  less 
deeply  serrate  leaves,  longer  petioles,  rather  few  stings,  and  slender  spikes. 
*  *  Flower-clusters  shorter  than  the  petiole,  most'ij  2  in  the  same  axil,  containing 
both  sorts  of  flowers  :  stings  scattered.     ® 

U.  chamsedryoides.  Wild  S.  &  W. :  slender,  with  heart-ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  leaves  moderately  toothed,  and  dense  flower-clusters. 

U.  urens,  Small  N.  Weed  from  Eu.,  not  common  :  8' -12'  high,  with 
ovate  leaves  deeply  cut  into  long  spreading  teeth ;  flower-clusters  small,  loose. 

9.  LAPORTE A,  WOOD-NETTLE.     (Named  for  one  Za,/?orfe.)     ^ 

L.  Canadensis.  Moist  and  rich  woods  :  2° -3°  high;  ovate  leaves  4' -7' 
long  and  long-petioled,  a  single  2-cleft  stipule  in  the  axil :  fl.  all  summer. 

10.  BCEHMBRIA,   FALSE-NETTLE.      (Named  for  Prof.  Bohmer  of 

Germany.)      2/ 

B.  cylindrica.  Moist  shady  grounds,  lo-3°  high,  smoothish ;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  3-nerved,  serrate,  long-petioled ;  flower- 
clusters  crowded  in  long  narrow  interrupted  spikes,  in  summer.  * 

B.  nivea,  Ramie,  or  the  Grass-Cloth  Plant  of  China.  &c.,  3^-4°  high, 
with  ovate  leaves  white-downy  beneath,  is  recently  planted  S.  ^Y.  for  its  very 
valuable  textile  flbres. 

11.  CANNABIS,  HEMP.     (The  ancient  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ® 

C.  sativa,  Common  Hemp.  Tall  coarse  plant  from  the  Old  World  :  cult, 
for  the  flbres  of  its  stem. 

12.  HUMULUS,  HOP.      (Name  said  to  be  a  diminutive  of  hiinuis,  tho 
ground  ;  the  application  not  apparent.)     Fl.  summer.     "21 

H.  Ltipulus,  Common  Hop.  Wild  in  alluvial  soil  N.  &.  W. :  also  cult, 
from  Eu.  ft)r  hops  :  tho  aromatic  bitterness  resides  iu  the  yellow  resinous  grains 
which  ai)j)ear  on  the  fruiting  calyx,  akcnes,  &c. ;  stems  almost  prickly  down- 
wards ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  sU'ongly  3  -  7-lobed. 


300  WALNUT    FAMILY. 

104.   PLATANACE^,  PLANE-TREE  FAMILY. 

This  order,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  consists  merely  of  the  small 
genus 

1.  PLATANUS,  PLANE-TREE.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental 
species,  from  the  Greek  word  for  broad,  alluding  either  to  the  leaves  or  the 
wide-spreading  branches.)  Flowers  monoecious,  in  separate  naked  heads 
hanging  on  slender  peduncles  ;  the  sterile  of  many  short  stamens  with  club- 
shaped  little  scales  intermixed  ;  the  fertile  of  club-shaped  or  inversely  py- 
ramidal ovaries  mixed  with  littlp  scales  and  tipped  with  a  slender  awl-^haped 
simple  style,  ripening  into  a  sort  of  akene  with  a  tawny -hairy  contracted 
base.  No  evident  calyx.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  angled,  the 
hollowed  base  of  the  petiole  covering  and  concealing  the  axillary  bud  (Les- 
sons, p.  22,  fig.  50)  :  stipules  sheathing,  like  tho.se  of  the  Polygonum  Family. 
Fl.  spring. 

P.  OCCidentillis,  American  Plane,  Sycamore,  or  Buttoxwood. 
Well-known  large  tree  by  river-banks,  with  white  close  bark  separating  in  thin 
brittle  plates  ;  leaves  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  rather  scurfy-downy 
until  old,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed,  and  fertile  heads  solitary. 

P.  orientals,  Oriental  Plane,  especially  its  var.  acerifolia,  seldom 
planted  in  this  country,  is  very  like  ours,  but  has  leaves  more  cut  and  sooner 
smooth,  the  heads  larger. 

105.    JUGLANDACE^,  WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  monoecious 
flowers  ;  the  sterile  ones  in  catkins  with  an  ii-regular  calyx  and 
several  stamens  ;  the  fertile  single  or  2  or  more  in  a  cluster,  with  a 
3-o-lobed  calyx,  the  tube  of  which  is  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
The  latter  is  incompletely  2-4-cclled,  but  has  only  a  single  ovule, 
erect  from  its  base,  and  ripens  into  a  large  fruit,  the  bony  inner  part 
of  which  forms  the  nut,  the  fleshy  at  length  dry  outer  part  the 
husk.  Seed  4-lobed,  filled  with  the  fle^lly  and  oily  embryo,  the 
large  and  separated  cotyledons  deeply  two-lobed  and  crumpled  or 
cori'ugated. 

1.  JUGLANS.     Sterile  flowers  in  solitary  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  preceding 

year,  each  with  12  -  40  stamens  on  very  slioi't  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  on 
a  terminal  peduncle,  witli  a  4-toothed  calyx,  4  little  green  petals,  and  2  club- 
shaped  and  fringed  conspicuous  stigmas. '  Husk  of  the  fruit  drying  up  with- 
out splitting.  Bark  and  shoots  resinous-aromatic  and  strong-scented.  Buds 
several,  one  over  the  other,  the  uppermost  far  above  the  axil  (Lessons,  p.  27, 
fig.  52).»  Pith  in  plates.     Leaflets  numerous. 

2.  CARYA.     Sterile  flowers  in  clustered  lateral  catkins,  with  3-10  almost  sessile 

anthers.  Fertile  flowers  2  -5  in  a  cluster  on  a  terminal  peduncle:  no  petals: 
stigmas  2  or  4,  large.  Husk  of  the  fruit  splitting  into  4  valves  and  falling 
away  from  the  smooth  nut.  Valuable  timber  and  nut  trees,  with  very  hard 
and  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds  single  (Lessons,  p.  22,  fig.  49),  from  which 
are  usually  put  forth  both  kinds  of  flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fertile 
above  the  leaves. 

1.  JUGLANS,  WALNUT.  (Name  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 
Fl.  spring  :  fruit  ripe  in  autumn.     Seed  sweet  and  edible. 

*  Native  trees  of  the  country :  vnt  with  very  rough  and  furrowed  surface,  from 
which  the  dried  husk  does  not  /all  away  :  seed  very  oily. 

J.  cindrea,  Butternut  or  White  W.  Middle-sized  tree,  mostly  N. : 
stalks  and  shoots  clammy-downy;  leaflets  downy,  at  least  beneath,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate ;  fruit  oblong  ;  nut  with  very  rugged  ridges. 


OAK   FAMILY.  301 

J.  nigra.  Black  W.  Large  tree,  commoner  "W.  &  S. :  stalks  and  shoots 
not  clammy,  minutely  downy ;  leaflets  smoothish,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate ; 
fruit  spherical. 

»  «  Planted  from  the  Old  World :  hush  friable,  separating  when  dry  from  the 
roundish  and  smoothish  thin-shelled  nut. 

J.  rdgia,  English  Walnut,  so  called,  but  native  of  Asia :  leaflets  oval, 
entire,  smoothish;  fruit  ripens  sparingly  in  Middle  States. 

2.   GARY  A,   HICKORY.     (Greek  name  of  the  Walnut,  applied  to  these 

North  American  trees.)     Fl.  in  rather  late  spring  :  nuts  fall  in  autumn. 

§  1.    Sterile  catkins  in  a  sessile  cluster :  leaflets  13-15,  short-stalked:  nut  edible. 

C.  oliV8Bf6rmis,  Pecan-nut.  Along  rivers,  from  Ilhnois  S.  :  leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  nut  cylindrical-oblong,  olive-shaped,  the  seed 
delicious. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  3  or  more  togf-ther  on  a  common  peduncle :  leaflets  sessile  or 
nearli/  so,  of  5  —  9  or  rarely  11-13  leaflets :  nut  globuhir  or  short-oval. 

*  Nuts  sweet-tasted  and  edible  [the  hickory-nuts  of  the  market)  ;  the  husk  splitting 

into  4  thick  and  hard  valves  :  buds  large,  of  about  10  scales. 

C.  Mba,  Shell-bark  or  Shag-Bark  H.  Commonest  E.  :  bark  of  old 
trunks  very  shaggy,  separating  in  rough  strips  ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming  very 
large  and  conspicuous  on  the  young  shoot ;  leaflets  5,  the  3  upper  much  larger 
and  lance-obovate  ;  nut  white. 

C.  sulcata,  Western  Shell-bark  H,  From  Penn.  W.  &  S.  :  differs 
from  the  foregoing  in  lighter-colored  heart-wood,  7-9  leaflets  more  downy  be- 
neath, fruit  with  very  thick  husk  4-ribbed  above  the  middle,  and  larger  yellow- 
ish or  dull-white  nut  (sometimes  2'  long)  mostly  with  a  point  at  both  ends. 

C.  toment6sa,  Mocker-nut  or  White-heart  H.  Common  E.  &  S.  : 
bark  rough,  but  not  splitting  off  in  strips ;  shoots  and  lower  surftice  of  the 
leaves  woolly-downy  when  young  ;  leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate,  or  the  lower 
lance-oblong  ;  fruit  with  very  thick  hard  husk,-  and  globular  nut  (not  flattish  on 
the  sides)  brownish,  very  thick-shelled,  hardly  flt  to  cat. 

*  *  Nuts  bitter,  in  a  rather  thin  and  friable  husk,  which  splits  only  at  the  top,  or 

tardily  to  near  the  base  :  bark  on  the  trunk  close :  bud-scales  falling  early. 

C.  porcina,  Brown  H.  or  Pig-nut.  Common  N.  :  bark  of  trunk 
rough ;  bud-scaics  about  10,  small ;  shoots  and  leaves  nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets 
5-7,  obovate-lanceolate ;  fruit  pear-shaped;  nut  oblong  or  oval,  hard-shelled, 
seed  at  first  sweet,  then  bitterish. 

C.  am^ra,  Bitter-nut.  Moist  or  low  grounds  :  bark  of  trunk  smooth  and 
very  close  ;  yellowish  bud-scales  about  6  ;  shoots  and  leaves  pubescent  when 
young;  leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong;  fruit  and  white  thin-shelled 
and  tender  nut  globular  ;  seed  at  first  sweet,  then  very  bitter. 

C.  aqu^tica,  Water  H.  River-swamps  S.  *  Small  tree,  with  rough 
bark;  bud-scales  as  in  the  last;  leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate,  smooth;  nut  thin- 
shelled,  4-angular,  flattish  ;  seed  very  bitter. 

106.   CUPULIPER^,   OAK  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves, 
very  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers  ;  the  sterile  in 
slender  catkins  (except  in  the  Beech)  ;  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered, 
or  sometimes  spiked,  and  furnished  with  an  involucre  which  forms 
a  cup  or  covering  to  the  1-celled  1 -seeded  nut.  This  nut  comes 
from  an  ovary  with  2  or  more  cells  having  one  or  two  ovules  hang- 
ing from  the  summit  of  each  ;  but  all  except  one  cell  and  one 
ovule  are  abortive.  -There  is  a  calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  as  is 
fhown  by  the  minute  teeth  crowning  its  summit.  Seed  tilled  by 
the  embryo,  which  has  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons. 


802  OAK    FAMILY. 

4  1.   Sterile  flowers  with,  a  distinct  4  -  l-lobed  calyx  and  3-20  slender  stamens  -.fertile 

flowers  1-4  t»  a  cup  or  bur-like  involucre. 
«  Sterile  flowers  clustered  in  slender  catkins :  their  bi'acts  inconspicuous  or  deciduous. 

1.  QUERCUS.     Stamens  3  - 12.     Fertile  flower  only  one  in  the  bud-like  involucre, 

which  becomes  a  scaly  cup.  Stigma  3-lobed.  '  Nut  (acorn)  terete,  with  a  firm 
shell,  from  which  the  "thick  cotyledons  do  not  emerge  m  gennination.  (Les- 
sons,  p.  130,  fi^.  299;  p.  13,  fig.' 21,  22.) 

2.  CASTANEA.     Stamens  8-20.     Fertile  flowers  few  (commonly  3)  in  each  in- 

volucre, one  or  more  ripening;  stigmas  mostly  6  or  7,  bristle-shaped.  Nuts 
coriaceous,  ovoid,  when  more  than  one  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides,  en- 
closed in  the  hard  and  thick  very  pricklv  bur-like  at  length  4-valved  invo- 
lucre. Cotyledo)is  somewhat  folded  togetlier  and  cohering,  remaining  under 
ground  iu  germination. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles. 
8.  FAGUS.  Caljy'X  of  sterile  flowers  bell-shaped,  5  -  7-cleft,  containing  8-16  long 
stamens,  fertile  flowers  2  together  on  the  summit  of  a  scaly-bracted  pe- 
duncle; the  innermost  scales  uniting  form  the  4-lobed  involucre:  ovary 
3-celled  when  young,  crowned  by  6  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  a  3-cleft  or 
3  thread-like  styles:  in  fruit  a  pair  of  sharply  3-sided  nuts  in  the  4-cleft  soft- 
prickly  rigid  involucre.  Cotyledons  thick,  somewhat  crumpled  together,  but 
rising  and  expanding  in  germination..    (Lessons,  p.  11,  fig.  13-15.) 

§  2.  Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  a  /eio  short  stamens  partly  adhering  to  the  bract, 
and  destitute  of  any  proper  c<dyx ;  the  nnlhers  Icelled:  fertile  flowers  in 
pairs  under  each  bract  of  a  head,  spike,  or  sitort  catkjn,  each  with  one  oi'  two 
bractlets,foi'ming  afoliaceous  oi'  sac-like  involucre  to  the  nut.  Sterile  catkins 
rather  dense. 

4.  CORYLUS.  Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  consisting  of  a  bract  to  the  insirle  of 
which  2  bractlets  and  several  stamens  adhere.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  little 
head,  like  a  scaly  bud:  stigmas  2,  long  and  red.  Nut  rather  large,  bony, 
wholly  or  partly  enclosed  in  a  leaf-like  or  tubular  and  cut-lobe(?  <3i  toothed 
involucre. 

6.  OSTRYA.  Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  simple.  Fertile  flower?  m  a  sort  of 
slender  catkin,  its  bracts  deciduous,  each  flower  an  ovary  tipp^'i  with  2  long 
slender  stigmas  and  enclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  becomes  a  bladdery 
greenish- white  oblong  bag,  in  the  bottom  of  which  is  the  lixtle  nui:  these 
together  form  a  sort  of  hop-like  fruit. 

6.  CARPINUS.  Sterile  catkin  as  in  Ostrj'a.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  sort  of  slender 
loose  catkin;  each  with  a  pair  of  separate  8-lobed  bractlets,  which  become 
leaf-like,  one  each  side  of  the  small  nerved  iiut. 

1.  QUERCUS,  OAK.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  Flowers  in  spring; 
aconis  ripe  in  autumn.  All  but  one  of  the  following  species  are  natives 
of  the  country. 

§  1.   Annual-fruited  Oaks,  the  acorns  maturing  the  autumn  of  the  first  year,  there- 
fore on  the  wood  of  the  season,  usual ly  in   the  axil  of  the  leaves,  out  of 
which  they  are  often  raised  on  a  peduncle:  kernel  commonly  sweet-tasted: 
no  bristles  on  the  lohts  or  teeth  of  the  leaves. 
*  White  Oaks,  with  lyrately  or  sinuateJy  pinnatifid  and  deciduous  leaves. 
•<-  European  tree,  more  or  less  planted  eastward. 
Q.  R6bur,  ErROPEAx  or  English  Oak.     Belongs  to  the  same  section 
with  our  White  Oak ;  but  leaves  smaller,  not  glaucous  beneath,  sinuate-lobed, 
but  hardly  pinnatifid  ;  acorn  oblong,  over  1' long, — one  or  a  few  in  a  cluster 
which  is  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  in  var.  sessilifl6ra,  — raised  on  a  slender 
peduncle  in  var.  pedunculA.ta. 

H-  +-  Native  species  :  leaves  pale  or  whitish  beneath. 
Q.  dlba,  White  Oak.     Rich  soil  :  large  tree  with  whitish  bark ;  leaves 
soon  smooth,  bright  green  above,  whitish  beneath,  with  3-9  oblong  or  linear 
obtuse  and  mostly  entire  oblique  lobes  ;  the   shallow  rough  cup  very  much 
shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  (about  1'  long)  acorn;  seed  edible. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  Post  Oak,  Rough  or  Box  Whitk  Oak.     Small  tree  in 
barren  soil,  commonest  S.,  with  very  durable  wood;  thickish  leaves  grayish 


OAK    FAMILY.  803 

downy  beneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  simiately  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent 
and  rounded,  the  upper  pair  larger  and  sometimes  1-3-notched;  naked  cup 
deep  saucer-shaped,  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  small  acorn 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Buk-Oak,  Over-cup  or  Mossv-cup  White  Oak. 
Middle-sized  tree  in  fertile  soil,  commonest  W.  :  with  obovate  or  oblong  lyrately 
pinnatifid  leaves,  of  various  shape,  pale  or  downy  beneath,  smooth  above ; 
cup  dec]),  thick  and  woody,  from  hardly  1'  to  2'  in  diameter,  covered  with  hard 
and  thick  pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  tapering  into  bristly  points,  making  a 
mossy-fringed  border;  acorn  I'-l^'  long,  half  or  wholly  covered  by  the  cup. 

Q.  lyrSta,  Soutiieux  Overcup  Oak.  Large  tree  in  riA^er-swamps,  from 
N.  Car.  S.  &  W.  :  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  obovate-oblong, 
with  7-9  triantrular  and  entire  acute  lobes,  glossy  above,  whitish-downy  be- 
neath ;  cup  sessile,  globular,  rough  with  rugged  scales,  almost  covering  the 
globular  nut. 

*  *  Ciiestnut-Oaks,  with  toothed  or  sinuate  leaves,  not  lohed  except  sliffhtli/  in 

the  first  species,  while  or  whitish  downy  beneath:  cup  hoarij,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  oblomj-oroid  edible  acorn. 

Q.  bieolor,  Swamp  AViiite  Oak.  Low  grounds,  chiefly  N.  &  W. :  tall 
tree,  with  leaves  intermediate  between  the  White  and  the  Chestnut  Oaks,  being 
more  or  less  obovate  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  some  of  them  nearly  jnnnatifid, 
hoary  with  soft  down  beneath,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  the  main  veins  only  6-8 
pairs  and  not  prominent ;  peduncle  in  fruit  longer  than  the  petiole ;  cup  often 
mossy-fringed  at  the  margin  ;  acorn  hardly  1'  long. 

Q.  Prinus,  Chestnut  Oak.  The  leading  form  is  Swamp  Chestxdt 
Oak,  in  low  grounds  mainly  S. ;  with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  wavy-toothed 
and  minutely  downy  beneath,  the  main  veins  10-16  pairs  and  prominent  be- 
neath ;  fruit-bearing' peduncle  short ;  the  thick  cup  7'  -  1'  wide,  tubcrcled  with  the 
thick  scales  ;  acorn  1'  or  less  long.  —  Var.  moxticola,  Rock  Chestnut  Oak, 
has  large  acorns  like  the  above,  but  more  the  chcstnut-likc  leaves  of  the  next; 
grows  in  and  near  the  mountains.  —  Var.  acumixXta,  Yellow  Chestxut  Oak 
of  rich  rather  dry  soil  through  the  interior,  mostly  of  tbe  Middle  States,  has 
chestnut-like  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  roundish  at  base,  on  slender 
petioles,  equally  and  sharply  toothed,  and  very  straight-veined ;  cup  about  ^' 
broad,  its  scales  small  and  close  ;  acorn  rather  small. 

Q.  prinoides,  Dwarf  Chestxut  or  Chinquapin-Oak.  Barren  or 
sandy  soil,  mostly  E. :  shrub  2° -4°  high,  Avith  obovate  or  oblong  sinuate 
leaves  narrowed  at  base  ;  and  acorns  and  cup  like  those  of  true  Chestnut  Oak, 
but  very  much  smaller ;  producing  little  abortive  acorns  in  the  axiis  of  some  of 
the  scales  of  the  cup. 

*  *  *  Live  Oak,  ivith  energreen  coriaceous  leaves,  not  lobed. 

Q.  vlrens,  Live  Oak.  Barrens  or  sands  along  the  coast  from  Virg.  S. 
Small  or  large  tree,  or  a  mere  shrub,  with  very  durable  firm  wood,  the  branch- 
lets  and  lower  face  of  the  small  oblong  entire  (or  rarely  spiny-toothed)  leaves 
hoary ;  conspicuous  peduncle  bearing  1-3  small  fruits,  with  top-shaped  cup 
and  oblong  acorn. 

§  2.  Biennial-fruited  Oaks,  the  acorns  not  maturing  until  the  autumn  of 
the  second  year,  these  therefore  borne  on  oUl  wood  be/oiv  the  lea  res  of  the 
season,  on  short  and  thick  peduncles  or  none :  kernel  always  bitter :  tip  or 
lobes  of  the  leaves, commonly  bristle-pointed. 

*  Thickisii-leaved  Oaks,  some  of  them  almost  or  quite  evergreen  at  the  South, 

coriaceous  but  deciduous  N.,  entire,  sparingly  toothed,  or  barely  3-lobed  at 
the  summit. 
^-  Txaves  generaVy  entire,  not  widened  upioards :  acorns  spherical,  small. 

Q.  einferea,  Upland  Willoav  Oak.  Dry  pine-barrens,  S.  E.  Virginia 
and  S.  Small  tree  or  shrub  ;  resembles  Live  Oak,  but  more  downy,  narrower- 
leaved,  the  cu])  shallow,  and  small  acorn  globular. 

Q.  Ph^Uos,  Willow  Oak.  Sandy  low  woods  from  New  York  S.  :  a 
middle-sized  tree,  remarkable  for  its  linear-lanceolate  smooth  willow-like  leaves 
narrowed  at  both  ends. 


304  OAK    FAMILY. 

Q.  imbric^ia,  Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak.  Rather  sterile  soil,  from  Kew 
Jersey  W.  &  S.  W.  :  a  midille-sized  tree,  with  laurel-like  lance-oblong  leaves 
glossy  above,  more  or  less  downy  beneath. 

-f-  -(-  Leaves  widening  upwards,  where  they  are  sometimes  moderately  3-5-lobed: 
acorns  globular,  ovoid,  small. 

Q.  aqu^tica,  Water  Oak.  Wet  ground  from  Maryland  S. :  a  small 
tree,  with  very  smooth  and  glossy  obovate-spatulate  oblanceolate  or  wedge- 
oblong  leaves  long-tapering  at  base  ;  cup  saucer-shaped. 

Q.  nigra,  Black-Jack  or  Barren  Oak.  Barrens,  from  New  York  S. 
&  W. :  low  tree  (8°- 25°  high),  with  wedge-shaped  leaves  Avidely  dilated  and 
mostly  3-lobed  at  summit,  but  often  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  rusty-downy 
beneath,  sniooth  and  glossy  above  ;  cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly. 

*  *  Black  and  Red  Oaks,  with  long-petiokd  and  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatijid 
deciduous  leaves. 
■<-  Downy  beneath  even  when  mature  :  cup  saucer-shaped  with  top-shaped  base. 

Q.  ilieif61ia,  Bear  or  Black  Scrub-Oak.  Sterile  hills  and  barrens, 
mostly  N.  &  W.  :  shrub  3° -8°  high,  straggling;  leaves  obovate  with  wedge- 
shaped  base,  above  angularly  3-7-lobed,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  acorn  ovoid, 
barely  ^'  long. 

Q.  falc^ta,  Spanish  Oak.  Dry  soil.  New  Jersey  to  111.  and  S. :  large 
tree,  with  oblong  leaves  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  3  -  .5-lobed  above,  grayish  or 
yellowish-downy  beneath,  the  lobes  mostly  narrow  and  entire  or  sparingly 
toothed  and  somewhat  curved  ;  acorn  globular,  hardly  ^'  long. 

•4-  ••-  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so,  generally  ovate,  oblong,  or 
some  of  the  larger  oliovate  in  outline,  and  varying  from  sinuately  to  deeply 
pinnatijid,  turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late  autumn  :  wood 
course-grained. 

++  Leaves  with  wedge-shaped  base  and  short  petiole,  rather  thick  and  coriaceous. 

Q.  Catesbaei,  Turkey  or  Barrens  Scrub-Oak.  Small  tree  in  pine 
barrens  S.  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  3-.5-cleft,  the  long  and  narroAv  or  un- 
equal lobes  somewhat  scythe-shaped  and  often  nearly  entire ;  cup  very  thick 
and  of  coarse  scales,  1'  or  less  broad,  half  enclosing  the  ovoid  nut. 

•»-•■  ++  Leaves  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  thinner. 

Q.  COCCinea,  Scarlet  Oak.  Dry  or  barely  moist  soil :  large  tree,  with 
gray  bark,  the  interior  reddish,  rather  firm  leaves  more  or  less  glossy  above  and 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  cup  coarse-scaly,  top-shaped  or  hemispherical  Avith  a  conical 
scaly  base,  covering  half  or  more  of  the  roundish  acorn  (this  ^'-'i'  long). 

Var.  tinctbria,  Quercitron,  Yellow-barked,  or  Black  Oak.  Bark 
of  trunk  darker-co!ored,  thicker,  rougher,  internally  orange  (quercitron),  and 
much  more  valuable  to  the  tanner  and  dyer ;  cup  less  top-shaped  ;  leaves  less 
pinnatifid  or  some  of  them  barely  sinuate,  thinner,  less  glossy,  and  more  like 
those  of  the  next. 

Q.  rubra,  Red  Oak.  Common  in  rich  and  poor  soil :  large  tree,  with 
dark  gray  smoothish  bark,  very  coarse  reddish  wood,  and  thinnish  moderately 
pinnatifid  leaves ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  sessile  or  on  a  short  and  abrupt  narrow 
neck,  of  fine  close  scales,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  oblong  acorn  (this 
1'  or  less  in  length). 

Q.  paliistris,  Swamp  Spanish  or  Pin  Oak.  ,  Low  grounds,  only  N.  : 
middle-sized  tree,  with  less  coarse  wood,  deeply  pinnatifid  smooth  leaves  with 
their  divergent  lobes  separated  by  broad  and  rounded  sinuses  ;  cup  flat-saucer- 
shaped  with  a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk,  of  fine  scales,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  roundish  acorn,  which  is  barely  ^'  in  length. 

2.  CASTANEA,  CHESTNUT.  (Classical  name,  taken  from  that  of  a 
town  in  Thessaly.)  Flowers  in  summer,  ai)pearing  later  than  the  elongated 
strongly  straight-veined  and  merely  serrate  leaves. 

C.  vesca,  European  Chestnut  :  seldom  planted  :  large  tree,  with  oblong- 
lanceolate  pointed  leaves  beset  Avith  coarse  sharp-pointed  teeth,  Avhen  mature 
smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  nuts  2  or  3  in  ea^h  involucre. 


SWEET-GALE   FAMILY.  305 

Var.  Americana,  American  Chestnut  :  large  tree  in  hilly  woods, 
from  Canada  to  Florida,  distinguishable  from  the  European  only  by  leaves  acute 
at  the  base,  and  nuts  sweeter  and  smaller. 

C.  piimila,  Chinquapin.  Sandy  dry  soil  chiefly  S.  &  E.  :  shrub  or 
small  tree ;  with  lance-oblong  leaves  whitish  downy  beneath,  and  very  sweet 
nut  solitary  in  the  involucre,  therefore  terete. 

3.  PAGUS,  BEECH.  (Classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek,  alluding  to 
the  nuts  being  good  to  eat.)  Elowers  appearing  with  the  (straight-veined 
and  serrate)  leaves,  in  spring. 

F.  ferruginea,  American  Beech.  Forest  tree,  commoner  N.,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  close  and  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  light  horizontal  spray ; 
the  leaves  oblong-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  distinctly  toothed,  thin,  their  silky 
hairs  early  deciduous,  the  very  straight  veins  all  ending  in  the  salient  teeth. 

F.  syiv^tica,  European  Beech,  occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  is 
distinguished  by  broader  and  shorter,  firmer,  more  hairy,  and  wavy-toothed 
leaves,  some  of  the  main  veins  tending  to  the  sinuses.  Copper  Beech  is  a 
variety  with  crimson-purple  foliage. 

4.  CORYLUS,  HAZEL-NUT,  FILBERT.  (Classical  Latin  name.) 
Shrubs,  with  flowers  in  early  spring,  preceding  the  rounded-heart-shaped, 
doubly-serrate,  at  first  downy  leaves.     Edible  nuts  ripe  in  autumn. 

C.  Avell^na,  European  H.  or  Filbert.  Occasionally  planted  :  6°- 10° 
high,  with  bristly  shoots,  and  smoothish  deeply-cleft  involucre  about  the  length 
of  the  (1'  long)  oval  nut. 

C.  AmeriCcina,  American  H.  Thickets  :  4° -6°  high,  with  more  downy 
shoots,  leaves,  and  involucre,  the  latter  open  down  to  the  smaller  globular  nut 
in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  broad  cut-toothed  leafy  bracts. 

C.  rostr^ta,  Beaked  H.  Thickets  and  banks,  mostly  N. :  2° -5°  high, 
with  more  ovate  and  scarcely  heart-shaped  leaves,  the  densely  bristly  involucre 
prolonged  in  a  narrow  curved  tube  much  beyond  the  ovoid  nut. 

6.   OSTRYA,  HOP-HORNBEAM.    (Classical  name.)    Slender  trees,  with 

very  hard  wood :  flowers  appearing  with  the  (Birch-like)  leaves,  in  spring. 

O.  Virglnica,  American  H.,  Iron-wood  or  Lever-wood.    Rich  woods  : 

tree  30° -50°  high,  with  brownish  rough  bark,  and  oblong-ovate  taper  pointed 

sharply  doubly  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath,  the  sacs  of  the  fruit  bristly  at  base. 

6.  CARPINUS,  HORNBEAM,  IRON-WOOD.  (Ancient  Latin  name.) 
Low  trees  or  tall  shrubs,  with  furrowed  trunks  and  very  hard  wood,  the  clot4 
gray  bark  and  small  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  Beech ;  floAvers  with  the 
leaves,  in  spring. 

C.  Americana,   American  H.,   also  called   Blue   or  Water  Beech. 

Banks  of  streams:  10° -20°  high  ;  with  ovate-oblong  pointed  doubly  serrate 
leaves,  becoming  smooth,  and  halberd-3-lobed  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

107.   MYRICACE^,  SWEET-GALE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  re.sinous-dotted  often  fragrant  simple  leave?,  and 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  both  kinds  in  short  scaly  catkins  or 
heads,  and  destitute  of  any  proper  calyx,  the  l-.-eeded  fruit  a  fleshy- 
little  drupe  or  at  length  dry  nut,  commonly  coated  with  wax. 

1.  MYRICA.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  the  catkins  from  lateral  scaly  buds:  each 

flower  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bractlets;  the  sterile  of 
2-8  stamens;  the  fertile  of  an  ovary  bearing  2  slender  stigmas  and  surround- 
ed by  a  few  little  scales. 

2.  COMPrONIA      Flowers  mostly  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins; 

the  fertile  m  globular  bur-like  heads.     Ovary  surrounded  by  long  awl-shaped 
scales  which  persist  around  the  smooth  little  nut. 
S  &  F— 24 


306  BIRCH     FAMILY. 

1.  MYRtCA,  BAYBERRY,  SWEET  GALE,  (Ancient  name  of  some 
aromatic  slii'iib. )     Fl.  spring,  witli  or  earlier  tiian  the  leaves. 

M.  G^le,  Sweet  Gale.  Cold  bogs  N. :  l°-4°  liigh,  with  pale  wedge- 
lanceolate  leaves,  sen-ate  towards  the  apex ;  little  nuts  crowded,  and  as  if 
winged  by  a  pair  of  scales. 

M.  cerifera,  Bayberry,  Wax-Myrtle.  Along  the  coast :  shrub  2°  -  8° 
high,  with  fragrant  lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  becoming 
glossy  above,  the  scattered  bony  nuts  thickly  incrustcd  with  greenish  or  white 
wax  and  appearing  like  berries. 

2.  COMPTONIA,  SWEET-FERN.  (Named  for  Henri/  Compton,  a 
bishop  of  London.)     Flowers  rather  later  than  the  leaves,  in  spring. 

C.  asplenifblia,  the  only  species,  in  sterile  rocky  soil,  chiefly  E. :  l°-2° 
high,  with  linear-lanceolate  downy  leaves  pinnatifid  into  many  short  and  rounded 
lobes,  resembling  a  Fern,  and  sweet-aromatic. 

108.  BETULACE^,  BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  resinous-sprinkled  and  aromatic,  with  al- 
ternate, simple,  mostly  straight-veined  leaves,  commonly  deciduous 
stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers,  both  kinds  in  scaly  catkins,  and  2 
or  3  under  each  bract.  Ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled,  but  the  fruit 
(a  little  nut  or  akene  often  surrounded  by  a  wing  like  a  samara) 
1 -celled  and  1-seeded.     Stigmas  2,  thread-like. 

1.  BETULA.     Sterile  catkins  long  and  hanging:  3  flowers  under  each  phield- 

shaped  scaly  bract,  each  with  a  scale  bearing  4  sliort  stamens  wltli  1-celled 
anthers.  Fertile  catkins  stout:  2  or  3  flowers  under  each  3-lobed  bract,  each 
of  a  naked  ovary  ripening  into  a  rounded  broadly  winged  scule-like  little  key- 
fruit,  tipped  with  tlie  2  stigmas. 

2.  ALNUS.     Flowers  much  as  in  Betula:  but  usually  a  distinct  3-5-parted  calyx; 

anthers  2-celIed;  oval  fertile  catkins  composed  of  thick  and  at  length 
woody  persistent  scales;  and  the  little  imtlets  less  winged  or  wingless. 

1.  BETULA,  BIKCH.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.)  Trees  with  slender 
spray  (or  a  few  low  shrubs),  more  or  less  spicy-aromatic  twigs,  sessile  scaly 
buds,  flowers  in  early  spring  along  with  the  leaves  ;  the  sterile  catkins  golden 
yellow ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminating  very  short  2-leavcd  branches  of 
the  season.     The  following  are  all  native  trees. 

*  Trunk  ivith  brown  or  yellow-gran  hark,  the  inner  and  the  tioigs  and  thin  straight- 

veined  leaves  spici/-aromaiic :  petioles  short :  thick  fruiting  catkins  with 
their  thin  scales  rather  persistent :  fruit  with  narrow  wing. 
B.  16nta,  Sweet,  Black,  or  Cherry  Birch.  Moist  Avoods  mostly  N.  : 
a  rather  large  tree,  with  fine-grained  valuable  wood,  dark  brown  close  bark  on 
the  trunk  (not  peeling  in  thin  layers)  and  bronze-reddish  twigs,  very  aromatic  ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  sharply  doubly  serrate  all  roumi, 
soon  glossy  above  and  almost  smooth  ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-cylindrical. 

B.  Itltea,  Yellow  or  Gray  B.  With  the  other  and  more  northward  : 
less  aromatic ;  bark  of  trunk  yellowish-gray  and  somewhat  silvery,  separating 
in  filmy  layers ;  leaves  duller,  more  downy,  and  rarely  at  all  heart-shaped ; 
fruiting  catkins  short-oblong. 

*  *  Trunk  with  chalhi-ivhite  hark  peeling  hmizontalh/  in  thin  shrets :  leaves  and 

narrow  cylindrical  smooth  catkins  slender-stalkal :  bracts  falling  with  the 
broad-winged  fruit, 
B.  alba,  vai-.  populifolia,  American  White  Birch.     Small  tree  in  low 
or  sterile  soil,  from  Penn.  N.  E.,  1 5° -25°  high,  with  triangular  very  taper- 
pointed  smooth  and  glossy  leaves. 

B.  papyr^cea.  Paper  or  Canoe  Birch.  Large  tree,  from  upper  part  of 
Penn.  N.,  mostly  farN. ;  with  more  ovate  and  even  heajt-shaped  leaves  (dull 


WILLOW   PAMILT.  S07 

"beneath,  and  even  dark  green  above),  and  more  papery  bark  than  in  White 
Birch,  separating  in  ample  sheets. 

*  *  *  Trunk  with  qreenish-hrown  hark,  hardly  peeling  in  lai/ers,  reddish  twigs 
little  aromatic,  and  oblong  downy  short-stalked  catkins  :  wings  of  fruit  broad.    , 

B.  nigra,  Eiveu  or  Red  Birch.  Middle-sized  tree  of  low  river-banks, 
commonest  S. :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  whitish  and  mostly  downy  beneath. 

2.  ALNUS,  ALDER.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
narrow  leaf-buds  of  very  few  scales  and  often  stalked,  and  catkins  mostly 
clustered  or  racemed  on  leafless  branchlets  or  peduncles. 

§  1.  Flowers  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  the  sterile  from,  catkins  which  were  nakrd 
over  winter,  while  the  fertile  catkin  was  enclosed  in  a  scaly  hud. 

A.  viridis,  Green  or  Mountain  Alder.  Only  rather  far  N.,  and  on 
mountains:  3° -8°  high;  leaves  round-oval  or  ovate,  glutinous;  fruit  with 
a  broad  thin  wing. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  much  before  the  leaves,  both  sorts  from  catkins 
which  have  remained  na/ced  over  winter:  wing  of  fruit  narrow  andthickish. 

A.  Serrul^ta,  Smooth  a.  Common,  especially  S. :  6° -12°  high,  with 
obovate  smooth  or  smoorhish  leaves  green  both  sides  and  sharply  serrate. 

A.  incana,  Speckled  or  Hoary  A.  Common  N.  along  streams  :  8°  -20° 
high;  with  broadly  oval  or  ovate  leaves  rounded  at  base,  serrate  and  often 
coarsely  toothed,  whitened  and  commonly  downy  beneath. 

109.   SALICACEiE,  WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  soft  liglit  wood,  alternate  undi- 
vided leaves,  either  persistent  or  deciduous  stipules,  and  dioecious 
flowers  ;  both  kinds  in  catkins,  one  flower  under  each  bract  or  scale, 
the  staminate  of  naked  stamens  only;  the  fertile  of  a  1-celled  ovary 
which  becomes  a  2-valved  pod  with  2  parietal  .or  basal  placentie, 
bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  cottony  down  at 
one  end. 

1.  SALIX.     Scales  of  the  catkins  entire.     Sterile  flowers  of  few  or  rarely  many 

stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers  witli  a  little 
gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side:  stigmas  2,  short,  eac'n 
sometimes  2-lobed.  Shrubs  or  ti-ees  with  lithe  branches,  mostly  1-scaIed 
buds,  and  narrow  leaves. 

2.  POPULUS.     Scales  of  the  catkins  cut  or  cleft  at  the  apex.     Flowers  on  a  cup- 

shaped  oblique  disk.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Stigmas  long.  Catkins 
drooping;  flowers  preceding  the  leaves,  these  mostly  broad.     Buds  scaly. 

1.  SALIX,  willow,  osier.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  The  Wil- 
lows, especially  the  numerous  wild  ones,  are  much  too  difficult  for  the  be- 
ginner to  undertake.  For  their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used.  The 
following  are  the  common  ones  planted  from  the  Old  World,  with  some  of 
the  most  treedike  wild  ones, 

§  \.    Stamens  2,  hut  their  filaments  and  often  the  anthers  also  united  into  one. 

S.  purptirea,  of  Eu.  :  known  by  the  reddish  or  olive-colored  twigs,  lateral 
catkins  before  the  leaves  and  with  dark  scales,  red  anthers,  and  sessile  downy 
ovary. 

§  2.    Stameiuf  2  and  separate. 

♦  Flowers  earlier  than  the  leaves :  catkins  sessile  along  the  shoot  of  preceding  year. 

S.  Vimin^lis,  Basket  W.  or  Osikh,  of  Eu.,  the  twigs  best  for  basket- 
work  ;  has  lanco-linear  entire  slender-pointed  leaves  3' -6'  long  and  satiny-white 
underneath. 


308  WILLOW   FAMILY. 

«  «  Flowers  slightly  earlier  than  the  leaves  hut  rather  late  in  spring,  on  lateral 
calkins  which  have  4  or  5  leafy  bracts  at  their  base. 

S.  COrd^ta.  A  common  wild  species  along  streams,  badly  named,  as  the 
loaves  are  seldom  heart-shaped  at  base  and  generally  lanceolate,  often  tapering 
to  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  pale  or  whitish  beneath;  stipules  on 
young  shoots  conspicuous,  ovate  or  kidney;shaped  ;  ovary  slender-stalked, 
tapering,  smooth. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  loose  catkins  terminating  leafy  lateral  shoots  of  the  season,  there- 
fore later  than  the  leaves,  in  late  spring  or  early  sununer. 

S.  longif61ia,  Loxg-leaved  W.  Wild  on  river-banks  N.  :  low  shrub  or 
low  tree,  with  very  long  lance-lincar  nearly  sessile  sparsely  denticulate  leaves 
grayish-hairy  when  young  ;  catkins  with  narrow  yellowish  scales ;  the  stalked 
silky-downy  ovary  bearing  large  stigmas. 

S.  Babylbniba,  Weeping  W.  Planted  from  the  Orient :  a  familiar  tree, 
with  very  slender  drooping  branches,  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves  white  beneath ; 
in  the  monstrous  variety  called  annulXris,  Hoof  W.,  curved  into  a  ring. 

S.  ^Iba,  White  W.,  commonly  the  var.  vitellixa,  with  yellow  twigs : 
planted  from  Eu. ;  a  familiar  tree ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  white-silky  under- 
neath ;  stipules  lanceolate  ;  ovary  nearly  sessile  and  smooth. 

S.  fragilis,  Brittle  W.,  from  Eu.  (so  called  because  the  twigs,  used  for 
basket-work,  &c.,  break  off  readily  from  their  base,  as  in  several  other  species)  ; 
large  tree,  with  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves  white  but  smooth  beneath,  half 
heart-shaped  stipules,  and  nearly  sessile  smooth  ovary. 

§  3.  Stamens  3-5  or  more,  sepurate  :  catkins  late-foivering,  terminating  leafy 
branches  of  the  season  as  in  the  preceding  species :  stamens  hairy :  ovary 
smooth  :  scales  deciduous :  leaves  serrate,  smooth. 

S.  nigra,  Black  W.  Low  river-banks  :  wild  tree,  with  rough  black  bark, 
narrow-lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves,  3-6  stamens,  and  short-ovate  pods. 

S.  pent^ndra,  Bay  W.  A  handsome  tree,  planted  from  Eu.  for  the  deep 
green  very  glossy  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves,  of  the  same  hue  both  sides, 
the  large  staminate  catkins  of  golden  yellow  flowers  also  handsome  :  stamens 
4-12,  commonly  5  ;  pods  tapering. 

S.  Iticida,  American  Bay  W.  Wild  in  wet  ground  N  :  very  like  the 
last,  but  a  shrub,  with  shorter  catkins  on  a  less  leafy  short  branch. 

2.   P6PULUS,  POPLAR,  ASPEN.     ( Classical  Latin  name. )     El.  spring. 

§  1.   Buds  not  glutinous  :  leaves  cottony,  at  least  beneath,  even  ichen  old. 

P.  ^Iba,  Abele  or  White  P.  Tree  planted  from  Eu.,  with  spreading 
branches,  roundish  slightly  heart-shaped  wavy-toothed  or  lobcd  leaves  soon 
green  above,  very  white-cottony  beneath  :  spreads  inveterately  by  the  root. 

§  2.  Buds  not  glutinous  :  leaves  cottony  when  developed,  but  soon  smooth  and 
green  both  sides  :  bark  smooth  and  close,  greenish-white. 

P.  tremuloides,  American  Aspen.  Small  tree,  common  in  woods  N. ; 
with  small  roundish-heart-shaped  leaves  beset  with  small  regular  teeth;  scales 
of  the  catkin  cut  into  3  or  4  linear  lobes,  fringed  with  long  hairs. 

P.  grandidentata,  Larger  Amkrican  Aspen.  Middle-sized  tree,  com- 
mon in  woods  :  the  larger  roundish-ovate  leaves  with  coarse  and  irregular  blunt 
teeth  ;  scales  unequally  5-6-cleft,  slightly  fringed. 

P.  heterophylla,  Downy  Poplar.  Wet  grounds,  common  only  W^  & 
S.  :  tree  40° -60°  high;  legves  round-ovate  or  heart-shaped  with  the  sinus 
closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes,  obtuse,  serrate  Avith  incurved  teeth,  3' -5'  long, 
white  wool  deciduous  only  with  age,  leaving  traces  on  the  veins  beneath  and  on 
the  petioles  ;  fruiting  catkins  smooth. 

§  3.    Buds  glutinous  with  aromatic  resin  or  balsam:  leaves  smooth  from  the  first. 

P.  dilat^ta,  Lombardy  P.  Stiff  spiry  tree,  with  closely  appressed  branches, 
and  small  broadly  triangular  pointed  leaves,  formerly  much  planted,  from  the 
Old  World,  —  thought  to  be  a  remarkable  state  of 


PINE   FAMILY.  309 

P.  nigra,  Black  P.,  of  Eu.,  which  is  occasionally  planted,  and4ias  spread- 
ing branches,  larger  leaves,  more  glutinous  buds,  &c. 

P.  monilifera,  Cottox-wood  or  Necklace  P.  Along  the  Great  Lakes 
and  rivers,  from  L.  Champlain  W.  and  S.  W.  :  large  tree,  with  young  branches 
somewhat  angled ;  leaves  dilated-triangular  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  taper- 
pointed,  serrate  Avith  cartilaginous  incurved  teeth  and  prominent  lateral  veins  ; 
fertile  catkins  very  long  and  interrupted,  their  scales  cut-fringed  ;  stigmas  very 
large,  toothed. 

P.  balsamifera,  Balsam  P.  or  Tacamahac.  Middle-sized  tree,  wild 
along  our  Northern  borders  and  N.  W.  :  has  round  or  scarcely  angled  branch- 
lets,  very  glutinous  and  pleasantly  balsamic  strong-scented  bud-scales,  and  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  gradually  tapering  leaves. 

Var.  candicans,  Balm-of-Gilead  P. :  planted  around  dwellings  as  a 
shade  tree,  wild  in  some  places,  spreading  inveterately  fi-om  the  root ;  appears 
to  be  a  variety  of  the  Balsam  Poplar,  with  broader  ovate  and  often  heart  shaped 
leaves  lighter-colored  beneath. 

Subclass  IL  GYMNOSPERMOUS  :  no  closed  ovary,  style, 
or  stigma,  but  ovules  and  seeds  naked  on  a  scale  or  some  other  sort 
of  transformed  leaf,  or  in  Yew  at  the  end  of  a  scaly-bracted  stalk  ; 
the  mouth  of  the  ovule  receiving  the  pollen  directly.  (Lessons,  p.  121, 
fig.  264-266;  p.  133,  fig.  312-314.)     Leaves  not  netted-veiued. 

Cycas  revoltlta  (Lessons,  p.  19,  fig.  47),  from  the  southern  part  of 
Japan,  a  palm-like  low  tree  of  conservatories,  wrongly  called  Sago  Palm,  and 

Zamia  integrifdlia,  the  Coontie  of  Florida,  the  root-like  trunk  of 
which  does  not  rise  above  ground,  and  furnishes  a  kind  of  flour  called  Florida 
Arrow-root,  represent  the  order  Cycadace^. 

111.   CONIFER-^],  PINE  FAMILY^* 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  wood  of  homogeneous  fibre  (no  ducts), 
resinous  juice,  commonly  needle-shaped  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  and 
monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious  flowers  destitute  of  both  calyx 
and  corolla,  and  in  catkins  or  the  like.     (See  Lessons,  as  above.) 

I.  PINP2  FAMILY  PROPER.  These  are  true  Coniferce^  or 
cone-bearing  trees,  the  fertile  flowers  being  in  a  scaly  catkin  which 
becomes  a  strobile  or  scaly  cone.  The  scales  are  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  bract  (which  is  sometimes  evident  and  projecting,  but  often 
concealed  in  the  full-grown  cone),  and  bear  a  pair  of  ovules  ad- 
hering to  their  inner  face  next  the  base,  the  orifice  downwards, 
and  the  two  winged  seeds  peel  off  the  scale  as  the  latter  expands 
at  maturity.  They  all  have  scaly  buds.  All  the  common  and 
hardy  trees  of  the  family  belong  to  the  following. 

1.  PINUS.  Leaves  persistent,  long  and  needle-shaped,  2,  3.  or  5  in  a  cluster  from 
the  axil  of  dry  bud-scales,  developed  after  the  scaly  shoot  of  the  season 
lengthens.  Sterile  catkins  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  season: 
each  stamen  answers  to  a  flower,  reduced  to  a  2-celled  anther,  with  hardly 
any  filament.  Cone  woody,  mostly  large,  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the 
second  year.  Cotyledons  of  the  embrvo  several.  (See  Lessons,  p.  18,  fig. 
45,  46;  p.  72,  fig.  140;  p.  133,  144,  fig.  312-314.) 

*  For  a  particular  account  of  the  numerous  trees  of  this  noble  family  now  planted  or 
beginning  to  be  planted  for  ornament  special  works  should  be  consulted,  such,  especially,  as 
the  recent  '■  Book  of  Evergreens  •'  by  Mr.  Iloopcs.  We  give  here  only  the  principal  species 
of  the  country,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  well-established  introduced  species,  mainly 
such  as  are  fully  hardy  North. 


310  PINE   FAMILY. 

2.  ABIES.     Leaves  persistent,  linear  or  short  needle-shaped,  bonie  directlv  on  the 

shoots  of  the  season,  over  which  they  are  thickly  and  uniformly  scattered. 
Sterile  catkins  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  year.  'Fertile  cat- 
kins solitary,  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year;  tlieir  scales  thin  and 
even,  never  prickle-bearing. 

3.  LARIX.     Leaves  all  deciduous  in  autumn,  soft,  short  needle-shaped,  in  spring, 

developed  very  many  in  a  dense  cluster  from  axillar\'  buds  of  the  previous 
summer  (Lessons,  p.' 71,  fig.  139),  those  on  shoots  of 'the  season  similar  but 
scattered.     Cones  as  in  Abies,  the  scales  persistent. 

4.  CEDKUS.     Leaves  as  in  Larix,  but  rigid  and  persistent.      Cones  globular, 

large,  of  very  broad  thin  scales,  which  at  length  fall  away  from  the  axis. 

II.  CrPRESS  FAMILY.  These  have  both  kinds  of  flowers 
in  short  often  globular  catkins  of  few  scales  ;  the  fertile  making  a 
globular  or  ovate  small  cone,  which  is  often  fleshy  M'hen  young, 
sometimes  imitating  a  berry.  The  branches  appear  and  the  shoots 
grow  on  without  the  intervention  of  any  scaly  buds.  Leaves  often 
opposite  or  whorled,  sometimes  scale-like  and  adnate  to  the  branch. 

§  1.   Scales  of  the  globular  cone  with  a  pointed  bract  behind  each  loedge-shaped  scale, 
party  cohering  with  its  back. 

5.  CRYPTOMERIA.     Cone  terminating  a  leafy  branch,  the  recurved  tip  of  the 

bract  and  awl-shaped  lobes  of  the  top  of  the  scales  projecting. 

§  2.    Scales  of  the  fruit  simple,  no  bract  behind  them. 
*  Fruit  a  sort  of  cone,  dry  and  hard  lohen  mature :  flowers  moncecious,  rarely  dioRciom, 
•«-  Leaves  thin  and  delicate,  flat,  deciduous. 

6.  TAXODIUM.     Two  kinds  of  flowers  on  the  same  branches ;  the  sterile  catkin 

ppike-panicled,  of  few  stamens;  the  fertile  in  small  clusters.     Cone  globular, 
firmly  closed  till  mature,  of  several  very  thick-topped  and  angular  shield- 
shaped  scales,  a  pair  of  erect  3-angled  seeds  on  their  stalk. 
•»-  ■•-  Leaves  evergreen,  linear  and  awl-shaped,  alternate,  free,  destitute  of  glands. 

7.  SEQUOIA.     Catkins  globiilar,  the  scales  of  the  fertile  ones  bearing  several 

ovules.     Cone  woody;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closed  without  overlapping, 
and  bearing  3-5  flat  wing-margined  seeds  hanging  from  the  upper  part  of 
their  stalk-like  base. 
•*-•»-+-  Leaves  evergreen,  opposite,  awl-shaped  and  scale-shaped  {the  former  on  the 
more  vigonms  lengthening  shoots,  the  latter  closely  imbricated  and  decussate  on 
the  succeeding  branchlets).  commonly  icith  a  resinous  gland  on  tJie  back.     Seeds 
and  ovules  erect :  cotyledons  only  2  or  3. 
6.   CUPRESSUS.     Cones   spherical;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closing  by  their 
well-fitted  margins,  not  overlapping,  separating  at  maturity,  each  scale  bear- 
ing two  or  usually  several  ovules  and  winged  or  wing-margined  seeds,  its 
broad  summit  with  a  central  boss  or  short  point. 
9.  THUJA.     Cones  oblong  or  globular,  the  scales  not  shield-shaped  but  concave 
and  fixed  by  their  base,  overlapping  in  pairs,  pointed  if  at  all  from  or  near 
their  summit,  spi-eading  open  at  maturity,  each  bearing  a  single  pair  of 
ovules  and  seeds,  or  rarely  more. 

*  *  Fruit  berry-like :  flowers  commonly  dioecious. 

10.  JUNIPERUS.      Catkins  very  small,  lateral;  the  fertile  of  3-6  fleshy  scales 

growing  together,  and  ripening  into  a  sort  of  globular  beny,  containing  1-3 
bony  seeds.    Leaves  evergreen,  opposite  or  whorled. 

IIL  YEW  FAMILY.  Distinguished  by  having  the  fertile 
catkin,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  reduced  to  a  single  terminal  flower, 
consisting  of  an  ovule  only,  surrounded  by  some  bracts,  ripening 
into  a  nut-like  or  drupe-like  seed:  cotyledons  only  2.  There  is 
nothing  answering  to  the  scales  of  a  pine-cone.  Leaf-buds  scaly  as 
in  the  true  Pine  Family.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  axillary. 

11.  TAXUS.    Leaves  linear,  appearing  more  or  less  2-ranked,  green  both  sides. 

Both  kinds  of  catkins,  if  such  they  may  be  called,  are  small  axillary  buds 


PINE   FAMILY.  811 

imbricated  with  persistent  scales,  bearing  at  the  apex,  one  a  few  naked 
stamens,  each  with  3-8  anther-cells  under  a  somewhat  shield-shaped  apex, 
the  other  an  ovate  ovule.  This  in  fruit  becomes  a  nut-like  blackish  seed, 
restinc^  in  the  bottom  of  a  berry-like  red  cup. 

12.  TORREYA.     Leaves,  catkins,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  Taxus.     Stamens  more  scale- 

shaped  at  top,  each  bearing  4  hanging  anther-cells.  Naked  seed  resembling 
a  thin  fleshed  drupe  or  Avhen  dry  a  nut,  -with  no  cup  around  it,  as  large  as  a 
nutmeg,  wliich  it  resembles  also  in  the  brain-like  interior  structure. 

13.  SALISBURIA.     Leaves  wedge-shaped  and  fan-shaped,  deeply  2-cleft  and  the 

lobes  wavy-toothed  and  somewhat  cleft  at  the  broad  truncate  end,  traversed, 
with  straight  simple  or  forking  nerves  or  veins,  like  a  Fern.  Flowers  not 
often  seen.  Sterile  catkins  slender  and  loose.  Seed  drupe-like,  and  with  a 
fleshy  short  cup  around  its  base. 
PODOCARPUS,  one  or  two  species  in  choice  conservatories,  and  two  half 
hardy  in  the  Middle  States  as  low  shrubs,  —  the  genus  so  called  because 
the  fleshy  seed  is  raised  on  a  sort  of  stalk,  —  belongs  here.  The  leaves  are 
sometimes  much  unlike  those  of  other  Coniferous  trees,  being  large,  linear, 
lanceolate,  or  even  ovate,  and  veinless,  except  the  midrib. 

1.  PINUS,  PINE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     riowers  in  late  spring. 

§  1.    PiTCH-PiNES  and  their  relatives,  with  leaves  only  2  or  3  in  the  cluster, 
scaly -sheathed  at  the  base  :  wood  resinous. 

*  Cones  lateral  and  persistent  on  the  branch  long  ajler  shedding  the  seed,  the  scales  < 
thickened  at  the  end,  often  tipped  with  a  cusp  or  spine :  leaves  rigid., 
1-  Leaves  3  in  the  cluster.     All  natives,  but  the  last  Californian. 

P.  australis,  Loxg-lewkd  or  Southern  Yellow  Pine.  Lofty  striking 
tree,  of  pine-barrens  from  N.  Car.  S.  ;  with  leaves  10'- 15'  long,  very  resin- 
ous wood,  and  cones  6'- 10'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  reflexed  short  spine. 

P.  tJEda,  Loblolly  or  Old-field  P.  Smaller  tree,  in  light  soil,  from 
Virginia  S  ,  with  less  resinous  wood,  dark  green  leaA^es  6'- 10'  long,  and  solitary 
cones  3'  -  5'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  straight  or  incurved  spine. 

P.  rigida,  Northern  Pitch  P.  Sandy  or  thin  rocky  soil,  abounding 
along  the  coast  N.  and  in  the  upper  country  S. :  a  stout  tree,  with  dark  green 
leaves  3' -5'  long  from  short  sheaths,  clustered  ovate-conical  cones  2' -3'  long, 
the  scales  tipped  with  a  recurved  spine  or  prickle. 

P.  serbtina,  Pond  P.  Small  tree  in  wet  ground  from  N.  Car.  S. ;  with 
valueless  wood,  leaves  4'-  8'  long,  and  mostly  opposite  round-ovate  cones  2' -3' 
long,  th^r  scales  tipped  with  a  very  small  and  weak  prickle. 

P.  ponder6sa  (or  BenthamiXna)  ;  planted  from  California,  where  it  is  a 
characteristic  tree,  with  heavy  wood,  deep  green  leaves  6'- 11'  long,  and  clus- 
tered cones  about  3'  long,  reflexed  on  a  short  stalk. 

H-  -t-  Leaves  only  2  in  the  sheath,  or  a  few  of  them  sometimes  in  threes. 
•M-  Planted  from  Europe. 
P.  sylv6stris,  Scotch  Pine  (wrongly  called  also  Scotch  Fir),  the  com- 
mon Pine  of  N.  Europe  :  middle-sized  tree,  known  by  the  bluish-white  hue  of 
its  flat  leaves  (2' -4'  long),  reddish  bark  on  the  firunk,  and  narrow  tapering 
cones,  the  scales  with  tubercle-like  tips. 

P.  Austriaca,  Austrian  P.,  a  probable  variety  of  P.  LARfno,  or  Cor- 
8ICAN  P.  of  S.  Eu.  :  a  fast-growing  massive  tree,  with  very  rough  branches, 
dark-green  slender  but  rigid  leaves  4' -6'  long,  and  conical  cones  2.^' -3'  long. 

++  ++  Wild  species  of  the  country. 

P.  piingens,  Table-Mountain  or  Prickly  Pine.  Along  the  Alle- 
ghauies  from  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  :  middle-sized  tree  ;  with  dark  blnish-green 
leaves  only  about  2'  long ;  but  the  heavy  and  clustered  cones  fully  3'  long, 
ovate,  and  the  scales  armed  witli  a  very  strong  soniewhat  hooked  spine. 

P.  mitis,  Yellow  Pi.ne  of  the  North,  Short-leaved  Yellow  Pine  S.  : 
a  middle-sized  tree  in  sandy  or  dry  soil,  with  firm  fine-grained  wood,  slender 
leaves  (not  rarely  in  threes)  3' -5'  long,  and  mostly  solitary  ovate  or  oblong- 
onical  cones  barely  2'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute  weak  prickle. 


312  PINE    FAMILY. 

P.  inops,  Jersey  Scrttb  P.  Low  straorgling  tree  of  barrens  and  sterile 
hills,  from  New  Jersey  S.  &  W. ;  with  drooping  branchlcts,  leaves  l'-3'  long, 
and  solitary  ovate-oblong  cones  2'  long,  retlexed  on  a  short  stalk,  the  scales 
tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  prickle. 

F.  Banksiana,  Gray  or  Northern  Scrub  P.  Along  our  northern 
frontiers  and  extending  N.,  on  rocky  banks  :  straggling  shrub  or  tree,  50-20° 
high ;  with  oblique  or  contorted  leaves  1'  long,  curved  cones  barely  2'  long,  and 
blunt  scales. 

*  *  Cones  at  the  apex  of  the  branch  and  fallinrf  after  shedcUnq  the  seed,  their 
scales  slightly  thickened  at  the  end  and  without  any  prickly  point ;  leaves 
only  2  in  the  cluster  and  with  a  long  sheath,  slender. 
P.  resinbsa,  Red  Pine,  and  wrongly  called  Norway  Pjne  :    the  Latin 
name  not  a  good  one,  as  the  tree  is  not  especiallv  resinous  :  dry  woods  N. 
from  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  ;  50°  -  80°  high,  with  reddish  and  smoothish 
bark,  compact  wood,  dark  green  leaves  5' -6'  long  and  not  rigid,  and  ovate- 
conical  smooth  cones  about  2'  long. 

§  2.  White  Pines,  with  softer  haves,  5  in  the  cluster,  their  sheath  and  the  scale 
undtrnrath  early  deciduous  :  cones  long,  cylindrical,  tn-minal,  hangimj, 
falling  cifer  shedding  the  seeds,  their  scales  hardly  if  at  all  thickened  at  the 
end,  ]X)intless :  seed  thin-shelled  and  winged. 

P.  Str6bus,  White  Pine.  Tall  tree  in  low  or  fertile  soil  N.  and  along 
the  mountains  ;  with  soft  white  wood  invaluable  for  lumber,  smooth  greenish 
bark  on  young  trunks  and  branches,  pale  or  glaucous  slender  leaves  3' -4'  long, 
and  naiTow  cones  5'  -  6'  long. 

P.  excelsa,  BiiOTAN  or  Himalayan  White  P.  Ornamental  tree  barely 
hardy  for  N. ;  with  the  drooping  and  white  leaves  and  the  cones  nearly  twice 
the  length  of  those  of  White  Pine, 

P.  Lamberti^na,  Lambert's  or  Sugar  P.  One  of  the  tallest  trees  of 
Oregon  and  California,  beginning  to  be  planted  :  has  leaves  as  rii^id  as  in  many 
Pitch  Pines,  3' -5' long,  bright  green,  the  cones  also  at  first  erect,  when  full 
grown  1 2'  -  20'  long. 

§  3.  Nut  Pines,  with  leai^es,  ^x.  as  in  the  preceding  srcfion,  but  short  thick  cones 
of  fewer  and  thick  pointless  scales,  and  large  hard-shelled  edible  seeds  desti- 
tute of  a  wing. 

P.  C6mbra,  Cembra  or  Swfss  Stone  P.  of  the  higher  Alps  :  small, 
Blow-growing,  very  hardy  ornamental  tree,  with  green  4-sided  leaves  3^4'  long 
and  much  crowded  on  the  erect  branches  ;  cones  round-oval,  erect,  2'  long,  the 
round  seeds  as  large  as  peas. 

2.  ABIES,  SPRUCE,  FIR  {Classical  Latin  name.  — The  names  Abies 
and  Picea,  for  Spruce  and  Fir,  arc  just  oppositely  used  by  different  authors. 
Linnffius  employed  the  former  for  Spruce,  the  latter  for  Fir,  and  so  do  some 
late  writers.  The  ancients  used  the  names  just  the  other  way,  and  the  later 
botanists  mostly  follow  them)     FI.  late  spring. 

§  1.  Spruce.  Conps  hanging  or  nodding  on  the  end  of  a  branch,  their  scales 
persistent :  cells  of  the  anther  o})ening  lengthwise :  the  needle-shaped  and 
4-sided  leaves  pointing  every  ivay. 

A.  exc6Lsa,  Norway  Spruce  :  the  most  common  and  most  vigorous 
species  planted,  from  Europe ;  fine  large  tree,  with  stout  branches,  deep  green 
leaves  lar^^er  than  in  the  next,  the  mature  hanging  cones  5' -7'  long. 

A.  nigra,  Black  or  Double  Spruce.  Cold  v»oods  and  swamps  N.  and 
along  the  mountains  S.  :  middle-sized  tree,  with  leaves  (seldom  over  ^'  long) 
dark  green,  and  a  glaucous-whitish  variety  E. ;  its  ovate  cones  recurving  on 
^hort  branches,  I'-l^'  long,  persistent  for  several  years,  thin  rigid  scales  with 
thin  often  eroded  edge. 

A.  ^Iba,  White  Spruce.  Wild  only  along  our  northern  borders  and  N. ; 
when  planted  a  very  handsome  tree,  with  pale  glaucous  leaves  ;  cylindrical 
nodding  cones  about  2'  long,  falling  the  first  winter,  the  thinner  scales  with  a 
firm  even  edge. 


PINE    FAMILY.  313 

A.  Menzi6sii,  Menzies'  Spruce,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  W.,  is 
planted  and  likely  to  become  common  :  fine  tree,  with  broader  and  stiffer  leaves 
than  the  foreg:oing,  almost  prickly-pointed,  silvery -whitish  beneath;  cones  al>out 
3'  long,  cylindrical,  soft ;  their  scales  rhombic-ovate,  thin  and  pale. 

§2.   Hemlock-Spruce  (Tsuga).     Cones  hamjing  on  declined  branches  of  the 

preceding  yar,  small,  persistent,  and  their  scales  persistent :  sterile  catkins 

very  small  and  globular,  oj  a  few  anthers  which  open  across  :  leavisjiat,  on 

distinct  little  petioles,  most  of  them  spreading  right  and  left  so  as  to  apjiear 

2-ranked  on  the  branch. 

A.  Canadensis,  Hemlock-Spruce.     Common  on  hills  N.,  and  planted 

for  ornament :  large  tree,  with  coarse  wood,  light  and  spreading  spray,  broadish- 

linear  and  blunt  leaves  only  ^'  long,  green  above  and  white  beneath,  and  oval 

cones  only  |'  or  §'  long',  their  bracts  very  short  and  hidden. 

A.  Dougl^sii,  Douglas  Spruce,  one  of  the  tall  trees  from  Rocky 
Mountains  and  W.  to  the  Pacific,  planted  but  proves  not  quite  hardy  enough  N., 
is  of  this  section  :  it  has  slender  leaves  1'  or  more  long,  light  green,  indistinctly 
2-ranked;  cones  2' -3'  long,  loose,  with  pointed  and  toothed  bracts  projecting 
beyond  the  scales. 

§  3.  Fir.  Cones  set  rigidly  erect  on  the  upper  side  of  spreading  branches  of  the 
preceding  year,  their  scales  and  commonly  conspicuous  bracts  falling  away 
with  the  seeds  ichen  ripe  from  the  persistent  slender  axis  :  seeds  resinous : 
anthers  irre(/ularly  bursting :  leaves  fat,  white  beneath  each  side  of  the 
prominent  viidrib,  those  on  horizontal  branches  inclined  to  spread  right  and 
left  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked. 

*  Balsam  Firs,  7iative  trees:  bark  yielding  Canada  balsam  from  blisters,  Sfc. 
A.  balsamea,  CoMnrox  B.     Small  tree  of  cold  or  wet  grounds  N.,  hand- 
some when  young,  but  short-lived,  with  worthless  wood,  narrow  linear  leaves 

J'  or  less  than  1'  long  and  much  crowded,  cylindrical  violet-colored  cones  2' -4' 
long  and  1'  thick,  their  bracts  with  only  the  abrupt  slender  point  projecting. 

A.  Fraseri,  Fraser's  or  Soutiierx  B.  Along  the  higher  Allcghanies : 
small  tree,  like  the  precedmg  ;  but  the  small  cones  (only  l'-2'  long)  ob'ong- 
ovate,  with  the  short-pointed  upper  part  of  the  bracts  conspicuously  projecting 
and  reflexed. 

*  *  Silver-Firs,  &c.,  ve^^y  choice  ornamental  trees,  only  the  frst  at  oil  common. 

■I-  Leaves  blunt. 

A.  peotin^ta,  European  Silver-F.  Large  tree  with  wood,  its  horizon- 
tal branches  with  narrow  leaves  (greener  above  than  in  Balsam  F.,  nearly  as 
white  beneath  and  1^'  long)  forming  a  flat  spray  ;  cones  6' -8'  long,  with 
slender  projecting  points  to' the  bracts. 

A.  Nordmanni^na,  from  the  Crimea  and  N.  Asia ;  with  thicker-set  and 
broader  leaves  than  the  foregoing,  linear,  curved,  1'  long,  deep  green  above  and 
whitened  beneatli ;  cones  large  and  ovate. 

A.  Pichta,  SiiJERiAN  SiLVER-F.  ;  with  thicker-set  leaves  than  those  of 
European  Silver-Fir,  dark  green  above  and  less  white  beneath ;  cones  only  3' 
long,  their  shoft  bracts  concealed  under  the  scales. 

A.  grandis,  Great  Silver-Fir  of  Oregon  and  California:  resembles  a 
fine  Balsam  Fir  on  a  large  scale,  with  broader  leaves  notched  at  the  end,  about 
1'  long,  and  thicker  cones  with  concealed  bracts. 

•<-  Leaves  acute  or  j/oiuted,  especially  on  main  shoots,  rigid,  ividely  and  about 
equally  spreading  on  all  sides. 

A.  Cephal6nica,  Cephalonian  Silver-Fiu  :  remarkable  for  its  very 
stiff  almost  prickly-pointed  squarrose  leaves  dark  green  above,  white  beneath. 

A.  Pinsdpo,  Spanish  SilveRtFir  :  resembles  the  last,  but  not  so  hardy, 
leaves  less  pointed,  and  the  bracts  of  the  cones  are  concealed. 

3.  LARIX,  LARCH.  (The  ancient  name.)  Trees  planted  for  ornament 
and  valualile  for  timber  :  branches  slender,  the  young  ones  pendulous  :  flow- 
ers in  earliest  spring,  much  before  tho  leaves  appear  :  catkins  from  later.** 


SI  4  PINE   FAMILY. 

spurs  or  broad  buds ;  the  sterile  globular,  yellow ;  tbe  fertile  oval,  crimson- 
red,  being  the  color  of  the  bracts. 

L.  Europasa,  European  Larch,  the  one  generally  planted  :  a  fine  fast- 
growing  tree,  with  leaves  about  1'  long,  and  longer  cones  of  numerous  scales. 

L.  Americana,  Amkricax  L.,  Tamarack  or  Hackmatack.  Swamps 
N.  :  slender  tree  with  shorter  and  paler  leaves,  and  small  cones  of  few  scales, 
only  1^'  or  I'  long. 

4.  CEBRUS,  CEDAR,  i.  e.  of  Lebanon.  (Ancient  Greek  name.)  Wood 
reddish,  fragrant.     Cult,  for  ornament,  but  precarious  in  this  climate. 

C.  Libani,  Cedar  of  Lebanon  ;  with  dark  foliage  and  stiff  horizontal 
branches,  the  terminal  shoot  erect :  not  hardy  E.  of  New  York. 

C.  Deod^ra,  Deodar  C.  of  Himalayas  ;  with  lighter  drooping  s]M:ay  on 
young  trees,  and  whitish  foliage  :  seems  unlikely  to  flourish  in  this  country. 

6.  CRYPTOMERIA.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  concealed  parts  or 
joints.)     Evergreen  tree  from  Japan, 

C.  Jap6nica,  not  hardy  N.  but  often  in  conscn^atories  ;  leaves  crowded, 
awl-shaped,  many-ranked,  edgewise  and  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

6.  TAXODIUM,  BALD-CYPRESS.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means 
Yew-like:  the  resemblance  is  only  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  Fl.  before 
the  leaves,  in  earliest  spring. 

T.  distichum,  American  B.  or  Southern  Cypress.  Large  tree  in 
swamps  S.,  and  planted,  even  N.  :  branchlets  slender,  many  of  them  falling  in 
autumn  like  leafstalks  ;  leaves  light  green,  ^'  long,  narrow-linear,  2-ranked,  on 
some  flower-bearing  shoots  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  ;  cones  1 '  or  less  thick. 

7.  SEQUOIA,  REDWOOD.  (Named  for  the  Cherokee  half-breed  Lulian 
See-qua-yah,  who  invented  an  alphabet  for  his  nation.)  Very  celebrated, 
gigantic,  Californian  trees,  with  fibrous  bark,  not  unlike  that  of  Taxodium, 
and  soft,  fissile,  dull-red  wood.  Neither  sjiccies  is  hardy  in  New  England, 
or  safe  in  the  Middle  States  ;  but  the  second  is  disposed  to  stand. 

S.  Semp6rvirens,  Common  Redwood  of  the  coast  ranges  of  California  ; 
with  flat  and  linear  acute  leaves  2-ranked  on  the  branches,  but  small  awl-shapcd 
and  scattered  ones  on  the  erect  or  leading  shoots,  and  small  globular  cones 
(barely  1'  long). 

S.  gigantea.  Giant  Redwood  (in  England  called  Wellingtonia)  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada ;  with  all  the  leaves  awl-shapcd  and  distributed  round  the  branch ; 
cones  ovoid,  l^'-2'  long. 

8.  CUPRESSUS,  CYPRESS.  Classical  name  of  the  Oiiental  Cypress, 
namely, 

C.  seilip6rvireilS,  planted  only  far  S. ;  stiff  narrow  tree,  with  slendf^r 
erect  branchlets,  dark  foliage,  and  cone  1'  in  diameter,  each  scale  many-sccdod. 

C  thujoides,  White  Cedar.  Tree  of  low  grounds  S.  &  E.,  with  white 
vahiable  wood,  slender  spray,  and  pale  glaucous-green  triangular-awl-shaped 
leaves  much  finer  than  in  Arbor  Vita; ;  cones  hardly  ^'  wide,  with  few  seeds  to 
each  scale,  and  these  almost  wingless. 

C.  Lawsoniana,  of  N.  California,  recently  much  planted,  and  if  fully  hardy 

Promising  to  be  very  ornamental ;  has  thickly  set  and  plume-like  flat  sj^ray,  of 
luish-green  hue,  and  cones  scarcely  above  4'  in  thickness,  their  scales  bearing 
2-4  ovules  and  ripening  2  or  3  seeds. 

C.  pisifera,  or  Retinospoka  pisifera  (of  which  C.  OBTtrsA  is  seemingly 
a  form  with  the  scale-shaped  leaves  blunter  and  cone  larger),  is  a  scarcely  hardy 
species,  introduced  from  Japan,  the  cones  only  as  large  as  peas  (to  which  the 
specific  name  refers),  a  single  pair  of  broad-winged  seeds  to  each  scale. 

C.  squarrosa,  or  kuiooides,  from  Japan,  is  perfectly  hardy  N.,  perhaps 
a  variety  of  the  last,  but  of  strikingly  different  appearance,  bearing  only  loose 
and  awl-shaped  leaves. 


PINE    FAMILY.  815 

9.  THX!rjA,  ARBOTl  VITtE.  (Ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  ever- 
green.) The  varieties  planted  in  collections  are  very  numerous  ;  the  follow- 
ing are  the  principal  natural  types,  by  many  taken  for  genera. 

T.  occident^lis,   Ameuican  Arbor  Vit^,   or  White  Cedar  of  the 

North.  Common  tree  N.,  in  swamps  and  cool  moist  woods,  much  planted, 
especially  for  hedges  and  screens  ;  leaves  mostly  of  the  scale-shaped  sort,  blunt 
and  adnate  ;  cones  oblong,  rather  soft,  the  oblong  scales  pointless,  and  bearing 
2  thin  winged  seeds.  Many  nursery  varieties,  some  of  which,  especially  var. 
ERicoiDES  or  Heath-like  A.,  have  the  loose  awl-shaped  sort  of  leaves. 

T.  orient^lis,  or  Biota  ohientalis,  the  Chinese  A.,  not  fully  hardy 
far  N.  :  small  tree,  with  even  the  scale-shaped  leaves  acute,  cone  larger,  with 
thicker  scales  tipped  with  a  recurving  horn-like  apex  or  appendage,  each 
2-seeded,  and  the  seeds  hard-shelled  and  wingless.  —  Var.  alfrea,  the  Golden 
A.  is  dwarf  and  very  dense,  with  yellow-green  or  partly  golden-tinged  foliage. 
Var.  Tartaric  A,  is  a  more  hardy  glossy-green  variety,  the  leaves  scale-shaped. 
Var,  Melden'Sis,  one  with  only  loose  and  awl-shaped  leaves.  Even  the  slender- 
stemmed  and  weeping  T.  pendula  is  an  extreme  variety. 

T.  dolabrata,  or  Thujopsis  dolabrata  of  Japan.  Remarkable  for  its 
very  flat  spray,  broad  and  very  blunt  large  leaves  (sometimes  ^'  long)  green 
above  and  white  beneath ;  the  cone  with  thick  and  rounded  scales,  each  with 
5  wing-margined  seeds. 

10.  JUNIPSRUS,  JUNIPER.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  Fl.  late  spring. 
§  1.   Leaves  [scale-like  and  awl-shaped,  small,  the  former  sort  minute  and  very 

adnate)  like  tho^e  of  Cypress  and  Arbor  Vitce. 

J.  Virginiana,  Red  Cedar  or  Savin.  A  familiar  shrub  and  small  or 
large  tree,  with  most  durable  and  valuable  reddish  odorous  Avood  ;  the  small 
fruit  dark  with  a  white  bloom,  erect  on  the  short  supporting  branchlct. 

J.  Sabina,  var.  procurabens.  Rocky  banks,  trailing  over  the  ground 
along  our  northern  borders,  with  the  scale-shaped  leaves  less  acute,  and  the 
fruit  nodding  on  the  short  peduncle-like  recurved  branchlet. 

§  2.    Leaves  all  of  one  sort,  in  lohorls  of  Z,  jointed  with  the  stem,  linear  with  an  awl- 
shaped  prickly  pohit,  the  midrib  prominent,  also  the  rib-like  margins. 

J.  eommunis,  Common  Juniper.  Erect  or  spreading  shrub  ;  with  very 
sharj)-pointed  leaves  green  below  and  white  on  the  upper  face  ;  berries  large  and 
smooth.  The  wild,  low,  much  spreading  variety  is  common  N.  in  sterile  or 
rocky  ground.  Var.  Hibernica,  very  erect  tree-like  shrub,  forming  a  narrow 
column,  is  most  planted  for  ornament,  from  Eu. 

11.  TAXUS,  YEW.  (Classical  name,  from  the  Greek  for  a  how,  the  tough 
wood  was  chosen  for  bows.)     Fi.  early  spring. 

T.  baccata,  European  Yew.  Low  tree,  with  thick  upright  trunk,  spread- 
ing short  branches,  and  pointed  dark  green  leaves  about  1'  long  ;  when  planted 
in  this  country  forms  only  a  shrub. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Irish  Yew;  a  singular  form,  making  a  narrow  column, 
the  branches  a]))n-essed  ;  the  leaves  shorter,  broader,  and  scarcely  in  two  ranks. 

Var.  Canadensis,  American  Yew  or  Ground  Hemlock  ;  shady  cold 
banks  and  woods  N. ;  the  stems  spreading  over  the  ground. 

12.  TORRE YA.     (Named  for  our  Dr.  John  Torrey.)     Flowers  in  spring. 

T.  taxif6Iia.  Woods  in  Florida  :  a  handsome  tree,  but  with  the  wood  and 
foliage  ill-scented  ;  leaves  like  those  of  Yew  but  longer  and  tapering  to  a  sharp 
point :  hardy  as  a  shrub  as  far  north  as  New  York.  —  T.  Californica,  is  the 
Californian  Nutmeg-tree.     T.  NUcfFERA,  from  Japan,  is  another  species. 

13.  SALISBtlRIA,  GINKGO-TREE.     (Named  for/e.  A.  Salisbury.) 

S.  adiantifdlia  (the  name  denotes  the  likeness  of  the  leaves  to  those  of 
the  Maidenhair  Fern)  ,  a  most  singular  tree,  planted  from  Japan,  hardy  even 
N. ;  branches  spreading ;  the  fan-shaped  alternate  leaves  with  their  slender 
stalks,  3'  or  4  long. 


316  PINE    FAMILY. 

Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS  :  Distinguished  by  having  the  woody  matter  of  the 
stem  in  distinct  bundles  scattered  without  obvious  order 
throughout  its  whole  breadth,  never  so  arranged  as  all  to 
come  in  a  circle,  when  abundant  enough  to  form  proper 
wood  as  in  Palms  and  the  like,  this  is  hardest  and  the 
bundles  most  crowded  toward  the  circumference.  Embryo 
with  a  single  cotyledon  ;  the  first  leaves  in  germination 
alternate.  Leaves  mostly,  but  not  always,  parallel-veined. 
Parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  in  threes,  never  in  fives. 
See  Lessons,  p.  117,  and  for  style  of  vegetation,  p.  19,  fig.  47. 

The  plants  of  this  class  may  be  arranged  under  three  gen- 
erally well-marked  divisions. 

L  SPADICEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  either  naked,  i.  e. 
destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  or  these  if  present,  not  brightly 
colored,  collected  in  the  sort  of  spike  called  a  spadix,  which  is 
embraced  or  subtended  by  the  kind  of  developing  bract  termed  a 
spathe.  The  most  familiar  examples  of  this  division  are  offered 
by  the  Arum  Family.  To  it  also  belong  on  one  hand  the  Palms, 
on  the  other  the  Pondweeds — here  merely  mentioned,  as  follows  :  — 

S^bal  Palmetto,  Cabbage  Palmetto,  of  the  sanfly  coast  from  N.  Car- 
ohna  S.,  our  only  tree  of  the  class,  with 

S.  serrul^ta,  Saw  Palmetto,  of  the  Southern  coast,  the  trunk  of  which 
creeps  on  the  ground,  and  the  short  petioles  are  spiny-margined,  Avlience  the 
popular  name, 

S.  Adansdnii,  Dwarf  Palmetto,  the  leaves  of  which,  rising  from  a 
stem  underground,  are  smooth-edged,  and 

Chamserops  H;^Strix,  Blue  Palmetto  of  S.  Carolina,  &c.,  with  erect 
or  creeping  trunks  only  2°  -,'3°  long,  and  pale  or  glaucous  leaves  3° -4°  high  ; 
—  these  represent  with  us  the  Palm  Family. 

Potanaog^ton  natans,  and  other  species  of  Poxdweed  abound  in 
ponds  and  streams,  and  represent  the  Naiadace.d  or  Pondweed  Family, — 
plants  of  various  forms  but  of  little  interest  —  in  fresh  water. 

Zost^ra  marina,  Grass- Wrack  or  P]el-Grass  of  salt  water,  with  its 
long  ribbon-like  bright  green  leaves,  and  flowers  hidden  in  their  upper  sheaths, 
represents  the  same  family  in  shallow  bays  of  the  ocean. 

L^mna  polyrhiza,  Duckweed,  consisting  of  little  green  grains,  about 
i'- J'  long,  floating  on  stagnant  water,  producing  a  tuft  of  hanging  roots  from 
their  lower  face,  never  here  found  in  blossom, 

L.  minor,  still  smaller  and  with  only  a  single  root,  —  and  the  less  common 
L.  trisulca,,  which  is  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  stalk-like  base,  — all  propa- 
gating freely  by  budding  from  the  side  and  separating,  —  are  greatly  simplified 
little  plants  representing  the  Lemnacea:  or  Duckweed  Family,  their  mi- 
nute flower  rax'ely  seen.     See  Manual ;  also  Structural  Botany,  p.  70,  fi<j.  102. 


ARUM    FAMILY.  317 

112.    ARACE-aS,  ARUM  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  pungent  or  acrid  watery  juice,  leaves  mostly  with 
veins  reticulated  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  the  first  class,  flowers 
in  the  fleshy  head  or  spike  called  a  spadix,  usually  furnished  with 
the  colored  or  peculiar  enveloping  bract  called  a  snathe. 

There  are  several  stove-plants  of  the  family  now  rather  common 
in  choice  collections,  mostly  species  and  varieties  of  Caladium,  cul- 
tivated for  their  colored  and  variegated  foliage. 

§  1.   Leaves  with  expanded  blade,  and  with  spreadinfj  nerves  or  veins,  never  linear. 
*  Flowers  wholly  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla. 

1.  ARIS^MA.     Leaves  compound,  only  one  or  two,  with  stalks  sheathing  the 

simple  stem,  which  rises  from  a  fleshy  corm,  and  terminates  in  a  long  spadix 
bearing  flowers  only  at  its  base,  where  it  i»-enveloped  by  the  convolute  lower 
part  01  the  greenish  or  purplish  snathe.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile, 
each  of  a  few  sessile  anthers ;  the  fertile  each  a  1-celled  5-G-ovuled  ovary, 
in  fi'uit  becoming  a  scarlet  berry:  commonly  dioecious,  the  stamens  being 
abortive  in  one  plant,  the  pistils  abortive  in  the  other. 

2.  COLOCASIA.     Leaves  simple,  peltate,  and  with  a  notch  at  the  base.     Spathe 

convolute,  yellowish,  much  longer  than  the  spadix :  the  latter  covered  with 
ovaries  at  base,  above  with  some  abortive  rudiments,  still  higher  crowded 
with  numerous  6-8-celled  sessile  anthers,  and  the  pointed  summit  naked. 

3.  PELTANDRA.     Leaves  arrow-shaped;  these   and  the  scape   from  a  tufted 

fibrous  root.  Spathe  convolute  to  the  pointed  apex,  green,  wavy-margined. 
Spadix  long  and  tapering,  covered  completely  with  flowers,  i.  e.  above  with 
naked  shield-shaped  anthers  each  of  5  or  6'  cells,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the 
top,  below  with  one-celled  ovaries  bearing  several  erect  ovules,  in  fruit  a 
1-3-seeded  fleshy  bag.     Seeds  obovate,  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly. 

4.  RICHARDIA.     Leaves  arrow-shaped ;  these  and  the  long  scape  from  a'  short 

tuberous  rootstock.  Spathe  broad,  spreading  above,  bright  white,  convolute 
at  base  around  the  slender  cylindrical  spadix,  which  is  densely  covered  above 
with  yellow  anthers,  below  with  ovaries,  each  incompletely  3-celled,  and  con- 
taining several  hanging  ovules. 

5.  CALLA.     Leaves  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles;  these  and  the  peduncles  from 

a  creeping  rootstoclc.  Spathe  open,  the  upper  face  bright  white,  spreading 
widely  at  the  base  of  the  oblong  spadix,  which  is  wholly  covered  with 
flowers;  the  lower  ones  perfect,  having  6  stamens  around  a'l-celled  ovary; 
the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Berries  red,  containing  a  few  oblong  seeds, 
surrounded  with  jelly. 

*  *  Flowers  with  a  perianth,  perfect,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

6.  SYMPLOCARPUS.     Leaves  ovate,  very  large  and  veiny,  short-petioled,  ap- 

pearing much  later  than  the  flowers  "^ from  a  fibrous-rooted  conn  or  short 
rootstock.  Spathe  shell-shaped,  ovate,  incurved,  thick,  barely  raised  out  of 
ground,  enclosing  the  globular  spadix,  in  which  the  flowers  are  as  it  were 
nearly  immersed.  Each  flower  has  4  hooded  sepals,  4  stamens  with  2-celled 
antheVs  turned  outwards,  nnd  a  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary  tipped  with  a  short 
awl-shaped  style:  the  fruit  is  the  enlarged  spongy  spadix  under  the  rough 
surface  of  which  are  imbedded  large  fleshy  seeds. 

§  2.   Leaves  linear,  flag -like,  nerved:  spadix  appearing  lateral. 

7.  ACORUS.     Spadix  cylindrical,  naked,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  2-edged 

sample  scape  resembling  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers. 
Sepals  6,  concave.  Stamens  6,  witli  linear  fihunents  and  kidney-shaped  an- 
thers. Ovaj-y  2-3-ce!led,  with  several  hanging  ovules  in  each  cell,  becoming 
dry  in  fruit,  ripening  only  one  or  two  small  seeds. 

1.  ARIS^MA,  INDIAN  TURNIP,  &c.  (Name  altered  from  Aram,  to 
which  these  plants  were  formerly  referred.)  Wild  plants  of  rich  woods,  fl. 
in  spring,  vciny-lcavcd,  their  turnip-shaped  corm  farinaceous,  but  imbued 
with  an  intensely  pungent  juice,  which  is  dissipated  in  drying.     2/ 

A.  triph;!^llum,  Common  Indian  Tdrnip.    In  rich  woods  ;  leaves  mostly 

2,  each  of  3  oblong  j)ointed  leaflets  ;  stalks  and  spathe  either  green  or  variegated 
with  whitish  -and  dark-purple  stripes  or  spots,  the  latter  witli  broad  or  flat 
summit  incurved  over  tlie  top  of  the  club-shaped  and  blunt  spadix. 


818  CAT-TAIL    FAMILY. 

A.  Drac6ntiuin,  Dragon-Arum,  Dragon-root,  or  Green  Dragon. 
Low  grounds;  leaf  mostly  solitary,  its  petiole  l°-2°  long,  bearing  7-11 
pedate  lance-oblong  pointed  leaflets  ;  the  greenish  spathe  wholly  rolled  into  a 
tube  with  a  short  slender  point,  very  much  shorter  than  the  long  and  tapering 
tail-like  spathe. 

2.  COLOCASIA.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  common  species.)     2/ 
C.  antiqu6rum,  one  variety  called  C.  esculexta  ;  cult,  in  the  hot  parts 

of^the  world  for  its  farinaceous  thick  rootstocks  (Avhich  are  esculent  when  the 
acrid  princi])le  is  driven  off  by  heat,  as  also  the  leaves),  and  in  gardens  for  its 
magnificent  foliage,  the  pale  ovate-arrow-shaj)ed  leaves  being  2° -3°  long  when 
Avell  grown  ;  the  stalk  attached  much  below  the  middle,  the  notch  not  deep. 

3.  PELTANDRA,  ARROW-ARUM.     (Name  of  Greek  words  meaning 
shield-shaped  sUimen,  from  the  form  of  the  anthers.)     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

P.  Virgklica.  Shallow  water  :  10-2°  high ;  leaves  pale  ;  the  fine  trans- 
verse nerves  running  from  the  midrib  and  netted  with  2  or  .3  longitudinal  ones 
near  the  margin  ;  scapes  recurved  in  fruit  ;  top  of  the  spathe  and  spadix 
rotting  off,  leaving  the  short  fleshy  base  firmly  embracing  the  globular  cluster 
of  green  berries. 

4.  RICH  AUDI  A.     (Named  for  the  French  botanist,  L.  C.  Richard.)     IJ. 
R.  Africana,  the  ^^^thiopian  or  Egyptian  Calla,  of  common  house- 
culture,  but  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  not  a  true  Calla,  —  too 
familiar  to  need  fuller  description. 

6.  CALLA,  WATER  ARUM.    (An  ancient  name.)    Fl.  early  summer.  :^ 
C.  palustris.     Cold  and  wet  bogs  from  Penn   N.  :  a  low  and  small,  rather 

handsome  plant;  leaves  3' -4'  long;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled. 

e.   SYMPLOCARPUS,  SKUNK  CABBAGE.     (Name  of  Greek  words 

for  fruit  (J roivn  tocjelher.)      "IJ. 

S.  fOBtidus,  the  only  species,  in  swamps  and  wet  woods,  mostly  N. :  send- 
ing up,  in  earliest  spring,  its  purple-tinged  or  striped  spathe  enclosing  the  head 
of  flowers,  and  later  the  large  leaves,  when  full  grown  1°-  2°  long,  in  a  cabbage- 
like tuft ;  the  fruit  2' -3'  in  diameter,  the  hard  bullet-like  seeds  almost  ^'  wide, 
ripe  in  autumn. 

7.  ACORXJS,   SWEET  FLAG  or   CALAMUS.     (Ancient  name,   from 
the  Greek,  said  to  refer  to  the  use  as  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes.)     2}. 

1.  A.  Calamus,  Common  Sweet-Flag  :  in  wet  grounds  ;  sending  up  the 
2-edged  sword-shaped  leaves,  2°  or  more  high,  from  the  horizontal  pungent 
aromatic  rootPtock  :  fl.  early  summer. 

113.   TYPHACEJE,  CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs,  or  some  truly  aquatic,  with  linear  and  straight- 
nerved  erect  (unless  floating)  long  leaves,  sheathing  at  base,  and 
monoecious  flowers  on  a  dry  spadix,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla ; 
the  fruit  dry  and  nut-like,  1 -seeded,  rarely  2-seeded. 

Near  to  this  belongs  Pandanus,  cult,  for  its  foliage  in  some  con- 
servatories, with  prickly  toothed  leaves  crowded  on  woody  stems. 

1.  TYPHA.     Flowers  indefinite,  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  long 

and  simple  reed-like  stem ;  the  upper  part  of  stamens  only,  mixed  witli  long 
hairs;  the  lower  and  thicker  part  of  slender-stalked  ovaries  tapering  into  a 
style  and  below  sm-rounded  by  numerous  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form 
the  copious  down  of  the  fruit. 

2.  SPARGANIUM.     Flowers  collected  in  separate  densje  heads,  scattered  along 

the  summit  of  the  leafy  stem;  the  upper  ones  of  stamens  only  with  some 


WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.  819 

minuts  scales  interposed,  the  lower  of  pistils,  each  ovary  with  a  few  small 
scales  at  its  base,  the  whole  ripening  into  a  spherical  head  of  small  nuts, 
which  are  wedge-shaped  below  and  with  a  pointed  tip. 

1.  TYPHA,  CAT-TAIL  FLAG.     (From   Greek  word  for  fen,  in  which 
these  plants  abound.)     Fl.  early  summer.      % 

T.  Iatif61ia,  Commox  C.  or  Kekd-Mace  ;  with  flat  leaves,  these  and  the 
stem  6°-  10°  hifxh  ;  no  interval  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  part  of  the  spike. 

T.  angUStiiiblia,  Narkow-leaved  C.  Less  common,  smaller ;  leaves 
narrower,  more  channelled  toward  the  base ;  commonly  a  space  between  the 
sterile  and  the  fertile  part  of  the  spike. 

2.  SPARGANIUM,  BUR-REED.     (Name  from  Greek  for  a  fillet,  al- 
luding to  the  ribbon-shaped  leaves  )     Fl.  summer.      1|. 

S.  eurye^rpum,  Great  B.  Border  of  ponds  and  streams,  3° -5°  high, 
with  panicled-spiked  heads,  the  fertile  when  in  fruit  Ig"  thick,  the  nuts  broad- 
tipped  ;  stigmas  2  ;  leaves  \'  - 1'  wide,  flat  on  upper  side,  keeled  and  concave- 
sided  on  the  other. 

S.  simplex,  Smaller  B.  Only  N. :  in  water;  erect,  sometimes  floating, 
lo-2°  high,  mostly  with  a  simple  row  of  heads;  leaves  narrower;  stigma 
simple,  linear,  as  long  as  the  style ;  nuts  tapering  to  both  ends  and  with  a 
stalked  base. 

S.  minimum,  Smallest  B.  Mostly  with  leaves  floating  in  shallow 
water  (6'- 10'  long)  and  flat;  heads  few;  stigma  simple,  oval;  nuts  oval, 
short-pointed  and  short-stalked. 

II.  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  not  on  a  spadix, 
"with  a  perianth  (calyx  and  corolla),  all  or  part  of  it  usually  colored. 

114.   ALISMACE.^,  WATER.-PLANTAIN   FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  flowers  on  scapes  or  scape-like  stems,  in  pani- 
cles, racemes,  or  spikes,  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla,  viz.  3  se- 
pals and  3  petals,  and* from  3  to  many  distinct  pistils  ;  stamens  on 
the  receptacle.  Juice  sometimes  milky.  The  genuine  AlismacejB 
have  solitary  ovules  and  seeds,  and  wholly  separate  pistils.  Some 
outlying  related  plants  differing  in  these  respects  are  annexed. 

I.  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY.  Calyx  and  corolla  colored 
alike  (greenish).  Anthers  turned  outwards.  Ovaries  3  partly 
united,  or  a  single  3  -  6-celled  compound  pistil.  Leaves  petiole-like, 
without  a  blade. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN.    Flowers  perfect,  small,  in  a  slender  spike  or  raceme,  bract- 

less.  Calyx  and  corolla  deciduous.  Stamens  3  or  6,  with  oval  anthers  on 
short  filaments.  Ovary  3 -6-celled,  splitting  when  ripe  from  the  central  axis 
into  as  manv  closed  and  dry  seed-like  1-seeded  cells :  stipTuas  sessile. 

2.  SCHEUCHZI^RIA.     Flowers  perfect,  few  and  rather  small,  in  a  loose  bracted 

raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  with  linear  an- 
thers. Pistils  3,  with  globular  2  -  3-ovuled  ovaries  slightly  united  at  base,  and 
diverging  in  fruit,  forming  3  turgid  pods.    Stigmas  flat,  sessile. 

IL  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAIMILY  proper.  Calyx  of  3 
persistent  green  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  deciduous  white  petals.  An- 
thers turned  outwards.  Ovaries  many,  tipped  with  short  style  or 
stigma,  1-ovuled,  becoming  akenes  in  fruit.  Leaves  sometimes  only 
petioles,  commonly  with  distinct  blade,  when  the  nerves  or  ribs 
are  apt  to  be  more  or  less  joined  by  cross  veins  or  netted. 


320  WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY. 

8.  ALISMA.  Flowers  perfect,  loosely  panicled.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  6.  Ovaries  many,  in  a  ring,  very  flat-sided,  becoming  coriaceous 
flat  akenes,  2  -  3-keeled  on  the  back. 

4.  ECHINODORUS.  Flowers  perfect,  in  prolifcFous  umbels.  Petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  9  or  more.  Ovaries  heaped  in  a  head,  becoming  wing- 
less akenes. 

6.  SAGITTARIA.  Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  suc- 
cessive whorls,  the  sterile  at  the  summit  of  the  scape;  the  lowest  fertile. 
Stamens  usually  numerous.  Ovaries  very  many,  heaped  on  the  globular 
receptacle,  in  fruit  becoming  flat  and  winged  akenes. 

III.  FLOWERING-RUSH  FAMILY.  (Butoue^.)  Dif- 
fers i'roin  the  preceding  mainly  in  the  few  ovaries  having  numerous 
ovules  distributed  all  over  the  inside. 

6.  LIMNOCHARIS.  Flowers  perfect,  long-peduncled.  Petals  large,  vellow.  Sta- 
mens numerous  with  slender  filaments,  a  few  of  the  outennost  without  an- 
thers, the  rest  with  linear  antliers.  Ovaries  6  or  more,  somewhat  united  at 
base.     Leaves  roundish  and  heart-shaped,  long-petioled. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN,  ARROW-GRASS.  (Name  in  Greek  means  three- 
pointed. )  Insignificant  rush-like  plants,  in  marshes,  mostly  where  the  wa- 
ter is  brackish  :  fl.  summer.     ^ 

T.  pallistre.  Slender,  6' -18'  high,  with  linear-club-shaped  ovary  and 
fruit,  the  3  pieces  when  ripe  separating  from  tlie  sharp-pointed  base  upwards. 

T.  maritimum.  Stouter,  12' -20'  high,  with  fruit  of  about  6  pieces 
rounded  at  base.  —  Var.  elXtum,  in  bogs  of  the  interior,  N.,  20'  -30'  high,  the 
pieces  of  the  fruit  sharp-angled  on  the  back. 

T.  tri^ndrum,  a  small  slender  species  along  the  coast  S.,  has  only  3 
sepals,  no  petals,  3  stamens,  and  a  3-lobed  fruit. 

2.  SCHEUCHZEIIIA.  (Named  for  the  early  Swiss  botanist,  Scheuchzer. ) 
S.  pallistris.     Peat-bogs  from  Penn.  N. :  1°  high  :  fl.  early  summer.     "^ 

3.  ALISMA,  WATER-PLANTAIN.  (The  old  Greek  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Fl.  all  late  summer. 

A.  PlantagO.  Shallow  water :  leaves  long-petioled,  varying  from  or  oblong- 
heart-shaped  to  lanceolate,  3-5-ribbed;  panicle  l°-2°  long  of  very  many  and 
loose  small  flowers.     ^ 

4.  ECHIN6D0RITS.  (Named  probably  from  Greek  words  for  prickly 
Jiask,  the  head  of  fruit  being  as  it  were  prickly-pointed  by  the  styles,  but 
hardly  so  in  our  species.  The  following  oc^ur  in  muddy  or  wet  places,  chiefly 
W.  &  S.  :  fl.  summer ;  the  flowering  shoots  or  scapes  mostly  proliferous  and 
creeping. 

E.  pdrvulus  :  a  tiny  plant,  l'-3'  high,  with  lanceolate  or  spatulate  leaves, 
few-flowered  umbels,  9  stamens,  and  almost  pointless  akenes.     (T) 

E.  rostratUS,  with  broadly  heart-shaped  leaves  (l'-3'  long,  not  including 
the  petiole)  shorter  than  the  erect  scape,  which  bears  a  panicle  of  proliferous 
umbels;  flower  almost  ^'  wide;  12  stamens;  akenes  beaked  with  slender 
styles.     ® 

.E.  radicans,  with  broadly  heart-shaped  and  larger  leaves  (3'  -  8'  wide) 
which  are  very  open  or  almost  truncate  at  base  ;  the  creeping  scapes  or  stems 
becoming  l°-4°  long  and  bearing  many  whorls  ;  flowers  ^'-%'  broad  ;  akenes 
short-beaked. 

5.  SAGITTABIA,  ARROW-HEAD.  (From  the  Latin  for  mrow,  from 
the  sagittate  leaves  which  prevail  in  the  genus.  In  shallow  water :  fl.  all 
summer     ^ 

*  Filaments  long  and  slender,  i.  e.  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers. 
S.  lancifblia.     Common  from  Virginia  S.  :  with  the  stout  leaves  l°-3«> 
and  scapes  2°  -  5°  high,  the  coriaceous  blade  of  the  former  lance-oblong  and 


frog's-bit  family.  321 

always  tapering  into  the  thick  petiole,  the  nerves  nearly  all  from  the  thick 
and  prominent  midrib. 

S.  variabilis.  The  common  species  everywhere,  exceedingly  variable ; 
almost  all  the  well-developed  leaves  arrow-shaped ;  filaments  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  anthers,  smooth ;  akenes  broadly  obovate,  with  a  long  and 
curved  beak  ;  calyx  i-emaining  open. 

S.  calycina.  Along  rivers,  often  much  immersed ;  many  of  the  leaves 
linear  or  with  no  blades ;  the  others  mostly  halberd-shaped  ;  scapes  weak, 
3'  -  9'  high  ;  pedicels  with  fruit  recurved  ;  filaments  roughish,  only  as  long  as 
the  anthers  ;  akenes  obovate,  tipped  with  short  horizontal  style ;  calyx  appressed 
to  head  of  fruit  and  partly  covering  it ;  the  fertile  flowers  show  9-12  stamens, 
the  sterile  occasionally  some  rudiments  of  pistils. 

*  *  Filaments  very  short  and  broad. 

S.  heteroph^lla.  Common  S.  &  W. :  scapes  3'  -  2°  high,  weak ;  the 
fertile  flowers  almost  sessile,  the  sterile  long-pedicelled ;  filaments  glandular- 
pubescent  ;  akenes  narrow-obovate,  with  a  long  erect  beak  ;  leaves  linear,  lance- 
olate, or  lance-oblong,  arrow-shaped  with  narrow  lobes  or  entire. 

S.  graminea.  Common  S.  :  known  from  the  foregoing  by  the  slender 
pedicels  of  both  kinds  of  flowers,  small  almost  beakless  akenes,  and  leaves 
rarely  arrow-shaped. 

S.  pusilla.  From  N.  Jersey  S.  near  the  coast :  known  by  the  small  size 
(1-3'  high),  few  flowers,  usually  only  one  of  them  fertile  and  recurved  in  fruit  ,' 
stamens  only  about  7,  with  glabrous  filaments ;  akenes  obovate,  with  erect  beak ; 
and  leaves  without  a  true  blade. 

S.  nutans,  only  S.  is  probably  a  large  state  of  the  last,  with  leaves  having 
a  floating  blade  l'-2'  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  5-7 
nerved. 

6.    LIMNOCHARIS.     (Name  from  the  Greek  means  delight  of  the  pools.) 

L.  IIumb61dtii.  Tender  aquatic  plant  from  S.  America,  Avhich,  turned 
into  pools,  spreads  widely  by  its  proliferous  branching  and  rooting  stems,  and 
flowers  all  summer  and  autumn ;  each  flower  lasting  but  a  day,  the  3  broad 
sulphur-yellow  petals  I'-l^'long;  pistils  about  6;  leaves  about  3' long,  the 
midrib  swollen  below. 

115.  HYDROCHARIDACEiE,  FROGS-BIT  FAMILY. 

Water-plants,  with  dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous  flowera 
on  scape-like  peduncles  from  a  sort  of  spathe  of  one  or  two  leaves, 
the  perianth  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  6  parts  united  below  into  a 
tube  which  is  coherent  with  the  surface  of  a  compound  ovary  :  —  we 
have  three  plants,  two  of  them  very  common. 

«  Floating.!  spreading  by  proliferous  shoots ;  leaves  long-petioled,  rounded  heort-sliaped. 

1.   LIMNOBIUM.     Flowers  moncEcious  or  dioecious,  from  sessile  or  short-stalked 

leaf-like  spathes,  the  sterile  spathe  of  one  leaf  surrounding  3  long-pedicelled 

staminate  flowers:    the  fertile  2-leaved,   with  one  short-pedicelled  flower. 

Perianth  of  3  outer  oval  lobes  (calyx)  and  3  naiTow  inner  ones  (petals).     A 

cluster  of  6-12  unequal  monadelplious  stamens  in  the  sterile  flower:  some 

awl-shaped   rudiments   of  stamens  and   a   6-9-celled   ovary   in   the   fertile 

flower;  stigmas  6-9,  each  2-parted.     Fruit  berry-like,  many-seeded. 

•  •  Growing  under  water,  the  fertile  flowers  only  rising  to  the  surface  ;  the  sterile 

{not  often  detected)  breaking  off  their  short  stalks,  and  Jloating  on  the  surface 

around  the  pistillate  flowers. 

1.  ANACHARIS.  Stems  leafy  and  branching.  Fertile  flowers  rising  from  a  tiibu- 
lar  ppatlie;  the  perianth  prolonged  into  an  exceedingly  slender  stalk-like 
tube,  G-lobed  at  top,  commonly  bearing  3-9  apparently  good  stamens:  ovary 
1-celled  with  a  few  ovnles  on  the  walls:  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the 
perianth:  stigmas  3,  notched. 

8.  VALLTSNERIA.  Steinless ;  leaves  all  in  tufts  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  a  tubular  spathe,  raised  to  the  surface  of  the  water  on  an 

21 


322 


PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY. 


extremely  long  and  slender  scape:  tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  1-celled  ovary,  with  3  obovate  outer  lobes  (sepals)  and  3  small  inner 
linear  ones  (petals),  and  no  stamens.  Ovules  very  numerous  lining  the  walls. 
Stigmas  3,  sessile,  2-lobed.    I'ruit  cylindrical,  berry-like. 

1.  LIMNOBIUM,    FROG'S-BIT.       (Name  in  Greek  means  living   in 
pools.)     i lowers  whitish,  the  fertile  ones  larger,  in  sunrtncr.     :^ 

L.  Sp6ngia.  Floating  free  on  still  water  S.  &  W.  ;  has  been  found  in  bays 
of  Lake  Ontario:  rooting  copiously;  leaves  l'-2'  long,  purple  beneath,  tumid 
at  base  with  spongy  air-cells. 

2.  ANACHARIS,   WATER-WEED.      (Name  from  the  Greek  means 
destitute  of  charms.)     Fl.  summer.     "21 

A.  Canadensis.  Slow  streams  and  ponds :  a  rather  homely  weed,  with 
long  branching  stems,  beset  with  pairs  or  whorls  of  pellucid  and  veinless 
1 -nerved  minutely  sen-ulate  sessile  leaves  (^'-1'  long),  varving  from  linear 
to  ovate-oblong,  the  thread-like  tube  of  the  yellowish  perianth  often  several 
inches  long. 

3.  VALLISWERIA,  TAPE-GRASS,  EEL-GRASS  of  fresh  water. 
(Named  fur  A.  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.)  Fl.  late  summer.  ^ 
V.  spiralis.  In  clear  ponds  and  slow  streams,  with  bright  green  and  grass- 
like linear  leaves  (lo-2°  long),  delicately  nerved  and  netted;  fertile  scapes 
rising  2°  -  4°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  afterwards  coiling  up 
spirally  and  drawing  the  fruit  under  water  to  ripen.  —  The  leaves  of  this  and 
the  preceding  are  excellent  to  show  cyclosis.  (See  Structural  Botany,  p.  31, 
Lessons,  p.  1C7.) 


116.   PONTEDERIACE^,    PICKEREL-WEED  F. 

A  few  water  plants,  distinguished  frona  the  foregoing  bj  having 
the  tubular  corolla-like  perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  and  the  flow- 
ers perfect.     Represented  by 

Scli6Ilera  graminea,  or  Water  Star-Grass  ;  a  grass-like  Aveed  grow- 
ing under  water  in  streams,  with  branching  stems  beset  with  linear  pellucid  ses- 
sile leaves ;  the  flower  with  a  slender  salvcr-fonn  pale  yellow  perianth,  of  six 
narrow  equal  divisions  raised  to  the  surface  on  a  very  slender  tube,  and  only  3 
stamens. 

Heteranthdra  renifbrmis,  Mud-Plantain,  in  mud  or  shallow  water 
S.  &  W. ;  with  floating  round-kidney-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  3 -.5 
ephemeral  Avhite  flowers,  from  the  sheathing  base  or  side  of  a  petiole ;  their  per- 
ianth salver-form,  with  a  slender  tube,  bearing  6  nearly  equal  divisions  and  3 
dissimilar  stamens,  one  with  a  greenish,  two  with  yellow  anthers. 

H.  linidsa,  in  mud  S.  &  W. :  distinguished  by  its  oblong  or  lance-oblong 
leaves,  and  solitary  blue  flower.  —  The  only  widely  common  plant  of  the  family 
belongs  to 

1.  PONTEDERIA,  PICKEREL-WEED.  (For  the  Italian  botanist 
Pontec/era.)  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  Perianth  of  C  divisions  irregularly 
united  below  in  a  tube,  the  3  most  united  forming  an  upper  li])  of  3  lobes,  the 
others  more  spreading  and  with  more  or  less  separate  or  lightly  cohering 
claws  forming  the  lower  lip,  open  only  for  a  day,  rolling  up  from  the  apex 
downwards  as  it  closes ;  the  6-ribbed  base  thickening,  turning  green,  and  en- 
closing the  fruit.  Stamens  6,  the  3  loAver  in  the  throat,  with  incurvxd  fila- 
ments ;  the  3  upper  lower  down  and  shorter,  often  imperfect.  Ovary  3-celIed, 
2  cells  empty,  one  with  a  hanging  ovule.     Fruit  a  1-ceIled  1-secded  utricle. 

P.  COrd^ta,  Common  P.  Everywhere  in  shallow  water;  stem  l°-2°high, 
naked  below,  above  bearing  a  single  petioled  heart-shaped  and  oblong  or  lance- 
arrow-shaped  obtuse  leaf,  and  a  spike  of  purpHsh-blue  flowers  ;  upper  lobe  with 
a  conspicuous  yellowish-green  spot :  fl.  all  surainer,     2/ 


ORCHIS    FAMILY.  323 

117.   ORCHIDACEiE,   ORCHIS  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  flowers  of  peculiar  structure,  the  perianth  adherent 
to  the  one-celled  ovary  (which  has  numberless  minute  ovules  on 
3  parietal  placenta;),  its  chiefly  corolla-like  6  parts  irregular,  3  in 
an  outer  set  answering  to  sepals,  3  within  and  alternate  with  these 
answering  to  petals,  one  of  these,  generally  larger  and  always  differ- 
ent from  the  others,  called  the  labellum  or  lip :  the  stamens  are 
gynandrous^  being  borne  on  or  connected  with  tlie  style  or  stigma, 
and  are  only  one  or  two;  the  pollen  is  mostly  coherent  in  masses  of 
peculiar  a[)pearance.  All  perennials,  and  all  depend  upon  insects 
for  fertilization.  Beginners  will  not  very  easily  comprehend  the 
remarkable  structure  of  most  Orchideous  flowers.  But  our  more 
conspicuous  common  species  may  be  readily  identified  as  to  genera 
and  species. 

§  1.  Epiphyte  or  Air-Plant  Ouchids.  Of  these  a  great  variety  are  cultivated 
in  the  choicest  conservatories.      We  have  one  in  the  most  Soutiiern  States. 

1.  EPIDENDUM.     The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  nearly  alike  and  widely  spreading: 

the  odd  petal  or  lip  larger  and  3-lobed,  its  base'  united  with  the  style,  which 
bears  a  lid-like  anther,  containing  4-stalked  pollen-masses,  over  the  glutinous 
stigma. 

§  2.  Terrestrial  Orchids,  growing  in  the  soil,  in  woods  or  low  grounds. 
«  Anther  only  one,  but  of  2  cells,  which  when  separated  {as  in  Orchis)  must  not  be 
mistaken  for  two  anthers :  pollen  colhcted  into  one  or  mure  masses  in  each 
cell :  stigma  a  glutinous  surface. 

•H-  Lip  or  odd  petal  produced  underneath  into  a  free  honey-bearing  horn  or  spur : 
pollen  of  each  cell  all  conneciad  by  elastic  threads  with  a  central  axis  or  stalk, 
the  lower  end  (f  which  is  a  sticky  gland  or  disk,  by  adhesion  to  which  the  whole 
mass  of  pollen  is  dragged  from  the  opening  anther  and  carried  off  by  inset  is. 

2.  ORCHIS.     The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  are  conniving  and  arched  on  the  upper 

side  of  the  flower;  the  lip  turned  downwards  (i.  e.  as  the  flower  stands  on  its 
twisted  ovary).  Anther  erect,  its  two  cells  parallel  and  contiguous ;  the  2 
glands  side  by  side  just  over  the  concave  stigma,  and  enclosed  in  a  sort  of 
pouch  or  pocket  opening  at  the  top. 

3.  HA  BEN  ARIA.     Flower  generally  as  in  Orchis,  but  the  lateral  sepals  com- 

monly spreading;  the  glands  attached  to  the  pollen-masses  naked  and  ex- 
posed. 

•*-  •«-  No  spur  to  the  lip :  anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  style  below  its  tip.  erect  or 
inclined:  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front.     FUiivers  in  a  spike,  small,  white. 

4.  SPIRANTHES.     Flowers  oblique  on  the  ovary,  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth 

erect  or  conniving,  the  lower  part  of  the  lip  invohite  around  the  style  and 
with  a  callosity  on  each  side  of  the  base,  its  nan*ower  tip  somewhat  recurved 
and  crisped.  Pollen-masses  2  (one  to  each  cell),  each  2-parted  into  a  thin 
plate  (composed  of  grains  lightly  united  bv  delicate  threads),  their  summits 
united  to  the  back  of  a  narrow  boat-shaped  sticky  gland  set  in  the  beaked  tip 
over  the  stigma.     Leaves  not  variegated. 

5.  GOODYERA.     Flowers  like  Spiranthes;  but  the  lip  more  sac-shaped,  closely 

sessile,  and  destitute  of  the  callous  protuberances  at  base.     Leaves  variegated 
with  white  veining. 
•t-  •*-  -t-  No  spur  to  the  lip,  or  one  adherent  to  the  ovary:  anther  inverted  on  the  apex 

of  the  style,  commonly  attached  by  a  sort  of  hinge  :  pollen  2  or  4  separate  soft 

masses,  not  attached  to  a  stalk  or  gland. 

•*^  Flowers  rather  large  :  pollen-masses  sift,  of  lightly-connected  powdery  grains. 

6.  ARETHUSA.     Flower  only  one,  on  a  naked  scape:  the  3  sepals  and  2  petals 

lanceolate  and  nearly  alike,  all  united  at  the  base,  ascending  and  arching 
over  the  top  of  the  long  and  somewhat  wing-margined  style,  on  the  petal-like 
top  of  which  rests  the  helmet-shaped  hinged  anther,  over  a  little  shelf,  the 


324  ORCHIS    FAMILY. 

lower  face  of  which  is  the  stigma.  Lip  broad,  erect,  with  a  rccun'In* 
rounded  apex  and  a  bearded  crest  down  the  face.  Pollen-masses  4,  two  iii 
each  cell  of  the  anther. 

7.  CALOPOGON.     Flowers  2,  3,  or  several,  in  a  raceme-like  loose  spike;  the  lip 

turned  towards  the  axis,  diverging  widely  from  the  slender  (above  wing-mar- 
gined) style,  narrower  at  base,  larger  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  strongly 
bearded  along  the  face.  Sepals  and  the  2  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate, 
separate  and  spreading.     Anther  lid-like :  pollen-masses  4. 

8.  POGONIA.     Flowers  one  or  few  terminating  a  leaf-bearing  stem;  the  sepals 

and  petals  separate;  lip  crested  or  3-lobed.  Style  club-shaped,  wingless: 
stigma  lateral.  Antlier  lid-like,  somewhat  stalked:  pollen-masses  2,  only  one 
in  each  cell. 

m.  ++  Flowers  mostly  small,  dull-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme  on  a  brownish  or  yel- 
lowish lenjiess  scape :  jxjllen-masses  4,  yhbular,  soft-ioaxy. 

9.  COR  ALLORHIZ  A.    Flowers  with  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike ;  the  lip  broader, 

2-ridged  on  the  face  below,  from  its  base  descends  a  short  sac  or  obscure  spur 
which  adheres  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ovarv.  Scape  with  sheaths  in  place 
of  leaves;  the  root  or  rootstock  thickish,  much  branched  and  coral-like. 

10.  APLECTRUM.     Flowers  as  in  No.  9,  but  no  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac,  larger. 

Scape  rising  from  a  large  solid  bulb  or  corm,  wliich  also  produces,  at  a  differ- 
ent season,  a  broad  and  many-nerved  green  leaf 

«  «  Anthers  2  (Lessons  p.  Ill,  fig.  226),  borne  one  on  each  side  of  the  style,  and  a 
trowel-shaped  body  on  the  upper  side  answers  to  the  third  stamen,  the  one  that 
alone  is  present  in  other  Orchids :  pollen  powdery  or  pulpy :  stiyma  ruuyhisn^ 
nut  glutinous. 

11.  CYPRIPEDIUM.    Sepals  in  appearance  generally  only  2,  and  petals  2,  besides 

the  lip  whicli  is  a  large  mflated  sac,  into  the  mouth  of  Avhich  the  style,  bear- 
ing tlie  stamens  and  terminated  by  the  broad  terminal  stigma,  is  declined. 
Pollen  sticky  on  the  surface,  as  if  with  a  delicate  coat  of  varnish,  powdery  or 
at  length  pulpy  underneath. 

1.  EPIDENDUM.  (Name  in  Greek  means  upon  a  tree,  i.  e.  an  epiphyte.) 
E.  COnbpseum,  our  only  wild  Orchidcous  Epiphyte  or  Air-plant,  is  found 

from  South  Carolina  S.  &  W.  on  the  boughs  of  MagJiolia,  &c.,  clinging  to  the 
bark  by  its  matted  roots,  its  tuberous  rootstocks  bearing  thick  and  firm  lance- 
olate leaves  (l'-3'  long),  and  scapes  2'-  6'  long,  with  a  raceme  of  small  greenish 
and  purplish  flowers,  in  summer.     (Lessons,  p.  34,  35,  fig.  35.) 

2.  ORCHIS.  (The  ancient  name,  from  the  Greek.)  We  have  only  one  true 
Orchis,  viz. 

O.  spectabilis,  Showy  Oucnis.  Rich  hilly  woods  N. ;  with  2  oblong 
obovate  glossy  leaves  (3' -5'  long)  from  the  fleshy-fibrous  root,  and  a  leafy- 
bracted  scape  4' -7'  high,  bearing  in  a  loose  spike  a  few  pretty  flowers,  pink- 
purple,  the  ovate  lip  white :  in  late  spring. 

3.  HABEKARIA,  popularly  called  ORCHIS.  (Name  from  Latin  hahena, 
a  rein  or  thong,  from  the  shape  of  the  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species.) 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  in  late  spring  or  sum- 
mer. In  all  but  one  species  the  ovary  twists  and  the  lip  occupies  the  lower  or 
anterior  side  of  the  flower. 

§  1.  Fringed  Orchis.  Lip  and  often  the  other  petals  cutfrinqed  or  cleft, 
shorter  than  the  long  curving  spur:  cells  of  the  anther  more  or  less  diverging 
and  tapering  hplow,  the  sticky  gland  at  their  lower  end  strongly  projecting 
forwards.  These  are  our  handsomest  wild  Orchises :  all  grow  in  bogs  or  low 
grounds:  stems  leafy,  l°-4°  high. 
*  Flowers  violet-purple,  in  summer:  the  lip  fan-shaped,  ^-parted  nearly  down  to  ilie 

stalk-like  base,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  fringed. 
H.  flmbri^ta,  Larger  Purple  Fringed  O.     Wet  meadows  from  Pcnn. 
N,  E. :  lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  upper  few  and  small;  raccmc-like  spike 
oblong,  with  rather  few  large  flowers  in  early  summer ;  petals  oWong,  tootlicd 
down  the  sides;  lip  almost  1'  wide,  hanging,  cut  into  a  delicate  fringe. 


ORCHIS    FAMILY.  323 

H.  psyc6des,  Smaller  Purple  Fringed  O.  Common,  especiallr 
N. :  leaves  oblong,  above  passing  into  lance-linear  bracts ;  spike  cylindrical, 
4'- 10'  long,  crowded  with  smaller  and  fragrant  flowers;  lateral  petals  wedge- 
obovate,  almost  entire ;  lip  spreading,  only  ^'  wide,  cut  into  denser  fringe. 

H.  peramcena.  From  Penn.  W.  &  y.  along  and  near  the  mountains : 
flowers  of  size  intermediate  between  the  two  preceding,  the  broad  wedge-shaped 
lobes  of  the  lip  moderately  cut-toothed,  but  not  fringed. 

*  *    Flowers  greenUh  or  yellowish-white,  in  late  suimner:  glands  oval  or  lanceolate, 

almost  facirig  each  other :  spike  long  and  loose. 

H.  leucophsea.  From  Ohio  W.  &  S. :  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lance-oblong; 
flowers  rather  large,  the  fan-shaped  lip  3-parted,  i'  long,  and  many-cleft  to  the 
middle  into  a  thread-like  fringe. 

H.  lAcera,  Ragged  Fringed  O.  Common  N.  &  E. :  l°-2°  high ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire ;  divisions  of  the  slender-stalked 
3-parted  lip  narrow  and  slenderly  fringed. 

*  *  *  Flowers  bright  white,  in  summer:  the  lip  fringe-margined  hut  not  clejl. 

H.  blephariglottis,  White  Fringed  0.  Peat-bogs  N. :  like  the  next, 
but  rather  smaller,  1°  iiigh,  the  fringe  of  the  lauce-oblong  lip  hardly  equal  to 
the  width  of  its  body. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  bright  orange-yellow,  in  late  summer :  glands  orbicular,  projecting 

on  the  beak-pointed  bases  of  the  very  diverging  anther-cells :  ovary  and  pod 

long,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

H.  clli^is,  Yellow  Fringed  O.      Sandy  bogs:  l|^°-2°  high;  leaves 

oblong  or  lanceolate;  spike  short,  of  many  crowded  very  showy  flowers  ;  petals 

cut-fringed  at  apex,  the  oblong  body  of  the  lip  narrower  than  the  copious  long 

and  fine  fringe. 

H.  crist^ta,  from  Penn.  S. :  smaller,  with  narrower  leaves,  and  flowers 
only  a  quarter  the  size  of  the  preceding,  the  petals  crenate,  and  the  ovate  lip 
with  a  narrow  lacerate  fringe. 

§  2.     Yellow,  green,  or  white  species,  with  lip  entire,  at  least  not  fringed. 

*  Stem  leafy:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate :  flowers  small :  anther-cells  nearly  parallel. 
H.  Integra.     Pine  barrens  from  New  Jersey  S. :    resembles  H.  cristata, 

having  small  bright  orange-yellow  flowers,  but  the  lip  is  ovate  and  entire  or 
barely  crenulate. 

H.  Vir6scens.  Wet  grounds,  common:  10' -20'  high,  with  a  conspicu- 
ously bracted  at  length  long  and  loose  spike  of  small  dull-green  flowers ;  the 
lip  oblong,  almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  its  base  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  and 
a  nasal  protuberance  on  the  face ;  spur  slender,  club-shaped. 

H.  viridis,  var.  bracte^ta.  Cold  damp  woods  N.  :  6'- 12'  high,  with 
lower  leaves  obovate,  upper  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  short  spike,  which  are  much 
longer  than  the  green  flowers;  lip  truncate  and  2 - 3-toothed  at  the  tip,  very 
much  longer  than  the  sac-shaped  spur. 

H.  hyperb6rea.  Cold  low  woods  and  bogs  N  :  6'- 2°  high,  very  leafy; 
leaves  lanceolate ;  spike  dense,  often  long ;  flowers  greenish,  the  lanceolate  lip 
like  the  other  petals,  spreading,  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  incurved  spur. 

H.  dilat^ta.  Resembles  the  last,  grows  in  same  places,  but  commonly  more 
slender  and  with  linear  leaves;  flowers  white,  less  wide,  open,  the  lanceolate 
lip  with  a  rhombic-dilated  base  ;  glands  strap-shaped. 

H.  nivea.  Sandy  bogs,  from  Delaware  S. :  lo-2°  high,  all  the  upper 
leaves  bract-like  ;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  cylindrical  spike,  very  small,  different 
from  all  the  rest  in  having  the  (white)  ovary  without  a  twist,  and  the  linear- 
oblong  entire  lip  with  its  long  thread-like  spur  therefore  looking  inward.^. 

*  *  Stem  a  naked  scape:  the  leaves  only  2  at  the  ground:  flowers  prptty  large  in 

a  loose  spike:  anther-cells  ividely  diverging  at  their  tapering  or  beak-like 
projecting  base. 

H.  orbicul^ta,  Great  Green  O.  Evergreen  woods  and  hillsides  N. :  a 
striking  plant;  its  exactly  orbcular  loaves  4' -8'  wide,  bright  green  above  and 
silvery  beneath,  lying  Hat  on  the  ground ;  scape  \°-2°  high,  bracted,  bearing 
many  large  greenish-white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme ;  sepals  roundish ;  lip  nar- 


326  ORCHIS    FAMILY. 

rowly  spatu late-linear  and  drooping;  spur  about  1^'long,  curved,  gradually 
thickened  towards  the  blunt  tip  :  fl.  July^, 

H.  Ho6keri.  Sandy  woo^s  from  Penn.  N. :  smaller  in  all  parts,  flowers 
in  June;  the  orbicular  leaves  only  3' -5'  broad  and  flat  on  the  ground;  scape 
naked,  6' -12'  high,  bearing  fewer  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  spike; 
sepals  lance-ovate;  lip  lanceolate  and  pointed,  incurved,  the  other  petals  lance- 
awl-shaped;  spur  slender,  acute,  nearly  1'  long. 

4.  SPIRANTHES^  LADIES'-TRESSES.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  de- 
notes that  the  flowers  are  spiral :  they  often  are  apparently  spirally  twisted  in 
the  spike.)  Flowers  white.  The  species  are  difiicult;  the  following  are  the 
commonest. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  3  ranks  in  a  close  spike  :  wet  banks  or  hogs. 

S.  Iatif61ia.  Only  from  Delaware  N. :  known  by  its  oblong  or  lance-ob- 
long leaves  (1'  -3'  long),  all  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  and  narrow  spike  of  small 
smooth  flowers  early  in  June. 

S.  Romanzovi^na.  Cold  bogs,  from  N.  New  England  W. :  5'  - 15'  high, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  or  grassy-linear  leaves,  a  dense  spike  of  flowers  at  mid- 
summer, all  3  sepals  and  2  petals  conniving  to  form  an  upper  lip. 

S.  cdrnua,  Common  E.  and  S. :  6' -20'  high,  with  lance-linear  leaves, 
cylindrical  often  lengthened  spike,  and  lower  sepals  not  upturned  but  parallel 
with  the  lower  petal  or  lip  :  fl:  in  autumn. 

*  *  Flowers  in  one  straight  or  often  spirally  tivisted  ixmk,  in  summer. 

S.  graminea.  Wet  grassy  places  from  N.  England  S.  :  stem  about  1° 
high,  towards  its  base  and  at  the  fleshy  root  bearing  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves, 
which  mostly  last  through  the  flowering  season  ;  spike  dense  and  much  twisted, 
rather  downy. 

S.  gracilis.  Hills  and  sandy  plains  :  scape  slender,  8'- 18'  high,  bearing  a 
slender  spike  ;  leaves  all  from  the  tuberous  root,  short,  ovate  or  oblong,  apt  to 
wither  away  before  the  small  flowers  appear  in  late  summer. 

6.    GOODYERA,   RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN.      (Named  for  John 
Goodyer,  an  English  botanist.)     Flowers  small,  in  summer,  greenish-white, 
spiked  on  a  scape ;  the  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  root,  ovate,  small. 
Q.  rdpens.     Evergreen  Avoods  N. :  3'  -  8'  high,  slender  ;  flowers  in  a  loose 

one-sided  spike,  with  inflated  sac-shaped  lip. 

G.  pubescens.     Oak  and  pine  woods  E.  &  S.  :  6'-  12'  high  ;  larger,  with 

leaves  more  beautifully  white-reticulated,  and  flowers  not  one-sided  in  the  denser 

spike ;  lip  globular. 

G.  Menziesii.    Woods,  only  from  New  York  W.  :  9'- 12'  high  ;  leaves  less 

reticulated  ;  flowers  loose  in  the  spike,  narrower  and  pointed  in  the  bud,  the  lip 

hardly  sac-shaped  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  narrow  apex. 

6.  ARETHTJSA.  (Mythological  name  of  a  nymph  and  fountain.)  Fl.  late 
spring. 

A.  bulbdsa.  A  charming  little  plant,  in  wet  bogs  N. :  consists  of  a  scape 
6'-  10'  high  rising  from  a  solid  bulb  or  corm,  sheathed  below  with  one  or  two 
green  bracts,  and  terminated  with  the  bright  rose-pink  flower  1'-  2'  long. 

7.  CALOPOGON.  (Name  in  Greek  means  beautiful  heard,  referring  to 
the  lip.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

C.  pulohellus.  Wet  bogs  :  scape  about  1°  high,  from  a  small  solid  bulb, 
slender,  bearing  next  the  base  a  long  linear  or  lanceolate  many-nerved  grass-like 
leaf,  and  at  the  summit  2-6  beautiful  pink-purple  flowers  (!'  broad),  the  lip  as 
if  hinged  at  its  base,  bearded  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped  hairs. 

8.  POGOTTIA.  (Name  in  Greek  means  bearded,  i.  e.  on  the  lip  :  this  is 
hardly  the  case  in  most  of  our  species.)  We  have  several,  but  the  only  widely 
common  one  is 

P.  ophioglossoides.  Wet  bogs  along  with  the  Calopogon,  and  in 
blossom  at  the  same  time  :  stem  6'  -  9'  high  from  a  root  of  thick  fibres,  bearing 


ORCHIS   FAMILY.  327 

an  oval  or  lance-oblong  closely  sessile  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  smaller  one  or 
bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  sometimes  a  second  flower  in  its  axil ;  flower  1' 
long,  pale  rose-color  or  whitish,  sweet-scented ;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike; 
lip  erect,  beard-crested  and  fringed. 

9.  CORALLORHIZA,    CORAL-ROOT    (which  the  name  means  in 

Greek). 

C  inn^ta.  Low  woods,  mostly  N.  :  3'  -6'  high,  yellowish,  with  5-10  very 
small  almost  sessile  flowers  ;  lip  3-lobed  or  halberd-shaped  at  base  :  fl.  spring. 

C.  Odontorhiza.  Rich  woods,  common  only  S.  :  6'-  16'  high,  thickened 
at  ba?e,  brownish  or  purplish,  with  6-20  pedicelled  flowers,  and  ]|p  not  lobed 
but  ratiier  stalked  at  base,  the  spur  obsolete. 

C.  multifl6ra.  Cojnmon  in  dry  woods,  9' -20'  high,  purplish,  stout,  with 
10-30  short-pedicelled  flowers,  lip  deeply  3-lobed,  and  adnate  spur  manifest. 

10.  APLECTRUM,    PUTTY-ROOT,    ADAM-AND-EVE.      (Name, 
from  the  Greek,  means  destitute  of  spur.) 

A.  hyem^le.  Woods,  in  rich  mould,  mostly  towards  the  Alleghanies  and 
N. :  scape  and  dingy  flowers  in  early  summer  ;  the  large  oval  and  plaited-nerved 
petioled  leaf  appears  towards  autumn  and  lasts  over  winter ;  solid  bulbs  one 
each  year,  connected  by  a  slender  stalk,  those  of  at  least  two  years  found  to- 
gether (whence  one  of  the  popular  names),  1'  thick,  fllled  with  strong  glutinous 
matter,  which  has  been  used  for  cement,  whence  the  other  name. 

11.  CYPRIPEDIUM,  LADY'S   SLIPPER,  MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

(Greek  name  for  Venus,  joined  to  that  for  a  slipper  or  buskin.)     Two  exotic 
species  are  not  rare  in  conservatories  ;  the  othei's  are  among  the  most  orna- 
mental and  curious  of  our  wild  flowers  :  in  spring  and  early  summer.     Root- 
stocks  very  short  and  knotty,  producing  long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots. 
§  1.    The  three  sepals  separate:  stem  leafy,  one-fowered. 

C.  arietinum.  Ram's  head  C.  Cold  bogs  N. :  not  common ;  the  simallest 
species,  with  slender  stem  6' -10' high,  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  dingy 
purplish  flower,  the  sac  conical  and  in  some  positions  resembling  a  ram's  head, 
one  sepal  lance-ovate,  the  two  others  and  the  two  petals  linear. 

§  2.    Two  of  the  sepals  united  by  their  edcjes  into  one  under  the  sac  or  slipper,  but 

their  very  ti/is  sometimes  separate. 
*  Stejn  l°-2°  hi(jh,  leafy  to  the  I  - 3-flowered  summit:  leaves  lance-oblong  or 
ovale,  wifh  many  someichat  plaited  nerves,  more  or  less  pubfscent:  sac  or 
slipper  horizontal,  muck  inflated,  open  by  a  rather  large  round  orifice. 
••-  Sepals  and  linear  loavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  pointed,  larger  than  the  sac. 
C.  pub6scens,  Yellow  Lady's-Slipper.     Low  woods  and  bogs,  mainly 
N. :  sac  light  yellow,  higher  than  broad,  convex  above ;  sepals  long-lanceolate : 
flowers  early  summer,  scentless. 

C.  parvifldrum,  Smaller  Yellow  L.  In  similar  situations;  stems  and 
leaves  generally  smaller,  and  flower  about  half  the  size  of  the  other,  somewhat 
fragrant,  the  sac  broader  than  high,  deep  yellow,  and  the  lance-ovate  sepals 
browner. 

C.  C^ndidum,  Small  White  L.  Bogs  and  low  prairies,  chiefly  W. : 
small,  bai'ely  1°  high,  slightly  pubescent ;  sac  like  that  of  preceding  but  white. 
•*-  -t-  Sepak  and  petals  broad  or  roundish  and  flat,  white,  not  larger  than  the  sac. 
C.  spect^bile,  Showy  L.,  and  deserving  the  name,  in  bogs  and  rich  low 
woods  N.,  and  along  the  mountains  S. :  downy,  2°  or  more  hiy^h.  with  leaves 
6' -8'  long,  white  flowers  with  the  globular  lip  (Ij'long)  painted  with  pink- 
purple,  in  July. 

*  *  Scape  naked,  bearing  a  small  bract  and  one  flower  at  summit. 
•t-   Wild  species,  with  onhj  a  pair  of  oblong  many-nerved  downy  leaves  at  the  root. 
C.  ac^ule,  Stem  LESS  L.     Moist  or  sandy  ground  in  the  shade  of  ever- 
greens :  scapo  8  - 12'  high ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish  or  purplish,  the  latter 


328  BANANA   FAMILY. 

linear,  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  obTbng-obovate  drooping  sac,  which  is  split 
down  the  front  but  nearly  closed  :  fl.  spring. 

•*-  •<-  East  Indian  species  of  the  conservatory,  with  several  thick  and  firm  heeled 
leaves  in  2  ranks  at  the  root :  sac  hanging,  largely  open  at  top. 

C.  insigne,  has  linear  strap-shaped  cartilaginous  leaves,  and  yellow  flower 
with  some  greenish  and  purple-spotted. 

C.  venlistuin,  with  more  fleshy  oblong-strap-shaped  mottled  and  spotted 
leaves,  and  purplish  flower  with  some  green  and  yellow. 

118.  scitAmine^,  banana  family. 

Here  is  assembled  a  group  of  tropical  or  subtropical  plant?,  with 
leaves  having  distinct  petiole  and  blade,  the  latter  traversed  by 
nerves  running  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin  ;  flowers  irregular, 
with  a  perianth  of  at  least  two  ranks  of  divisions,  below  all  combined 
into  a  tube  which  is  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary  ;  the  stamens 
1-6  and  distinct.  We  have  only  two,  by  no  means  common,  wild 
representatives  on  our  southeastern  bordeis  ;  the  cultivated  ones 
are  chiefly  grown  for  their  ornamental  foliage,  and  most  of  them  are 
rarely  seen  in  blossom.  They  may  therefore  be  simply  referred  to, 
as  follows. 

I.  GINGER  FAMILY.  Seeds,  rootstocks,  or  roots  hot-aro- 
matic. Stamen  only  one,  with  a  2-celled  anther,  commonly  era- 
bracing  the  style,  but  not  united  with  it. 

Hed^ehium  Gardner i^nam,  Garland-Flower,  cult,  from  India: 
stems  3° -4°  high,  furnished  to  the  top  with  oblong  2-ranked  leaves,  terminating 
in  a  large  spike  of  handsome  light-yellow  flowers,  a  slender  tube  bearing  6 
divisions  which  may  be  likened  to  those  of  an  Orchideous  flower,  one  (answer- 
ing to  the  lip)  much  larger  and  broader  than  the  5  others,  and  a  very  long 
protruding  reddish  filament  terminated  by  a  yellow  anther  sheathing  the  style 
up  almost  to  the  stigma. 

IL  ARROWROOT  or  INDIAN-SHOT  FAMILY.  No  hot- 
aromatic  properties,  the  thick  rootstocks,  &c.,  commonly  contain 
much  starch,  from  which  genfiine  arrowroot  is  produced.  Stamen 
only  one  with  an  anther,  and  that  one-celled. 

Thalia  dealb^ta,  wild  in  marshes  and  ponds  far  S.,  is  dusted  over  with  a 
white  powder,  the  heart-ovate  long-petiolcd  leaves  all  from  the  root,  reed-like 
scape  branching  above  into  panicled  spikes  of  small  much-bracted  purple  flowers. 

Maranta  zebrina,  rarely  flowers,  but  is  a  showy  leaf-plant  in  conserva- 
tories ;  the  oblong  leaves  2  or\3  feet  long,  purple  beneath,  the  upper  surface 
satiny  and  with  alternating  stripes  of  deep  and  pale  green  ;  flowers  dull  purple, 
inconspicuous,  in  a  bracted  head  or  spike  near  the  ground  on  ^  short  scape. 

Canna  Indica,  Common  Indian  Shot  (so  called  from  the  hard  shot- 
like seeds,  these  several  in  the  3  cells  of  the  rough-Avallcd  pod)  :  frequently 
planted  for  summer  flowering  ;  the  lance-ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  6'  -12' 
long;  flowers  several  in  a  simple  or  branching  spike,  about  2'  long,  red, 
varying  to  yellow,  or  variegated ;  stamen  Avith  petal-like  fllament  bearing  the 
anther  on  one  side,  otherwise  resembling  the  3  divisions  of  an  inner  corolla, 
these  probably  transformed  sterile  stamens.  —  The  following,  more  magnificent 
for  summer  foliage,  and  sometimes  for  flowers,  are  choicer  sorts,  but  much 
confused  as  to  species. 

C.  Warszewiezii,  4° -.5°  high,  with  mostly  purplish  or  pui-ple-margined 
pointed  leaves,  and  crimson-red  flowers. 


PINE-APPLE   FAMILY.  329 

C.  discolor,  grows  60-10°  high,  with  broad  purple-tinged  very  large 
leaves,  and  crimson  or  red-purple  flowers. 

C.  gl^uca,  especially  its  var.  Ann^i,  8° -13°  high,  with  its  glaucous 
pale  taper-pointed  leaves,  and  yellow  or  red  flowers  4'  long. 

C.  fl^CCida,  wild  in  swamps  from  South  Carolina  S. :  2° -4°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  3' -4'  long;  all  tlie  inner 
divisions  obovate  and  wavy,  lax,  the  3  outer  or  calyx  reflexed. 

III.  BANANA  FAMILY  proper.  Not  aromatic  or  pungent. 
Stamens  5  with  2-celled  anthers,  and  an  abortive  naked  filament. 

Strelitzia  Reginae,  a  large  stemless  consen^atory  plant,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  winter-flowering,  with  2-ranked  root-leaves,  their  long  rigid 
petioles  bearing  an  gvate-oblong  thick  blade ;  scape  bearing  at  apex  an  oblique 
or  horizontal  and  rigid  conduplicate  spathe,  from  which  several  large  and 
strange-looking  blossoms  appear  in  succession  ;  the  3  outer  divisions  of  the  peri- 
anth 3' -4'  long,  orange-yellow,  one  of  them  conduplicate  and  taper-pointed,  and 
somewhat  like  the  two  larger  of  the  bright  blue  inner  set,  or  true  petals,  which 
are  united  tmd  cover  the  stamens,  the  other  petal  inconspicuous. 

Miisa  sapientum,  Banaxa  ;  cult,  for  foliage  and  for  the  well-known 
fruit ;  the  enwrapping  bases  of  the  huge  leaves  forming  a  sort  of  tree-like  suc- 
culent stem,.  10° -20°  high  ;  the  flower-stalk  rising  through  the  centre,  and  de- 
veloping a  drooping  spike,  the  flowers  clustered  in  the  axil  of  its  purplish 
bracts;  perianth  of  2  concave  or  convolute  divisions  or  lips,  the  lower  3-5- 
lobed  at  the  apex  and  enclosing  the  much  smaller  upper  one ;  berry  oblong,  by 
long  cultivation  (from  off'shoots)  seedless.     (Lessons,  p.  19,  fig.  47.) 

M.  Cavendlshii.  A  dwarf  variety,  flowering  at  a  few  feet  in  height,  is 
the  more  manageable  one,  principally  cultivated  for  fruiting. 

119.   BROMELIACE^,  PINE-APPLE  FAMILY. 

Tropical  or  subtropical  plants,  the  greater  part  epiphytes,  with 
dry  or  fleshy,  mostly  rigid,  smooth  or  scurfy  leaves,  often  prickly 
edged,  and  perfect  flowers  with  6  stamens.  —  represented  by  several 
species  of  Tillandsia  in  Florida,  a  small  one  further  north,  and  sev- 
eral of  various  genera  in  choice  conservatories,  not  here  noticed. 

Anan^ssa  sativa,  Pixe- Apple  ;  cult,  for  its  fruit,  the  flowers  abortive, 
and  sometimes  for  foiiage,'  especially  a  striped-leaved  variety. 

Tillandsia  usneoldes,  the  Long  Moss  or  Black  Moss  (so  called), 
hanging  from  trees  in  the  low  country  from  the  Dismal  Swamp  S. :  gray- 
scurfy,  with  thread-shaped  branching  stems,  linear-awl-shaped  recui-ved  leaves, 
and  small  sessile  green  flowers  ;  the  ovary  free,  forming  a  narrow  3-valved  pod, 
filled  with  club-shaped  hairy-stalked  seeds  :  fl.  summer. 

120.  AMARYLLIDACEiE,  AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  leaves  and  scape  from  a  bulb,  corm, 
&c.,  the  leaves  nerved  from  the  base,  and  rarely  with  any  dislinction 
of  blade  and  petiole  ;  the  perianth  re<z;ular  or  but  moderately 
irregular  and  colored,  its  tube  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  3-celled 
ovary  ;  and  6  stamens  with  good  anthers.  Bulbs  acrid,  some  of 
them  poisonous.  To  this  family  belong  many  of  the  choicer  bulbs 
of  house-culture,  only  the  commonest  here  noticed. 

§  1.     Scape  and  linear  hairy  leaves  from  a  little  solid  bulb  or  corm. 
1.  HYPOXYS.     Perianth  G-parted  nearly  to  the  ovary,  spreadiug,  greenish  out- 
side, yellow  within,  persistent  and  withering  on  tlie  pod. 
S  &  F— 25 


AMARYLLIS    FAMILY. 

§  2.     Scape  and  mostly  smooth  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb. 
*  A  cup-shaped,  funnel-shaped^  or  saucer-shaped  crown  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth. 

2.  NARCISSUS.     Perianth  with  a  more  or  less  cylindrical  tube,  6  equal  widely 

spreading  divisions,  and  stamens  of  unequariength  included  in  the  cup  or 
crown.     Scape  with  one  or  more  flowers,  from  a  scarious  1-leaved  spathe. 

3.  PANCRATIUM.     Perianth  with  a  slender  tube,  6  long  and  narrow  divisions, 

and  a  cup  to  which  the  long  filaments  adhere  below,  and  from  the  edge  of 
which  they  project.  Anthers  linear,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Scape  bearing  a 
few  flowers  in  a  cluster,  surrounded  by  some  leaf-like  or  scarious  bracts. 

«  *  No  cup  nor  crown  to  the  flower,  or  only  minute  scales  sometimes  in  the  throat. 

H-  Filaments  borne  on  the  tuJ)e  of  the  flower:  anthers  fixed  by  the  middle,  versatile: 

spathe  of  1  or  ^  scales  or  bracts. 

4.  CRINUM.    Perianth  with  a  slender  long  tube  and  6  mostly  long  and  narrow 

spreading  or  recui-ved  divisions.  Stamens  long.  Scape  solid,  bearing  few  or 
many  flowers,  in  an  umbel-like  head.  Bulb  often  columnar  and  rising  as  if 
into  a  sort  of  stem.     Leaves  in  several  ranks. 

5.  AMARYLLIS.     Perianth  various;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate.     Scape 

bearing  one  or  more  flowers.     Leaves  mostly  2-ranked. 

-t-  -1-  Filaments  on  the  ovary  at  the  base  of  the  6-parted  perianth:  anthers  erect,  not 
versatile :  spathe  a  bract  opening  on  one  side. 

6.  GAL  ANTHUS.     Scape  with  usually  a  single  small  flower  on  a  nodding  pedicel. 

Perianth  of  6  oblong  separate  concave  pieces;  the  three  inner  shorter,  less 
spreading,  and  notched  at  the  end.     Anthers  and  style  pointed. 

7.  LEUCOIUM.    Scape  bearing  1-7  flowers  on  nodding  pedicels.     Perianth  of 

6  nearly  separate  oval  divisions,  all  alike.  Anthers  blunt.  Style  thickish 
upwards. 

§  2.    Stems  leafy,  or  scape  beset  with  bracts,  from,  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  cratim. 

8.  ALSTRCEMERIA.     Stems  slender  and  weak  or  disposed  to  climb,  leafy  to  the 

top,  the  thin  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  commonly  twisting  or  turning  over. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted  nearly  or  quite  to  the  ovary, 
rather  bell-shaped,  often  irregular  as  if  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  more  or 
less  declined.     Style  slender:  stigma  3-clcft. 

9.  POLIANTHES.     Stem  erect  and  simple  from  a  thick  tuber,  bearing  long-linear 

channelled  leaves,  and  a  spike  of  white  flowers.  Perianth  with  a  cj-lindrical 
and  somewhat  funnel-shaped  slightly  curved  tube,  and  6  about  equal  spread- 
ing lobes.  Stamens  included  in  the'tube:  anthers  erect.  The  summit  of  the 
ovary  and  pod  free  from  the  calyx-tube;  in  this  and  other  respects  it  ap- 
proaches the  Lily  Familj'. 
10.  AGAVE.  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy  with  a  hard  rind  and  a  commonly  spiny 
margin,  tufted  on  the  crown,  which  produces  thick  fibrous  roots,  and  suckers 
and  offsets ;  in  flowering  sends  up  a  bracted  scape,  bearing  a  spike  or  panicle 
of  vellowish  flowers.  Perianth  tubular-funnel-shaped,  persistent,  with  6  nar- 
row almost  equal  divisions.  Stamens  projecting:  anthers  linear,  versatile. 
Pod  containing  numerous  flat  seeds. 

1.  HYPOXYS,  STAR-GRASS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  acute  at 
the  base ;  the  pod  is  often  so. ) 

H.  er^eta,  the  common  species,  in  grass;  with  fcAv-flowcrcd  scape  3' -8' 
high,  and  leaves  at  length  longer ;  yellow  star-like  flower  over  ^'  broad. 

2.  NARCISSUS.  (Greek  name,  that  of  the  young  man  in  the  mythology 
who  is  said  to  have  heen  changed  into  this  flower.)  Most  of  them  are  per- 
fectly hardy  :  fl.  spi'ing. 

N.  posticus,  Poet's  N.  Leaves  nearly  flat ;  scape  1 -flowered ;  crown  of 
the  white  flower  edged  with  pink,  hardly  at  all  projecting  from  the  yellowish 
throat :  in  full  double-flowered  varieties  the  crown  disappears. 

N.  bifldrus,  Two-flowerkd  N.,  or  Primrose  Peerless  of  the  old 
gardeners,  has  two  white  or  pale  straw-colored  flowers,  and  the  crown  in  the 
form  of  a  short  yellow  cup. 

N.  poly^nthos  is  the  parent  of  the  choicer  sorts  of  Polyanthus  N.  ; 
flowers  numerous,  white,  the  cup  also  wliite. 


AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.  831 

N.  Tazdtta,  Polyanthus  N.  Leaves  as  of  the  preceding  linear  and 
.  nearly  flat,  glaucous ;  flowers  numerous  in  an  umbel,  yellow  or  sometimes 
white,  with  the  crown  a  golden  or  orange-colored  cup  one  third  or  almost  one 
half  the  length  of  the  divisions. 

N.  Jonquilla,  Jonquil.  Leaves  narrow,  rush-like  or  half-cylindrical ; 
flowers  2  to  5,  small,  yellow,  as  also  the  short  cup,  very  fragrant. 

N.  Pseudo-Narcissus,  Daffodil.  Leaves  flat,  and  1 -flowered  scape 
short ;  flower  large,  yellow,  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  and  a  large  bell-shaped 
cup,  having  a  wavy-toothed  or  crisped  margin,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
divisions  :  common  double-flowered  in  country  gardens. 

3.  PANCRATIUM.  (Name  in  Greek  means  all  powerful:  no  obvious 
reason  for  it.)  Flowers  large,  showy,  fragrant,  especially  at  evening  in 
summer.  Cult,  at  the  North ;  the  following  wild  S.  in  wet  places  on  and 
near  the  coast. 

P.  maritimum.  Glaucous  ;  leaves  linear,  erect ;  scape  barely  flattish ; 
perianth  5'  long,  its  gi'een  tube  enlarging  at  summit  into  the  funnel-shaped 
12-toothed  cup,  to  the  lower  part  of  which  the  spreading  narrow-lanceolate 
divisions  of  the  perianth  are  united. 

P.  rot^tum  (or  P.  MkxicXnuji).  Leaves  linear-strap-shaped,  widely 
spreading-,  bright  green,  2'  or  more  wide  ;  scape  sharply  2-edged ;  slender  tube 
of  the  perianth  and  its  linear  widely  spreading  divisions  each  about  3'  long,  the 
latter  wholly  free  from  the  short  and  broadly  open  wavy-edged  cup. 

4.  CRINUM.  (The  Greek  name  for  a  Lily.)  Showy  conservatory  plants, 
chiefly  from  tropical  regions  ;  one  wild  S. 

C.  am^bile,  from  East  Indies  ;  the  hxige  bulb  rising  into  a  column ;  leaves 
becoming  several  feet  long  and  3'- 5'  wide;  flowers  numerous,  8' -10'  long, 
crimson-purple  outside,  paler  or  white  within. 

C.  Americ^num,  wild  in  river  swamps  far  S. ;  much  smaller,  with  a 
globular  bulb;  scape  l°-2°  high;  flower  white,  6' -7'  long. 

5.  AMARYLLIS.  (Dedicated  to  the  nymph  of  this  name.)  One  wild 
species  S. ;  many  in  choice  cultivation,  and  the  species  mixed.  The  following 
are  the  commonest  types. 

A.  Atam^sco,  Atamasco  Lily,  wild  from  Virginia  S.  in  low  grounds ; 
scape  6' -12'  high,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glossy  leaves;  flower  2' -3'  long, 
single  from  a  2-c!eft  spathe,  regular,  funnel-form,  white  and  pinkish ;  stamens 
and  style  declined. 

A.  formosissima,  Jacob.eax  or  St.  James's  Lily,  of  the  section 
SpREKifcLiA :  cult,  from  South  America :  scape  bearing  a  single  large  and  de- 
clined deep  crimson-red  flower,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  2-lipped  as  it  were, 
three  divisions  recurvcd-spreading  upwards,  three  turned  downwards,  these  at 
base  involute  around  the  lower  part  of  the  deflcxed  stamens  and  style. 

A.  Reginse,  from  South  America ;  with  2-4  large  almost  regular  nodding 
flowers,  crimson-red,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  the  deflcxed  stamens  curved 
upwards  at  the  end. 

A.  Belladdnna,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  has  elongated  bulbs,  chan- 
nelled narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  solid  scaiie,  and  several  almost  regular 
large  rose-red  fragrant  flowers,  funnel-form  with  very  short  tube,  the  stamens 
not  mucli  declined. 

A.  specibsa,  or  Vall6ta  purpijrea,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  the  scar- 
let-red flowers  with  funnel-shaped  tube  rather  longer  than  the  broad  ovate  and 
nearly  equal  spreading  divisions. 

6.  GALANTHUS,  SNOWDROP.  (Name  formed  of  the  Greek  words 
for  millc  andyZ'^uvr,  probably  from  the  color.)     Fl.  earliest  spring. 

G.  nivalis,  of  Europe,  sends  np  soon  after  the  winter's  snow  leaves  the 
ground  a  pair  of  linear  pale  leaves  and  a  sca])e  3' -6'  high,  bearing  its  dclicato 
dro<)))ing  white  flower,  the  inner  divisions  tipped  with  green :  a  variety  is  full 
double. 


332  IRIS     FAMILY. 

7.  I.EUC6IUM,  SNOWFLAKE.  (Ancient  Greek  name  means  WJtitg 
Violet.)  In  gardens  from  Europe ;  much  like  Snowdrops  on  a  larger  scale, 
flowering  later,  the  scape  more  leafy  at  base,  and  leaves  bright  green. 

L.  V^rnum,  Spring  S.  Scape  about  1°  high,  mostly  l-flowered,  in  spring ; 
pod  pear-shaped  and  6-sided. 

L.  sestivum,  Summeu  S.  Scape  2°  high,  bearing  3-7  rather  broader 
flowers  in  late  spring  or  early  summer ;  pod  rounder. 

8.  ALSTRCEMERIA.  (Named  by  Linnaeus  for  his  friend  Baron  Alstros- 
mer.)  Plants  of  the  conservatory,  from  W.  South  America,  of  mixed  species. 
A.  Pelegrina,  Lily  of  the  Incas,  from  Peru.     Flowers  few  or  solitary 

at  the  end  of  the  branches,  open,  rose-colored  or  whitish,  blotched  with  pink 
and  spotted  with  purple,  with  some  yellow  on  the  inner  divisions. 

A.  psittacina.  Flowers  umbellcd,  funnel-form  in  shape,  the  spatulate 
divisions  more  erect  and  close,  red,  tipped  with  green  and  brown-spotted. 

A.  versicolor.  Flowers  few,  terminating  the  drooping  or  spreading 
branches,  yellow  spotted  with  purple. 

0.   POLIANTHES,  TUBEROSE.     (Name  from  Greek  words  for  city  and 
flower;  therefore  not  Polyanthes.     And  the  popular  name  relates  to  the  tuber- 
ous rootstock,  therefore  not  Tube-Rose. ) 
P.  tuberbsa,  the  only  species  cultivated,  probably  originally  from  Mexico  ; 

the  tall  stem  Avith  long  several -ranked  leaves  at  base  and  sborter  and  sparser 

ones  towards  the  many-flowered  spike  (produced  in  autumn  when  planted  out)  ; 

the  blossoms  very  fragrant,  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  rose,  the  choicer  sorts 

nt>*^4,y  ^  AGAVE,  AMERICAN  ALOE.    (Name  from  Greek  word  for  wonderful) 

Plants  flower  only  after  some  years,  and  die  after  maturing  the  fruit. 

A.  Virginica,  of  sterile  soil  from  Virginia  to  111.  and  S.  ;  has  lance-oblong 

denticulate  and  spiny-tipped  leaves  6'- 12'  long,  and  scape  bearing  a  loose 

,      simple  spike  of  small  flowers,  3°-G°  high.  ' 

i^j^  -*V       A.  Americana,  of  Mexico,  is  the  common  Century  Plant  or  American 

^     ^.  Aloe;  with  veiy  thick  spiny-toothed  and  spine-pointed  haves,  2?-4°  long, 

i^   M^^jy-^'^ilfH^green,  or  a  variety  yellowish-striped,  the  scape  when  developed  from  old 

^^    4,^     plants  (said  to  flower  only  after  100  years  in  cool  climates)  tree-like,  bearing  an 

121.  IRIDACE^,   IRIS  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  by  the  equitant  erect  leaves  (Lessons,  p.  68,  fig. 
133,  134),  of  course  2-ranked,  and  tlie  3  stamens  with  anthers  facing 
outwards.  Flowers  showy,  colored,  mostly  from  a  spathe  of  two  or 
more  leaves  or  bracts ;  the  tube  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  tlie 
3-celled  ovary  and  often  prolonged  beyond  it,  its  divisions  G  in  two 
sets  (answering  to  sepals  and  petals),  each  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Style  1,  or  rarely  3-cleft:  st'gmas  3,  opposite  the  3  stamens  and  the 
outer  divisions  of  the  perianth.  Fruit  a  3-celIed  and  many-seeded 
pod.  Stems  or  herbage  rising  from  a  rootstock,  tuber,  or  solid  bulb 
(corm.  Lessons,  p.  45,  fig.  71,  72)  ;  these  are  acrid,  sometimes  very 
much  so.     A-ll  are  perennial  herbs. 

§  1.  Perianth  of  3  outer  recurving.,  and  3  inner  commonly  smaller  erect  or  incurving 
divisions  :  stigmas  or  more  properly  lobes  of  the  style  petal-like. 
1.  IRIS.  Flowers  with  tube  either  slightly  or  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovnry, 
in  the  latter  case  coherent  also  with  the  style.  Stamens  under  the  overarch- 
ing branches  of  the  style:  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base,  'i  lie 
real  stigma  is  a  shelf  or  short  lip  on  the  lower  face  of  the  i^etul-liko  braiich 
of  the  style,  only  its  inner  surface  St igmatic.     Pod  3-6-angled. 


.f(R^   FAMILY.  333 

§  2.  Perianth  parted  almost  to  the  base  into  6  nearly  equal  widely  spreading  divisions  t 
stamens  separate  or  nearly  so :  style  3  -  Q-lobea. 

2.  PARDANTHUS.     Foliage  and  aspect  of  an  Iris  with  leafy  branching  stem, 

from  a  rootstock.  Divisions  of  the  flower  oblong  with  a  narrow  base.  Fila- 
ments slender,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.  Style  long,  club-shaped,  its 
simple  brandies  tipped  with  a  broad  and  blunt  stigma.  Pod  pear-shaped ; 
the  valves  falling  away  expose  the  centre  covered  with  black  berry-like 
seeds. 

3.  NEMASTYLTS.     Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branching  above,  from  a  solid  bulb 

like  that  of  a  Crocus.  Divisions  of  the  flower  obovate.  Filaments  awl- 
shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers.  Style  short,  its  3  lobes  parted 
each  into  two,  bearing  long  and  thread-like  diverging  stigmas.  Pod  truncate. 
Seeds  dry,  angular. 

§  3.  Perianth  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  6  widely  spreading  divisions :  stamens  mon- 
adelphous  to  the  top :  style  long :  stigmas  3  or  6,  thread-like  :  Jiowers  opening 
in  sunshine  and  but  once  for  a  few  hours. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM.     Root  mostly  fibrous:   leaves  grass-like.    Divisions  of  the 

wheel-shaped  flower  all  alike.     Stigmas  3,  simple. 
6.  TIGRIDIA.     From  a  solid  bulb  with  some  hard  brittle  coating.     Leaves  lance- 
olate, large,  very  much  plaited.    -Three  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  very 
.  large  and  with  a  concave  base ;  the  other  3  very  much  smaller  and  fiddle- 
shaped.     Stigmas  3,  each  2-cleft. 

§  4.  Perianth  tubular  at  base,  the  6  divisions  all  more  or  less  spreading :  stamens  sepa- 
rate: style  long:  stigmas  3,  more  or  less  dilated:  flowers  lasting  for  several 
days.     Plants  from  solid  bulbs  or  C07'ms.     (Lessons,  p.  45,  fig.  71,  72.) 

6.  GLADIOLUS.     Flowers  numerous  in  a  spike,  on  a  rather  tall  leafy  stem 

remaining  open,  irregular,  the  shoi-t-funn el-shaped  tube  being  somewhat 
curved,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  unequal,  the  flower  commonly  oblique 
or  as  if  somewhat  2-Upped.  Stamens  (inserted  on  the  tube,)  and  style  as- 
cending.    Leaves  sword-shaped,  strongly  neiwed. 

7.  CROCUS.     Flowers  and  narrow  linear  leaves  rising  from  the  bulb,  the  ovary 

and  pod  seldom  raised  above  ground:  perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube; 
its  oval  or  roundish  divisions  alike,  or  the  3  inner  rather  smaller,  concave, 
fully  spreading  only  in  sunshine.     Leaves  with  revolute  margins. 

There  are  besides  many  tender  plants  of  the  family  in  choice  collections,  the 
greater  part  confined  to  the  conservatories,  —  mostly  belonging  to 

Ixia  maeul^ta,  of  Ca])e  of  Good  Hope,  and  others,  once  of  that  genus, 
now  called  Sparaxis,  Watsonia,  &c.  ;  also  to  Montbretia  or  Trit6nia,  &c. 

Schizostylis  COCCinea,  from  South  Africa,  lately  introduced :  not  very 
tender,  with  long  and  keeled  linear  leaves,  and  stems  3°  high,  bearing  a  spike 
of  bright  crimson-red  flowers  2'  across, , the  ovate  acute  lobes  all  alike  and  widely 
spreading  from  a  narrow  tube;  the  slender  style  deeply  cleft  (whence  the  name) 
into  3  thread-like  branches. 

Morsea  iridoides,  of  the  Cape ;  very  like  an  Iris,  as  the  specific  name 
denotes ;  but  the  6  divisions  of  the  perianth  all  nearly  alike  and  widely  spread- 
ing, white  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  3  outer  ones. 

1.    IRIS,  FLOWER-DE-LUCE,   BLUE  FLAG.     (Greek  and  Latin  my- 
thological name,  and  name  of  the  rainbow.)     Fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 

§  1.      Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  with  creeping  rootsft>ck's. 
*  Dwarf,  with  simple  very  short  stems  (or  only  leafy  tufta).  1  -^flowered  in  early 
spring,  from  creeping  and  branching  ahndt^r  rootslocks,  here  and  there  tuber' 
ous-thickened :  flowers  violet-blue,  with  a  long  slender  tube,  and  no  beard. 
I.  v6rna,  St.ender  Dwarf-Trts.      Wooded  hillsides,  from  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  S. ;  with  linear  grassy  leaves,  tube  of  flower  about  the  length  of  its 
almost  equal  divisions,  which  are  on  slender  orange-yellow  claws,  the  outer  ones 
crestless. 

I.  cristilta,  Crested  D.  Along  the  Alleghanies,  &c.,  sometimes  cult  ; 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  tube  of  flower  (2'  lonir) 
much  longer  than  the  scdrcely  stalked  divisions,  the  outer  ones  crested ;  pod 
sharply  triangular. 


B^^  IRIS   FAMILY. 

»  *  Taller:  the  several-flowered  often  branching  stems  1^-3°  high:  tube  of  the 
floiver  short:  the  outer  divisions  naked,  heardldss,  and  all  but  one  c/e.s//rss; 
the  inner  very  much  smaller:  fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer,  in  su-anips. 

I.  Virginiea,  Slender  Blue  Flag.  Slender;  with  very  naiTow  linear 
leaves,  and  blue  flowers  with  some  white  (barely  2'  long),  on  slender  peduncles, 
with  hardly  any  tube  beyond  the  3-angled  ovary. 

I.  versicolor,  Larger  Blue-Flag.  Stout  ;  stem  angled  on  one  side-, 
leaves  sword-shaped,  |' wide;  flowers  light  blue  variegated  with  some  yellow, 
white,  and  purple,  hardly  3'  long,  the  inflated  tube  shorter  than  the  obtusely 
3-angled  ovary ;  pod  oblong,  3-angled. 

I.  hexdgona.  Only  S.  near  the  coast;  with  simple  stem,  narrowish  long 
leaves,  and  deep  blue  variegated  flowers  4'  long,  the  outer  divisions  crested,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  6-angled  ovary. 

I.  etiprea.  Only  S.  and  W. ;  with  copperish-yellow  flowers  2'  long,  the 
tube  about  the  length  of  the  6-angled  ovary. 

I.  trip^tala.  Only  S.  in  pine-barren  swamps ;  with  rather  short  sword- 
shaped  glaucous  leaves,  and  few  blue  flowers  (2' -3'  long),  variegated  with 
yellow  and  purple,  the  inner  divisions  very  short  and  wedge-shaped,  the 
tube  shorter  than  the  3-angled  ovary. 

§  2.    Garden  species  from  the  Old  World,  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  A  dense  beard  along  the  lower  part  of  the  3  outer  diiusions  of  the  flower:  the 
stamens  in  all  spring  from  thickened  rootdocks. 
■♦-  Dwarf:  flowering  in  early  spring. 

I.  ptimila,  Dwarf  Garden  Iris.  Stem  very  short;  the  violet  and  pur- 
ple flower  close  to  the  ground,  with  slender  tube  and  obovate  divisions,  hardly 
exceeding  the  short  sword-shaped  leaves. 

•*-  -»-  Taller  and  larger,  several  flowered,  in  early  summer. 

I.  Germ^nica,  Common  Flower-de-Luce  of  the  gardens,  with  very 
large  scentless  flowers,  the  deep  violet  pendent  outer  divisions  3'  long,  the  obo- 
vate inner  ones  nearly  as  large,  lighter  and  bluer. 

I.  sambticina,  IElder-scented  F.,  is  taller,  3°  or  4°  high,  and  longer- 
leaved  ;  the  flowers  about  half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding,  the  outer  divisions 
less  reflexed,  violet,  but  whitish  and  yellowish  toward  the  base,  painted  with 
deeper-colored  lines  or  veins ;  upper  divisions  pale  grayish  or  brownish  blue ; 
spathe  broadly  scarious-margined. 

I.  squ^lens,  very  like  preceding,  with  longer  dull  violet  outer  divisions  to 
the  flower  whitish  and  striped  at  base,  and  purplish-buff-colored  inner  divisions. 

I.  varieg^ta,  has  much  smaller  flowers,  with  spatulate-obovate  divisions 
2'  long,  white  with  pale  yellow,  the  outer  divisions  veined  with  dark-purple  and 
purplish-tinged  in  the  middle. 

I.  Florentlna,  Florence  or  Sweet  F.  Less  tall  than  the  Common  F., 
with  broader  leaves,  and  white  faintly  sweet-scented  flowers,  bluish  veined,  the 
obovate  outer  divisions  2^' -3'  long,  with  yellow  beard.  Its  violet-scented  root- 
stock  yields  orris-root. 

*  *  No  beard  nor  crest  to  the  flower  :  all  but  the  last  with  rootstocks. 

I.  Pseudacorus,  Yellow  Iris,  of  wet  marshes  in  Europe,  with  very  long 
linear  leaves  and  bright  yellow  flowers,  sparingly  cultivated. 

I.  graminea,  Grass-Leaved  I.,  has  narrow  linear  root-leaves  2° -3° 
long  and  often  surpassing  the  1-3-flowered  stem;  flower  purple-blue,  with 
narrow  divisions. 

I.  Persica,  Persian  Iris.  A  choice  house-plant,  dwarf,  nearly  stemless 
from  a  kind  of  bulb-like  tuber,  from  which  the  flower  rises  on  a  long  tube, 
earlier  than  the  leaves,  delicately  fragrant,  bluish,  Avith  a  deep-purple  spot  at 
the  tip  of  the  outer  divisions,  the'inner  divisions  very  small  and  spreading. 

2.    PARDANTHUS,  BLACKBERRY  LILY.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 

means  pard-flower,  alluding  to  the  spotted  perianth.)     Fl.  late  summer. 

Pard^nthus  Chin6nsis,   from   China,   cult,    in   country  gardens   and 

escaping   into  roadsides:  3° -4°  high,  more  l)ranching  than  an  Iris;  the  di- 

visiens  of  the  orange-colored  flower  (1'  long)  mottled  above  with  crimson  spots, 


TAM   FAMILY.  335 

the  fruit,  when  the  valves  fall  and  expose  the  bcrry-likc  seeds,  imitating  a  black- 
berry, whence  the  common  name. 

3.  NEMASTYLIS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  thread-like  style,  ap- 
plicable here  to  the  stigmas.)     Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

N.  COBlestina.  Pine  barrens  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  with  handsome  but  fuga- 
cious bright  blue  flowers ;  the  leaves  mainly  from  the  small  bulb,  linear  and 
plaited. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM,  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.  (Name  in  Greek  means 
hog's  snout,  the  application  not  apparent.)     El.  all  summer. 

S.  Bermudi^na.  In  all  moist  meadows  ;  the  slender  2-winged  stems 
6^-12'  high,  in  tufts,  longer  than  the  root-leaves,  almost  naked;  the  small 
flowers  in  an  umbel  from  a  2-lcaved  spathe,  their  obovate  divisions  bristle-tipped 
from  a  notch,  pale  blue,  sometimes  purplish,  in  a  Western  variety  white. 

6.  TIGRIDIA,  TIGER-ELOWER  (as  the  name  denotes).  Fl.  summer. 
T.  pavbnia,  from  Mexico,  the  principal  species,  with  several  varieties, 
planted  out  for  summer  flowering,  sends  up  a  stem  2°  high,  bearing  in  succession 
a  few  very  large  showy  flowers  b'  or  6'  across,  yellow  or  orange-red,  the  dark 
centre  gaudily  spotted  with  crimson  or  purple. 

6.  GLADIOLUS,  CORN-FLAG.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  the  Latin 
word  for  sword,  from  the  leaves.)  Several  choice  tender  species  in  conserva- 
tories ;  while  the  hardy  ones  and  those  which  bear  planting  out,  which  make 
our  gardens  gay  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  are  from  the  following : 

G.  comnitlllis,  of  Europe,  is  the  old-fashioned  hardy  species,  with  rather 
few  rose-red  (rarely  white)  flowers  ;  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers. 

G.  Byzantinus,  of  the  Levant,  is  larger  in  all  its  parts,  with  more  flowers 
in  the  spike  and  more  showy  ;  filaments  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers. 

G.  blAndus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  the  parent  of  many  of  the 
4cndcr  white  or  pale  rose-colored  varieties. 

G.  cardinalis,  of  the  Cape,  also  tender,  has  large  scarlet-red  flowers, 
often  white  along  the  centre  of  its  3  lower  divisions. 

G.  psittacinus,  of  the  Cape,  is  a  tall  and  robust  species,  its  numerous 
large  flowers  with  very  broad  divisions,  dull  yellow,  mixed  or  bordered  with 
scarlet.  This  is  the  parent  of  G.  Gandavensis,  now  univei-sally  cultivated, 
and  from  which  so  many  fine  sub- varieties  have  been  produced,  with  scarlet,  red 
and  yellow,  orange,  and  other  colors. 

7.  CROCUS.     (The  Greek  name  of  ^q^ron.)     Cult,  from  the  Old  World. 

C.  v6rnus,  Spring  Crocus  ;  with  violet,  purple,  white  or  mixed  colored 
flowers,  the  broad  divisions  rarely  expanded,  and  short  dilated  stigmas  Avith 
jag,<2:ed  margins. 

C.  luteus  and  C.  Susi^nus,  Yellow  Crocus,  with  yellow  or  orange 
flowers,  and  opening  wider,  are  mere  varieties  of  the  first. 

C.  sativus,  Fall  Crocus,  with  violet  purple  and  fragrant  flowers,  in 
autumn,  is  rarely  seen  here.  Its  long  and  narrow  orange-red  stigmas  are 
saj/ron. 

122.   DIOSCOREACE^,  YAM  FAMILY. 

Twining  plants,  from  tubers  or  thick  rootstocks  or  roots,  having 
ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves  more  or  less  imitating  those 
of  Exogens,  and  small  greenish  or  whitish  dioecious  flowers,  with 
the  tube  of  the  perianth  in  the  fertile  ones  adhering  to  the  3-celled 
ovary ;  its  6  divisions  regular  and  parted  to  near  tlie  base  or  to  the 
ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in 
each  cell. 


SMILAX   FAMILY. 

T^mus  eleph^ntipes,  or  TestudinXria  elaphaxtipes,  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  is  a  curiosity  in  conservatories ;  the  globular  or  hemispherical 
trunk,  resting  on  the  ground,  covered  with  very  thick  bark  soon  cracked  into 
separate  portions,  and  resembling  the  back  of  a  tortoise;  out  of  it  spring  every 
year  slender  twining  stems,  bearing  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  leaves. 

1.  DIOSCOREA,  YAM.  (Named  for  Dioscorides.)  Flowers  in  axillary 
panicles  or  racemes :  stamens  6  in  the  sterile  ones,  separate.  Fertile  ones 
producing  a  3-celled  3-winged  pod,  when  ripe  splitting  through  the  wings. 
Fl.  summer.     2/ 

D.  villbsa,  Wild  Yam  :  sends  up  from  a  knotty  roots tock  its  slender 
stems,  bearing  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves,  either  alternate,  opposite,  or  some 
in  fours,  9-11-ribbed  and  with  prominent  cross-veinlets.  In  thickets,  com- 
moner S. :  slightly  downy,  or  usually  almost  smooth,  so  that  the  specific  name 
is  not  a  good  one 

D.  Batatas  (or  D.  Jap6nica  of  some),  Chinese  Yam:  cult,  from  China 
and  Japan,  for  ornament,  or  for  its  very  deep  and  long  farinaceous  roots, — 
a  substitute  for  potatoes,  if  one  could  only  dig  them ;  with  very  smooth  heart- 
shaped  partly  halberd-shaped  opposite  leaves,  and  produces  bulblets  in  the  axils. 
D.  sativa,  True  Yam,  with  great  thick  roots,  is  only  of  hot  climates. 

123.    SMILACE^,  SMILAX  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  woody-stemmed  plants,  a  few  herbaceous,  climbing  or 
supported  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  sides  of  the  petiole,  having 
ribbed  and  netted-veined  leaves  and  small  dioecious  flowers,  as  in  the 
foregoing ;  but  the  ovary  is  free  from  the  perianth,  bears  mostly  3 
long  and  diverging  sessile  stigmas,  and  in  fruit  is  a  berry ;  the  an- 
thers are  only  1-celled,  opening  by  one  longitudinal  slit  (the  division 
of  the  cell,  if  any,  corresponding  with  the  slit).    Consists  of  the  genus 

1.  SMILAX,  GREENBRIER,  CATBRIER,  or  CHINA-BRIER.  (An- 
cient Greek  name.)  All  wild  species,  in  thickets  and  low  grounds ;  flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer,  or  several  of 
the  Southern  prickly  ones  in  spring. 

§  1 .     Stems  woody,  ojlen  prickly :  ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

*  Smooth,  and  the  haves  ojten  glossy,  5-9-ribbed :  stigmas  aiid  cells  0/ ovary  3. 

-t-  Berries  red :  peduncles  short:  leaves  b-rihbed:  prickles  hardly  any. 

S.  lanceolata,  from  Virginia  S. :  climbs  high ;  leaves  evergreen,  lance- 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends ;  rootstock  tuberous. 

S.  Walter!,  from  New  Jersey  S. :  6°  high ;  leaves  deciduous,  ovate  or 
lance-oval,  roundish  or  slightly  heart-shaped;  peduncles  flat;  rootstock  creeping. 

•«-  Berries  black,  often  with  a  bloom :  leaves  mostly  roundish  or  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  at  base:  peduncles  almost  always  flat. 

S.  rotundif6Iia,  Common  Greenbrier.  Yellowish-green,  often  high- 
climbing  ;  branchlets  more  or  less  square,  armed  with  scattered  prickles  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  round-ovate,  thickish,  green  both  sides,  2' -3'  long;  peduncles  few- 
flowered,  not  longer  than  the  petioles. 

S.  glauca.  Mostly  S.  of  New  York :  like  the  preceding,  but  less  prickly, 
the  ovate  leaves  glaucous  beneath  and  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped,  smooth  edged, 
and  peduncles  longer  than  petiole. 

S.  tamnoides.  New  Jersey  to  111.  and  S. :  differs  from  preceding  in  the 
leaves  varying  from  round  heart-shaped  to  fiddle-shaped  and  halberd-shaped, 
green  both  sides,  pointed,  and  the  edges  often  S])arsely  bristly. 

S.  Pseudo-China,  China-Brier;  from  New  Jersey 'and  Kentucky  S. : 
rootstock  tuberous;  prickles  none  or  rare;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  green 
both  sides,  often  contracted  in  the  middle,  and  rough-ciliate,  3'  -  5'  long ;  flat 
peduncles  2' -3'  long. 


LILT   FAMILY.  337 

S.  hispida.  Only  from  Penn.  N. :  rootstock  long ;  stem  high-climbing, 
below  beset  with  long  and  dark  bristly  prickles ;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped, 
green  both  sides,  thin,  4' -5' long;  flat  peduncles  1^'- 2' long;  flowers  larger 
than  in  the  Common  Greenbrier. 

*  *  Downy  or  smooth :  stigma,  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  seed  only  one  ! 

S.  pumila.  Sandy  soil  S. :  rising  only  l°-3°  high,  not  prickly,  soft-downy, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped  5-ribbed  evergreen  leaves,  when  old 
smooth  above ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  petioles,  densely-flowered ;  berries 
whitisli. 

S.  laurifdlia.  From  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  S. :  very  smooth,  high- 
climbing,  stem  with  some  prickles ;  leaves  thick,  evergreen,  glossy,  varying 
from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-nerved ;  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  petiole  and 
pedicels;  berries  black. 

§  2.    Sterns  herbaceous,  never  prickly,  smooth :  leaves  long  petioled,  thin :  oimles 
and  seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell:  berries  blue-black  with  a  bloom. 

S.  herb^cea,  Carriox  Flower  (the  scent  of  the  blossoms  justifies  the 
name)  :  common  in  moist  ground ;  erect  and  recurving,  often  without  tendrils, 
or  low-climbing,  very  variable  in  size,  generally  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong 
or  roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  7-9-nerved  ;  peduncles  sometimes  short, 
generally  3' -4'  or  even  6' -8'  long,  even  much  surpassing  the  leaves,  20-40- 
flowered. 

S.  tamnifolia.  Pine  barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  differs  in  its  heart- 
shaped  and  some  halberd-shaped  only  5-nerved  leaves  ;  peduncles  rather  longer 
than  the  petioles,  and  berry  fewer-seeded. 


"^124.   LILIACE^,  LILY  FAMILY. 

Lare:e  family,  known  as  a  whole  by  its  regular  symmetrical  flow- 
ers, with  perianth  of  6  (in  one  instance  of  4)  parts,  as  many  stamens 
with  2-ceIled  anthers,  and  a  free  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled)  ovary. 
Perianth  either  partly  or  wholly  colored,  or  greenish,  but  not  glu- 
maceous.  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium,  &c. 
Chiefly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves ;  all  perennials.  The  great  groups 
comprised  are  the  following. 

I.  TRILLIUM  FAMILY;  with  netted-veined  leaves  all  in  one 
or  two  whorls  on  an  otherwise  naked  stem,  which  rises  from  a  fleshy 
rootstock  :  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  separate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  TRILLIUM.     Perianth  of  3  green  persistent  sepals,  and  3  colored  petals ;  the 

latter  at  length  withering  away  after  flowering,  but  not  deciduous.  Anthers 
linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments,  looking  inwards.  Awl-shaped  styles  or  stig- 
mus  persistent.    Ovary  3  -  6-augled.    Beny  purple  or  red,  ovate,  many-seeded. 

2.  MEDEOLA.     Pei'ianth  of  6  oblong  and  distinct  nearly  similar  pieces,  recurved, 

deciduous.  Anthers  oblong,  shorter  tlian  the  slender  filaments.  Stigmas  or 
styles  long  and  diverging  or  recurved  on  the  globular  ovary,  deciduous. 
Berry  dark-purple,  few-seeded. 

II.  MELANTHIUM  FAMILY;  with  alternate  and  parallel- 
veined  leaves  ;  stem  simple,  at  least  up  to  the  panicles  ;  and  flowers 
often  polygamous,  sometimes  dioecious ;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3, 
separate  down  to  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  pod.  Anthers  almost  always 
turned  outwards.  Perianth  withering  or  persisting,  not  deciduous, 
the  6  parts  generally  alike.  Mostly  acrid  or  poisonous  plants,  some 
used  ill  medicine. 

22 


338  LILY   FAMILY. 

§  1.  Stemless :  the  large  Jloioer  with  a  long  tube  rising  directly  from  a  thin-eoated 
solid  bulb  or  corm:  anthers  2-ceUed. 

8.  COLCHICUM.     Perianth  resembling  that  of  a  Crocus.     Stamens  bomo  on  the 
throat  of  the  long-tubular  perianth.     Styles  very  long. 

§  2.  Perianth  without  any  tube,  of  6  distinct  or  almost  separate  divisions. 

«  Anthers  2-celled,  short :  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike :  pod  loculicidal. 

4.  CHAMiELIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious  or  mostly  so.     Perianth  of  6  small  and 

narrow  white  pieces.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  many-seeded.  Spike  or  raceme 
slender. 

5.  HELONIAS.    Flowers  perfect,  in  a  short  dense  raceme,  lilac-purple,  turning 

green  in  fniit;  the  divisions  spatulate-oblong,  spreading.  Filaments  slender: 
anthers  blue.     Pod  3-lobed;  cells  many-seeded. 

6.  XEROPHYLLUM.     Flowers  perfect,  in  a  compact  raceme,  white;  the  divisions 

oval,  sessile,  widely  spreading,  naked.  Filaments  awl-shaped.  Pod  globular, 
3-lobed,  with  2  wingless  seeds  hi  each  cell. 

♦  «  Anthers  kidney-shaped  or  round  heart-shaped,  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one, 
ehitlfl-shaped  after  opening  :  styles  awl-shaped :  j^od  3-horned,  septicidul :  seeds 
commonly  flat  or  thin-margined. 

7.  AMIANTHIUM.     Flowers  perfect,  mostly  in  a  simple  raceme.     Perianth  white, 

the  oval  or  obovate  spreading  divisions  without  claws  or  spots.  Filaments 
long  and  slender.  Seeds  wingless,  1-4  in  each  cell.  Leaves  chiefly  from  the 
bulbous  base  of  the  scape-like  stem,  linear,  keeled,  gi-ass-like. 

8.  STP^NANTHIUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  paniclcd  racemes  on  a  leafy  stem. 

Pei'ianth  white,  with  spreading  and  not  spotted  lanceolate  divisions  tapering 
to  a  narrow  point  from  a  broader  base,  which  coheres  with  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Stamens  very  short.  Seeds  several,  wingless.  Leaves  linear,  keeled, 
grass-like. 

9.  VERATRUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  panicled  racemes.    Perianth  greenish 

or  brownish,  its  obovate-oblong  divisions  narrowed  at  base,  free  from  the 
ovary,  not  spotted.  Filaments  snort.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  wing-margined. 
Leaves  broad,  many-nerved.  Base  of  the  leafy  stem  more  or  less  bulb-like, 
producing;  many  long  white  roots. 

10.  MELANTIlIUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  racemes  forming  an  open  pyramidal 

panicle.  Perianth  cream-colored,  turning  green  or  brownish  with  age,  per- 
fectly free  from  the  ovarv,  its  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  nartly  halberd- 
shaped  widely  spreading  divisions  raised  on  a  claw  and  marked  with  a  pair 
of  tlarker  spots  or  glands.     Filaments  short,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the 

{)erianth,  persistent.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  broadly  winged.  Leaves 
anceolate  or  linear,  mostly  grass-like.  Stem  roughish-downy  above,  its 
base  more  or  less  bulbous. 

11.  ZYGADENUS.     Flowers  pefect  or  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  panicle.    Peri- 

anth greenish  white,  its  oblong  or  ovate  widely  spreading  divisions  spotted 
■with  a  pair  of  roundish  glands  or  colored  spots  near  the  sessile  or  almost 
sessile  base.  Stamens  free  from  and  about  the  length  of  the  perianth.  Leaves 
linear,  grass-like ;  stem  and  whole  plant  smooth. 

III.  BELLWORT  FAMILY;  with  alternate  and  broad  not 
grass-like  parallel-veined  leaves :  stem  from  a  rootstock  or  from 
fibrous  roots,  branching  and  leafy :  style  one  at  the  base,  but  3-cleft 
or  3-parted.  Fruit  a  pod,  few-seeded.  Anthers  turned  rather 
outwards  than  inwards.  Perianth  of  6  almost  similar  and  wholly 
separate  pieces,  deciduous.  Not  acrid  nor  poisonous.  Plants  ihter- 
mediate  between  the  preceding  groups  and  the  next. 

12.  UVULARIA.     Flowers  solitary  or  sometimes  in  pairs  at  the  end  or  in  the  forks 

of  the  forking  stem,  drooping,  vellowish;  the  perianth  rather  bell-shaped 
and  lily-like,  its  divisions  spatulate-lanceolate,  with  a  honey-bearing  groove 
or  pit  at  the  erect  narrowed  base.  Stamens  short,  one  at  the  base  of  each 
division :  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than  the  filaments.  Pod  triaugulai-  or 
8-lobed,  loculicidal  from  the  top.    Seeds  thick  and  roundish. 


LILY   FAMILY.  339 

ly.  ASPARAGUS  FAMILY;  with  parallel-veined  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  branching  or  simple  stems  from  a  rootstock,  at 
least  there  is  no  bulb,  a  single  style  (if  cleft  or  lobed  at  all  only  at 
the  summit),  and  fruit  a  few  several-seeded  berry.  Pedicels  very 
often  with  a  joint  in  the  middle  or  under  the  flower.  Flower 
almost  always  small,  and  white  or  greenish,  chiefly  perfect. 

§  1.  Herbs  with  ordinary  broad  leaves. 

♦  Flowers  bell-sJiaped,  ofQ  separate  and  similar  deciduotis  divisions:  stamens  on  the 
receptacle  or  nearly  so :  anthers  turned  outioards. 

13.  CLINTONIA.     Flowers  erect,  few  or  several  in  an  umbel  on  a  naked  scape, 

the  base  of  which  is  sheathed  by  the  stalks  of  a  few  large  oval  or  oblong  and 
ciliate  root-leaves.  Filaments  long  and  slender;  anthers  linear  or  oblong; 
style  long.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  becoming  a  blue  berry.  Rootstocks  creeping, 
like  those  of  Lily-of-the-Valley,  which  the  leaves  also  resemble. 

14.  PROSAKTES.     Flowers  single  or  few,  hanging  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  spreading 

branches  on  slender  simple  stalks,  yellowish.  Divisions  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate  or  linear.  Filaments  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt 
anthers.  Ovary  with  a  pair  of  hanging  ovules  in  each  of  the  3  cells,  becom- 
ing an  ovoid  or  oblong  and  pointed  red  berry.  Rootstock  short,  not  creep- 
ing: herbage  downy. 

15.  STREPTOPUS.     Flowers  sinde  or  rarely  in  pairs  along  the  leafy  and  forking 

stem,  just  out  of  the  axils  of  the  ovate  clasping  leaves:  the  slender  peduncle 
usually  bent  in  the  middle.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
three  Inner  ones  keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  on  short  and  flattish  fila- 
ments.    Ovary  3-celled,  making  a  red  many-seeded  berry. 

«  «  Flowers  with  perianth  of  one  piece,  but  often  deeply  parted,  the  stamens  on  its 
base  or  tube  :  anthers  turned  inwards:  stems  not  branched. 

16.  CONVALLARIA.    Flowers  nodding  in  a  one-sided  raceme,  on  an  angled  scape 

which  rises,  with  the  about  two  oblong  leaves,  from  a  running  rootstock. 
Pei-ianth  shoi-t  bell-shaped,  with  6  recurving  lobes.  Stamens  included. 
Style  stout.     Ovary  with  several  ovules,  becoming  a  few-seeded  red  berrv. 

17.  SMILACINA.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  cluster  of  racemes  terminating  a  leaf- 

bearing  stem,  small,  white.  Perianth  6-parted,  in  one  4-parted.  Filaments 
slender:  anthers  short.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  making  a  1  -  2-seeded  berry.  Root- 
stocks  mostlv  creeping. 

18.  POLYGONATUM.     Flowers  nodding  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  along  a  leafy 

and  recurving  simple  stem,  which  rises  from  a  long  and  thickened  rootstock. 
Perianth  greenish,  cylindrical,  6-lobed  or  6-tootlied,  bearing  the  6  included 
stamens  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  tube.     Style  slender.     Ovary  3-celled 
with  few  ovules  in  each  cell,  in  fmit  becoming  a  globular  black  or  blue  few- 
seeded  berry. 
§  2.  Plants  with  small  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  from  the  axils  ofiohich  are  produced 
false-leaves,  i.  e.  bodies  which  by  their  position  are  seen  to  be  of  the  nature  of 
branches,  but  which  imitate  and  act  as  leaves.     Perianth  greenish  or  tvhitisn, 
G-parted,  the  stamens  borne  on  its  base.     Berry  Z-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded. 

19.  ASPARAGUS.     Flowers  greenish-yellow,  bell-shaped,  scattered  along  the  much 

divided  branches.  Styles  short : 'stigma  3-lobed.  The  so-called  leaves  very 
narrow. 

20.  MYRSIPHYLLUM.     Flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axils,  greenish- white;  the  linear- 

oblong  divisions  of  the  perianth  recurved.  Stamens  almost  as  long  as  the 
Ijerianth.  Style  slender:  stigma  entire.  The  so-called  leaves  lance-ovate. 
Stems  twining. 

V.  LILY  FAMILY  proper  (including  Asphodel  Family)  :  dis- 
tinguished by  the  single  undivided  style  (or  rarely  a  sessile  stigma), 
and  fruit  a  loculicidal  pod.  Perianth  with  all  6  parts  generally 
corolla-like,  and  in  all  tlie  following  nearly  similar.  Leaves  par- 
allel-veined or  ribbed,  sometimes  with  netted-veins  also.  Stem  or 
scape  mostly  simple. 


340  LILT    FAMILY. 

§  1.  From  a  coated  or  sometimes  scaly  hulb. 

*  Stem  leafy,  especially  above,  the  leaves  often  ichorled  or  croioded :  divisions  of  the 
perianth  with  a  honey-beariny  furrow  or  spot  ut  or  near  the  base  :  style  long : 
stigmas  or  lobes  3 :  jx^d  packta  with  2  rows  of  depressed  and  fat  soft-coated 
seeds  in  each  cell.     FUncers  larye,  often  several. 

21.  LILIUM.  Flower  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form  with  the  separate  or  partly  united 
divisions  spreading  or  recurved  above:  the  honey-bearing-groove  beginning 
at  their  base.  Anthers  linear,  at  first  erect,  at  length  versatile.  Pod  oblong. 
Bulb  mostlv  scaly  (Lessons,  p.  46,  fig.  73,  74). 

22.  FRITILLARIA.  Divisions  ot  the  bell-shaped  flower  distinct,  not  at  all  re- 
curving; the  honey-bearing  spot  above  their  base.  Bulb  coated  or  scaly. 
Flowers  always  nodding,  otten  spotted. 

«  *  Stem  2-leaved  or  few-leaved  at  or  towards  the  base,  naked  above  and  ordinarily 
l-flowered  at  summit:  the  six  pieces  of  the  bell-sliaped  perianth  separate  :  sta- 
mens  on  the  receptacle  or  nearly  so :  anthers  erect :  seeds  many,  pale. 

23.  TULIP  A.  Stem  1- 2-leaved  above  the  ground,  bearing  an  erect  large  flower. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  broad,  not  recurved  nor  spi-eading.  Ovary  and  pod 
triangular,  columnar:  stigmas  3,  sessile.     Seeds  nearly  as  in  Lily. 

24.  ERYTHRONIU^L  Scape  2-leaved  from  the  ground,  bearing  a  nodding  flower. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  recurved  or  spreading  above.  Ovary 
and  pod  obovate:  seeds  globular.     Style  long,  more  or  less  club-shaped. 

*  «  «  Scape  naked,  bearing  several  or  many  flowers :  seeds  very  few,  globular  or 
angled,  mostly  with  a  crtistaceous  or  brittle  black  coat. 

H-  Perianth  Q-parted  or  6-sepalled,  either  wheel-shaped  or  less  widely  spreading. 

25.  ORNITHOGALUM.  Flowers  in  a  corymb,  bracted,  white,  wheel-shaped. 
Style  3-sided :  stigma  3-angled. 

26.  ALLIUM.  Flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  from  a  1- 2-leaved  or  scarious  spathe. 
Style  persistent,  slender:  stigma  entire. 

27.  SCILLA.     Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  blue.     Style  slender. 

t-  •*-  Perianth  merely  Q-toothed  or  Q-cleft,  bearing  the  short  included  stamens  on  its 
tube :  2}od  triangular. 

28.  MUSCARI.  Flowers  in  a  raceme;  the  globular  or  urn-shaped  narrow-mouthed 
perianth  nearly  6-toothed. 

29.  HYACINTHUS.  Flowers  in  a  raceme;  the  short-funnel-shaped  or  bell-shaped 
perianth  6-cleft,  the  lobes  spreaduig. 

§  2.  Scape  and  leaves  from  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  fbrous-rooted  croicnj  no  bulb. 

*  Stamens  and  styles  long  and  slender,  declined:  stigma  nearly  simple :  flowers  large. 

30.  AGAPANTHUS.  Flowers  in  a  2-bracted  umbel,  blue.  Perianth  tubular  at 
base,   with  6  widely  spreading  divisions  nearly  regular.     Pod  triangular, 

C'ft^  manv  seeded.  Seeds  flat,  brownish,  winged  above.  Leaves  linear,  flat. 
'v4-i.,/«W.  FUNIvIA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme,  blue  or  white.  Perianth  funnel-form,  6-cleft, 
the  lobes  hardlv  spreading,  somewhat  irregular.  Pod  oblong,  prismatic, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  black,  with  a  soft  and  thin  coat,  winged  at  the 
apex.  Leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  netted- veiny  between  the  ribs,  and  on 
long  petioles. 

82.  HEMEROCALLIS.  Flowers  few  on  a  somewhat  branching  scape,  yellow, 
2«.  lasting  but  a  dav-  Perianth  funnel-form,  with  short  narrow  tube  closely  m- 
*^^            vesting  the  ovary;  the  nearlv  similar  divisions  more  or  less  spreadmg.     Pod 

',  -^^-     thick,  at  first  fleshy.     Seeds' few  in  each  cell,  roundish,  with  a  hard  and  brit- 
V  tie  black  coat.     Leaves  linear,  grassy,  keeled. 

*  *  Stamens  and  style  straight,  protruding  from  the  tubular  perianth. 

83.  TRITOMA.  Flowers  verv  many,  nodding  in  a  dense  raceme  or  spike  on  a 
bracted  scape.  Perianth  tubvilar,  regular,  red  or  yellow,  6-toothed.  Fila- 
ments of  two  lengths.  Pod  many-seeded.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  long  and 
grassy,  keeled,  crowded  at  the  root. 

§  8.  Stem  a  woody  trunk,  either  short  or  tree-like,  bearing  a  crovrl  of  rigid  and 
pungent-painted  sword-sliaped persistent  leaves  :  no  bulb. 
82.  YUCCA.     Flowers  in  an  ample  tenninal  compound  panicle,  large,  often  polyga- 
mous, white  or  whitish.     Perianth  of  6  separate  oval  or  oblong  acute  divis- 
ions, not  deciduous,  the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  stamens.     Stigmas 
3,  sessile.     Pod  oblong,  many-seeded;  the  depressed  seeds  as  iu  Lily. 


'yctii^ 


v^^-v,..^.^..       ^.^o^,  JJx^r^Jcd  -KCO-^-       'A4 

t  ^-^^M    ih^    a^-c/-     LiLt  4amilt.^  341 

/^Among  the  various  cultivated  plants  of  the  choicer  collections,  the  following 
are  not  rarely  met  with. 

*  Not  bulbousi^ 

Phormium  t^nax,  New  Zealand  FlaX.  Nearly  hardy  N.,  but  does 
not  flower ;  the  very  firm  finely  nerved  linear  evergreen  leaver  tufted  on  matted 
rootstocks,  strongly  keeled,  conduplicate  below,  nearly  flat  above,  yielding  a 
very  strong  fibre  for  cordage. 

Dracaena  and  Cordyline,  Dragon-Trees,  two  or  three  species,  orna- 
ments of  choice  conservatories,  cult,  for  their  foliage. 

A16e  angul^ta,  A.  variegata,  and  other  Aloes,  with  very  thick  and 
fleshy  2-ranked  leaves  crowded  or  imbricated  at  the  ground,  sending  up  a  slen- 
der scape,  bearing  a  spike  or  raceme  of  tubular  flowers ;  in  conservatories. 
*  *  From  coated  bulbs,  sending  up  leaves  and  scapes. 
Lachenalia  tricolor;  tender  bulb  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  with 
lanceolate  soft  leaves  blotched  with  purple,  and  a  raceme  of  small,  rather  sin- 
gular than  handsome,  greenish-purple  and  yellow  flowers,  its  erect  divisions 
connivent,  the  three  interior  longer. 

Calochortus,  Cyclob6thra,  Brodisea,  and  Tritel6ia,  handsome 
flowered  bulbs,  chiefly  from  California  and  Oregon,  hardly  any  quite  hardy  N. 

1.  TRILLIUM,  THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE,  WAKE  ROBIN, 
BIRTHROOT.  (Name  from  Latin  trilix,  triple,  the  parts  throughout  being 
in  threes.)  Low  stem  from  a  short  tuber-like  rootstock  (Lessons,  p.  42,  fig.  67), 
bearing  a  whorl  of  tliree  green  conspicuously  netted-veined  ovate  or  rhom- 

',  boidal  leaves,  and  a  terminal  flower,  in  spring.  All  grow  in  rich  or  moist 
woods,  or  the  last  in  bogs. 

§  1.    Flower  sessile:  petals  and  sepals  narrow,  the  former  spatulate,  dull  purple, 
T.  Sessile.     From  Penn.  W.  &   S. :  leaves  sessile,  often  blotched ;  petals 

sessile,  rather  erect,  turning  greenish,  long  persisting. 

T.  recurvatum.      Only  W. :   differs  in  having  the  leaves  narrowed  at 

base  into  a  petiole,  sepals  reflcxed,  and  pointed  petals  with  a  narrowe<l  base. 

§  2.    Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle:  petals  withering  awaj/  soon  aper  floivring. 

*  Peduncle  erect  or  inclined :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  sesnile  by  a  wedge-shaped  base, 

abruptli/  taper-pointed :  petals  flat. 

T.  grandifl6rum,  Great-flowered  White  T.  From  Vermont  to 
Penn.  and  \V.,  flowering  rather  late :  handsome,  the  obovate  petals  2'  -  2^'  long, 
much  larger  than  the  sepals,  gradually  recurving  from  an  erect  base,  pure  white, 
in  age  becoming  rose-colored. 

T.  er^ctum,  Purple  T.  or  Birthroot.  Chiefly  N. :  not  so  large  as  the 
preceding;  the  dark  dull  purple  petals  ovate,  widely  spreading,  little  longer 
than  the  sepals,  I'-l^'  long. 

Var.  Alburn,  from  New  York  W. :  has  greenish  white,  rarely  yellowish 
petals. 

Var  declin^tum,  from  Ohio  N.  W.,  has  peduncle  fully  half  the  length  of 
the  leaves  and  horizontal,  or  in  fruit  even  reflexed ;  petals  white  or  pinkish. 

*  *  Peduncle  recurred  from  thr.  first  under  the  short-pet  ioled  or  almost  sessile  leaves, 

not  longer  than  the  ovary  and  recurved  ichite  petals. 

T.  cdrnuum,  Nodding  T.  Commonest  E.  :  leaves  rhombic-ovate ;  petals 
oblong,  ovate,  acute,  J^'-ij'  long;  styles  separate. 

T.  styI6sum.  tipper  country  S. :  leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends ; 
petals  oblong,  tinged  with  rose-color,  much  longer  and  broader  than  the  sepals ; 
styles  united  at  base. 

*  *  *  Peduncle  nearly  erect ;  leaves  rounded  at  the  base  and  short-pet  ioled. 

T.  niv^le,  Dwarf  White  T.  From  Ohio  N.  W. :  very  early-flowering, 
2' -4'  high;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  pure  white, 
r  long ;  stvles  slender. 


342  LILT   FAMILY. 

T.  erythroc^pum,  Painted  T.  Low  woods  or  bogs  N. :  leaves  ovate, 
taper-pointed ;  petals  lance-ovate,  pointed,  wavy,  white  with  pink  stripes  at  the 
base ;  berry  bright  red. 

2.  MEDEOLA,  INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT  (from  the  taste  of  the 
tuberous  white  and  horizontal  rootstock ;  the  Latin  name  from  Medea,  the 
sorceress).     Fl.  early  summer. 

M.  Virginica,  the  only  species  :  in  woods:  simple  stem  l°-3°  high,  cot- 
tony when  young,  bearing  near  the  middle  a  whorl  of  5  -  9  obovatc-lanceolate 
thin  and  veiny  but  also  parallel-ribbed  leaves,  and  another  of  3  (rarely  4  or  5) 
much  smaller  ovate  ones  ,at  the,tt5p,  around  an  umbel  of  a  few  small  recurved- 
stalked  jflow^ers.^  .^y'\  ■  w-—^---^ 

IJViTur^  ^.  cdiiCltlCUM.  (Named  from  the  country,  Colchis.)  Flowers  in  au- 
tumn,  sends  up  the  lanceolate  roo^leaves  the  next  spring.  Sparingly  cult, 
from  Eu.  for  ornament. 

C.  autumnale,  Common  C,  mostly  with  rose-purple  or  lilac  flowers. 
C.  variegatum,  perhaps  a  variety,  has  shorter  and  wavy  leaves,  and  peri- 
anth variegated  with  small  purjjle  squares,  as  if  tessellated. 

4.  CHAM^LIRIUM,  DEVIL'S  BIT.  (Name  in  Greek  means  Ground 
Lily,  of  no  obvious  fitness.)     Fl.  summer. 

C.  Itlteuin,  also  called  Blazing-Star  :  low  grounds,  commoner  "W.  &  S. : 
rootstock  short  and  abrupt,  sending  up  a  stem  l°-3°  high,  bearing  flat  lance- 
olate leaves  at  base,  some  shorter  ones  up  the  stem,  and  a  wand-like  spike  or 
raceme  of  small  bractless  flowers,  the  sterile  ones  from  the  stamens  appearing 
yellow. 

6.   HELONIAS.     (Name  probably  from  the  Greek  for  a  swamp,  in  which 

the  species  grows.)     Fl.  spring. 

H.  bullata.  Rare  and  local  plant,  from  New  Jersey  to  E.  Virginia,  but 
sometimes  cult. :  very  smooth,  the  tuberous  stock  producing  a  tuft  of  oblong  or 
lance-spatulate  evergreen  leaves,  from  the  centre  of  which  rises  in  spring  a  leaf- 
less scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing  the  rather  handsome  flowers. 

6.  XEROPHYLLUM.  (Name  means,  in  Greek,  arid-leaved,  the  narrow 
leaves  being  dry  and  rigid.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

X.  asphodelioides.  Pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  S. :  a  striking  plant, 
with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel;  simple  stout  stem  rising  2° -4°  high  from  a 
thick  or  bulb-like  base,  densely  beset  at  base  with  very  long  needle-shaped  rigid 
recurving  leaves,  above  Avith  shorter  ones,  which  at  length  are  reduced  to  bristle- 
like bracts ;  the  crowded  white  flowers  showy. 

7.  AMIANTHIUM,  FLY-POISON.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  alludes 
to  the  flowers  destitute  of  the  spots  or  «rlands  of  Melanthium  and  Zygade- 
nus.)     Flowers  summer,  turning  greenish  or  purplish  with  age. 

A.  inuscsetoxicum,  Broad-leaved  F.     Open  woods  from  New  Jersey 

5.  :  with  a  rather  large  bulb  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  bearing  many  broadly  linear 
(^'-1'  wide)  blunt  leaves;  raceme  dense;  flowers  rather  large;  seeds  few,  red 
and  fleshy. 

A.  angustifolium.  Pine  barrens  S. :  stem  hardly  bulbous  at  base,  2' 
high  ;  leaves  narrow,  acute,  pale ;  seeds  linear,  not  fleshy. 

8.  STENATTTHIUM.  (Name  from  Greek  means  narrow  flower.)  Fl. 
summer.  z^' 

S.  angUStifdlium.  Low  meadows  and  prairies,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. : 
2° -6°  high,  leafy,  the  leaves  long  and  narrow ;  flowers  only  ^'  long,  in  a  pro- 
longed terminal  and  many  shorter  lateral  racemes,  making  an  ample  light 
panicle. 


LILT  JAMILT.  343 

^      9.  VERATRUM,  FALSE  HELLEBORE.     (Old  name,  from  Latin  vere 
ater,  truly  black.)     Mostly  pubescent  stout  herbs ;  the  roots  yield  the  acrid 
I        poisonous  veralrin.     Flowers  summer. 

V.  viride,  American  White  Hellebore,  or  Ixdian  Poke.  Swamps, 
^  mostly  N.  :  stout  stem  2° -4°  hif,^h,  thickly  beset  with  the  broadly  oval  or  ovate 
J  strongly  plaited  sheath-clasping  leaves  ;  panicle  of  spike-like  racemes  pyramidal ; 
■^  '  flowers  yellowish-green  turning  greener  with  age. 

Du         V.  parviflorum,  along  the  Alieghanies,  is  slender,  2° -5°  high,  with  scat- 
y^ .    tered  oval  or  lanceolate  scarcely  plaited  leaves  below,  and  a  long  and  loose  pan- 
icle of  greenish  small  flowers  turning  dingy  or  brownish  with  age. 

10.  MELANTHIUM.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  Hack  flower,  the 
perianth  turning  darker,  yet  not  black.)     Fl.  summer. 

M.  Virginicum,  Bunch-flower.  Moist  grounds,  from  S.  New  York 
S.  &  W. :  3° -5°  high;  lowest  leaves  sometimes  1'  wide,  the  upper  few  and 
small ;  flowers  rather  large. 

11.  ZYGADENUS.     (Name  in  Greek  means  j/ote(f(7/anc?s.)     Fl.  summer. 
Z.  glab^rrimus.     Pine  barren  bogs  S. :  l°-3°  high,  from  a  running  root- 
stock  ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  keeled,  nerved,  taper-pointed;  panicle  many-flowered; 
divisions  of  perianth  \'  long,  a  pair  of  round  spots  above  the  narrowed  base. 

Z.  glatlCUS.  Bogs  along  our  N.  borders  :  l°-3°  high,  from  a  bulb ;  leaves 
flat,  pale  ;  flowers  rather  fev/  ;  base  of  perianth  coherent  with  that  of  the  ovary, 
the  divisions  marked  with  an  inversely  heart-shaped  spot. 

12.  UVXTLARIA,  BELLWORT.  (Name  from  the  Latin  uvula,  or  palate; 
the  application  obscure.)  Stems  6' -2°  high,  naked  below,  leafy  above:  fl. 
spring.     All  in  rich  woods. 

*  Leaves  ohlong,  the  base  clasping  round  the  stem  which  seems  to  run  through  the 

blade  just  above  its  base  (Lessons,  p.  67,  fig.  131) :  pod  3-lobed:  rootstock 
very  short  and  erect. 

IT.  grandiflbra,  the  common  one  from  W.  New  England  W. :  with  pale 
greenish-yellow  flower  1  j'  long  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  inside. 

U.  perfoliata,  common  E.  &  S. :  smaller,  with  sharper  tips  to  the  an- 
thers, and  the  parts  of  the  barely  yellowish  perianth  granular-roughened  inside. 

U.  flava,  chiefly  N.  E.,  with  bright  yellow  flower  about  1'  long,  and  nearly 
smooth  inside. 

*  »  Leaves  not  surrounding   the   stem,  mereli/  sessile:   rootstock  creeping:  pod 

sharplij  triangular. 

U.  sessilifoHa,  common,  especially  N. :  6'- 12'  high,  with  pale  lance-ob- 
long leaves,  and  whitish  cream-colored  flower  |'  long;  pod  stalked. 

13.  CLINTONIA.  (Named  f)r  DeWitt  Clinton  of  New  York.)  Cold 
moist  woods  :  flowers  early  summer. 

Cf.  boredlis.  Only  N.  and  along  the  mountains;  flowers  2-7,  greenish 
yellow,  over  ^'  long ;  berry  rather  many-seeded. 

C.  umbellata.  Along  the  Alieghanies  ;  flowers  numerous,  4'  long,  white 
speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots  ;  seeds  only  2  in  each  cell. 

14.  PROSARTES.     (Name  from  Greek  word  meaning  hanging.) 

P.  lanugindsa.     Rich  woods  the  whole  length  of  the  Alleghany  region  to 
Canada  :  branches  widely  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  rounded  or 
slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  sessile  base ;  flowers  ^'  long,  greenish ;  style  with  3 
.Btigmas  :  fl.  late  spring.  /  '         /  •        ^. 

^  15.  STREPTOPUS,  TWISTED-STALK  (which  the  name  denotes  in 
Greek).  In  cold  damp  or  wet  woods  N.  :  flowers  in  late  spring  and  early 
summer,  small,  barely  ^'  long. 


344  LILY   FAMILY. 

S.  amplexif61ius.  Stem  stout,  rough  at  base,  2°  -  3°  high  ;  leaves  strong- 
ly clasping,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flower  whitish,  on  a  long  stalk  with 
abrupt  bend  above  the  middle  ;  anthers  slender-pointed  ;  stigma  truncate. 

S.  rbseus.  Stem  l°-2°  high;  leaves  green,  finely  ciliate,  and  with  the 
few  branches  beset  with  more  short  and  fine  bristly  hairs ;  flower  rose-purple, 
on  a  less  bent  stalk ;  anthers  2-horned ;  stigma  3-cleft. 

16.  CONVALLARIA,  LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.  (Name  altered 
from  the  Latin  Lilium  convcdlium,  of  which  the  English  name  is  a  translation.) 
n.  late  spring. 

C.  maj^lis,  the  only  true  species,  cult,  everywhere,  from  Europe,  and  wild 
on  the  higher  Alleghanies ;  its  small  sweet-scented  white  flowers  familiar. 

17.  SMItACINA,  FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.  (Name  a  diminutive 
of  Smilax,  which  these  plants  do  not  resemble.)  Wild  in  woods  or  low 
grounds  :  fl.  late  spring. 

§  1.    Perianth  of  only  4  reflexed  spreading  divisions:  stamens  4  :  ovary  2-celled. 

S.  bifolia.  In  all  moist  woods  N. :  3' -6'  high  ;  stem  bearing  2  (sometimes 
3)  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  a  short  raceme  of  small  flowers ;  berries  red. 

§  2.    Perianth  of  6  divisions:  stamens  6  :  ovary  Z-cclled,  rarely  2-celled. 

S.  trif61ia.  Cold  bogs  N. :  3' -6'  high,  smooth,  with  mostly  3  oblong 
leaves  raiK-ring  to  a  sheathing  base  ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered ;  berries  red. 

S.  stell^ta.  Rocky  places  N. :  l°-2p  high,  smooth,  or  the  7-12  lance- 
oblong  leaves  minutely  downy  when  young;  raceme  several-flowered;  berries 
blackish. 

S.  raceni6sa.  Moist  copses  and  banks,  chiefly  N. :  2°  high,  minutely 
downy,  leafy  to  the  top ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oval  leaves  ciliate,  pointed  at  each 
end  ;  flowers  small,  crowded  in  a  compound  raceme;  the  divisions  of  perianth 
narrow ;  beiTies  pale  red  and  speckled. 

18.  POLYGONATUM,  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.  (Name  in  Greek  means 
many-jointed.  The  English  name  is  from  the  rootstocks,  the  impression  of 
the  seal  being  the  scar  left  by  the  death  and  separation  of  the  stem  of  a  foi*mer 
year:  Lessons,  p.  42,  fig.  66.)  Stem  recurving  or  turned  to  one  side.  Fl. 
late  spring  and  early  summer. 

P.  bifl6rum,  Smaller  S.  Wooded  banks  :  l°-3°  high ;  the  ovate-oblong 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile  and  glaucous  or  minutely  whitish-downy 
beneath ;  peduncles  mostly  2-flowered ;  filaments  roughened,  borne  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube. 

P.  gigailt^UlD,  Larger  S.  Alluvial  grounds  N.  :  3° -3°  high,  smooth  ; 
leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping ;  peduncles  2-8-flowered;  filaments  smooth  and 
naked,  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

19.  ASPARAGUS.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

A.  officinalis,  Common  Asparagus.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  its  esculent 
spring  shoots,  spontaneous  about  gardens  :  tall,  bushyrbranched,  the  leaves 
thread-shaped. 

20.  MYRSIPHYLLUM.     (The  name  in  Greek  means  myrtle-leaved.) 
M.    asparagoides,    of    Cape    Good    Hope  :    a    very    smooth    delicate 

twiner,  cult,  in  conservatories  for  winter  decoration,  under  the  name  of 
Smilax  :  the  bright  green  so-called  leaves  1'  or  more  long,  glossy-green  both 
sides,  nerved,  set  edgewise  on  the  branch,  but  turning  so  as  to  present  an  upper 
and  under  face ;  the  small  flowers  produced  in  winter,  sweet-scented,  with 
reddish  anthers;  berries  green.  —  That  the  seeming  leaves  are  of  the  nature 
of  branches  is  shown  in  Ruscus,  the  Butcher's  Broom,  of  Europe  (here 
rarely  cultivated),  where  they  are  rigid,  spiny-tipped,  aud  bear  flowers  on  on« 
face. 


LILT   FAMILY*  345 

21.   LILIUM,  LILY.     (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek.)    All, 
including  our  four  wild  Lilies,  more  or  less  commonly  cultivated  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Flowers  erect,  orange  or  orange-red,  of  bell-shaped  outline,  the  divisions  widely 
separate  and  on  slender  claws  :  no  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Wild 
species  of  sandy  soiL 

L.  Philadelphicum,  Wild  Orange-Red  Lily.  Chiefly  N.  &  W. : 
l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-linear  leaves  nearly  all  in  whorls  of  5-8, 
and  1-3  open-bell-shaped  reddish-orange  flowers,  2^' -3'  long,  spotted  inside 
with  dark  purple. 

L.  Catesbsei,  Southern  Ked  L.  Chiefly  S. :  10-2°  high,  with  scattered 
linear-lanceolate  leaves,  a  solitary  and  larger  nearly  scarlet  flower;  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  divisions  wavy-margined,  recurving  above,  3' -4'  long,  with  very- 
slender  claws,  within  crimson-spotted  on  a  yellow  ground. 

§  2.  Flowers  erect,  orange ;  the  oblong  divisions  without  claws,  conniving  at  the 
broad  base,  the  upper  part  spreading. 

L.  bulbiferum,  Bulblet-bearixg  L.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Europe : 
1^0-30  high,  producing  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  lanceolate  irregularly  scat- 
tered leaves,  and  few  reddish-orange  flowers,  the  divisions  2' -2^'  long,  with 
some  rough  brownish  projections  at  base  inside,  but  hardly  spotted. 

§  3.  Flowers  nodding  ;  the  divisions  without  claws,  rolled  back,  mostly  dotted  inside. 
*  Bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

L.  tigrinum,  Tiger  Bulblet-bearing  L.  Cult,  from  China:  stem 
4° -5°  high,  cottony;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered;  flowers  panicled,  numerous, 
very  showy,  orange-red,  the  divisions  about  4'  long,  black-spotted  inside. 

*  *  No  bulblets  in  the  axils. 

•*-  Wild  species  of  the  country  in  moist  meadows  and  bogs :  flowers  orange  or 
orange-red,  strongly  dark-spotted  inside. 

L.  Canad6nse,  Canada  L.  Stem  2° -5°  high,  bearing  few  or  several 
long-peduncled  flowers  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  in  whorls,  their  edges  and  nerves 
minutely  rough;  divisions  of  the  flower  2' -3'  long,  recurved-spreading  above 
the  middle. 

L.  sup^rbum,  American  Turk's  Cap  L.  Stem  3'-  7'  high,  bearing  few 
or  many  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle :  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth,  imperfectly 
whorled  or  many  of  them  scattered;  divisions  of  the  flower  strongly  rolled 
backwards,  about  3'  long. 

L.  Carolini^num,  Carolina  L.,  in  the  low  country  S.,  appears  to  be  a 
variety  of  the  above,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  broader  leaves  and  only  1  -  3  flowers 
more  variegated  with  yellow. 

•t-  -I-  Cultivated  species  from  the  Old  World. 

L.  Pompbnium,  Turban  L.,  of  Europe:  slender,  with  scattered  and 
crowded  lance-lineur  or  lance-awl-shaped  leaves,  and  several  small  orange-red  or 
scarlet  (rarely  white)  flowers,  their  lanceolate  acute  divisions  somewhat  bearded 
inside.     This  and  the  next  small-flowered,  and  not  common  in  gardens. 

L.  Chalcedbnicum,  Ked  L.  of  Palestine  and  throughoift  the  East; 
stem  thickly  beset  with  scattered  narrow  lance-linear  erect  leaves,  their  margins 
rough-pubescent ;  flowers  several,  scarlet  or  vermilion,  the  divisions  bearded 
towards  the  base  within,  not  spotted. 

L.  M^rtagon,  Turk's  Cap  or  Martagon  L.,  of  Europe:  3° -.5°  high, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves  in  whorls,  their  edges  rough,  and  a  panicle  of  rather 
small  but  showy  light  violet-purple  or  flesh-color  (rarely  white)  flowers  dotted 
with  small  brown-purple  spots. 

Ij.  Specibsum,  of  Japan  :  stem  l°-3°  high ;  leaves  scattered,  lance-ovate 
or  oblong,  pointed,  slightly  petioled  ;  flowers  few,  odorous,  the  strongly  revo- 
lute  divisions  about  5'  long,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  with  prominent  purple 
warty  projections  inside  :  now  of  many  varieties. 

Li.  auratum,  Goldkn-banded  L.,  of  Japan  :  stem  l°-2°  high:  leaves 
lanceolate,  scattered ;  flowers  1-3,  barely  nodding,  sweet-scented,  very  large, 


346  l,ILT   FAMILY. 

the  ovate-lanceolate  divisions  6'  or  more  long,  spreading  almost  from  the  base 
and  the  tips  revolute,  white  with  a  light  yelloAV  band  down  the  middle  of  the 
upper  face,  which  is  spotted  all  over  with  prominent  purple  spots  and  rough 
with  bristly  projections  near  the  base.  Probably  a  Japanese  hybrid  of  the  pre- 
ceding with  some  other  :  the  most  showy  species  known. 

§  3.   Flowers  inclined,  v)hite,  more  or  less  funnel-form  in  outline  ;  the  naked  sessile 
divisions  conniving  or  somewhat  united  below  into  a   tube,  their  summits 
more  or  less  spreading,  but  hardly  recurving.     All  cultivated,  from  Asia, 
,       with  scattered  leaves. 

L.  e^ndidum,  Common  White  Lily.  Cult,  from  Persia,  &c. :  with  lan- 
ceolate leaves,  and  few  or  several  bell-shaped  flowers,  smooth  inside,  sometimes 
double. 

L.  Japonicum,  Japan  White  L.  Cult,  from  Japan :  2°  high,  with 
mostly  only  one  flower,  which  is  nodding  and  larger  than  in  the  foregoing,  below 
connivent  into  a  narrower  tube,  and  above  with  the  divisions  more  widely 
spreading. 

L.  longiflorum,  Long-fl.  White  L.,  of  Japan  :  1°  high,  with  lanceo- 
late leaves,  and  a  single  horizontal  funnel-form  flower,  5'  or  6'  long,  the  narrow 
tubular  portion  longer  than  the  rather  widely  spreading  portion. 

22.  FRITILLARIA.  (Latin  fritillus,  a  dice-box,  from  the  shape  of  the 
flower,  which  difters  from  a  Lily  in  its  more  cup-shaped  outline,  the  divisions 
not  spreading.)     Fl.  spring. 

P.  Mele^gris,  Guinea-Hen  Plower.  Cult,  from  En.  :  1°  high,  with 
linear  alternate  leaves,  mostly  solitary  terminal  flower  purplish,  tessellated  with 
blue  and  purple  or  whitish;  the  honey-bearing  spot  narrow. 

P.  imperialis,  or  PETf  lium  imperiale.  Crown  Imperial.  Cult,  from 
Asia:  a  stately  herb  of  early  spring,  3° -4°  high,  rather  thickly  beset  along 
the  middle  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  bright  green  leaves  more  or  less  in 
whorls  ;  flowers  several  hanging  in  a  sort  of  umbel  under  the  terminal  crown 
or  tuft  of  leaves,  large,  orange  yellow,  or  sometimes  almost  crimson,  a  round 
pearly  gland  on  the  base,  of  each  division  ;  pod  6-angled. 

/  23.  ^IJLIPA,  TULIP.     ^Name  and  the  common  species  said  to  come 
from  Persia.)     PI.  spring  and  early  summer  :  all  from  the  Old  World. 
T.  Gesneri^na,  Common  T.,  from  Asia  Minor,  is  the  original  of  the 
various  ordinary  hardy  kinds  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  glaucous,  shorter  than  the 
flower-stalk  ;  divisions  of  the  flower  very  obtuse. 

T.  suav^oleus,  Sweet  T.  of  Eu. :  low  ;  floAver  sweet-scented,  its  divisions 


acute,  appearing  very  early.      r  ^    . 


'  U  "     24.  ERYTHRONIUM,  DOG-TOOTH- VIOLET.      (Name  from  the 

Greek  word  for  red,  —  not  appropriate  even  for  the  original  European  species.) 

PI.  spring, 

E.  Dens-C^nis,  Dog-tooth- Violet  of  Eu  :  sometimes  cult. ;  has  broadly 
oblong  pale  leaves  little  spotted,  and  a  rose-puqjle  or  almost  white  flower  in 
earliest  spring. 

E.  Americanum,  Yellow  D.  or  Addi:r's-tongue.  Moist  or  low 
woods,  very  common  E.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mottled  and  dotted  with 
dark-purpli'sh  and  whitish  ;  flower  light  yelloAV. 

E.  albidum,  White  D.  Rare  in  N.  Y.  and  Penn.,  but  common  W. : 
leaves  less  or  not  at  all  spotted  ;  flower  bluish-white. 

25.  ORNITHOG ALUM,  STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM.  (Name  in  Greek 
means  bird's-milk,  a  current  expression  for  some  marvellous  thing.)  PI. 
early  summer. 

O.  umbell^tura,  Common  S.  or  Ten-o'clock,  from  Eu.  :  in  old  gardens 
and  escaped  into  some  low  meadows  :  leaves  long  and  grass-like  ;  flowers  bright 
white  within,  green  outside,  opening  in  the  sun,  on  slender  stalks. 


LILT   FAMILY.  347 

26.  iuLLIITM,  ONION,  LEEK,  GARLIC,  &c.     (Ancient  Latin  name.) 
Taste  and  odor  alliaceous. 

§  1.    Wild  species  of  the  country,  or  one  a  naturalized  tveed. 

*  Leaves  bruad :  flowers  white,  in  summer :  ovules  and  seeds  singh  in  each  cell. 
A.  tricoccum,  Wild  Leek.     Rich  woods  N.  :    bulbs  clustered,  large, 

pointed,  sending  up  in  spring  2  or  3  large  lance-oblong  flat  leaves,  and  after 
they  wither,  in  summer,  a  many-flowered  umbel  on  a  naked  scape. 

*  *  Leaves  linear,  grass-like :  ovules  and  seeds  a  pair  in  each  cell :  flowers  rose- 

color,_in  summer. 

A.  C^rnuum,  Nodding  Wild  Onion.  Banks,  through  the  Alleghany 
region  and  N.  W.  :  scape  angular,  l°-2°  long,  often  nodding  at  the  apex; 
pedicels  of  the  loose  many-flowered  umbel  drooping ;  flowers  light  rose-color ; 
leaves  linear,  sharply  keeled  on  the  back,  channelled. 

A.  mutabile,  Changeable  Wild  O.  Dry  sandy  soil  S. :  scape  1°  high, 
terete,  bearing  an  erect  umbel  of  white  flowers  changing  to  rose-color ;  leaves 
narrow,  concave ;  bulb  coated  with  a  fibrous  network. 

A.  vine^le,  Field  or  Crow  Garlic.  A  weed  from  Eu.  in  gardens  and 
cult  or  waste  low  grounds ;  slender  scape  sheathed  to  the  middle  by  the  hollow 
thread-shaped  leaves  which  are  grooved  down  the  upper  side  :  flowers  greenish- 
rose-color  ;  often  their  place  is  occupied  by  bulblets. 

*  *  *  Leaves  narrow -linear,  grass-like:   ovules  and  seeds  several   in  each  cell: 

flowers  neurit/  white,  in  spring. 

A.  striatum.  Low  pine  barrens  and  prairies,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  S. : 
scape  and  leaves  6'- 12'  high,  the  latter  involute  and  striate  on  the  back ;  flowers 
3-10  in  the  umbel. 

§  2.    Cultivated  from  the  Old  World:  flowers  in  summer. 
*  Learesflat. 

A.  Mbly,  Golden  Garlic.  Cult,  for  ornament  in  some  gardens  :  leares 
broadly  lanceolate;  scape  1°  high;  flowers  numerous,  large,  golden  yellow. 

A.  sativum,  Garden  Garlic.  Bulbs  clustered,  pointed;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  keeled;  flowers  few,  purple,  or  bulblets  in  their  place;  filaments  all 
broad  and  3-cleft. 

A.  Porrum,  Garden  Leek.  Bulb  elongated,  single ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
keeled  or  folded  ;  flowers  in  a  head,  white,  with  some  rose-colored  stripes ;  3  of 
the  filaments  3-forked. 

*  *  Leaves  cylindrical,  hollow :  umbel  globular,  manyflowered. 

A.  Asealonicum,  Schallott.  Bulb  with  oblong  offsets;  leaves  awl- 
shaped  ;  flowers  lihK'-purple ;  3  of  the  filaments  3-forked. 

A.  SehCEil6prasuill,  Chives.  Low,  tufted;  leaves  awl-shaped,  equal- 
ling the  scape ;  flowers  purple-rose-color,  its  divisions  lanceolate  and  pointed, 
long;  filament  simple. 

A.  C6pa,  Onion.  Bulb  depressed,  large;  leaves  much  shorter  than  the 
hollow  indated  scape;  flowers  Avhite,  or  bulblets  in  their  place. 

27.  SCILLA,  SQUILL.     (The  ancient  name  of  S.  MARfxiMA  of  S.  Europe, 

^, .  the  bulb  of  which  is  the  oflficinal  squill.) 

"^^'^^^^^S.  Pr^seri,  Wild  S.  called  Wild  Hyacinth  at  the  W.,  Quamash. 
*^  Moist  banks  and  prairies  from  Ohio  W.  &  S.  W.  :  scape  and  linear-keeled 
.^^(jjy\Oi,  leaves  1°  high  ;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  a  long  loose  raceme,  in  spring. 

S.  amdena,  S.  verna,  &c.  are  cult,  from  Europe  in  some  choice  collections, 
for  their  early  bright  blue  flowers,  but  are  rare. 

,  28.   MUSCARI,  GRAPE  or  GLOBE  HYACINTH.     (Name  from  the 
musky  scent  of  the  flowers  in  one  species.)     All  from  Eu.  :  fl.  spring. 
M.  botryoides,    Common    Grape-Hyacinth,   of  country  gardens,   es- 
caping into  lawns  and  fields  :  a  pretty  little  plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring 


V 


348  LILY    FAMILY. 

its  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  a  scape  (5' -7'  high)  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of 
globular  deep  blue  flowers  which  are  barely  ^'  long,  resembling  minute  grapes, 
scentless. 

M.  raeembsum,  less  common  in  gardens,  is  more  slender,  with  flaccid 
leaves  and  ovoid  faintly  scented  flowers. 

M.  mosch^tum,  is  glaucous,  and  lias  larger  and  ovoid-oblong  livid  musky- 
scented  flowers,  and  linear-lanceolate  shorter  leaves. 

M.  COmbsum,  is  larger,  9'  high,  with  violet-colored  oblong  flowers,  on 
longer  pedicels  in  a  loose  raceme,  the  uppermost  in  a  tuft  and  abortive  :  the 
monstrous  variety  most  cultivated  produces,  later  in  the  season,  from  the  tufted 
apex  of  the  scape  a  large  jjanicled  mass  of  abortive,  contorted,  bright  blue 
branchlets,  of  a  striking  and  handsome  appearance. 

29.  HYACINTHUS,  HYACINTH.  (Mythological  name,  the  plant 
dedicated  to  the  favorite  of  Apollo.) 

H.  orientMis,  Common  H.,  of  the  Levant,  with  its  raceme  of  blue  flow- 
ers, is  the  parent  of  the  numberless  cultivated  varieties,  of  divers  colors,  single, 
and  double  :  fl.  spring. 

30.  AGAPANTHUS.  (Of  Greek  words  for  am wWe^^yer.)  One  species, 
A.  umbeH^tuS.    Cult,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  handsome  house-plant, 

turned  out  blOoms  in  summer;  leaves  large,  bright-green,  l°-20  1ong;  scape 
l^o_2o  high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  pretty  large  blue  flowers. 

31.  PUNKIA.  (Named  for  one  Funk,  a  German  botanist.)  Ornamental, 
large-leaved,  hardy  plants,  cult,  from  Japan  and  China :  fl.  summer.  For- 
merly united  with  the  Day-Lily. 

P.  subcord^ta.  White  Day-Lily,  is  the  species  with  long,  white,  and 
tubular-funnel-form  flowers. 

F.  ovata,  Blue  D.,  the  one  with  smaller,  more  nodding,  blue  or  violet 
flowers,  abruptly  expanded  above  the  narrow  tube. 

32.  HEMEROCAIiLIS,  DAY-LILY.  (Name.  In  Greek,  means  beauty 
of-(i.(hnj.  the  large  flower  ephemeral.)  Cult,  from  the  Old  World,  especially 
in  country  gardt-ns;   the  first  species  escaped  into  roadsides  :  fl.  summer. 

H.  flilva,  Common  Day-Lilt.  A  familiar,  rather  coarse  and  tall  plant, 
with  broadish  linear  leaves  and  tawny  orange  flower,  the  inner  divisions  wavy 
and  obtuse. 

H.  fl^va,  Yellow  D.  Less  coarse,  with  narrower  leaves  and  light  yellow 
flowers,  the  inner  divisions  acute. 

33.  TRITOMA.  (Name  in  Greek  means  thrice  cut,  supposed  to  allude  to 
the  three  sharp  edges  of  the  tapering  apex  of  the  leaves,  viz.  the  two  margins 
and  the  keel.)     Flowers  unpleasantly-scented,  showy,  in  autumn. 

T.  Uv^ria,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  planted  out,  is  ornamental  in  autumn, 
the  scape  rising  from  the  thick  clumps  of  long  grassy  leaves  3°  or  4°  high,  the 
cylindrical  spike  or  raceme  producing  a  long  succession  of  flowers,  which  are 
at  first  erect  and  coral-red,  soon  they  hang  over  and  change  to  orange  and  at 
length  to  greenish  yellow.     Roots  half  hardy  N. 

34.  YUCCA,  BEAR-GRASS,  SPANISH-BAYONET.  (American  ab- 
original name.)  Wild  in  sandy  soil  S.,  extending  into  Mexico,  &c.  Cult, 
for  ornament,  but  only  the  nearly  stemless  species  is  really  hardy  N. :  fl. 
summer,  lai'ge,  and  whole  plant  of  striking  appearance.  Under  various  names 
and  varieties,  the  common  ones  mainly  belong  to  the  following : 

*  Trunk  short,  covered  ivith  leaves,  risinfj  only  a  foot  or  two  above  the  ground: 
flowering  stalk  scape-like  :  pod  dry. 

Y.  filament6sa,  Common  Bear-Grass,  or  Adam's  Needle.  From  E. 
Virginia  S.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  l°-2°  long,  spreading,  moderately  rigid,  tipped 
with  a  weak  prickly  point,  the  smooth  edges  bearing  thread-like  filaments  ;  scape 
3° -6°  high  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  cream-co.or,  sometimes  tinged  pui-plish. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 

Y.  angustifblia,  wild  over  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  is  smaller, 
with  erect  and  narrow  linear  leaves,  few  threads  on  their  white  margins,  and 
yellowish-white  flowers. 

«  *  Trunk  arborescent,  2° -8°  hi(/h  in  wild  plants  on,  the  sands  of  the  coast 
aS.,  or  much  higher  in  conservatories,  naked  below :  no  threads  to  the  leaves. 

lSr.  glori6sa.  Trunk  low,  generally  simple ;  leaves  coriaceous,  smooth- 
edged,  slender-spiny  tipped,  l°-2='long,  I'-l^'wide;  flowers  white,  or  pur- 
plish-tinged outside,  in  a  short-peduncled  panicle. 

Y.  aloifolia,  Spanish-Bayoxet.  Trunk  40-20°  high,  branching  when 
old  ;  leaves  very  rigid,  strongly  spiny-tipped,  with  very  rough-serrulate  saw- 
like edges,  2°  or  more  long,  l'^'  -  2'  wide ;  the  short  panicle  nearly  sessile.  , 

1^.  jm^GACBM,  RUSH  FAMILY.      ^  ^  ^?^nj>^ 

Plants  with  the  appearance  and  herbage  of  Sedges  and  Grasses, 
yet  with  flowers  of  the  structure  of  the  Lily  Family,  having  a  com- 
plete perianth  of  6  parts,  3  outer  and  3  inner,  but  greenish  and 
glume-like.     Stamens  6  or  3,  style  1 :  stigmas  3. 

1.  JUNCUS.    Ovary  and  pod  3-celled  or  almost  3-celled,  many-seeded.    Herbage 

smooth :  stems  often  leafless,  generally  pithy. 

2.  LUZULA.     Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentte,  and  one  seed  to 

each.    Stems  and  leaves  often  soft-hairy. 

1.  JIJNCUS,  RUSH,  BOG-RUSH.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the 
verb  meaning  to  join,  rushes  being  used  for  bands. )  Flowers  summer.  —  We 
have  more  than  30  species,  chiefly  in  bogs  or  wet  grounds,  most  of  them  diffi- 
cult and  little  interesting  to  the  beginner,  —  to  be  studied  in  the  Manual  and 
in  Dr.  Engclmann's  monograph.     The  following  are  the  commonest. 

§  1.  Leafless  Rushes,  with  naked  and  jointless  round  stems,  wholly  leafless, 
vierelji  with  sheaths  at  base,  in  tujls/from  matted  running  rootstocks :  flowers 
in  a  lateral  sessile  panicle.     ^    / 

J.  efftlSUS,  Common  Rush,  in  Ioav  grounds ;  has  soft  and  pliant  stems 
2° -4°  high,  panicle  of  many  greenish  flowers,  3  stamens,  and  very  blunt  pod. 

J.  filif6rmis,  of  bogs  and  shores  only  N.,  is  slender,  pliant,  l°-2°  high, 
with  few  greenish  flowers,  6  stamens,  and  a  broadly  ovate  blunt  but  short- 
pointed  pod. 

J.  Balticus,  of  sandy  shores  N.  ;  has  very  strong  rootstocks,  rigid  stems 
2°  -  3°  high,  a  loose  panicle  of  larger  (2"  long)  and  chestnut-colored  with  green- 
ish flowers,  6  stamens,  and  oblong  blunt  but  pointed  deep-brown  pod. 

§  2.    Grassy-leaved  Rushes,   with  stems  bearing  grass-like  flat  or  thread- 
shaped  (ni'Ver  knotty)  leaves,  at  least  near  the  base  :  panicle  terminal. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  on  the  divisions  of  the  panicle :  steins  flattened : 

leaves  flat :  stamens  3. 

J.  margin^tUS.  Sandy  wet  soil,  from  S.  New  England  S.  &  "W.  :  l°-3° 
high;  leaves  long  linear;  heads  several-flowered,  brownish  or  purplish.     !^ 

J.  ripens.  Miry  banks  S. :  spreading  or  soon  creeping,  4' -6'  high ;  leaver 
short  linear ;  heads  of  green  flowers  few  in  a  loose  leafy  panicle. 

*  *  Flowers  single  on  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  panicle,  or  rarely  clustei-ed: 

stamens  6  :  leaves  slender. 
J,  bufbnius.     Along  all  wet  roadsides,  Sec. :  stems  low  and  slender,  branch- 
ing, 3' -9'  high;  greenish  flowers  scattered  in  a/loose  iianicle;  sepals  lance- 
linear  and  awf-pointed.    n;     ^■<-:'-    --     ^?^       y(*^<r^     ^1^i-./0, 
J.  Ger^rdi,  Black  Grass  of  salt  marshes  :  in  tufts,  with  rather  rigid  stems 
•     l°-2°  high,  and  a  contracted  panicle  of  chestnu^brown  but  partly  greenish 
flowers,  the  sepals  blunt.     2/ 


350  SPIDER  WORT   FAMILY. 

J.  tenuis.  Open  low  grounds  and  fields,  everyivhere  N. :  in  tnfts,  with 
wiiy  stems  10' -20'  high,  a  loose  panicle  shorter  than  the  slender  leaves  near  it, 
and  green  flowers  with  lanceolate  very  acute  sepals  longer  than  the  gr^en  blunt 
and  scarcely  pointed  pod.     "^ 

J.  dichotomus.  Low  sandy  grounds,  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding  S  : 
has  more  thread-like  leaves,  flowers  more  one-sided  on  the  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle, and  greenish  sepals  only  as  long  as  the  globular  and  beak-pointed  brown- 
ish pod.     ^ 

§  3.  Knotty-leaved  Rushes,  the  stems  {often  branching  above)  having  2-4 
thread- sh<  I  per/  or  laterally  flattened  leaces,  which  are  knotty  as  if  jointed 
(especially  when  dry)  by  internal  cross-partitions:  panicle  terminal.  Of 
these  there  are  many  species,  needing  close  discrimination  :  the  following  are 
only  the  very  commonest,  especially  the  northern  ones.     ^ 

J.  acumin^tUS.  Very  wet  places  :  10' -30'  high  ;  heads  3-10  flowered  in 
a  loose  spreading  panicle,  greenish  turning  straw-colored  or  brownish;  sepals 
lance-awl-shaped,  barely  as  long  as  tlie  triangular  sharp-pointed  pod  ;  stamens 
3  ;  seeds  merely  acute  at  both  ends.     It  flowers  in  early  summer. 

J.  UOdbsus.  Mostly  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil :  spreading  by  slender  root- 
stocks  which  bear  little  tubers,  6' -15'  high;  heads  few,  crowded,  chestnut- 
brown,  each  of  8-20  flowers  ;  sepals  lancc-linear  and  awl-pointed,  hardly  as 
long  as  the  slender  and  taper-pointed  pod ;  seeds  abruptly  short-pointed  at  both 
ends  ;  stamens  6. 

J.  SCirpoides.  From  New  York  S. :  stems  rigid,  10-3°  high  from  a 
thick  rootstock  ;  heads  spherical  and  dense,  15-80-flowered,  dull  pale  green; 
sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  l)ristly-pointcd ;  stamens  3 ;  pod  taper-pointed  ;  seeds 
abruptly  short-pointed  at  each  end. 

J.  Canadensis.  Wet  places,  common,  flowering  in  autumn,  very  variable, 
l°-3°  high;  heads  numerous,  greenish  of  light  brownish,  5  -  many-flowered ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  the  3  outer  shorter ;  stamens  3 ;  seeds  tail-pointed  at  both 
ends. 

2.   LUZULA,  WOOD-RUSH.    (L/zc/oZa  is  Italian  for  the. 9^o?/;-M.wm.)     % 

Xi.  pilbsa.  Shady  banks  N. :  6' -9'  high;  with  lance-linear  leaves,  and 
chestnut-brown  flowers  in  an  umbel,  in  spring. 

L.  camp^Stris.  Dry  or  moist  fields  and  woods,  6' -12'  high,  with  linear 
leaves,  and  4-12  spikes  or  short  heads  of  light  brown  or  straw-colored  heads  in 
an  umbel,  in  spring. 

126.   COMMELYNACE.^,  SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  mucilaginous  juice,  jointed  and  mostly  branching  leafy 
stems,  and  perfect  flowers,  having  a  perianth  of  usually  3  green  and 
persistent  sepals,  and  three  ephemeral  petals  (these  commonly  melt 
into  jelly  the  night  after  expansion)  ;  6  stamens,  some  of  them  often 
imperfect,  and  a  free  2-3-celled  ovary;  style  and  stigma  one.  Pod 
2  -  3-celled,  few-seeded.     Not  aquatic,  the  greater  part  tropical. 

1.  COMMELYNA.     Flowers  blue,  irregular.     Sepals  unequal,  2  of  them  sometimes 

united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  of  the  petals  rounded  and  on  slen- 
der claws,  the  odd  one  smaller  or  abortive.  Stamens  unequal;  three  of  them 
fertile,  one  of  these  bent  inwards ;  three  smaller  and  with  cross-shaped  im- 
perfect anthers :  filaments  naked.  Leaves  abi-uptly  contracted  and  sheathing 
at  base,  the  impermost  forming  a  spathe  for  the  flowers. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA.     Flowers  regular.     Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.     The 

6  stamens  all  with  similar  and  good  anthers,  on  bearded  filaments. 

1.  COMMELYNA,  DAY-FLOWER.  (There  were  three  Commelyns, 
Dutch  botanists,  two  of  them  were  authors,  the  other  published  nothing.  In 
naming  this  genus  for  them,  Linnaeus  is  understood  to  have  designated  the 


TELLOW-ETED    GRASS    FAMILY.  851 

two  former  by  the  full-developed  petals,  the  latter  by  the  smaller  or  abortive 

petal. )    Ours  are  branching  perennials,  or  continued  by  rooting  from  the  joints ; 

in 'alluvial  or  moist  shady  soil :  fl.  all  summer. 

C.  erecta.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W. :  stem  erect,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  3' -7'  long,  the  margins  rough  backwards,  and  sheaths  fringed  with 
bristles  ;  spathes  crowded,  hooded,  top-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  like  the  others 
but  smaller. 

C.  Virginica.  From  S.  New  York  S.  &  W. :  stems  reclining  and  rooting 
at  base ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  spathes  scattered,  conduplicate, 
round-heart-shaped  when  laid  open ;  odd  petal  inconspicuous. 

2.   TRADESCANTIA,  SPIDER  WORT.     (Named  for  the  gardener-bot- 
anist Tradescant. )     Leaves  sheathed  at  the  base.      2/ 

*   Wiid  species  of  moist  or  rich  woods,  one  very  common  in  gardens :  with  erect 
stems,  linear  or  lanceolate  keeled  leaves,  the  uppermost  nearly  like  the  others, 

•t-  Umbels  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  stem  and  branches  between  a  pair  of  leaves,  or  later 
also  in  the  lower  axils :  flowering  in  summer. 

T.  Virginica.  Common  wild  from  W.  New  York  W.  &  S.,  and  in  gar- 
dens :  leaves  lance-linear,  tapering  regularly  from  the  base  to  the  point,  ciliate; 
umbels  terminal ;  flowers  blue,  in  garden  vai'ieties  purple  or  white. 

T.  pilbsa.  Chiefly  W. :  2^  or  more  high,  with  zigzag  stem,  more  or  less 
pubescent  leaves  lanceolate  from  a  narrowish  base,  very  dense  terminal  and  ax- 
illary umbels  of  smaller  and  later  purple-blue  flowers,  and  hairy  calyx  and 
pedicels. 

H-  •*-  Umbels  one  or  two  on  a  naked  peduncle. 

T.  rosea.     Sandy  woods  chiefly  S.  &  W.  :  slender,  6' -12'  high,  smooth, 
with  linear  grass-like  leaves,  and  rose-colored  flowers  ^'  wide. 
*  *  Conservatory  species  from  the  tropics. 

T.  zebrina,  the  only  one  common,  spreads  by  branching  and  rooting  freely, 
rarely  blossoms,  is  cult,  for  its  foliage  ;  the  lance-ovate  or  oblong  rather  succu- 
lent leaves  crimson  beneath,  and  green  or  purplish  above,  variegated  with  tAvo 
Inroad  stripes  of  silvery  white. 

T^ulda     a^6</iAo{jLvvKfi^  f^^^^i  /Cn 

127.  XYRIDACE^,  AlLOW-EYED  GRASS  F. 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves,  like  Sedges,  or  rather  Bul- 
rushes, in  having  flowers  in  a  head  or  spike  one  under  each  firm 
glurae-like  bract,  but  with  a  regular  perianth  of  3  sepals  and  3  col- 
ored (yellow)  petals;  also  a  1 -celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod 
with  3  parietal  placentae,  somewhat  as  in  the  Rush  Family,  repre- 
sented by 

.  Xyris  flexubsa.  Common  Ykllow-kyed  Grass,  of  sandy  bogs.  Scape 
4'- 16'  high;  head  roundish;  lateral  sepals  glume-like  lance-oblong,  boat- 
shaped,  wingless ;  the  anterior  one  larger,  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it ;  petals  3,  with  claws,  alternating  with 
3  sterile  bearded  or  plumose  filaments  and  bearing  on  their  base  3  naked  fila- 
ments with  linear  anthers  ;  style  3-clcft.     2/ 

X.  Carolini^na,  the  commonest  of  several  Southern  species  ;  also  N.  : 
l°-2°  bigh,  the  scape  2-edged  at  top,  bearing  a  larger  head  (about  ^'  long), 
lateral  sepals  winged  but  neai'ly  naked  on  the  keel.     ^ 

X.  flmbri^ta,  from  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  S. :  2°  high,  with  oblong 
head  almost  I'  long,  the  lateral  sepals  fringed  on  the  keel.     '^ 


352  SEDGE    FAMILY. 


128.   ERIOCAULONACEiE,  PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 

Another  small  group  of  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  of  Rush-like 
appearance,  with  a  head  of  monoecious  white-bearded  flowers,  in 
structure  somewhat  like  the  Yellow-eyed  Grass,  terminating  a  naked 
scape,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a  tuft  of  grassy  awl-shaped,  linear, 
or  lanceolate  leaves  of  loose  cellular  texture,  not  equitant,  but  the 
upper  surface  concave. 

Eriocaulon  septangul^re,  in  ponds  or  in  their  gravelly  margins,  is 
the  common  species  N.,  with  7-angled  scap^  2'  -  6'  high,  or  more,  when  the  water 
is  deeper  :  fl.  summer. 

E.  gnaphalodes,  with  grassy  awl-shaped  laper-pointed  leaves,  in  pine- 
ban-cn  swamps  from  N.  Jersey  S. 

E.  decangulare,  with  similar  or  wider  and  blunt  leaves,  10-12-ribbed 
scapes  lo-3°  high,  and  heads  sometimes  ^'  wide;  in  similar  situations  S. 


III.  GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  enclosed  or  sub- 
tended by  glumes  or  husk-like  bracts ;  no  proper  calyx  or  corolla, 
except  sometimes  minute  bristles  or  scales  which  represent  the  peri- 
anth.    Stems  of  the  straw-like  sort,  called  culms. 

129.   CYPERACEiE,  SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Some  rush-like,  others  grass-like  plants,  with  flowers  in  spikes  or 
heads,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume,  the  glume  being  a  scale-like  or 
husk-like  bract.  No  calyx  nor  corolla,  except  some  vestiges  in  the 
form  of  bristles  or  occasionally  scales,  or  a  sac  which  imitates  a 
perianth ;  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary  in  fruit  an  akene.  Divisions 
of  the  style  2  when  the  akene  is  flattish  or  lenticular,  or  3,  when  it 
is  usually  triangular.  Leaves  when  present  very  commonly  3- 
ranked,  and  their  sheath  a  closed  tube;  the  stem  not  hollow.  A  large 
family,  to  be  studied  in  the  Manual,  &c.,  and  too  difficult  for  the 
beginner.     Therefore  passed  over  here. 

None  cultivated,  except  sparingly  Cyperus  escdlentus  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  for  its  nut-like,  sweet-tasted  tubers,  called 
Chufa:  only  two  are  pernicious  weeds,  and  that  from  their  multi- 
plying by  similar  nut-like  tubers,  which  are  hard  to  extirpate ;  these 
are  CYrERUS  thymatodes,  in  sandy  soil,  but  troublesome  only  S. ; 
nnd  C.  ROTUNuus,  var.  Hydra,  the  Nut-Grass  or  Coco-Grass 
of  the  South.  In  the  genus  Scmrus,  the  tall  Common  Bulrush, 
S.  LACUSTRis,  or  better  the  small  one  with  3-sided  stems,  S.  pun- 
gens,  in  the  borders  of  ponds,  is  used  for  rush-bottomed  chairs. 
Cladium  effusum,  with  its  coarse  saw-edged  leaves  is  the  Saw- 
Grass  of  the  South.  Of  Sedges  proper  (Carex)  there  are  about 
160  species,  several  of  which  contribute  (more  in  bulk  than  value) 
to  the  hay  of  low  coarse  meadows  and  half-reclaimed  bogs. 


(^  GRASS   FAMILY.  353 

W.   GRAMINEiE,  GRASS  FAMILY. 

Grasses,  known  fiom  other  gUimaceous  plants  by  their  2-ranked 
leaves  having  open  sheaths,  the  jointed  stems  commonly,  but  not 
always  hollow,  and  the  glumes  in  pairs,  viz.  a  pair  to  each  spikelet 
even' when  it  consists  of  a  single  flower  (these  called  glumes  proper), 
and  a  pair  to  each  flower  (called  palets),  rarely  one  of  them  want- 
ing. Flower,  when  perfect,  as  it  more  commonly  is,  consisting  of  3 
stamens  (rarely  1,  2,  or  6),  and  a  pistil,  with  2  styles  or  a  2-cleft 
style,  and  2  either  hairy  or  plumose-branched  stigmas:  ovary  1- 
celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  grain :  the  floury  part  is  the  albumen 
of  the  seed,  outside  of  which  lies  the  embryo  (Lessons,  p.  16,  17, 
flg.  38-42). 

The  real  structure  and  arrangement  of  the  flowers  and  spikelets 
of  Grasses  are  much  too  difficult  and  recondite  for  a  beginner.  For 
their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used :  in  which  the  genera  both  of 
this  and  the  Sedge  Family  are  illustrated  by  plates.  Here  is  oflTered 
merely  a  shorthand  way  of  reaching  the  names  of  the  commonest 
cultivated  and  meadow  grasses  and  the  cereal  grains. 

A.     Stems  hollow,  or  soon  becoming  so. 
§  1.    Spikelets  in  panicles,  sometimes  crowded  but  never  so  as  to  form  a  spike. 

*  Flowers  monoecious,  the  staminale  and  pistillate  separate  in  the  same  panicle. 

Zizania  aqu^tica,  Indian  Rice  or  Water  Oats  :  in  water,  common- 
est N.  W. ;  tall  and  reed-like  Grass,  with  leaves  almost  as  large  as  those  of 
Indian  Corn,  the  upper  part  of  the  ample  panicle  bearing  pistillate  flowers  on 
erect  club-shaped  pedicels,  the  lower  bearing:  staminate  flowers  on  spreading 
branches  ;  each  flower  or  spikelet  with  only  one  pair  of  j^lumes,  the  outer  one 
long-awned ;  grain  slender,  ^'  long,  collected  for  food  by  N.  W.  Indians.     ® 

*  *  Flowers  one  and  perftct  in  each  spikelet,  with  or  without  rudiments  of  others. 
H-  Stamens  6. 

Oryza  sativa.  Rice.  Cult.  S.,  from  Asia,  in  low  grounds:  2° -4°  high, 
with  upper  surface  of  the  lance-linear  leaves  rough ;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect ; 
outer  glumes  minute,  the  inner  coriaceous,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  so  as 
to  be  strongly  boat-shaped  or  conduplicate,  closing  over  the  grain  and  falling 
with  it,  the  outer  one  commonly  bearing  an  awn.  (T) 
-I-  -t-   Stamens  .3,  or  rareli/ fewer. 

Agr6stis  vulgaris,  Rkd-top.     Rather  low  and  delicate  grass  of  meadows  vJ 

and  pastures,  with  ob  ong  spreading  panicle  of  small  purple  or  purplish  spikelets  ; 
the  lanceolate  proper  glumes  thin,  but  much  flrmer  than  the  delicate  palets, 
about  the  length  of  the  outer  one,  the  upper  truncate  palet  one  half  shorter.     JJ.  \ 

A.  diba,  FiORiN  or  White  Bent  Grass.     Less  abundant  in  meadows,  ' 

the  stems  with  procumbent  or  creepin*^  base;   li^ule  long  and  conspicuous; 
>^  ^^'^panicle  more  dense,  greenish  or  slightly  purplisli :  a  valuable  meadow-grass.    ^J. 

Calamagrostis  Canadensis,  Blue-Joint  Grass.     In  all  bojrs  N.,  and  n'-^^ 
yJL »  in  reclaimed  low  meadows,  much  liked  by  cattle  :  3°-b°  high  ;  resembles  an  Ac^ros-  ^m 

tis,  but  taller,  and  with  a  tuft  of  downy  long  hairs  around  the  flower  almost  of  {/"^^-^ 
its  length,  the  lower  palet  with  a  delicate  awn  low  down  on  its  back  and  scarcely /Vvv^ 
stouter  than  the  surrounding  down.     ^ 

C.  arenaria.  Sea  Sand-Reed  of  beaches,  where  it  serves  a  useful  pur-  ^ 
pose  in  binding  the  sand  by  its  long  running  rootstocks ;  has  the  panicle  con-  y 
tracted  into  a  long  spike-like  infloi-escence,  so  that  it  would  be  sought  in  the  \ 
next  division  ;  leaves  long  and  strong ;  spikelets  pale,  rather  rigid,  the  hairs  at  ' 
the  base  of  the  palets  two  thirds  shorter  than  they.     2/ 

U.^'  ./.   ,    S&F— 28 


n 


f 


354  GRASS    FAMILY. 

Ph^aris  arundinicea,  Reed  Canary-Grass,  the  striped  variety  is 
the  familiar  Ribbon-Grass  of  country  gardens  ;  wild  in  bogs  and  low  grounds  ; 
2°  ^  4°  high,  with  flat  leaves  nearly '^' wide,  flowering  in  early  summer,  in  a 
pretty  dense  contracted  panicle,  but  open  when  the  blossoms  expand ;  the  ovate 
whitish  glumes  longer  and  much  thinner  than  the  blunt  coriaceous  palets  ;  a 
hairy  rudiment  or  appendage  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  latter.     ;^ 

P.  Canari^nsis,  Canary-Grass.     Cult,  from  Eu.  for  Canary-seed,  and 
/''  '   running  wild  in  some  waste  places:  }°-2°  high,  with  the  panicle  contracted 
If         into  a  sort  of  oblong  spike,  the  glumes  with' wing-like  keels,  and  a  little  scale  or 
rudimentary  sterile  flower  at  the  base  of  each  palet.     ® 

*  *  *  Floicers  several  in  each  spikelet,  all  or  nearli/  all  perfect. 

H-  Reeds  or  Canes  of  the  lx>rders  of  rivers  and  ponds.     ^ 

Phragmites   commtinis,    Common   Reed,   mostly  N. :  5° -12°  high, 
with  leaves  l'-2'  wide,  the  stems  dying  down  to  the  base ;  panicle  in  late  sum- 
mer or  autumn,  loose ;  spikelets  3  -  7-flowered,  beset  with  white  silky  long  hairs, 
i  Arundin^ria  macrospdrma,  Large  Cane,  forming  the  cane-brakes 

(/    J  Vi  I^'  ■  ^^^^'^  woody  stems  10" -20°  high  and  leaves  l'-2'  wide,  branching  the  sec- 
1l  /(J'iM-ond  year,  at  length  flowering  from  the  branches,  in  Feb.  or  March  ;  the  panicle 
of  a  few  small  racemes  of  large  many-flowered  naked  sjiikelets,  the  palets  downy. 
{^yjyU^'^A*  t6cta,  Smaller  Reed,  S.,  is  only 4°- 10°  high,  and  more  branching. 
J  r  CaM^-^^  "^  Meadow- Grasses,  Sj-c.  ;  with  awn  if  any  terminating  the  glume  or  palet. 

%^,\i.  D^ctylis  glomerkta,  Orchard-Grass.     Nat.  from  Europe  in  meadows 

>^pjfk^.\  and  yards  :  a  tall  and  coarse  but  valuable  grass  for  hay,  &c  ,  flourishes  in  shady 

places,  3°  high;  with  broadly  linear,  rather  rough,  ])ale,  and  keejed  leaves,  and 

1,  Vudk  ,a  dense  panicle  of  one-sided  clusters,  on  which  the  spikelets  are  much  crowded, 

'     '      each  3-4-floAvcred,  both  the  glumes  and  the  laterally  compressed-keeled  lower 

palet  tapering  into  a  short  awn,  rough-ciliatc  on  the  keel :  fl.  early  summer.    2/ 

-»  /  .,■  I  ti^^^i  Meadow-Grass  ;  several  common  species  ;  known  by  the  open  panicle 

Y^*'  "    of  3-lO-flowcrcd  spikelets,  the  glumes  and  palets  blunt  (no  awn  nor  pointed 

tip),  the  latter  lateralh'  compressed  and  decj)  boat-shaped,  with  scarious  or  white 

membranaceous  edges,  and  usually  some  deljcate  cobwebby  hairs  towards  the 

bag^.     Fl.  sumra'er.,^  ^  all  but  the  fir^t.^     /     r  ,■<  ,  y 

Poa  annua,  Low  Spear-wtass.  Very  low  weedy  grass  in  cult,  ground, 
waste  places,  paths,  &c. :  fl.  in  spring  or  again  in  summer.     0 

P.  eompressa,  Wire  Grass.  In  gravelly  waste  soil :  pale,  with  low 
very  flat  stems,  rising  obliquely  from  a  creeping  base ;  panicle  small. 

P.  serdtina,  Fowl-Mkadow-Grass  or  False  Red-top  :  an  important 
native  grass  in  wet  meadows  N. ;  flowers  in  late  summer  in  a  loose  panicle,  the 
2jW-ftgwei^d,spil^l|jts^ncen  with  dull  purple;  lower  palet  narrow,  acutish. 

P.  trivi^is,  Rotfo'insn  Meadow-Grass.  A  common  introduced  meadow 
and  pasture 'grass,  N. :  flowering  before  midsummer,  with  open  panicle  of  green 
spikelets,  these  mostly  3-flowered,  the  lower  palet  prominently  5-ncrved  ;  sheaths 
and  leaves  roughish ;  ligule  oblong,  acute.  A  white-striped  variety,  lately  in- 
troduced, is  cult,  for  ornament  and  very  pretty. 

P.  pratdnsis.  Common  M.  or  westward  called  Kentucky  Blue  Grass. 
Dry  meadows  and  ^pastures,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks,  and  Avith  more 
crowded  and  often  purplish  panicle  than  the  foregoing,  flowering  in  earliest 
summer,  the  sheath  smooth,  and  ligule  short  and  blunt ;  lower  palet  hairy 
along  the  margins  and  the  5  nerves. 

Festtica,  Fescue  Grass.  Known  from  Poa  by  the  firmer  or  even  cori- 
aceous texture  of  the  lower  palet,  which  is  convex  on  the  back,  not  cobwebby, 
and  sometimes  awn-tipped. 

P.  OVina,  Sheep's  Fescue.  Valuable  pasture  and  lawn-grass,  ^°  -  2°  high, 
tufted,  with  slender  or  involute  pale  leaves,  3-8-flowei-ed  spikelets  in  a  short 
1-sided  panicle,  open  in  flowering,  contracted  afterwards,  the  lov.-cr  palet  rolled 
up,  almost  awl-shaped  and  tipped  with  a  sharp  point  or  bristle-like  awn.     2}. 


GRASS    FAMILY.  855 

F.  el^tior,  Taller  Meadow  Fescue,  A  rather  ri^d  grass  of  meadows 
and  jjastures,  nat.  from  Europe:  l°-4°  high,  with  green  flat  leaves,  a  narrow 
panicle  with  short  hranches  appressed  before  and  after  flowering,  5  -  10-flowered 
green  spikelets,  the  lower  palet  blunt,  or  acute,  or  rarely  with  a  short  aAvn.    % 

Br6mus,  Buo.me  Grass.  Spikelets  large,  at  length  drooping  in  an  open 
panicle,  containing  5-10  or  more  flowers,  the  lower  palet  with  a  short  bristle 
point  or  an  awn  from  the  blunt  rounded  tip  or  notch,  the  upper  palet  soon  adher- 
ing to  the  grain.  Coarse  grasses  :  two  or  three  wild  species  are  common,  and  the 
following  are  weeds  of  cultivation,  from  Europe,  or  the  last  cultivated  for  fodder. 

B.  sec^linus,  Common  Chess  or  Cheat.  Too  well  known  in  wheat- 
fields  ;  nearly  smooth  ;  panicle  open  and  spreading,  even  in  fruit ;  spikelets 
turgid;  flowers  laid  broadly  over  each  other  in  the  two  ranks;  lower  palet 
convex  on  the  back,  concave  within,  awnless  or  short-awned.     (T)     © 

B.  racenidsus.  Upright  Chess  :  like  the  other,  but  with  narrower 
erect  panicle  contracted  in  fruit,  lower  palet  slender-awned,  and  sheaths  some- 
times hairy.     0     @ 

B.  mollis,  Soft  Chess  :  like  the  preceding,  but  soft-downy,  with  denser 
conical-ovate  spikelets,  and  the  long-awned  lower  palet  acute.     ®     (2) 

B.  unioloides,  or  B.  SchrXderi  (Ceratochloa  unioloides)  :  lately 
much  ])rized  for  fodder,  may  be  vaiuable  S.,  is  rather  stout  and  broad-leaved, 
with  drooping  large  spikelets  much  flattened  laterally,  so  that  the  lower  palets 
are  almost  conduplicate  and  keeled  on  the  back.     2/ 

Briza  maxima,   Large  Quakixg  Grass  or  Rattlesnake-Grass,  is 

sometimes  cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament,  from  Eu.  :  a  low  grass,  with  the 
hanging  many-flowered  ovate-heart-shaped  s[)ikelcts  somewhat  like  those  of 
Bromus,  but  pointless,  very  tumid,  purplish,  becoming  dry  and  papery,  rattling 
in  the  wind,  —  whence  the  common  name.     ® 

•♦-••--»-  Grain  and  Meadow- Grasses,  ivifh  a  mosfhj  twisted  or  hent  aivn  on  the 
bark  of  the  lower  palet :  Jlowers  2  or  3,  or  few  in  the  spikelet,  and  mostly 
shorter  than  the  glumes. 

++  Flowers  perfect  or  the  uppermost  rudimentary. 

Av^na  sativa,  Cultivated  Oat,  from  Old  World  :  soft  and  smooth, 
with  a  loose  panicle  of  large  drooping  spikelets,  the  palets  investing  the  grain, 
one  flower  with  a  long  twisted  awn  on  the  back,  the  other  awnless.     ® 

A.  ntlda,  Skixless  Oat,  rarely  cult,  from  Old  World  :  has  narrower 
roughish  leaves,  3  or  4  flowers  in  the  spikelet,  an<^grain  loose  in  the  palets.     ® 

/\  .  /      '    "'++  ++  One  flower  peffect  arm  one  sTaminate  only. 

Arrenath^rum  aven^eeum,  Oat-Grass,  or  Grass-of-the-Axdes. 
Rather  coarse  but  soft  grass,  introduced  from  Europe  into  meadows  and  fields, 
and  rather  valuable  :  2° -4°  high,  with  flat  linear  leaves,  long  and  loose  panicle, 
thin  and  very  unequal  glumes,  including  a  staminate  flower,  the  lower  palet,  of 
which  bears  a  long  bent  awn  below  its  middle,  above  tliis  a  perfect  flower  with 
its  lower  palet  bristle-pointed  from  near  the  tip,  and  above  that  a  rudiment  of  a 
third  flower.     ^ 

Holcus  lan^tus,  Velvet-Grass,  or  Meadow-Soft-Grass.  Introduced 
from  Eu.  into  meadows,  not^very  common,  l:}°-2°  high,  well  distinguished  by 
its  paleness  and  ve!vety  softness,  being  soft  downy  all  over ;  panicle  crowded  ; 
the  flowers  only  2  in  the  spikelet,  small,  rather  distant,  the  lower  one  perfect 
and  awnless,  the  u])])er  staminate  and  with  a  curved  or  hooked  awn  below  the 
tip  of  its  lower  palet.     ^ 

§  2.  Spikelets  either  strictly  spiked  or  in  a  panicle  so  contracted  and  denae  as  to 
imitate  a  spike.  {Here  would  be sowf/it  one  species  of  Csxhxnxiv^rostis  and 
one  of  Phalaris, /or  which  see  above,  p.  354,  355.^ 

*  Awn  borne  low  down  on  the  Ixick  of  one  or  two  palets. 

Anthox^nthum  odor^tum,  Swekt-sckvted  VF.RNAL-GRAsg^nat. 
from  Eu. :  the  plant  which  gives  delicious  fragrance  to  drying  hay  (the  other. 


11 


356  GRASS    FAMILY. 

viz.  Hier6chloa  roreXlts,  Sexeca  or  Holy-GraSs,  bein^-  rare)  :  low, 
slender,  soft  and  smooth ;  the  pale  brown  or  greenish  spikelets  croAvded  in  an 
evident  spike-like  panicle ;  each  composed  of  a  pair  of  thin  very  unequal  glumes, 
above  and  within  these  a  pair  of  obcordate  or  2-lobed  hairy  empty  palets,  one 
with  a  bent  awn  from  near  its  base,  the  other  with  a  shorter  awn  higher  up  ; 
above  and  within  these  a  pair  of  very  small  smooth  and  roundish  palets,  of 
parchment-like  texture,  enclosing  2  stamens  and  the  2-styled  pistil,  finally  in- 
vesting the  grain.     ^ 

Alopeeurus  pratdnsis,  Meadow  Foxtail.  Introduced  from  Europe 
abundantly  into  meadows  E, :  flowering  in  spring;  stem  about  2°  high,  bearing 
few  pale  soft  leaves,  terminated  by  a  cylindrical  soft  and  denise  spike,  or  wliat 
seems  to  be  so,  for  the  spikelets  are  really  borne  on  short  side  branches,  not  on 
the  main  axis  ;  these  spikelets  very  flat  contrary  to  the  glumes,  which  are  con- 
duplicate,  united  by  their  edges  towards  the  base,  keeled,  fringed-ciliate  on  the 
keel;  these  enclose  a  single  conduplicate  lower  palct  (the  upper  one  wholly 
wanting)  which  bears  a  long  awn  from  below*  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  sur- 
rounds 3  stamens  and  the  pistil. 

*  *  Atvn,  if  any,  from  the  apex  of  the  glumes  or  palets. 

■*-  Spikelets  densdi/  crowded  in  a  long  perfectly  cylindric(tl  apparent  spike,  each  spike- 
let  strictly  l-foivered:  f/ltimes  2,  keekd  and  nearly  conduplicate,  aim-pointed, 
much  larger  and  of  firmer  texture  than  the  thin  and  truncate  a  wnl  ess  palets. 

Phl6um  pratdnse,  Cat-tah.  Grass,  Ti^iothy,  or  Herd's  Grass; 
introduced  from  Eu. ;  a  coarse  hut  most  valuable  meadow  grass,  2° -4°  high, 
with  green  roughish  spike  3' -8'  long;  the  small  spikelets  are  crowded  on  very 
short  branches,  and  therefore  the  seeming  spike  is  not  a  true  one.     '^l 

■*-  -t-  Spikelets  strictly  spiked  all  on  one  side  of  a  fattened  jointless  rhachis,  much 
crouded:  the  2-5  spikes  digitate,  i.  e.  all  on  the  a/tex  <f  tlip  flnicering stem : 
palets  awnltss.     Finger-grass  might  be  sought  here  ;  see  Panicum  below. 

HH.  Flower  only  one  to  each  spikelet,  and  a  mere  rudiment  beyond  it,  awnless. 

C;^nodon  Dactylon,  Bermuda  or  Scutch  Grass.  An  introduced  weed 
chiefly  S.,  where  it  is  useful  in  sandy  soil,  where  a  better  grass  is  not  to 
be  had ;  creeping  extensively,  the  rigid  creeping  stems  with  short  flattish 
leaves  and  sending  up  flowering  shoots  a  few  inches  high,  bearing  the  3-5  slender 
spikes.    ^ 

■^  -M-  Flowers  3-5  or  more  in  each  spikelet,  the  uppermost  generally  imperfect  .- 
seed  loose,  proportionally  large,  rough-wrinkled.     (T) 

Eleusine  Indica,  Crab-Grass,  Yard-Grass,  Dog's-tail,  or  Wire- 
Grass.  Introduced  only  in  yards  or  lawns  N.,  more  abundant  S.,  where  it  is 
valuable  for  cattle ;  low,  spreading  over  the  ground,  pale ;  glumes  and  palets 
pointless. 

Dactyloct6nium  JEgyptiaeum,  Egyptian  Grass.  Yards  and  fields, 
chiefly  a  weed,  S. :  creeping  over  the  ground,  low;  spikes  dense  and  thickish  ; 
glumes  flattened  laterally  and  keeled,  one  of  them  awn-pointed,  the  strongly 
keeled  boat-shaped  lower  palet  also  pointed. 

1-  -^  •»-  Spikelets  spiked  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  a  zigzag  jointed  rhachis. 
**  Glume  only  one  to  the  solitary  spikelet,  ivhich  stands  edgewise. 

L61iuin  per^nne,  Dvrnel,  Rye-Grass,  or  Ray  Grass.  Introduced 
from  Eui'ope  :  a  good  pasture-grass,  l°-2°  high,  with  loose  spike  5' -6'  long, 
of  12  or  more  a'njut  7-flowered  spikelets  placed  edgewise,  so  that  one  row  of 
flowers  is  next  the  glume,  the  other  next  the  rhachis ;  loAver  palet  short-awned 
oraAjfjless/^^         ^^^^^^        l^j^.-r^.j'TjA  ..  _     ^. 

\    ■■'  4-4.  Glurhes  a  pair  to  the  single  spvc&et,  right  and  left  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

Triticum  ripens,  Couch-Grass.  Quitch  or  Quick-Grass,  &,c.,  belongs 
to  the  section  Avith  perennial  roots;  this  spreads  amazingly  by  its  vigorous 
long  running  rootstocks,  is  a  peat  in  cultivated  fields,  and  is  too  coarse  and 


GRASS    FAMILY.  357 

hard  for  a  meadow  ^ass :  of  many  varieties,  introduced  from  Europe  ;  spikelets*  a/i^t^^ 
4 -  8-flowercd  ;  lower  palct  either  pointless  or  short-awned.      2/  k^.^^ 

T.  vulg^re,   Wheat.      Spike   dense,   somewhat   4-sided;    the  spike\eti^/jt  ' 
crowded,  4 - 5-flowered,  turgid;  glumes  ventricose,  blunt;  palet  either  awn'^'^ ''^''^'^^^ 
or  awnless  ;  grain  free.     (I) 

T.  Spelta,  Spelt.  A  grain  rarely  cult,  in  this  country;  spike  flat,  the' 
rhachis  fragile,  bi'caking  up  at  the  joints  ;  grain  enclosed  in  the  palets.     ®        ^  /fi-f'\ 

Sec^le  cere^le,  Rve.     Tall ;  spike  as  in  wheat;  spikelets  with  only  2  per-   C^^^ 
feet  flowers  ;  glumes  a  little  distant,  bristly  towards  the  base  ;  lower  palet  ven-  / 
tricose,  long  awned  ;  grain  brown.  ^  '^i^uyClt 

•«-•»-•*-  Glumes  6  at  each  joint,  in  front  of  the  3  spikelets,  foitning  an  imiolucr^      "^"^ 

Hordeum  VUlgare,  Common  Barley,  from  the  Old  World  :  spike 
dense,  the  3  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  all  with  a  fertile  flower,  its 
lower  palct  long-awned.     (i) 

H.  dlstichum,  Two-kowed  Bauley,  from  Tartary  :  only  one  spikelet 
at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  with  a  fertile  flower,  the  two  lateral  spikelets  being 
reduced  to  sterile  rudiments,  the  flowers  therefore  two-rowed  in  the  spike.     ®  -v^'  v 

"/  '* 
+-  •*-  H-  -t-  Spikekis  in  a  contracted  panicle  or  seeming  spike,  or  if  spiked  some-  '-^y^ 
idiat  on  one  side  of  the  rhachis  :  each  with  a  single  perfect  flower,  its  palets     '    *" 
of  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  teMure  :  by  the  side  of  it  are  either  one  or  two 
thin  palets  of  a  sterile  usuallij  neutral  flower. 

Set^ia,  Foxtail-Grass.  Spikelets  in  clusters  on  the  branches  of  the 
contracted  spike-like  panicle  or  seeming  spike,  these  continued  beyond  them 
into  awn-like  rough  bristles ;  but  no  awns  from  the  spikelets  themselves. 
Weeds,  or  the  last  one  cult. ;  all  from  Old  World  ;  fl.  late  summer.     (T) 

S.  glauca,  CoMMOX  Foxtail  :  in  all  stubble  and  cultivated  grounds  ;  low; 
spike  tawny  yellow,  dense  ;  long  bristles  6-11  in  a  cluster,  rough  upwards  (as 
also  all  the' following) ;  palets  of  perfect  flower  wrinkled  crosswise. 

S.  viridis,  Gueex  Foxtail  or  Bottle-Grass  ;  has  less  dense  and  green 
spike,  fewer  bristles,  and  palets  of  perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise. 

S.  Italica,  or  Germanica,  Itvwan  Millet,  Bengal  Grass,  &c.     Cult. 

for  fodder,  3° -5"  high,  with  rather  large  leaves,  a  compound  or  interrupted  so- 

cilicd  spike,  which  is  evidently  a  contracted  panicle,  sometimes  6' -9'  long  and 

nodding  when  ripe ;  bristles  short  and  few  in  a  cluster ;  palets  of  the  fertile 

/     tlowcr  smooth.  ^ 

ir/  /'P-    Panicum  (Digit^ria)  sanguin^le,  Fixger-Grass  or  Crab-Grass. 
^      Chiefly, a  weed  in  cult,  fields  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  but  useful  in  thin 
1^0/%^      grounds  S.  for  hay;  herbage  reddish;  spikes  4-15,  slender,  digitate,  nearly 
1-sided;  spikelets  seemingly  L-flowered  with  3  glumes  ;  no  awns,    f^ 

P.  Crus-galli,  Cock's-foot  P.,  or  Barxyard-Grass.  Common  weedy 
grass,  of  moist  barnyai'ds  and  low  rich  grounds  :  coarse,  with  rather  broad  leaves, 
and  numerous  seeming  sp  kcs  along  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  stems, 
often  forming  a  sort  of  panicle  ;  spikelets  containing  one  R-rtile  and  one  sterile 
flower,  the  lower  palet  of  the  latter  bearing  a  coarse  rough  awn.     (T) 

P  capill^re,  Witch  Grass  of  stubble  and  corn-fields  in  autumn,  having 
a  very  open  capillary  panicle,  would  be  sought  under  another  division ;  it  is  a 
mere  weed.     ®  //, 

•  • '  ^  -ivw  B.     Stems  not  hollow,  pithy. 

§  1.    Spikelets  clustered  or  scaltcred  in  an  ample  panicle,  each  with  one  perfect  and 
one  neutral  or  staminate  flower. 

*  Without  silky-down :  glumes,  <J'c.  russet-brown,  coriaceous. 
S6rgllUin  VUlg^re,  Ixdiax  Millet,  DuRRA,or  Doura,  &c.,  from  Africa 
or  India;  the  var.  cerxuum,  Guinea  Corn,  has  densely  contracted  panicle, 
and  is  cult,  for  the  grain.  Var.  sacchar-Xtum,  Sweet  Sorghij.m,  Chinese 
Sugar-Caxe,  Imphee,  &c  ,  cult,  for  the  syrup  of  the  stem;  and  Broom-corn, 
for  the  well-known  corn-brooms.     (J; 


Ttbf^, 


358  GRASS  fa:.iily. 

*  *  Long  white  silky  down  with  thejluiccrs. 

S&ceharum  oflBLCin^rum,  True  Sugar-Cane  :  cult,  far  S. :  rarely 
left  to  flower,  jjropagated  by  cuttings ;,,  stem  8°  -  20°  high,  1'  -  2'  thick.     ^ 

Gyn6rium  arg^nteum,  Pampas  Grass.  Tall  reed-like  grass,  from 
S.  America,  planted  out  for  ornanrent ;  with  a  large  tuft  of  rigid  linear  and 
tapering  recurved-sprcading  lcaves/s(^veral  feet  in  length  ;  the  flowering  stem  6 
to  12  feet  high,  in  autumn  bearing  an  ample  silvery-silky  panicle.     ^ 

§  2.  Spikeleis  in  spikes :  staminate  and  pistillate  separate^ 
*  In  the  same  spike,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate. 
Tripsaeum  daetyloides,  Gama  Grass,  Sesamk  Grass.  Wild  in 
moist  soil  from  Conn.  S. :  proposed  for  fodder  S. ;  nutritious,  but  too  coarse ; 
leaves  almost  as  large  asi  those  of  Indian  corn  ;  spikes  narrow,  composed  of  a 
row  of  joints  which  brea)c  apart  at  maturity  ;  the  fertile  cylindrical,  the  exter- 
nally cartilaginous  spikelets  immersed  in  the  rhachis,  the  sterile  part  thinner 
and  flat.     IJ. 

*  *  In  different  spikes. 

Z6a  M^ys,  Maize,  Indian  Corn.  Stem  terminated  by  the  clustered 
slender  spikes  of  staminate  flowers  (the  tassel)  in  2-flowered  spikelets;  the  pis- 
tillate flowers  in  a  dense  and  many-rowed  spike  borne  on  a  short  axillary  branch, 
two  flowers  within  each  pair  of  glumes,  but  the  lower  one  neutral,  the  upper  pii- 
tillate,  with  an  extremely  long  style,  the  silk.     ®    jv^   . 


'W/i-i   l'^    ■4^J^AO  vv«"/^  ^   ^^-   ^ 


S[E^^^^  II. 

g^5)^W^EELESS   OR   CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS: 

Those  which  fructify  without  true  flowers,  that  is,  with- 
out stamens  and  pistils,  and  produce  spores  (simple  cells)  in 
place  of  seeds. 

Class  III.  ACROGENS  ;  the  highest  class  of  Flower- 
less  Plants,  those  with  a  distinct  axis,  or  stem,  growing 
from  the  apex,  containing  woody  matter  and  ducts,  and 
bearing  leaves,  or  something  answering  to  leaves. 

The  account  of  the  three  following  families  is  contributed  by  Professor 
Daniel  C.  Eaton,  of  Yale  College.  Figures  of  the  indigenous  genera  are 
given  in  the  Manual. 


131.   EQUISETACE^,  HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial  flowerless  plants,  rising  from  creeping  rootstocks ;  the 
stems  mostly  hollow,  furrowed,  many-jointed,  with  mere  scales  at 
the  joints  united  into  a  sheath  in  place  of  leaves ;  either  simple  or 
with  branches  in  whorls  about  the  joints;  fructification  in  terminal 
cone-like  spikes,  compo^^ed  of  o-ans^led  short-stalked  and  shield- 
shaped  scales,  each  bearing  on  the  under  surface  about  6  one-celled 
spore-cases.     Contains  but  one  genus. 

1.  EQUISETUM,  HORSE-TAIL,  SCOURIXG-RUSH.  (Name  from 
the  Latin,  meaning  horse-tttil.)  Stems  grooved,  the  cuticle  often  containing 
silex  ;  each  joint  closed  at  the  lower  end,  and  bearing  at  the  upper  a  tubular 
sheath  (a  whorl  of  united  leaves)  which  encloses  the  base  of  the  next  Joint, 
and  is  split  into  as  many  narrow  teeth  as  there  are  ridges  in  the  stem.  Seeds 
(that  is,  spores)  minute,  each  with  four  club-shaped  threads,  which  are  coiled 
ai)Out  the  spore  when  moist,  but  uncoil  suddenly  when  dried.  —  Of  25  species, 
most  of  them  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  four  or  five  are  com- 
mon with  us. 

§  1.   Stetns  living  through  the  winter,  unhranched,  or  with  very  few  branches,  fruit' 
ing  in  sum  ma'. 

E.  hyem^le,  Dutch  Rushes,  Scourixg-rush.  Common  on  wet  banks, 
N.  :  stems  solitary  or  2-4  together,  cylindrical,  l°-4°  hiffh,  with  many  rough 
ridges  ;  sheaths  marked  with  one  or  two  black  rings,  and  divided  into  15-25 
narrow  teeth,  their  points  deciduous. 

E.  scirpoides.  Wooded  hillsides,  from  Penn.  N.  :  stems  in  dense  clus- 
ters, 3' -6'  liigh,  not  hollowed,  very  slender  and  wiry,  entangled,  about  6-fur- 
rowed  ;  sheaths  3-toothed. 


360  FERX    FAMILY. 

§  2.    Stems  annual,  not  living  through  the  winter,  branched,  at  least  the  sterile  ones. 

E.  limbsum.  Muddy  edges  of  streams,  rather  common  :  stems  all  alike, 
2° -3°  high,  with  many  furrows,  fruiting  in  summer,  and  afterwards  sending 
out  a  few  upright  branches  ;  sheaths  with  15-20  dark-colored  acute  teeth. 

E.  arvdnse,  Common  Horsk-tail.  Moist  tandy  places,  common  N.  : 
fertile  stems  unbranched,  Avith  very  conspicuous  sheaths,  4' -8'  high,  appearing 
in  earliest  spring  and  soon  withering ;  sterile  stems  8'  -  20'  high,  producing 
many  whorls  of  rather  rigid  slender  and  mostly  simple  4-angled  branches. 

E.  sylv^ticum,  Woodland  II.  Common  N.,  along  the  edges  of  moist 
woods  :  fertile  stems  appearing  in  early  spring,  but  lasting  all  summer,  both' 
these  and  the  sterile  ones  producing  many  whorls  of  spreading  or  gracefully 
decurved  compound  sottish  3  -  5-furrowed  branches  and  branchlets  ;  sheaths  of 
the  main  stem  loose,  8  -  14-toothed. 

132.   FILICES,  FERN  FAMILY. 

Flowerless  plants  with  creeping  or  ascending  rootstocks,  or  even 
erect  trunks,  bearing  distinct  leaves  (fronds),  which  are  rolled  up 
(circinatc)  in  the  bud  (except  in  one  group),  and  bear  commonly  on 
the  under  surface  or  on  the  edges  the  simple  fructification,  consist- 
ing of  I -celled  spore-cases  (technically  called  spoj^angia)  variously- 
grouped  in  dots,  lines,  or  masses,  and  containing  but  one  kind  of 
minute,  1-celled,  powdery,  numerous  spores.  A  large  family,  most 
abundant  in  warm  and  moist  regions,  consisting  of  8  suborders,  6  of 
which  are  represented  with  us. 

[The  divisions  of  a  ■pinnatijid  frond  are  propei-ly  called  segments;  of  a  pinnate 
frond,  pinnce  ;  of  a  2-3-  i-pinnate  frond,  pinnubs  or  ultimate  segments.  The  stalk 
of  the  frond  is  a  stipe;  its  continiiuliim  t/uough  the  frond,  the  rhachis  ;  its  hram^hts, 
partial  or  secondary  rhachises.  A  rharhis  bordered  by  the  leaf y portion  becomes  a 
midrib,  which  may  be  primary,  secondary,  jf'c.J 

I.  POLYPODIACEiE,  or  TRUE  FERNS :  characterized  bj 
stalked  spore-cases,  having  a  vertical,  incomplete,  many-jointed, 
elastic  ring,  which  straightens  at  maturity,  breaking  open  the  spore- 
case  transversely,  and  so  discharging  the  spores.  Spore-cases  rarely 
if  ever  on  very  narrow  thread-like  branches ;  the  fruit-dots  often 
covered  by  a  scale-like  involucre  (the  indusium). 

§  1.  No  definite  fiiiit-dots,  but  the  spore-cnses  in  large  patches  on  the  binder  surf  ace 
of  the  fei-til'e  frond,  or  entirely  covering  the  under  surface:  no  indusium. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM   §  CHRYSODIUM.     Fronds  simple  or  pinnately  branched, 

with  reticulated  veins  :  spore-cases  covering  the  whole  under  surface  of  the 
fropd  or  of  its  upper  divisions. 

2.  PLATYCERIUM.     Fronds  irregularly  forking;  veins  reticulated:  spore-cases 

ill  large' patches  on  special  portions  of  the  under  surface. 

•   §  2.  Spore-cases  on  the  back  <f  the  frond,  sometimes  near  the  mnrgin,  in  dots  or  lines 
{sori)  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  but  loiihout  indusium  of 
any  kind. 
8.   POLYPODIUM.    Fronds  simple  or  pinnate,  rai-cly  twice  pinnate;  veins  free 
or  reticulated;  fruit-dots  round  or  roundish,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  or  at  the 
point  where  several  veins  meet  (anastomose).     Stalk  articulated  to  the  root- 
stock,  and  leaving  a  distinct  scar  when  decayed  away. 
14.   PHEGOPTERIS.     Agrees  with  Polypodium  in  most  respects ;  but  has  the  fi-uit- 
dots  smaller,  and  coramonl}'  on  ttie  veins,  not  at  their  ends,  and  the  stalk  is 
not  articulated  to  the  rhachis. 
4.    GYMNOGRAMME    §  CEROPTERTS.      Fronds  compound,   covered   beneath 
with  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder:  fruit-dots  in  long  often  forking  lines 
on  the  veins. 


FERN   FAMILY.  361 

'5.  NOTHOLiENA.  Fronds  once  or  twice  pinnate,  woolly,  scaly  or  powdery  be- 
neath ;  fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  forming  a  line  next  the  margin  of 
the  divisions. 

§  3.    Spore-cases  on  the  back  along  the  margin  of  the  frond,  provided  loiih  an  invo- 
lucre formed  of  its  rejiexed  and  more  or  less  altered  margin. 

6.  ADIANTUM.     Fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  the  inner  side  of  a 

refiexed  portion  of  the  margin.  Stalk  dark  and  polished,  sometimes  chafiy- 
bristly.  Pinnules  always  separate,  distinctly  stalked  or  almost  sessile,  but 
never  decurrent  on  the  rhachis. 

7.  PTERLS.     Spore-cases  on  a  transversa  veinlike  receptacle  within  the  margin, 

which  connects  the  ends  of  the  veins,  and  is  covered  by  the  reflcxed  thin 
margin.  Stalk  light-colored  (except  in  §  Do^jy^opteris.)  Pinnules  or  ultimate 
segments  adnate  to  the  rhachis,  often  decurrent. 

8.  FELLMA.     Spofe-cases  in  short  lines  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  confluent 

in  a  sub-marginal  band  of  fructification,  white  within,  more,  or  less  covered 
by  the  reflexed  and  commonly  thin  margin.  Stalk  dark  and  polished,  some- 
times chaffy.     Pinntxles  mostly  distinct,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

§  4.  Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  transverse  reticulating  veinlets,  in  rows  near  the 
midrib  and  parallel  to  it:  induslum  of  the  same  shape  as  the  fruit-dot,  opening 
toward  the  midrib  and  attached  by  the  outer  edge  to  the  fruitful  cross-veinlet. 

9.  WOODWARDIA.     Fniit-dots  straight,  oblong-linear,  in  chain-like  rows,  partly 

sunken  in  shallow  cavities  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond.  Rather  large, 
native.     Veins  reticulated,  often  very  much  so. 

10.  DOODIA.     Fruit-dots  oblong,  often  slightly  crescent-shaped,  not  sunken  in  the 

frond.     Exotics;  the  narrow  fronds  pinnatifid  or  simply  pinnate. 

§  5.  Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  one  or  both  sides  of  oblique  veinleis,  with  involvr 
ores  of  like  shape  attached  by  one  edge  to  the  veinlet  and  free  along  the  other. 

11.  ASPLENIUM.     Fruit-dots  single  and  placed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  veinlets, 

rarely  douljle  and  set  back  to  back  on  both  sides  of  the  same  veinlet.  Veins 
mostlv  free. 

12.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.     Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  double  and  placed  face  to 

face  along  contiguous  veinlets;  each  pair  thus  seeming  to  be  a  single  one 
with  an  indusium  opening  along  the  middle.  Frond  simple,  ribbon-shaped 
or  tongue-shaped,  with  free  forking  veins. 

13.  CA.MPTOSOnUS.      Fruit-dots  various,  mostly  short;  those  near  the  midrib 

double  as  in  the  last;  the  outer  ones  angled,  curved  or  straiglit,  simple  as  in 
Asplenium.  Frond  simple,  tapering  to  a  long  and  narrow  usually  rooting 
point.     Veins  reticulated. 

§  6.  Frntit-dots  on  the  back  of  the  veins,  rarely  at  the  ends,  round  or  roundish,  covered 
at  hast  when  young  by  a  special  induslum  of  the  same  general  shape.  Sterile 
and  fertile  fronds  alike  or  nearly  so. 

15.  ASPIDIUM.     Induslum  flat,  round  or  kidney-shaped,  fixed  at  or  near  the  cen- 

tre, opening  all  round  the  edge.  Mostly  rather  large  Ferns,  from  once  to  thrice 
pinnate.     Veins  free  in  the  native  species. 

16.  C YSTOPTERIS.     Induslum  convex,  fixed  by  the  base  partly  under  the  fruit- 

dot,  at  length  refiexed.  Small  Ferns,  with  delicate  twice*  or  thrice  pinnate 
fronds.     Veins  free. 

§  Sterile  fronds  broad  and  leafy:  fertile  ones  with  contracted  and  rolled  up  and  pod- 
like or  berry-like  didsion^ :  indusium  very  obscure,  irregularly  serntcircular, 
2)laced  at  the  base  of  a  short  receptacle  to  which  the  sjmre^ases  are  attached. 

17.  STRUTHIOPTERIS.     Sterile  fronds  tall,  with  free  veins,  gi-owing  in  a  crown; 

fertile  fronds  coming  up  much  later  in  an  inner  circle,  pinnate,  each  pinna 
rolled  up  from  the  edges  into  a  somewhat  cylindrical  or  necklace-like  body, 
containing  the  fruit. 

18.  ONOCLEA.     Fronds  scattered  on  along  creeping  rootstock:  sterile  ones  with 

reticulated  veins;  fertile  ones  twice  pinnate,  the  divisions  contracted,  rolled 
up  and  ben-y-like. 

§  8.  Involucres  star-shaped,  with  broad  and  ragged  or  else  capillary  and  jointed  rays, 
placed  on  the  veins  xinder  the  round  fruit-dots,  sometimes  at  first  enveloping 
the  sjx)re-€'tscs. 

19.  WOODSIA.     Small  Ferns,  often  growing  in  dense  tufts:  fronds  once  or  twice- 

pinnate  :  veins  forked,  free. 


3G2  FERN    FAMILY. 

§  9.  Fruit-dots  separate  or  laterally  confluent  at  or  near  the  margin  of  the  frond, 
borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins,  or  on  the  ends  of  very  short  side-veinlets :  the 
iiidusium  attached  at  the  base  or  base  and  sides,  and  opening  tmoard  the  mar- 
gin of  the  fruitful  portion  of  the  frond. 

20.  DAVALLIA.    Indusium  of  a  single  piece,  flattish  or  often  convex  and  shaped 

like  half  a  goblet  cut  lengthwise.     Exotic  Ferns,  mostly  decompound. 

21.  DICKSONIA.     Indusium  united  by  its  sides  with  a  little  lobe  or  tooth  of  the 

frond,  forming  a  minute  2-lipped'  cup,  at  first  nearly  or  quite  closed,  opening 
as  the  spore-cases  ripen.  Large  Ferns,  native  or  exotic,  some  of  the  latter 
arborescent.  • 

II.  CYATHEACE^,  or  TREE  FERNS :  with  erect  and  tree- 
like stems,  often  many  feet  high.  Fruit-dots  round,  not  marginal, 
naked,  or  with  an  involucre  placed  beneath  the  stalked  spore-cases, 
which  are  seated  on  a  globose  or  elevated  receptacle,  have  a  some- 
what oblique  complete  ring,  and  burst  open  transversely. 

22.  CYATHEA.     Fruit-dots  on  a  vein  or  in  the  forking  of  a  vein,  at  first  enclosed 

in  a  globose  involucre,  which  opens  at  the  top,  and  remains  cup-shaped  with 
an  entire  or  broken  edge. 

23.  ALSOPHILA.     Fruit-dots  as  on  the  last,  but  entirely  naked,  or  with  a  rudi- 

mentary indusium  consisting  of  a  minute  scale  beneath  the  spore-cases: 
veins  free. 

III.  HYMENOPHYLLACEiE,  or  FILMY  FERNS:  these 
have  very  delicate  and  tran.-liicent  fronds,  the  short-pedicelled  spore- 
cases  growing  on  a  short  or  long  thread-like  receptacle,  included  in 
a  goblet-shaped  or  2-lipped  involucre,  and  furnished  with  a  complete 
transverse  or  slightly  oblique  ring. 

24.  TRICHOMANES.     Fruit-dots  marginal,  at  the  end  of  a  vein,  which  extends 

through  the  funnel-form  or  goblet-shaped  involucre,  as  a  thread-like  recepta- 
cle bearing  the  spore-cases;  involucres  sunken  more  or  less  in  the  frond,  and 
of  the  same  pellucid  texture. 

IV.  SCHIZtEACEzE  :  mostly  small  Ferns,  or  else  with  climb- 
ino-  fronds.  Spore-cases  ovate,  sessile,  having  a  complete  transverse, 
articulated  ring  or  cap  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
slit. 

*  Ferns  with  elegant  climbing  fromls,  lising  from  slender  creejnng  rootstocks:  sjfore- 

casesfxed  by  their  side. 

25.  LYGODIUM.     Pinnae  or  frondlets  in  pairs.     Spore-cases  covered  by  imbri- 

cating scale-like  indusia  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  lobes  of  the  frond. 

#  *  Not  climbing:  rootstock  short :  fronds  clustered:  spore-cases  fixed  by  their  base : 

no  indusium. 

26.  ANEIMIA.     Spore-cases  on  the  narrow  panicled  branches  of  the  lowest  pair  of 

pinnge  of  the  1-3  pinnate  frond,  or  on  separate  fronds. 

27.  SCHIZ.EA.     Spore-cases  in  a  double  row  on  the  nan-ow  divisions  of  a  pinnate 

or  rarely  pedate  special  appendage  to  the  simple  and  linear,  or  fan-shaped, 
and  sornetimes  many-forked  frond. 

y.  OSMUNDACEiE,  or  FLOWERING  FERNS:  rather  large 
Ferns ;  the  spore-cases  covered  with  reticiilnted  ridges,  opening 
longitudinally  into  two  valves,  and  with  no  ring,  or  a  mere  vestige 
of  a  transverse  ring  at  the  back. 

28.  OSMUNDA.      Rootstock  verv  thick,  -creeping,  the  growing  end  producing  a 

crown  of  tall  showy  fronds.  Fertile  fronds  or  parts  of  fronds  contracted, 
pinnately  compound,  the  narrow  often  thread-like  divisions  densely  covered 
with  nearly  sessile  spore-cases. 


FERN    FAMILY.  363 

VI.  OPHIOGLOSSACE^,  the  ADDER' S-TONGUE  FAM^ 
ILY:  mostly  rather  small  ferns,  with  sessile,  globular,  coriaceous 
opaque  and  smooth  spore-cases,  opening  transversely  into  2  valves, 
and  wholly  destitute  of  a  ring.  Fronds  not  rolled  up  in  the  bud, 
as  th(iy  are  in  all  the  foregoing,  rising  from  a  very  short  rootstock 
or  corm,  with  fleshy  roots. 

29.  BOTRYCHIUM.     Spore-cases  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.    Sterile 

part  of  the  frond  compound;  veins  free. 

30.  OFHIOGLOSSUM.     Spore-cases  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Sterile  part  of 

frond  simple  in  our  species ;  the  veins  reticulated. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM  §  CHRYSODIUM.  (From  Greek  words  Meaning 
a  row  at  the  top,  the  application  not  evident.)     AH  tropical. 

A.  aureum.  A  large  evergreen  Fern,  along  the  coast  of  South  Florida ; 
the  fronds  simply  pinnate,  coriaceous;  pinnae  4' -6'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  elliptical 
or  oblong-linear. 

2.  PLATYCERIUM,  STAG-HORN  FERN.  (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  broad  horns.)  Natives  of  Africa,  Australia,  &c. :  cult,  in  conserva- 
tories. 

P.  alcicorne.  Sterile  fronds  sessile,  rather  thin,  flat  and  rounded,  over- 
lapping each  other;  fertile  ones  erect,  1°  high,  whitish  and  minutely  downy 
beneath,  2-3  times  forked,  with  divisions  about  1'  wide,  the  topmost  ones 
fruitful. 

3.  POLYPODIUM,  POLYPODY.  (Name  in  Greek  means  mani/:footed, 
referring  to  the  branching  rootstock.)  An  immense  genus,  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

§1.   PoLYPODinM  proper.     Veins  free :  the  following  all  native. 
P.  vulgare,  Common  Polypody.     Rocky  places  N.,  small,  simply  pin- 
natifid,  evergreen,  smooth  both  sides,  4'- 10' high,  1'- 3' wide,  the  numerous 
divisions  oblong-linear ;  fruit-dots  rather  large. 

P.  incanum.  Shady  places  S.,  often  on  trees  ;  much  like  the  last,  but 
much  smaller,  and  beneath  grayish  and  scurfy  with  peltate  scales ;  fruit-dots 
rather  small. 

§  2.  Campy LONEtTRON.  Veins  parallel,  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  connected  hy 
numerous  transverse  angularly  arched  veinltts,  with  short  fruit-bearing  vein- 
lets  proceeding  from  the  angles. 

P.  Phyllitidis,  Harts-toxCxUE,  of  Tropical  America  ;  frond  simple, 
linear-lanceolate,  l°-Uo  long,  l'-2'  wide,  thinly  chartaceous,  smooth  and 
shining  ;  fruit-dots  in  2  rows  between  the  veins. 

§  3.  NiPiiOBOLUS.  Veins  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  very  obscure  and  closely 
ret'iculatf.d.  Fronds  simple,  of  a  thickish  texture,  covered  on  both  sides  with 
a  close  stellate  down. 

P.  Lingua.  Cult,  from  Japan  :  fronds  4' -8'  long,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, entire,  at  len<]fth  nearly  smooth  above ;  fruit-dots  exceedingly  numerous, 
closely  arranged  in  many  rows. 

§  4.  Phleb6dium.  Veins  reticulated,  with  free  veinlets  included  in  the  larger 
meshes.  Fruit-dots  in  1-3  roirs  befireen  the  midrib  and  margin,  commonly 
placed  each  one  on  the  converging  ends  of  a  pair  of  veinlets. 

P.  atireum.  A  large  showy  Fern  of  Florida,  and  cult,  from  West  Indies  ; 
fronds  on  a  stout  stalk,  l)roadly  ovate  in  outline,  smooth,  pale  ffreen  above, 
jjlaucous  beneath,  pinnately  parted  into  5-9  or  more  oblong-linear  or  lanceo- 
late spreading  divisions. 


364  FERN    FAMILY. 

4o   GYMNOGRAMME.     (Name  meaning  in  Greek  a  naked  line,  from 
the  elongated  fruit-dots.)    The  following-  cult,  species  all  have  free  veins,  and 
the  under  surface  of  the  fronds  covered  with  a  yellow  or  whitish  waxy  powder. 
G.  triangularis,  Californian  Gold-fkrx.     Deserves  more  general  cul- 
*ivation  ;  frond  4' -6'  long,  on  slender  and  polished  stalks,  broadly  3-  or  rather 
5-angled  in  outline,  twice  pinnate  below,* pinnate  above;  pinnas  oblong-lanceo- 
late, deeply  pinnatifid  into  obtuse  lobes.     Smooth  and  green  above,  beneath 
of  a  rich  golden  yellow,  sometimes  paler ;  the  fertile  fronds  at  length  nearly 
covered  with  brownish  lines  of  spore-cases. 

G.  SUlphurea,  of  West  Indies  :  fronds  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline, 
l°-l^°high,  2' -3' wide,  pinnate;  pinnie  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  lower  ones 
gradually  smaller  and  very  remote,  pinnatifid  into  ovate  obtuse  toothed  or  rag- 
ged lobes,  the  lower  surface  covered  with  sulphur-yellow  powder. 

G.  calomelanos,  from  Tiopical  America,  the  commonest  Gold  and  Silver 
ferns  of  the  conservatories ;  much  like  the  last,  but  liroader  and  larger,  the  lower 
pinnae  largest,  and  lobes  mostly  acute.  The  powder  white,  or  in  var.  ch ry  so- 
ph ylla  golden  yellow. 

5.  NOTHOL^NA.  (Name  from  the  Greece,  signifying  apnrions  wool,  the 
woolly  pubescence  of  some  species  concealing  the  rnarginal  fruit-dots.)  The 
following  cult,  species  arc  small,  4' -8'  high,  ovate   in  outline,  mostly  tri- 

'  pinnate ;  their  ultimate  divisions  roundish-ovate  or  oblong,  distinct,  stalked, 
and  covered  beneath  with  a  waxy  powder :  stalk  and  branches  dark  brown 
and  polished. 

N.  flavens,  from  Central  America :  powder  bright  yellow ;  fruit-dots  ex- 
tending fioin  the  edge  almost  to  the  midrib,  so  that  it  might  equally  well  be 
considered  a  Gymnogramme. 

N.  nivea.  Also  Central  American,  and  very  like  the  other;  but  the  powder 
snowy  white,  and  the  fruit-dots  closer  to  the  margin. 

6.  ADIANTUM,  MAIDEN-HAIR.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
iiniOfUed,  the  rain-drops  not  adhering  to  the  fronds.)  A  large  genus,  most 
abundant  in  warm  climates. 

*  Frond  simply  pinnate :  exotic. 

A.  macroph^Uum.  Cult,  in  hot-houses  from  "West  Indies;  pinnae  2-5 
pairs  and  a  terminal  one,  nearly  sessile,  deltoid-ovate,  2' -3'  long,  nearly  half 
as  wide;  fructification  in  long  marginal  rarely  interrupted  lines.  Tinnag  of 
sterile  fronds  wider  and  somewhat  crenately  incised  and  Joothed. 

*  *  Frond  2-4  times  pinnatf,  ovate-lanceolate  in  general  outline. 

A.  Capillus-Veneris,  Venus-hair,  so  named  from  the  shining  capillary 
branches  of  the  rhachis ;  native  S.,  often  in  conservatories  N.  :  twice  pinnate  or 
thrice  pinnate  at  the  base,  the  long  upper  part  simply  pinnate ;  pinnules  about 
^'  broad,  on  very  slender  stalks,  sharply  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  rounded  at 
the  top,  or  rhomboidal,  commonly  deeply  lobed  from  the  upper  margin ;  fruit- 
dots  one  to  each  lobe ;  involucres  kidney-shaped  or  transversely  oblong.  Plant 
6' -12'  high,  often  pendent  from  damp  shaded  rocks  in  the  mouths  of  wells, 
&c.,  in  S.  of  Europe. 

A.  ..ffithiopicum,  as  commonly  seen  in  hot-houses,  is  much  like  the  last ; 
but  has  smaller  pinnules  not  so  sharply  wedge-shaped,  often  broader  than  long, 
and  less  deeply  lobed  ;  fruit-dats  in  deep  sinuses  of  the  upper  margin ;  involucres 
kidney-shaped  or  crescent-shaped. 

A.  GUne^tum,  from  S.  America,  is  a  much  larger  plant,  broadly  triangu^ 
lar  in  outline,  3-4  times  pinnate;  pinnules  smaller  and  very  numerous,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  edge  deeply  lobed ;  fruit-dots  as  in  the  last. 

*  *  *  Frond  two-forked,  loith  elongated  simply  pinnate  divisions  sjnnnging  from 
the  upper  side  of  the  two  recurved  branches:  midrib  of  the  pinnules  none: 
veins  forked  from  the  base. 

A.  pedatum.  Maiden-hair.  Native  in  shady  woods  ;  whole  plant  smooth, 
lo_2o  high;    principal  divisions  4' -10'    lon^,    I'-l^'  wide;   pinnules  very 


FERN    FAMILY.  365 

numerous,  oblonj^,  broadest  at  the  base,  obtuse,  lobed  from  the  upper  edge ; 
fruit-dots  at  the  top  of  the  lobes  ;  involucres  transA^ersely  oblong  or  linear. 

A.  hispidulum,  from  Australia,  &c.  :  commonly  less  symmetrical  than 
the  last,  when  young  irregularly  3 -4-branched;  a  smaller  plant  with  finely 
chaffy  or  bristly  stalk  and  rhacliis  ;  pinnules  minutely  hairy,  nearly  entire; 
fruit-dots  crowded  along  the  upper  margin,  involucres  rounded  kidney-shaped. 

7.  PTERIS,  BRAKE.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  Ferns,  meaning  a 
wing,  from  the  feather-like  fronds. )  Another  large  and  widely  distributed  genus. 

§  1.  Veins  free:  stalk  straw-colored  or  brownish. 
*  Frond  simply  pinnate :  pinnce  undivided. 
P.  longifdlia.     Cult,  from  warm  regions,  native  in  S.  Florida  :  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline  ;  pitnuB  numerous,  linear  and  tapering  from  a  truncate  or 
cordate  base,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  gradually  smaller. 

*  *  Frond  pinnate,  and  with  the  lower  pairs  of  pinnce  forked  or  again  pinnate, 

the  divisions  and  upper  pinnce  elongated,  simple. 

P.  Crdtica.  Cult,  from  warm  climates,  native  in  Florida:  l°-2°  high; 
pinnae  1-4  pairs,  the  upper  ones  slightly  decurrent,  lower  ones  cleft  almost  to 
the  base  into  2-3  long  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  divisions  ;  sterile  ones  and 
tips  of  the  narrower  fertile  ones  finely  and  sharply  serrate.  Var.  albo-lineata 
has  a  whitish  stripe  in  the  middle  of  each  division. 

P.  Serrul^ta.  Cult,  from  China:  1°-1|°  high;  pinnas  3-8  pairs,  all 
but  the  lowest  decurrent  and  forming  a  wing  3"  wide  on  the  main  rhachis ; 
lower  pairs  pinnately  or  pedately  cut  into  several  narrow  linear-acuminate 
divisions ;  upper  ones  simple,  sterile  ones  spinulose-serrulate. 

*  *  *  Fronds  pinnate,  and  the  numerous  primary  divisions  pinnately  cut  into  many 

lob'S,  the  lowest  ones  mostly  with  1-3  elongated  similarly-lobcd  branches  on 
the  lower  side. 

P.  quadriaurita.  Cult,  from  East  or  West  Indies,  &c.  :  fronds  10-3° 
long,  6'-  12'  wide,  broadly  ovate  in  outline  ;  lobes  of  primary  divisions^linear- 
oblong,  ^'-1'  long,  3"  wide,  very  numerous  and  often  crowded,  mostly*  rather 
obtuse.  Var.  argyuea,  has  a  band  of  white  along  the  middle  of  the  primary 
divisions  ;  to  this  is  added  a  tinge  of  red  in  var.  tricolor. 

*  *  *  *  Fronds  broadly  triangular,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  throughout:  lowest 

primary  divisions  long-stalked. 

P.  aquilina,  Commox  Brake.  Plentiful  everywhere,  10-5°  high,  harsh 
to  the  touch  ;  the  lowest  prinuiry  divisions  standing  obliquely  forward  ;  second- 
ary divisions  pinnatifid  with  many  oblong  or  linear  sometimes  hastate  lobes, 
which  in  a  fruiting  frond  are  bordered  everywhere  with  brown  spore-cases. 

§  2.  Doryopteris.  Veins  finely  reticulated:  frond  pedate,  and  5-angled: 
stalk  black  and  shining. 

P.  ped^ta.  Cult,  from  West  Indies  and  S.  America:  frond  2' -6'  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  almost  parted  into  a  few  primary  divisions  ;  upper  ones  en- 
tire, lowest  pair  again  cleft ;  the  lobes  on  the  lower  side  much  largest. 

8.  PELL^A,  CLIFF-BRAKE.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  dark- 
colored,  descriptive  of  the  stalk.)  Mostly  small  Ferns:  the  following  species 
have  fronds  of  a  somewhat  coriaceous  texture. 

P.  rotundifblia,  from  New  Zealand:  frond  narrow,  6'- 12'  long,  on  a 
chaffy  and  pubescent  wiry  stalk,  simply  pinnate;  pinnaj  round  or  roundish- 
oblong  and  entire ;  band  of  spore-cases  very  wide  and  concealing  the  narrow 
involucre. 

P.  atropurptirea.  Wild,  on  shaded  Hmerock  :  fronds  tufted,  6'- 12'  lon^^, 
2'-4'  wide,  with  polished  and  sparingly  downv  stalks,  2-pinnate,  simplv  pinnate 
toward  the  top ;  pinnules  distinct,  oblonir  or  linear-oblong,  rarelv  hall>cM-d-sliaped, 
obtuse  or  slightly  mucronate ;  involucre  rather  broad,  and  at  length  hidden  bv 
the  spore-cases. 

P.  hast^ta,  from  South  Africa:  mostly  larger  than  the  last  and  very  vari- 
able;   frond  ovate-laiiceolatc  or  oblong,  l-S-pinuate;    pinnules  lanceolate  or 


3G6  FERN   FAMILY. 

rhomboid-ovate,  very  often  halberd-shaped,  the  end  one^  of  the  primary  pinna 
much  the  larj^est,  often  l'-2'  long  and  ^'-1'  broad;  stalk  and  brandies  black 
and  polished,  smooth ;  involucre  rather  narrow. 

9.  WOODWARDIA,  CHAIN-FERN.  (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  J. 
Woodward,  an  English  botanist  of  fhe  last  century.)  A  suiall  genus  of  rather 
large  Ferns,  all  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone. 

W.  Virginica.  Tall,  growing  in  swamps  N.  &  S. :  sterile  and  fertile 
fronds  alike,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnate,  with  lanceolate  deeply  pinnatifid  pinniB ; 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  veins  reticulated,  forming  a  single  row  of  meshes  along 
the  midribs  of  pinnae  and  of  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets  free;  fruit-dots  oblong, 
close  to  the  midribs. 

W.  angustif61ia.  Range,  &c.  of  the  last,  but  less  common  :  fronds  6'  - 
10'  long,  4' -6'  broad,  pinnatiM  almost  to  the  winged  rhachis  into  17-27  lobes, 
which  are  broadly  lanceolate  and  with  copiously  reticulated  veins  in  the  sterile 
frond,  but  are  narrowly  linear  in  the  fertile,  and  with  a  single  \-ow  of  narrow 
meshes  next  the  midrib ;  fruit-dots  linear,  sausage-shaped,  one  iu  ^ach  mesh. 

10.  DOODIA.  (Named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Doody,  an  early  English  Crypto- 
gamic  botanist.)     Small  Ferns,  cult,  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

D.  eaud^ta.  Fronds  9'- 15'  long,  linear-lanceolate,  on  dull-black  nearly 
smooth  stalks,  pinnate  with  many  linear  serrate  and  nearly  sessile  pinnse,  which 
are  about  I'long,  often  slightly  auriculate  at  base,  the  lower  ones  rather  trian- 
gular, distant ;  fruit-dots  in  a  single  row  next  the  midrib. 

D.  aspera.  Stalk  black  and  rough  with  small  ragged  points  ;  fronds  broadly 
lanceolate,  rather  coriaceous,  harsh  to  the  touch,  ])innatifid  to  the  rhachis ;  di- 
visions crowded,  oblong-linear,  spinulose-serrate,  lower  ones  gradually  smaller; 
fruit-dots  not  close  to  the  midrib,  sometimes  a  second  row  next  the  margin. 

11.  ASPLENIUM,  SPLEENWORT.  (Name  from  the  Greek ;  refers  to 
supposed  action  on  the  spleen.)  A  very  large  genus,  the  size  of  the  species 
ranging  from  quite  small  up  to  very  large  and  even  tree-like. 

§  1.   Fronds  undivided,  large  and  showi/ :  cult,  from  East  Indies,  Sfc. 

A.  Nidus,  Bird's-nest  Fern.  Fronds  numerous,  broadly  lanceolate, 
2°  -  4°  long,  4'  -  8'  wide,  entire,  short-stalked,  arranged  in  a  crown  around  the 
central  upright  rootstock ;  fruit-dots  very  narrow,  elongated,  crowded,  running 
from  the  stout  midrib  obliquely  half-way  to  the  margin. 

§  2.   Fronds  small,  pinnatifid  beloiv,  tapering  into  a  long  entire  point  •  native. 
A.  pinnatifldum.     Very  rare,  near  Philadelphia,  and  sparingly  W.  &  S., 
especially  along  the  Alleghanies  :  fronds  3'-  6'  long,  ^"-  U'  wide  at  the  base; 
lobes  roundish-ovate  mostly  obtuse;  fruit-dots  small,  irregular. 

§  3.    Fronds  simply  pinnate. 
*  Small  Ferns,  4'  -  15'  high :  all  except  the  last  are  wild  species. 

A.  Trichomanes.  Common,  forming  dense  tufts  in  crevices  of  shady 
rocks :  fronds  linear,  4' -8'  long,  with  black  and  shining  stalk  and  rhachis,  and 
many  roundish  or  oblong  slightly  crenated  or  entire  pinnaj,  about  4'  long  and 
about  half  as  broad ;  fruit-dots  few  to  each  pinna. 

A.  ebeneum.  Common  in  rocky  woods :  fronds  linear-lanceolate,  nar- 
rower at  the  base,  8' -15' long,  1'- 2' wide;  stalk  dark  and  polished;  pinna? 
many,  linear-oblong,  often  slightly  curved,  finely  serrate,  auricled  on  one  or 
both  sides  at  the  base  ;  fruit-dots  numerous. 

A.  flabellifdlium.  Cult,  from  Australia  :  lax,  the  rhachis  often  pro- 
longed and  rooting  at  the  very  end  ,  fronds  linear;  pinna?  sharply  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base,  the  broad  and  rounded  end  crenated  ;  fruit-dots  irregularly  radiat- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  pinnas. 

*  *  Large  Ferns,  l°-3°//vV/A. 
A.  angUStifblium.    Rich  woods  N.,  and  S.,  mainly  along  the  mountains  : 
fronds  thin,  long-lanceolate,  pinnas  many  3' -4' long,  linear-lanceolate  from  a 


FERN   FAMILY.  367 

truncate  or  rounded  base,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  those  of  the  fertile  frond 
narrower ;  fruit-dots  slightly  curved,  very  numerous. 

§  4.    Fronds  more  than  once  pinnate. 
#  Fruit-dots  more  than  one  in  each  smallest  division  of  the  frond. 

A.  Rtlta-mur^ria,  Wall-Rue.  On  exposed  cliffs  of  limestone,  from 
Vermont  W.  &  S. :  fronds  small,  1' -4 'long,  ovate,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate, 
the  few  divisions  rather  thickish,  wedge-shaped  or  rhomboid,  toothed  at  the 
top  ;  fruit-dots  few,  becoming  confluent. 

A.  furc^tum.  Cult,  from  Trop.  America,  S.  Africa,  &c. :  fronds  8' -15' 
long,  3' -6'  wide,  on  a  somewhat  hairy  stalk,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate  with 
lance-oblong  acuminate  pinnaj,  which  are  again  pinnately  cut  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  midrib ;  divisions  oblique,  wedge-shaped,  narrow,  serrate,  rather  coriaceous, 
deeply  marked  by  the  forking  veins ;  fruit-dots  elongated,  radiating  from  the 
base  of  the  division. 

A.  thelypteroides.  In  rich  rocky  woods,  not  rare  :  fronds  l^°-3°  high, 
thin  in  texture,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pinnas  3'  -  6'  long,  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  close-set  oblong  and  obtuse  minutely  toothed  lobes  ;  fruit- 
dots  6-12  to  each  lobe,  some  of  them  commonly  double. 

A.  Filix-foemina,  Lady-Fern.  Common  in  moist  woods  :  fronds  large 
(2° -3°  high,  4' -8'  broad),  growing  like  the  last  in  a  crown,  2-3-pinnate; 
pinnae  lanceolate,  with  a  narrow  border  to  the  secondary  rhachis  :  pinnules 
oblong  and  sharply  serrate,  or  in  larger  plants  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid  with 
incised  lobes ;  fruit-dots  short,  variously  curved,  at  length  confluent. 

*  *  Smallest  divisions  of  the  frond  narrow,  entire,  containing  but  a  single  veinlet 
and  but  one  fruit-dot. 

A.  Bel^ngeri.  Cult,  from  Malacca  and  Java:  fronds  1°-1^°  high, 
2' -3'  wide,  coriaceous,  pale  green,  as  is  the  stoutish  stalk;  pinnaj  oblong, 
truncate  at  the  base,  with  a  rounded  apex,  pinnatifid  to  the  winged  midrib  into 
numerous  narrowly  oblong  and  obtuse  lobes,  the  upper  basal  ones  of  each  pinna 
2-3-cleft,  the  rest  entire  and  bearing  on  the  side  farthest  from  the  main  rhachis 
a  solitary  elongated  fruit-dot. 

A.  myrioph^llum.  Limestone  caves  in  Jackson  Co.,  Florida :  fronds 
delicate,  almost  translucent,  lanceolate,  6' -9' long,  l'-2'  wide,  2-3-pinnate; 
smallest  divisions  obovate-oblong,  2" -3"  long,  ^"  wide;  fruit-dot  in  the  lower 
half  of  each  division. 

A.  bulblferum.  Cult,  from  New  Zealand,  &c :  fronds  herbaceous,  ample, 
bi-oadly  lanceolate,  l°-3°  long,  6'- 12'  wide,  2-3-pinnate,  often  producing 
leafy  bulbs  on  the  upi>er  surface ;  pinnae  triangular-lanceolate,  with  a  broadly 
winged  midrib ;  pinnules  lanceolate,  deeply  toothed  or  cut  into  oblong-linear 
lobes  ;  fruit-dots  extending  from  the  middle  of  the  lobes  downward  almost  to 
the  midrib  of  the  pinnules. 

12.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.  (Xame  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  centipede,  U/n/ft^ 
suggested  by  the  many  oblique  lines  of  fruit  each  side  of  the  midrib.)  I/A/I/Xt 
S.  VUlg^e,  Hart's-tongue.     Rare,  among  shaded  rocks  in  Central  New     ,^   | 

York  and  in  Canada  West;  fronds  6' -18'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  "  i 
from  a  heart-shaped  base,  herbaceous,  the  margin  entire  or  wavy.  Cultivated //^'W^ 
forms  from  England  are  crisped,  crested,  many-forked,  &c. 

13.  CAMPTOSORUS,  WALKING-LEAF.  (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  a  bent  heap,  referring  to  the  curved  and  angled  fruit-dots.)     Almost 

the  only  species  is 

C.  rhizophyllus.  Damp  mossy  rocks  N.  &  S.,  mainly  along  the  moun- 
tains :  frond  4'-  12'  long,  tapering  from  a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base  6"-  12" 
wide  to  a  long  narrow  point,  which  often  roots  at  the  end,  and  there  gives  rise 
to  a  new  plant,  ready  to  take  another  step  in  advance. 

14.  PHEGOPTERIS,  BEECH-FERN  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek, 
the  original  species  often  found  among  beeches).  Chiefly  tropical;  but  the 
following  arc  all  wild  species,  in  rocky  or  shady  woods. 


368  FERN    FAMILY. 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnalifid:  the  sessile  pinnae  mostly  forming  an  irregular  and 

mwiy-iingkd  icing  along  the  rhachis. 

P.  polypodioldes,  formerly  Polyp6dium  Pheg6pteris.  Common  N. : 
fronds  4'  -  9'  long,  longer  than  broad,  triangular-ovate,  slightly  hairy  beneath ; 
pinnae  lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  turned  obliquely  forwards ;  secondary  divisions 
crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  fruit-dots  all  near  the  margin. 

P.  hexagonoptera.  Common  N.  &  S. :  larger  than  the  last,  which  it 
much  resembles,  but  the  frond  is  broader  than  long ;  lowest  pinnae  much  the 
largest  and  with  elongated  and  pinnatitid  divisions ;  fruit-dots  not  exclusively 
near  the  margin. 

*  *  Fronds  with  three  primary  divisions,  which  are  stalked,  rhachis  wingless. 

P.  Dryopteris.  Common  N. :  fronds  broadly  triangular,  4'- 6'  wide, 
smooth ;  the  three  primary  divisions  triangulai',  once  or  twice  pinnate  with  ob- 
long obtuse  entire  or  toothed  lobes ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin. 

15.   ASPIDIUM,  SHIELD-FERN.     (Greek  for  a  little  shield,  referring  to 
the  indusium.)  — A  very  large  genus,^  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 

§  1.    Nephr6dium  or  Dryopteris.     Indusium  round-kidney-shaped  or  nearly 
circular  with  a  narrow  clef  I  from  the  lower  side  almost  to  the  centre. 
*  Fronds  thickish,  simply  pinnate,  the  few  pinnae  entire  or  nearly  so. 
A.  Siebbldii.      Cult,  from  Japan  :  fronds  coriaceous,  smooth,  about  1° 
high,  with  2-4  pairs  of  side  pinnce,  each  4' -6'  long  and  nearly  1'  wide,  and  a 
terminal  one  rather  larger  than  the  others ;  veins  with  4-6  free  parallel  branch- 
es ;  fruit-dots  large,  scattered  in  several  rows. 

»  *  Fronds  thin,  decaying  in  early  autumn  (or  tender  hot-house  plants),  pinnate  ; 
pinnce  simply  pinnatifd  with  mostly  entire  obtuse  lobes :  indusium  small. 

•*~  Rootstock  creeping,  slender,  nearly  naked  and  bearing  scattered  fronds :  veins 
fee,  simple  or  once  forked :  wild  species,  common  in  bogs  and  low  grounds. 

A.  Thel^pteris.  Fronds  lanceolate,  10' -18'  long,  on  slender  stalks, 
nearly'  smooth;  pinnae  lanceolate,  2' -4'  long,  about  ^'  wide,  spreading  or 
turned  down,  the  lowest  pair  scarcely  shorter ;  divisions  oblong,  fruiting  ones 
seeming  acute  from  the  revolute  margins  ;  veins  mostly  forked ;  fruit-dots  con- 
fluent when  ripe  ;  indusium  smooth. 

A.  Noveborac^nse.  Much  like  the  last,  but  hairy  beneath  along  the 
rhachis  and  veins ;  Ironds  tapering  both  ways  irom  the  middle ;  lower  pinnae 
gradually  smaller  and  distant ;  lobes  flat,  the  basal  ones  often  larger  and  incised ; 
veins  rarely  forked;  fruit-dots  distinct;  indusium  slightly  glandular. 

■^  •«-  Rootstock  oblique  or  erect,  stouter,  bearing  the  fronds  in  a  crown :  veins  simple, 
fee,  or  the  lower  ones  of  contiguous  lobes  united:  indusium  hairy. 

A.  patens.  Low  shady  grounds,  Florida  and  W. :  fronds  l°-2°  high, 
sparsely  pubescent,  ovate-oblong;  pinnae  3'- 6'  long,  ^'  wide,  numerous,  lance- 
olate from  a  broad  base,  lowest  pairs  a  litilc  smaller;  divisions  oblong,  slightly 
falcate,  obtuse  or  acutish;  veins  entirely  free;  indusium  slijihtly  hairy. 

A.  mdlle.  Cult,  from  tropical  countries  :  very  nmch  like  the  last,  but  ev- 
erywhere downy  or  soft-hairy;  pinnaj  less  deeply  lobed;  lobes  obtuse;  lower 
veinlets  (1  or  2  pairs)  uniting  with  the  corresponding  ones  of  contiguous  lobes 
and  sending  out  a  ray-like  veinlet  to  the  sinus ;  indusium  very  hairy. 

*  *  *  Fronds  smooth,  from  once  to  thrice  pinnate,  groiaing  in  a  crown  from  a 

stout  and  chaffy  rootstock,  and  often  remaining  green  through  the  winter : 
veins  2  -  '^-forked  or  branching.      Wild  species  of  the  country. 

•«-  Fronds  imperfertly  evergreen,  once  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifd  pinnce,  or 
nearly  twice  pinnate :  fruit-dots  not  close  to  the  margin :  indusiu7n  rather 
large,  fat,  smooth,  persistent. 

A.  Goldi^um.  Rich  moist  woods  N. :  fronds  broadly  ovate,  2°  -4°  high, 
9' -12'  wide;  pinnai  obloug-lanceolate,  broadest  about  tlie  middle,  parted  to  the 


FERN    FAMILY.  869 


midrib;   divisions  very  nuuierons,  nearly  1'  lonf^,   soracTrhat  scythe-shaped, 
rather  acute,  serrate  with  incurved  teeth ;  fruit-dots  very  near  the  midrein. 

A.  cristatum.  Wet  places  in  woods,  common  :  fronds  narrowly  oblong, 
l°-2°  high,  3'- 5' wide,  rather  rigid,  erect;  pinnae  triangular-ovate,  broadest 
at  base,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  midrib,  divisions  not  many,  oblong,  obtuse, 
finely  serrate,  the  largest  ones  sometimes  toothed  or  pinnatitid-lobed ;  fruit-dots 
half-way  between  midvein  and  mai-gin.  —  Var.  ClintoniXnum,  in  swampy 
woods,  N.,  is  very  much  larger  every  way,  with  fruit-dots  nearer  the  midvein, 
and  is  often  mistaken  for  A.  Goldia^um.  —  Var.  FloridXkum,  in  wet  woods 
S.,  has  the  lower  pinna?  triangular-lanceolate  and  sterile,  but  the  upper  ones 
fertile,  narrower  and  longer,  with  very  short  obtuse  rather  distant  divisions, 
which  are  decurrent  on  the  winged  secondary  rhachis. 

■t-  ••-  Fronds  imperf&ih  evergreen,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate :  the  divisions  cut- 
toothed  or  incised :  frait-dots  not  near  the  margin :  indasium  rather  small, 
withering  awnj. 

A.  Spinuldsum.  Shady  woods,  very  common  N. :  fronds  thin,  oblong- 
ovate  ;  pinna;  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  broader  and  somewhat  triangu- 
lar ;  pinnules  very  numerous,  oblong-ovate,  piniiately  incised,  the  oblong  lobes 
with  spinulose  teeth  toward  the  ends  ;  indusium  smooth  or  minutely  glandular 
at  the  margin.  —  Has  several  forms.  — Var.  dilatXtum,  in  mountainous  places, 
N..  is  larger,  broader  in  outline  and  commonly  but  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnules  of 
the  lowest  pinnas  greatly  elongated.  — Var.  Boottii,  in  swampy  woods  N.,  is 
2° -3°  high,  of  narrow  outline,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with  oblong-ovate  toothed 
pinnules,  or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  :  —  it  runs  apparently  into  A.  cristatum. 

•<--*-  H-  Fronds  fv^li)  evergreen,  thichish,  about  tivice-pinnate  :  fruit-dots  near  the 
margin  :  indusium  thickish,  convex,  persistent. 

A.  margin^le.  Rocky  woods,  common  N. :  fronds  l°-2°  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  bluish-green,  the  stalk  very  cha% ;  pinna?  lanceolate,  3'  -  5'  long ; 
Einnules  oblong,  often  curved,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed,  attached  by  a  broad 
ase  to  the  narrowly  winged  secondary  rhachis  ;' fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin, 
rather  large. 

§  2.   PoLYSTiCHrM.     Indusium  orbicular,  peltate,  atfnched  bi/  the  centre  to  a 
short  stalk:  veins  forking,  free :  wild  speci'S  of  the  conntry. 

A.  acrosticlioides.  Rocky  woods,  common  ;  fronds  l°-2°  high,  grow- 
ing in  crowns,  with  chaffy  rootstocks  and  stalks,  evergreen,  shining,  lanceolate, 
simply  piimate  ;  pinnae  numerous,  obiong-lanceolate  from  an  unequal  half- 
halberd-shaped  base,  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  rarely  incised,  upper 
ones  of  the  fertile  frond  smaller  and  bearing  copious  soon  confluent  fruit-dots. 

§3.  Cyrt6mium.  Indusium.  as  in  §  Polystichum.  Fronds  once  pinnate: 
veins  pinnate  front  the  midrib,  pinnate/g  branching,  the  veinlefs  reticulated 
and  forming  arched  meshes  with  1-3  free  included  veinlets  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  arch :  exotic. 

A.  falc^tum.  Cult,  from  Japan  :  fronds.  10-2°  hiirh,  5'  -  9'  broad ;  base 
of  stalk  chaffy  with  large  scales;  pinna?  thick  and  shining,  end  one  large  and 
rhomboid  or  halbcnl-shapcd  ;  side  ones  few  or  many,  oblong-ovate,  long-pointed, 
nearly  entire,  Imver  side  of  base  rounded,  upper  side  angled  or  slightly  auricled  ; 
fruit-dots  in  many  rows  on  all  or  nearly  all  the  pinnae. 

16.   CYSTOPTERIS.     (Greek  for  Bladder  Fern,  alluding  to   the   thin, 
sometimes  inflated  indusium.)     Species  few,  mostly  Northern. 

C.  fr^gilis.  Shaded  or  moist  rocky  places,  common  N.  :  fronds  very  deli- 
cate, 4' -8'  long,  with  slender  stalks,  oblonjrovate,  twice-pinnate;  pinnae  with 
a  nai-rowly  margined  rhachis ;  j)innules  oblong  or  ovate,  toothed  or  incised,  very 
variable  ;  indusium  pointed  at  the  upper  end 

C.  bulbifera.      Wet  places,  oftenest  in  ravines,  from  N.  Carolina  N. : 
fronds  l°-3°  high,  3' -5'  wide  at  the  base,  narrowed  above  and  much  elon- 
gated, twice  pinnate,  bearing  scattered  bu'.blets  beneath  ;  pinnules  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  indusium  roundish,  truncate  on  the  upper  side. 
24 


370  FERN   FAMILY. 

17.  STRTTTHldPTERIS,  OSTRICH-FERN  (which  the  name  means 
in  Greek,  from  the  large  plume-like  sterile  fronds). 

S.  Germ^nica.  Alluvial  grounds,  N. :  sterile  fronds  tall,  2°  -  5°  high, 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  angular  stalk,  pinnate ;  pinnae 
very  many,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  more  than  half-way  to  the  midrib  ; 
lobes  numerous,  oblong ;  fertile  fronds  very  much  shorter,  blackish,  standing 
erect  after  the  others  have  withered. 

IS.'ONOCLEA.  SENSITIVE-FERN.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  mean- 
ing a  closed  vessel,  referring  to  the  berry-like  fructification.)  The  only  species  is 
O.  sensibilis.  Common  in  wet  places  :  sterile  fronds  of  all  sizes  up  to  2° 
high,  broadly  triangular-ovate,  the  rhachis  winged  ;  pinnjB  not  many,  lanceolate, 
entire  or  obtusely  lobed  less  than  half-way  to  the  midrib*  veins  everywhere 
reticulated ;  fertile  fronds  with  few  closely  appressed  pinnae. 

19.  WOODSIA.     (For  Joseph  Woods,  an  Enghsh  botanist. ) 

W.  Obtlisa.  Rocky  places,  from  Carolina  N.  ;  fronds  6'  -  18'  high,  slightly 
glandular,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  with  ovate  or  oblong  deeply  pinnatifid 
or  again  pinnate  divisions  ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  indusium  at  first  closed, 
opening  into  a  few  ragged  lobes. 

W.  Ilv^nsis.  Exposed  rocks,  common  N.,  and  along  the  AUeghanies: 
forms  large  tufts;  fronds  4' -8'  high,  rusty  chaffy  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate, 
pinnate;  divisions  ovate,  obtusely  lobed;  indusium  obscure,  consisting  of  a 
few  jointed  hairs. 

20.  DAVALLIA.     (Named  for  3/.  Dam//,  a  Swiss  botanist.)     Many  trop- 
ical or  sub-tropical  species,  the  following  cult,  in  conservatories. 

D.  Canari^nsis,  Hare's-Foot-Fkrx,  from  the  Canary  Islands,  etc.: 
rootstock  creeping  above  ground,  covered  with  brownish  scak-s,  and  looking  not 
unlike  an  animal's  paw;  fronds  few,  smooth,  broadly  triangular,  8'- 15' long 
and  about  as  wide,  3-4-pinnato  ;  pinnules  cut  into  a  few  narrow  lobes  ;  these 
are  directed  upwards,  bearing  at  or  just  below  the  end  a  single  fruit-dot;  indu- 
sium whitish,  deeply  half-cu])-sliaped. 

D.  tenuif61ia,  from  India  and  China  :  rootstock  creeping,  crisp  with  short 
chaffy  hairs;  fronds  smooth,  1°- 2°  high,  broadlt  lanceolate,  3  -  4-pinnate  ; 
smallest  divisions  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  bearing  at  the  truncated  ends  one  or 
two  fruit-dots  ;  indusium  brownish,  mostly  broader  than  deep. 

21.  DICKSONIA.     {Tor  Jam^s  Dickson,  an  English  botanist.)     The  spe- 
cies all  but  one  tropical  or  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

D.  punctiI6bula.  Moist  shady  places,  from  N.  Carolina  N.  :  rootstock 
creeping,  slender ;  fronds  scattered,  thin,  minutely  glandular,  pleasantly  odor- 
ous, lancelote,  long-pointed,  2°  -  3°  high,  mostly  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  pinnatifid  ; 
the  divisions  toothed,  each  bearing  a  minute  fruit-dot  at  the  upper  margin ; 
indusium  globular. 

D.  antarctica.  Tree-fern  from  New  Zealand,  a  great  ornament  in  large 
conservatories  :  trunk  3'  -  .5'  thick,  sometimes  many  feet  high,  bearing  in  a 
crown  at  the  top  many  fronds,  6°  -  9°  long,  2°  -  4°  broad,  coriaceous,  twice 
pinnate  ;  pinnules  ol)long,  acute,  pinnatifid  ;  the  oblong-ovate  diA'isions  bearing 
1-4  rather  large  fruit-dots  ;  indusium  prominent,  plainly  two-valved. 

22.  CYATHEA.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  small  cup,  referring  to 
the  involucre.)     Tree-ferns  from  tropical  countries. 

C.  arborea.  Rardy  cult,  from  W.  Iiulies :  trunk  sometimes  20°  high, 
stalk  mostly  light-brown,  and  without  prickles  or  chaffs ;  fronds  4°-  10°  long, 
bipmnate  ;  pinnge  1°  -  2°  long,  6'  -  8'  wide,  lanceolate  ;  pinnules  narrowly  lance- 
olate, spreading,  pinnatifid  to  the  midrib ;  lobes  oblong,  slightly  serrate,  with 
4-9  fruit-dots  near  the  midvein  ;  involucre  beautifully  cup-shaped,  the  margin 
entire.  —  Several  other  species,  as  well  as  one  or  two  of  the  allied  genus  Hemi- 
TKLiA  (with  an  imperfect  involucre,  veins  often  partly  reticulated),  are  rarely 
seen  in  conservatories. 


FERN   FAMILY.  371 

23.  ALSO'PHILA.  (From  Greek  words  meaning  grove-loving,  the  species 
growing  in  tropical  forests. 

A.  aspera.  Rarely  cult,  from  W.  Indies:  trunk  6° -8°  high;  stalks 
prickly,  clothed  at  the  base  with  pale,  narrow  scales  ;  fronds  6°  -  8°  long,  2°  -  3° 
wide,  bipinnate  ;  rhachis  hairy  above  ;  pinnai  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pinnules  very 
many,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  midrib ;  lobes  oblong,  curved,  ser- 
rate, obtuse ;  fruit-dots  8-10  to  a  lobe;  indusium  a  thin  scale  on  one  side  of 
the  fruit-dot,  often  disappearing  with  age. 

A.  pruin^ta,  from  S.  America,  is  sometimes  seen  ;  a  much  smaller  plant ; 
rootstock  short,  clothed  with  bright-brown  wool ;  fronds  smooth,  green  above, 
pale  and  glaucous  often  almost  white  beneath,  bipinnate;  pinnules  deeply 
toothed  ;  fruit-dots  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  tooth ;  spore-cases  mixed  with 
woolly  hairs. 

24.  TRICHOMANES.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  Fern,  referring 
to  the  hair-like  stalks.)     A  large  genus  ;  most  of  the  species  tropical. 

T.  radicans.  On  dripping  rocks,  Alabama  and  Tennessee,  very  rare :  fronds 
pellucid,  4' -8'  high,  tbe  stalk  and  rhachis  narrowly  Avinged,  lance<)late,  pinnate 
with  1  -  2-pinnatiiid  ovate  pinnai ;  involucres  on  short  lobes,  funnel-shaped, 
with  long  exserted  receptacles.  —  A  broader  and  more  compound  form  from 
Killarney,  Ireland,  is  grown  in  Wardian  cases. 

25.  LYGODIUM,  CLIMBING-FERN.  (Name  from  a  Greek  word 
meaning /extWe,  alluding  to  the  twining  and  climbing  fronds.)  Not  many 
species ;  all  but  ours  tropical. 

L.  palmatum.  Low  shady  woods,  rather  rare:  smooth,  slender,  and  deli- 
cate, 2° -4°  high,  entangled  among  herbs;  pinnaj  roundish,  12"- 18"  wide, 
deeply  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  palmately  5  -  7-lobed,  upper  ones  decompound 
an>i  fertile. 

L.  Japonicum.  Conservatory  plant  from  Japan  :  climbing  10°- 12°  high, 
smooth;  pinnae  ovate,  5' -9'  long,  bipinnate,  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  often 
halberd-shaped ;  divisions  of  the  upper  pinnse  bordered  with  narrow  fertile  lobes. 

26.  ANEIMIA.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  without  covering,  allud- 
ing to  the  naked  spore-cases.)     Mainly  tropical. 

A.  Phyllitidis.  Cult,  from  S.  America :  12'- 18'  high,  has  the  two  lower 
pinnae  lonir-stalked,  narrowly-elongated,  3-4-pinnate,  fertile;  middle  portion 
of  the  frond  sterile,  simply  pinnate;  pinnce  lanceolate,  finely  seiTate;  veins  re- 
ticulated. 

A.  adiantoides.  Native  in  Key  West,  Florida;  with  lower  pinnae  as  in 
the  last;  middle  portion  sterile,  2-3-pinnate;  pinnai  long-pointed;  divisions 
obovate-wedge-shaped,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  end,  with  free  veins  forking  from 
the  base. 

27.  SCHIZ.^A.  (Name  from  the  Greek  verb  which  means  to  split,  refer- 
ring to  the  many-forked  fronds  of  certain  tropical  species. ) 

S.  pusilla.  Wet  sand,  in  pine  woods  of  New  Jcrse)^ :  stf^rile  fronds  very 
slender,  flattened,  simple  and  linear,  curled  up ;  fertile  ones  similar,  but  straight, 
2' -3' high,  bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  portion,  2" -3"  long,  comi^osed  of 
about  5  pairs  of  minute  pinnne. 

28.  OSMIJNDA,  FLOWERING  FERN.  (Name  of  doubtful  origin, 
anciently  "  Osmund  the  Wattnnan,^'  who  was  perhaps  St.  Osmund,  Bishop  of 
Salisbury,  or  possibly  St,  Christopher,  patron  of  watermen.  Mde  Hooker's 
British  Ferns.)     Species  very  few,  fruiting  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

*  Fruiting  fronds  distinct  from  the  leafy  ones. 
O.  cinnamdmea,   Cinxamon-Ferv.      Swamps,   abundant   everywhere: 
sterile  fronds  2°  -  v)°  high,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  with  many  lanceolate 
deeply  pinnatifid  pinnae ;  fertile  ones  much  shorter,  at  first  woolly,  soon  Avith- 
cring ;  fructification  bright  cinnamon  color. 


372  CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY. 

*  *  Fructification  home  at  the  top  or  middle  of  an  otherwise  leafy  frond. 

O.  Claytoni^na.  Wet  places,  common :  sterile  fronds  much  like  those 
of  the  last,  but  more  obtuse  at  the  top ;  fertile  ones  with  2-4  pairs  of  contracted 
and  fertile  l)lackisK  pinnae  just  below  the  middle,  —  otherwisfc  iiKe  the  sterile. 

O.  regklis,  Royal  Fern.  Also  common  in  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
fruitinj^  later  than  the  others  :  fronds  ti'uly  bipinnate;  pinnules  oval  or  ©hlong, 
serrulate,  obtuse,  sometimes  a  little  heart-shaped  at  base,  or  slightly  auricled  on 
one  side;  fertile  portion  at  the  top  of  the  frond,  panicled;  spore-cases  liglit- 
brown. 

29.  BOTRYCHIUM,  MOONWORT.  (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for 
a  bunch  of  (j rapes,  from  the  appeai*ance  of  the  fructification.)  Species  very  few, 
none  cultivated. 

B.  tern^tum.  Shaded  grassy  pastures  and  hillsides  :  plant  fleshy,  3'  - 10' 
high  ;  common  stalk  with  two  branches,  a  long-stalked  fertile  one  with  twice  or 
thrice  pinnate  rructification  facing  a  triangular  tcrnately  compound  sterile  yox- 
tion  on  a  longer  or  shorter  stalk.  —  Has  several  forms  :"var.  lunarioidks  has 
roundish  kidney-shaped  sterile  divisions;  in  var.  onLiQi+UM  they  arc  lanc-eolate 
from  an  oblique  base;  and  in  var.  dissectum,  pinnatifid  into  narrowly  toothed 
and  ragju'cd  logics. 

B.  Virginieura.  In  rich  woods  :  plant  herbaceous,  not  fleshy,  6'  - 1 8'  high  ; 
sterile  portion  sessile  on  the  common  stalk,  thin,  broadly  triangular,  ternate ; 
the  parts  twice  or  thrice  ] (innate;  divisions  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  incised  or 
toothed;  fertile  portion  long-stalked,  twice  or  thrice  pinnaie.  —  Other  smaller 
species  occur  rarely  N. 

30.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.     (Greek  equivalent  of  the  common  name  ) 

O.  vulg^tum,  Addku's-tonoue  Wet  meadows  or  hillside  pastures, 
rare:  3'- 10'  high;  sterile  portion  somewhat  fleshy,  ovate  or  elliptical,  entire, 
l'-2'  long,  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  stalk  which  supports  the  short  two- 
sided  spike.  —  Some  rare  tropical  species  have  large  and  palmate,  or  pendulous 
and  ribbon-like  fronds. 


134.   LYCOPODIACEiE,  CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY. 

Flowerless  plants,  often  moss-like  or  fern-like,  with  leafy,  often 
elongated  and  branching  stems,  the  spores  contained  in  rather  large 
solitary  spore-cases  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  simple  mostly  awl- 
shaped  leave>:. 

§  1.  Growing  on  Inud :  stems  more  or  less  elonf/ated  and  branching:  haves  mostly 
less  than  V  long,  often  minute:  spore-cases  in  the  axils  of  thz  upper  [often 
transformed  and  imbricated)  scale-like  leaves. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM.     Mostly  evergreen   plants  ;  the  leaves  awl-shaped,  in  4  or 

more  rows ;  the  2-valvcd  kidney-shaped  spore-cases  all  of  one  kind,  contain- 
ing only  minute  numberless  spores. 

2.  SELAGINELLA.     But  one  species  evergreen  N- ;  leaves  mostly  flattened,  rare- 

ly awl-shaped,  mostly  in  4  rows,  two  rows  being  of  smaller  leaves;  spore-cnses 
of  2  kinds;  one  2-valve(l  and  filled  with  minute  spores,  the  other  3-4-valved 
and  containing  very  few  large  spores. 

§  2.  Grawinn  in  water  or  mud:  stems  very  short  and  corm-like :  leaves  I'ush -like, 
elonf/nted.  mth  larfje  spore-cases  adheinng  to  the  upper  surf  ace  of  their  dilated 
bases,  and  as  if  imbedded  in  them. 

3.  ISOETES.     Outer  spore-cases  with  large  reticulated  spores;  inner  ones  with 

minute  powdery  spores. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM,  CLUB-MOSS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
wo  fs foot,  probably  from  the  short  hairy  liranches  of  L.  clavatnm. )  Specici 
about  100,  in  all  parts  of  the  world  :  the  following  all  wild  species. 


CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.  OjTd        ^-^ 

51.   Fructification  not  in  a  distinct  spike.     Leaves  all  alike,  dark-greeti,  nyid, 

mD  in  about  8  rows. 

jS^  lucidulum.  Damp  woods  N. :  stems  4'  -  8'  long,  tufted,  ascending, 
forking ;  leaves  spreading  or  reflexcd,  sharp-pointed,  irregularly  serrulate,  dark 
green  and  shining. 

§  2.  Fructification  spiked  at  the  top  of  an  erect  branch :  fertile  leaves  and  those  of 
the  crexqnng  stems  nearly  alike,  soft,  narrowly  linear,  many-roioed. 

ii.  alopecuroides.  Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  &  S.  :  scarcely  ever- 
green :  stem  and  sparingly  forked  sterile  branches  creeping,  fertile  ones  6' -18' 
high,  all  rather  stout  and  tliick'y  clothed  with  spreading  soft  linear-awl-shaped 
bristly-ciliate  leaves,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  slender  tips. 

§3.  Fructification  spiked:  the  fruitinfj  leaves  yellowish,  scale-like,  shorter  and 
broader  than  those  of  the  sterile  branches. 

{  *  Spike  sessile  at  the  top  of  an  ordinary  branch. 

Ii.  anndtinum.  Cold  woods  N. :  stem  creeping,  l°-4°  long;  branches 
4' -9'  high,  nearly  erect,  once  or  twice  forked  ;  leaves  about  5-rowed,  spreading 
or  reflexcd,  rigid,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire  ;  those  of  the  solitary  spikes 
ovate,  with  spreading  points  and  ragged  scarious  margins. 

Ii.  dendroideum,  Grouxd-Pjne.  Moist  woods,  common  N. :  rootstock 
creeping,  under-ground,  nearly  leafless ;  stems  looking  much  like  a  miniatui-c 
hemlock,  9' -12''  high;  the  many  spreading  branches  with  shining  lanceolate 
entire  leaves  in  about  six  rows ;  leaves  of  the  lower  and  often  of  the  upper  row 
smaller  than  the  rest;  spikes  single,  or  4  -10  on  a  plant;  scales  ovate  pointed, 
margin  slightly  scarious,  nearly  entire. 

*  *  Spikes  raised  above  the  ordinary  branches  on  a  slender  stalk  which  has  only  a 

few  inconspicuous  leaves 

■»-  Stems  creeping,  very  short :  spikes  always  single. 

L.  Carolini^num.     Wet  pine-barrens,  Ncav  Jersey  and  S.  :  scarcely  CA'er- 

green  ;  stem  and  prostrate  branches  rooting  underneath ;  leaves  soft,  lanceolate, 

entire,  spreading  horizontally,  with  an  upper  appressed  row  ;  spikes  slender  ou 

stalks  4' -6'  high.  —  Allied  in  habit  to  L.  alopecuroides. 

•*-  ■*-  Stems  extensively  creeping  ;  spikes  of  en  in  pairs  or  fours. 

L.  clav^tum,  Club-mo.ss.     Common  N.  in  dry  Avoods  :  running  stem  long  U-y)^ 
and  leafy ;   branches   mostly  erect,  cordlike,   irregularly  pinnate  ;   branchlets  J9      J  J 
4-10,   thickly  covered  with  linear-awl-shaped  entire  commonly  bi-istle-tipped/T^^^ 
leaves;  spikes  mostly  in  pairs.  /vfXjc^vi: 

L.  COmplan^um.     Dry  Avoods,  commonest  among  evergreens  :  running  ^   -^  , 
stems  with  scattered  awl-sh:i])ed  very  small  leaves  ;  branches  erect,  several  times  /^ 
branched  i  the  parts  repeatedly  forked  into  many  horizontally  spreading  flat-    A    V    J 
tened  branchlets.  "  /  '^ '^^^'^ 

2.    SELAGINELLA.     (Name  a  diminutiA^e  of  Selago,  a  species  ofLyco— 
podium.)     Species  over  200,  the  greater  part  tropical. 

§  1 .  Native  species. 

S.  rup6stris.  Exposed  rocks  :  a  common  moss-like  little  CA'crgrcen  ;  stems 
and  densely  tufted  branches  I' -2'  high  ;  leaA'es  aAvl-shaped,  marked  Avith  a  nar- 
roAv  furrow  on  the  back,  and  tipped  Avith  a  minute  bristly  point ;  spikes  four- 
cornered. 

S.  ^pus.  Damp  places  in  meadoAVS ;  common,  especially  S. :  very  delicate ; 
stems  2' -4'  high,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  4-roAA'ed,  those  of  the  side  roAvs 
spreading  horizontally,  scarcely  1"  long,  ovate  Avith  the  xipper  side  larger,  mi- 
nutely serrulate  ;  intermediate  ones  half  as  large,  erect,  very  acute ;  spikes 
2"  -  6"  long.  —  Often  cult,  as  S.  densa. 

§  2.  Cultivated,  mostly  tropical  species,  seen  in  conservatories :  much  branched: 
leaves  of  the  branches  fonr-roweA,  two  side  rows  of  spread inq  leaves  set  ap^ 
parently  edgiwise,  and  tioo  upper  rows  of  smaller  oppressed  leaves.  Spike 
four-cornerei,  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 


374  CLUB-MOSS   FAMILY. 

^  Stems  trailing,  sending  out  rootlets  nearly  up  to  the  end. 
•I-  Branchlets  only  I"  broad:  leaves  wide  apart  in  each  row. 
S.  delieatissima.     Stems  4'  -  8'  lonc,r,  irregularly  forked  and  branched  ; 
branches  rather  distant;    leaves  oblong-roundish,  obtuse,  with  a  few  slender 
cilia  towards  the  base  ;  intermediate  ones  ovate,  pointed. 

-<-  +-  Branchlets  2"  -  3"  broad,  their  leaves  closely  placed  in  each  row. 

S.  Kraussiana.  (Lycopodium  denticulXtum  of  the  florists.)  Stems 
rery  long,  articulated  below  each  branch ;  branches  distant,  bearing  a  few  short 
forked  branchlets;  leaves  bright  green,  the  larger  ones  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  on  the  upper  side,  nearly  straight  on  the  lower,  minutely  denticulate ; 
smaller  ones  Avith  longer  often  reflexed  points. 

S.  unein^ta.  (Lyc.  cesium  of  florists.)  Stems  very  long,  not  articu- 
lated, freely  branched  ;  branches  2  -  3-pinnate  with  short  crowded  branchlets  ; 
leaves  when  living  with  a  steel-blue  iridescence,  Aiding  to  green  when  dried,  very 
closely  placed,  larger  ones  oblong,  equal-sided,  obtuse,  entire ;  smaller  ones 
ovate  with  slender  incurved  points. 

*  *  Stems  ascending,  only  the  lower  part  bearing  lorig  rootlets. 

S.  Martensii.     (Lyc.  sxoLOxfFERUM  of  florists.)     Stems  6' -10'  long, 

much  branched  from  the  base ;    branches  bipinnate,  with  copious  branchlets 

2'/ -3"  or  even  4"  wide ;  larger  leaves  crowded,  obliquely  ovate,  the  upper  side 

broadest,  obtuse,  entire ;  smaller  ones  ovate  with  a  slender  often  recurved  point. 

*  *  *  Stems  erect,  or  marly  so,  rooting  only  at  the  very  base. 

S.  er^thropus.  Stalk  2'  -  6'  high,  bright  red,  having  a  few  closely  ap- 
pressed  red  leaves,  and  bearing  at  the  top  a  broad  frond-like  stem  pinnately  or 
pedately  divided  into  a  few  2-3  times  pinnate  branches,  with  very  numerous 
extremely  crowded  branchlets  1"  -  1^"  wide;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  obliquely 
ovate-oblong,  curved  upward,  rather  obtuse,  ciliatc;  smaller  ones  ovate,  with 
long  straight  points. 

S.  Braiinii.  (Lyc.  Willden6vii  of  florists.)  Stalk  straw-color  or  pale 
red,  shorter  than  in  the  last,  finely  pubescent,  as  are  the  branches  ;  frond-like 
stems  long-ovate,  4  times  pinnate,  resembling  an  elegant  fern ;  branchlets  not 
crowded,  about  1"  wide;  leaves  scarcely  imbricated,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire; 
smaller  ones  with  straight  points. 

*  *  *  *  Stejns  in  a  dense  nest-like  tuft,  not  rooting :  branches  often  curling  up 

when  dry. 

S.  CUSpid^ta.  (Lyc.  circinXlk  of  florists.)  Frond-like  stems  6' -8' 
long,  green  above,  paler  beneath,  oblong  or  lyre-shaped,  loosely  3-pinnatc  ; 
branchlets  \"  wide  ;  leaves  obliquely  ti iangulai-ovate,  wiih  long  often  incurved 
bristle-points,  having  a  narrow  whitish  margin,  sparingly  ciliated  and  minutely 
denticulate  ;  smaller  ones  obliquely  ovate,  Avith  long  slender  points. 

S.  lepidoph^lla,  from  Lower  California,  &c.,  is  the  "  Bird's-Nest  Moss," 
or  "  Resurrec:ion-Plant."  It  is  a  nest-like  ball  when  dry,  but  when  moist  it  un- 
folds and  displays  the  densely  2 -3-pinnate  elegant  fern-like  branches  radiating 
from  a  coiled-up  central  stem  ;  the  leaves  white-margined,  closely  imbricated, 
round-ovate,  obtuse.  —  Nearly  30  species  are  cultivated  in  Great  Britain,  besides 
those  here  described. 

3.  ISOETES,  QUILL  WORT.  *  (Name  from  the  Greek  words  for  equal  and 
year,  meaning  that  the  plant  is  the  same  at  all  seasons.)  The  species  demand 
too  nice  discrimination  for  the  beginner,  and  must  bo  studied  by  aid  of  the 
Manunl. 

I.  laciistris,  rather  rare  only  N.,  and  the  far  commoner 

I.  echinospora,  are  the  principal  northern  species,  living  under  water. 

I.  ripkria  and  I.  Engelm^nni,  with  leaves  4'  -  20'  loiig,  live  partly 
out  of  water,  at  least  for  a  part  of  the  summer. 

I.  ineIan6poda,  only  W.,  lives  in  shallow  ponds  or  pools  which  dry  up  in 
summer. 


INDEX. 


\*  The  names  of  the  Classes,  Subclasses,  and  Orders  arc  in  full  capitals ;  those  of  th« 
Genera,  &c.,  as  well  as  popular  names,  are  in  common  type. 


Abcle-tree 
Abies 
Abronia 
Abutilou 
Acacia 
Acalypha 

ACANTHACE^  239 

Acantlius  240 
ACANTHUS  FAMILY        239 

Acer  89, 91 

Acerates  276, 278 

Achillea  183,  199 

Achimenes  228 

Achyranthes  286 

Acnida  286 
Aconitum  (Aconite)         34,  41 

Acorus  317,  318 

ACUOGENS  359 

Acrostichum  360, 353 

Actjea  34, 39 

Actinomeris  184, 203 

Adam-and-Eve  327 

Adam's  Needle  348 

Adder's- tongue  346,  372 
ADDER'S-TONGUE  F.       363 

Adiautum  381, 334 

Adlumia  50 

Adonis  34, 37 

iEschynomene  95,  105 

^.sculus  89, 90 

African  Marigold  206 

Agiipanthus  340, 348 

Agati  106 

Agave  330,  .^2 

Agcratum  182,  193 
Agrimonia  (Agrimony)        125 

Agrostis  353 

Ailanthus  83 

Albizzia  99, 114 

Alchemilla  117,  125 

Alder  307 

Alder-Buckthorn  87 

Alisnia  320 

ALISMACE^  319 

AUamanda  274 

Allium  340, 347 

Almond  118 

ALMOXD  FAMILY  116 

Alniw  306,307 

Aloe  341 

Alonsoa  230, 233 

Alopecurus  350 


308 

Althaea 

70,  n,  74 

310,  312 

Alsophila 

362,  371 

283 

Aistroemeria 

330,332 

70,73 

Alum-Root 

135 

99, 115 

Alyssum 

52,56 

293,  295 

AMARANTACE^ 

286 

nor- 

Amaranth  286 
AMARANTH  FAMILY       286 

Amarantus  286 

AMARYLLIDACEiE  329 

Amaryllis  330, 331 
AMARYLLIS  FAMILY  329 
Amberboa  (Amberboi)         188 

Ambrosia  180,  188 

Amelanchier  117, 129 

American  Laurel  216 

American  Aloe  332 

American  Columbo  272 

American  Ipecac  121 

Amianthium  338, 342 

Ammania  150 

Ammobium  181,190 

Amorpha  95,  103 

Ampelopsis  85,  86 

Amphicarpa3a  97,  109 

Amsonia  274, 275 

ANACARDIACE.^  84 

Anacharis  321, 322 

Anagallis  223, 225 

Ananassa  329 

Andromeda  212, 215 

Aneimia  362, 371 

Anemone  34, 35 

Ang(;lica-trce  166 
ANGIOSPERMOUS 

PLANTS  33 

Anise-tree  4-3 

Anofla  70,  72 

AN  ON  ACE  JS  43 

Antennaria  ISl,  190 

Anthemis  183,  199 

Authoxanthum  355 

Antirrhinum  230, 235 

Anvchia  64, 68 
APKTALOUS  DITISION   282 

Aphvllon  228, 229 

Apios  97, 108 

Apimn  163,  165 

Aplectmm  324, 327 

APOCYNACEiS  274 

Apocynum  274, 2.75 

AppU  129 


Apple-of-Peru  268 

Apricot  118 

AQUIFOLIACE^  218 

Aquilegia  34,  40 

Arabis  51,  54 

ARACEiE  317 

Arachis  96,  lOo 

Aralia  166 

ARALIACE^  166 

Arbor-Vit«  315 

Archangelica  163, 165 

Arctostaphylos  211, 214 

Arenaria  64,  67 

Arethusa  323,  326 

Argcmone  48, 49 

Aripgcma  317 

Aristoloehia  282 
ARISTOLOCIIIACEiE        282 

Armeria  222 

Arnica  182, 194 
Aromatic  "Wlntergreen        214 

Arrcnatherum  3i;5 

Arrow-Arum  318 

Arrow  Grass  320 
ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY  319 

Arrow-IIead  320 
ARROWROOT  FAMILY    328 

Arrow-wood  172 

Artemisia  180, 188 

Artichoke  186 

Arum  Family  317 

Arundinaria  354 

Asarabacca  282 

Asarum  282 

ASCLEPIADACEiE  276 

Asclepias  276, 277 

Ascyrum  61 

Ash  281 

Ash-leaTed  Maple  92 

Asimina  44 

Asparagus  339, 344 
ASPARAGUS  FAMILY      339 

Aspen  308 

Aspidiimi  361,368 

Asplenium  361,366 

Aster  183,  19^5 

Astilbe  132, 137 

Astragalus  96, 107 

Atamasco  Lily  331 

Atragene  35 

Atriplex  284 

Atropa  266, 269 


376 


INDEX. 


Aubergine 

Aucuba 

Auricula 

Arena 

Avens 

Azalea 


267 
167, 1G8 
223 
3o5 
122 
212,  217 


Bald-Cypress  314 

Balloou-Vine  90 

Ballota  262 

Balm  249, 250 

Balm-of-Gilead  251 
Balm-of-GUead  Poplar        3U9 

Balu»ony  238 

Balsam  ^      81 

Banana  329 

BANANA  FAMILY  328 

Baneberry  39 

Baptisia  98.  Ill 
Barbadoes  Flower-fencfc       113 

Barbaroa  51, 54 

Barberry  45 

BARBERRY  FAMILY  44 

Barley  357 

Barnyard  Grass  357 

Barren  Strawberry  121 

Bavren-wort  45 
Bai-touia                151,  271,  273 

Ba.sil  248,  249 

Ba-il  Thyme  249 

Basswood  75 

Bastard  Pennyroyal  246 

Bauera  rubioides  131 

Bay  berry  306 

Bean  108 

Bean-trefoil-tree  101 

Bearberry  214 

Bear-Grass  348 

Beaver-Poison  165 

Bcdstraw  174 

Bee-Balm  249 

Beech  305 

Beech-Drops  229 

Beech-Fcru  867 

Beehive  101 

Beet  285 

Beggar's  Lice  257 

Beggar-Ticks  202 

Begonia  161 

BEGONIACE^  161 

BEGONIA  FAMILY  161 

Belladona  269 

Bellflower  210 
Bellis                    182,  183,  199 

Bell  wort  343 
BELLWORT  FAJIILY        338 

Bengal  Grass  337 

Benjamin-Bush  291 

Benzoin  291 

BERBERIDACEiE  44 

Berberis  44, 45 

Berchemla  86,  87 

Bergamot  250 

Bermuda  Grass  356 

Beta  284, 285 

Betonica  (Betony)  246,  253 

Betula  306 

BETULACEiE  306 

Bidens  184, 202 

Bignonia  226, 227 

BIGNONTACE.^  226 
BIGNONIA  FAMILY         226 

Bilsted  140 

Bindweed  264, 289 

Biota  315 

Birch  306 

BIRCH  FAMILY  306 

Bird's-nest  Fern  366 

Birthroot  341 


Birthwort 

BIRTH  WORT  FAMILY 

Bishop'S-Cap 

Bitter-Cress 

Bitter  Sweet 

Bittersweet 

Bitterweed 

Black  alder 

Black  bean 

Blackberry 

Blackberry  Lily 

Black  Grass 

Black  Moss 

Black  Sampson 

Black  Snakeroot 

Black-Thorn 

Bladder  Campion 

Bladder  Ketmia 

Bladder-nut 

BLADDER-NDT  FAMILY   89 

Bladder-Senna  107 

Bladderwort  225 

BLADDERWORT  FAMILY 

225 
Blazing-Star 
Bleeding  Heart 
Blephilia 
Blessed  Thistle 
Blite 
Blitum 
Blood-root 
Blue  Beech 
Blueberry 
Bluebottle 
Blue  Curls 
Bluets 

Blue-Eyed-Grass 
Blue  Flag 
Blue  Hearts 
Blue-Joint  Grass 
Blue  Lettuce 


137 
64 


188 

219 

109 

124 

334 

349 

329 

205 

39 

118 

66 

74 

90 


191,  342 

50 

245,  251 

187 
285 
284,  285 
49 
305 
213 
187 


Blue-Tangle 

Blueweed 

Blumenbachia 

Bccconia 

Bochmeria 

Bois  d'Arc 

Bokhara 

Bol  tenia 

Bonamia 

Boneset 

Borage 

BORAGE  FAMILY 

BORRAGINACEJE 

Borrago 

Botrychium 

Bottle-brush 

Bottle  Gourd 

Bottle  Grass 

Bouncing  Bet 

Boussingiiultia 

Bouvardia 

Bowman's  Root 

Bow-^V'ood 

Box 

Boxberry 
j  Box-Elder 
j  Boykinia 
I  Brachycome 
I  Eracted  Bindweed 
!  Brake 
I  Bramble 

Brassica 
I  Brasenia 
I  BRASTLETTO  FAMILY 

Brier  Rose 

Briza 

Broccoli 

Brodio^ 


176 

&35 

833 

234 

353 

208 

213 

255 

152 

48,49 

297  299 

299 

101 

183, 198 

263,  204 

192 

255 

254 

254 

254,255 

363,  372 

149 

159 

357 


Brome  Grass 
BROMELIACE^ 
Bromus 
Brooklime 
Brookweed 
Broom-corn 

BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY 
Broussonetia  297, 

Browallia  229, 

Brunella  245, 

Brunfelsia  229, 

Bryophyllum  138, 

Buchnera  230 

Buckeye 
Buckthorn 

BUCKTHORN  FAMILY 
Buckwheat 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 
Buffalo-Berry 
Buffalo-nut 
Bugbane 
Bugleweed 
Bug!  OSS       1 
Buh-ush     ' 
Bumelia 
Bunch-berry 
Bunch-Flower 
Burcliellia  Capensis 
Burdock 
Bur-Marigold 
Burnet 

Burning-bush 
Bur- Reed 
Bush-Clover 
Bush-Honeysuckle 
Butcher's  Broom 
Butomcfe 
Butter-and-Eggs 
Buttercup 
i  Butteiflv-Pea 
Butterfly-Weed 
Butternut 


Butterweed 


193, 


I  Butterwort 

.  Button-bush 

!  Button-Snakeroot        164, 

Button-weed 

Buttonwood 

Buxus  293, 


284,  285 

174,  176 

121 

299 

296 

214 

92 

132,  133 

183,  193 

204 

365 

124 

51,52 

46 


125 

52 
341 


a55 
329 

355 
234 
225 
857 
228 
299 
2S2 
252 
232 
139 
234 

90 

87 

86 
289 
287 
292 
292 

39 
247 
257 
852 
220 
167 
343 
173 
187 
202 
125 

88 
319 
104 
171 
844 
820 
235 

37 
109 
277 
800 
198 
226 

175 
191 
175 
300 
296 


Cabbage  52 
Cacalia                  182, 193, 194 

CACTACE^  152 

CACTUS  FAMILY  152 

Caisalpinia  99  113 

Caiophora  152 

Cakile  62, 56 

Calabash  159 

Caladium  317 

Calam'agrostifl  353 

Calaminth  249 

Calamintha  249 

Calampeiis  227 

Calamus  318 

Calandrinia  69 

Calceolaria  230, 234 

Calendula  184, 200 

Calico-bush  216 
California  Nutmeg-tree       315 

Calla  317. 318 

Callicarpa  241,243 

Caliiopsis  201 

Callirrhoe  70  72 

Callistemon  149 

Callistephus  182,  196 

Calluna  211,  214 

Calochortus  341 

Calonvction  203 

Calopbgon  324,  326 


Caltha  34  89 

CALYCANTHACE.E  130 

Calycanthus  131 
CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY  130 

Calystegia  2o2,  234 

Camelina  51,  55 

Camellia  76 

CAMELLTACEiE  75 

CAMELLIA  FAMILY  75 

Campanula  209,  210 

CAMPANULACE,E  209 
CAMPANULA  FAMILY     209 

CamptosoruB  381, 337 

Campy  loneuron  363 

Canary-bird  Flower  81 

Canary-Grass  354 

Cancer-Root  229 

Candytuft  55 

Canna  328 

Cannabis  297,  299 

Canterbury  Bells  210 

Cape  Jessamine  176 

Crape-Myrtle  150 

CAPER  FAMILY  56 

Capers  56 

CAPPARIDACEiE  56 

Capparis  spinosa  56 

CAPRIFOLIACE.E  169 

Capsella  52, 55 

Capsicum  266,  268 

Caragana  96,  106  [ 

Caraway  165  ; 

Cardamine  51 ,  54  , 

Cardinal-Flower  209  : 

Cardiospermum  89,  90  ; 

Cardooa  186  ' 

Carex  352 

Carolina  Allspice  131 

Carpet-weed  68 

Carpinus  302,  305  ' 

Carrion  Flower  337  i 

Carrot  164  ! 

Carthamnus  180,  187  ! 

Carum  163,  1(35 

Carva  300, 301 

CAKYOPHYLLACEiB  63 

Cashew  Family  84 

Cassandra  21 1 ,  2 15 

Cassia  99, 113 

Castanea  302, 304 

Castilleia  232,  239 

Castor-oil  Plant  295 

Catalpa  226, 227 

Catbricr  336 

Catchfly  65 

Catgut  106 

Cat-Mint  251 

Catnip  251 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY  318 

Cat-Tail  Flag  319 

Cat-tail  Grass  356 

Cauliflower  52 

Caulophyllum  45 

Cayenne  Pepper  268 

Ceanothus  87 

Cedar  314 

CcdroneUa  245,  251 

Ccdrus  310, 314 

Celandine  49 

Celandine  Poppy  49 

CELASTRACBiE  87 

Celastrus  88 

Celery  165 

Celosia  286, 287 

Cclsia  230, 233 

Celtis  296, 298 

Centaurea  180,  187 

Centaury  271 


INDEX. 

Centradenia 

148 

Centrantliua 

177 

Ceutrosema 

97, 109 

Century  Plant 

332 

Cephalanthus 

174. 175 

Cerastium 

64,67 

Ceratochloa 

355 

Cercis 

98,  113 

Cere  us 

153,  154 

Ceropteria 

360 

Centrum 

267,  270 

Chain-Fern 

366 

Chamselirium 

338,342 

Chamomile 

199 

Charlock 

52 

Chaste-Tree 

243 

Cheat 

.   355 

Checkerberry 

214 

Chciranthus 

51,54 

Chelidonium 

48,  49 

Chelone 

232,238 

CHENOPODIACEiE  284 

Chenopodium  284, 285 

Cherry  118 

Chess  355 

Chestnut  304 

Chick-Pea  111 
CHICKU'EED  FAMILY  64 
Chickweed-VVintergreen      224 

Chicory  206 

Chili  Jessamine  275 

Chimaphila  212, 218 

Chimonanthus  131 

China-Aster  198 

China-brier  336 

Ciiina-tree  84 

Chinese  Sugar-Cane  357 

Chinese  Sumach  83 

Chinquapin  305 

Chiogenes  211,  214 

Chionanthus  279, 281 

Chives  347 

Chokeberry  130 

Chorizema  98,  111 

Christmas  Rose  39 

Chrysanthemum  183,  199 

Ciirysodium  3G3 

Chrysopsis  182, 195 

Ciirysosplenium  133,  137 

Chufii  352 

Cicer  98,  111 

Cichorium  185, 206 

Cichory  203 

Cieutsi  163.  165 

Cimicifuga  34,  39 

Cinchona  176 
CINCHONA  FAMILY         173 

Cineraria  194 

Cinnamon-Fern  371 

CinquefoU  122 

CircfEa  141, 142 
Cirsium                      .    179,186 

CISTACE.!!  60 

Cistus  Ladaniferus  60 

Citron  83, 100 

Citrullus  159,  160 

Citrus  82, 83 

Cladium  3o2 

Cladrastis  98,  112 

Clarkia  142,  143 

Claytonia  69 

Cleavers  174 

Clematis  33, 35 

Cleome  67 

Clethra  212, 217 

Cliauthus  93 

!  ClilT-Urake  3'i5 
i  (Climbing  False  Buckwheat  289 
F— 27 


877 


CHmWng-Fem  371 

Climbing  Fumitory  60 

Climbing  ilempweed  191 
Clintonia               208,  339,  343 

Clitoria  97,  109 

Clotbur  188 

Clover  101 

Club-Moss    V  372 
CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY       372 

Cnicus  180,  187 

Cobsea  260, 262 

Cocculus  44 

Cocklebur  188 

Cockscomb  287 

Coco-Grass  352 

Coffea  (Coffee)  174,  176 

Cohosh  45 

Colchicum  338, 342 

Coleus  244, 217 

Collinsia  230,  235 

Collinsonia  244,  248 

Colocasia  317, 318 

Coltsfoot  193 

Columbine  40 

Colutea  96,  107 

Colza  52 

Comandra  292 

Comfrey  257 

Commelyna  350 

COMMELYNACE^  350 

Compass-Plant  201 

COMPOSITE  179 
COMPOSITE  FAMILY       179 

Comptonia  305,  306 

Cone-Flower  205 

CONIFERS  309 

Conium  163,  165 

Conoclinium  182,  193 

Couopholis  228. 229 

Convallaria  339,  344 

CONVOLVULACE^  262 

Convolvulus  262,  264 
CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY  262 

Coontie  309 

Coptis  34, 39 

Coral-berry  170 

Corallorhiza  824, 327 

Coral  Root  327 

Cordyline  341 

Coreopsis  184,  2(il 

Coriander  164 

Coriandrum  163,  164 

Corn  358 

CORNACE^  167 

;  Corn-Cockle  65 

Cornel  167 

Corn-Flag  835 

Cornflower  187 

{  Corn  Salad  178 

!  Cornus  167 

;  Coronilla  96,  106 

'  Corpse-plant  218 

I  Corydalis  50 

\  Corylus  802,  305 

]  Cosmanthus  259 

Costmary  188 

Cotoneaster  117,  129 

:  Cotton  74 

I  Cotton-Rose  189 

Cotton  Thistle  187 

!  Cotton-wood  309 

i  Cotyledon  138,  139 

Coiich-Grass  356 

!  Cow-herb  66 

!  Cow-parsnip  166 

Cowslip  223 

Cowslips  3'^ 

\  Cow- Wheat  23^ 


378 


INDEX. 


Crab-Gra«8 

856,  a57 

Cranberry 

213 

Cranberry-tree 

172 

CranesbiU 

79 

Crassula-^ 

138,139 

CRASSULACKffi  137 

Crataegus  117,  128 

Creeping  Snowberry  214 

Crinkle-root  55 

Crinuui  330,  &31 

Crocus  333, 335 

Crotalaria  94,  100 

Crowfoot  37 
CROWFOOT  FAMILY         33 

Crownbeard  203 

Crown  Imperial  346 

CRUCIFER^  51 
CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS 

359 

Cryptomeria  310, 314 

Cuckoo-Flower  55 

Cucumber  160 

Cucumber-tree  43 

Cucumis  159, 160 

Cucurbita  159 

CUCURBITACEiE  158 

Cudweed  189 

Culver's  Root  233 

Cuuila  244, 248 

Cunonia  Capensis  131 

Cuphaea  150,  151 

Cup-Plant  201 

Cupressus  310, 314 

CUPULIFER^  301 

Currant  133 

Cuscuta  263, 2^35 
CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY 
43 

Cyanophyllum  148 

Cyathea  362,  370 

CYATIIEACE^  362 

CYCADACEiE  309 

Cycas  309 

Cyclamen  223, 224 

Cyclobothra  341 

Cydonia  117, 130 

Cynara  179,  186 

Cynodon  356 

Cynoglossum  255, 257 

CYPERACE^  352 

Cyperus  352 

Cypress  314 

CYPRESS  FAMILY  310 

Cypress  Vine  263 

Cypripedium  324, 327 

Cyrtomium  369 

Cystopteris  861, 369 

Cytisus  94, 100 


Dactylis 

a54 

Dactylocteniunj 

356 

Daffodil 

331 

Dahlia 

184,  201 

Daisy 

199 

Dalea 

95, 102 

Dalibarda 

116, 124 

Dandelion 

207 

Dangleberry 

213 

Daphne 

291 

Darlingtonia 

47 

Darnel 

a56 

Date-Plum 

219 

Datura 

266,  269 

Daucus 

162,  164 

Davallia 

362,  §T0 

Day-Flower 

350 

Day-Li  ly 

348 

Dead-Nettie 

262 

1  Decumaria  132, 134 

j  Deerberry  213 

I  Deer-Grass  148 

Delphinium  34, 40 

Dentaria  52,  65 

Deodar  314 

Desmanthus  99,  114 

'  Desmodium  95,  104 

Deutzia  132,  135 

Devil's  Bit  342 

Devil-wood  281 

Dewberry  125 

Dianthera  240,  241 

Dianthua  64 

Diceutra  50 

Diervilla  169,  171 

Dickjonia  362, 370 

Dicliptera  240 
DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS  13, 33 

Dictamnus  82 

I  Diclytra  50 

Digitalis  231, 236 

Diodia  173,  175 

Dionaja  59^  qq 

Dioscorea  336 

DIOSCOREACE^  335 

I  lliospyros  219 

Diplopnppus  197 

DlPSACiiiE  178 

Dipsacus  178 

Dirca  291, 292 

Ditch  Stone-Crop  138 

Dittany  248 

Dock  289 

Dockmackie  172 

Dodecatheon  222, 223 

Dodder  265 

DODDER  FAMILY  263 

Dogbane  275 

DOGBANE  FAMILY  274 

Dog-s-tail  356 

Dog-Tooth-Violet  346 

Dogwood  167 
DOGWOOD  FAMILY          167 

Dolichos  97, 109 

Dpodia  361, 366 

Doorweed  287 

Doryoptcris  366 

Doura  357 

Downingia  208 

Draba  52, 55 

Dracasna  341 

Dracopis  185, 205 

Dragon -Arum  318 

Dragon-Root  318 

Dragon  Tree  341 

Dropwort         -  121 

DROSERACE^  59 

Dryopteris  368 

Duckweed  316 
DUCKWEED  FAMILY       316 

Durra  857 

Dutchman's  Breeches  60 

Dutchman's  Pipe  282 

Dutch  Rushes  359 

Dysodia  185,  206 

EBENACE^li;  219 

EBONY  FAMILY  219 

Ecbalium  158 

Kccremocarpus  226, 227 
Enchanter's  Nightshade      142 

Echeveria  139 

Echinacea  185, 205 

Echinocactus  153, 156 

Echinocystis  169,  160 

Eohinodoriu  820 


Echinospermum  265, 257 

Echites  274, 275 

Echium  254, 255 

Eel-Grasa  3I6,  322 

Egg  Plant  267 

Egyptian  Grass  356 

EL^AGNACE^  292 

Ela?agnu8  292 

ELATINACE^  63 

Elatine  63 

Elder  173 

Elecampane  195 

Elephant's  Ear  161 

Eleusine  856 

Elm  297 

KLM  FAMILY  296 

Elo  les  61,  63 

Emilia  194 

Endive  206 
ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS  316 

Enslcuia  276, 278 

Eutoca  259 

Epidcndrum  323, 324 

Epigapa  211, 214 

Epilobium  142,  143 

Epimedium  44, 45 

Epiphegus  228, 229 

Epiphyllum  153,  154 

EQUISETACE.'E  359 

Equisetum  359 

Erechthites  181,  189 

Erica  211, 214 

EIIICACE^  210 

Eriobotrya  129 

Eriocaulon  352 
ERIOCAULONACEiE         352 

Eriogonum  287 

Erigeron  183, 198 

Erodium  78,  79 
Eryngium  (Eryngo)     162,  ICA 

Erysimum  51, 54 
Erythrina                 96,  97,  108 

Erythronium  340, 346 

Escht:choltzia  48,  49 

Eucharidium  142, 143 

Eucnide  152 

Eugenia  149 

Eupatorium  182, 192 

Eui)horbia  293, 294 

EUPIIORBIACEiE  293 

Euonymus  88 

Evening-Primrose  I43 
EVENING  PRIMROSE 

FAMILY  141 

Everlasting  189,  190 

Evolvulus  263, 264 
EXOGENOUS  PLANTS  12, 23 


Fagopyrum 
Fagus 

Fair  Maids  of  France 
Fall  Dandelion 
False  Beech-drops 
False  Dandelion 
False  Dragon-Head 
False-flax 
False  Gromwell 
False  Hellebore 
False  Indigo 
False  Lettuce 
P'alse  Loosestrife 
False  Mermaid 
False  Mitrewort 
False  Nettle 
False  Pennyroyal 
False  Pimpernel 
False  Red-top 
False  Saffron 


287,  289 

302,  306 

38 

206 

218 

207 

251 

55 

255 

343 

103,  111 

208 

146 

79 

137 

299 

246 

237 

354 

187 


INDEX. 


379 


False  Solomon's  Seal  844 

Fiirfugium  104 

Farkleberry  213 

Featherfoil  225 

Feather  Geranium  285 

Fedia  177, 178 

Fennel  165 

Fennel-flower  40 

Fenugreek  101 

Fi<:UN  FAMILY  360 

Fescue  Grass  354 

Featuca  354 

Fetid  Marigold  206 

Feverbush  291 

Feverfew  199 

Fever-tree  176 

Feverwort  170 

Ficus  296, 298 

Fig  298 

FIG  FAMILY  296 

Fig-Marigold  157 
FlG-MAlilGOLD  FAMILY 

156 

Figworfc  238 

FIG  WORT  FAMILY  229 


Filago  181, 

Filbert 

FILICES 

Filmy  Ferns 

Finger-Grass 

Fiorin 

Fir 

Fire-Pink 

Fire  weed 

Five-finger 

Flax 

FLAX  FAMILY 

Fleabane 

Floerkea 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering-Fern 

FLOWERING  FERNS 

FLOWERING-RUSH 

FAMILY 
FLOWERING  PLANTS  12,  33 
Flowering  Wintergreen  93 
FLOWERLESS  PLANTS  359 
Flower-of-an-hour  74 

Fly-Poison  342 

Foeniculum  163,  165 

Fog-fruit 
Forget-me-not 
Forked  chickweed 
Forsteronia 
Forsytbia 
Fothergilla 
Four-o'clock 
FOUR-OCLOCK  FAMILY  283 
Foul-Meaiow-Grass  354 

Foxglove  237 

Foxtail-Grass  357 

Fragaria  116,  123 


357 

353 

312 

66 

143, 189 

122 

77 

77 

198 

78,  79 

333 

371 

3d2 

320 


242 

256 

68 

274,  275 

279,  280 

140 


232 

87 

76 

2n,  272 

82 

279,  281 

206 

243 

281 


Fumitory  50 

FUMITORY-FAMILY  49 

Funkia  340, 348 


183,  200 
97,  109 
330,331 
246,  252 
173,  174 


Gaillardia 

Galactia 

Galanthus 

Galeopsis 

Galium 


207 


Franciscea 

Frangula 

Franklinia 

Frasera 

Fraxinella 

Fraxinus 

French  Marigold 

French  Mulberry 

Fringe-Tree 

Fritillaria 

Frogs-Bit  322 

FROGS-BIT  FAMILY      321 

Frostweed  60 

Fuchsia  142,  147 

Funiaria  60 

FUMARIACEJE  49 


),  346 


Gall-of-the-Earth 

Gama  Grass  358 

Gardenia  174,  176 

Garget  284 

Garland  Flower  328 

Garlic  347 

Garrya  167 

Gaultheria  211, 214 

Gaura  142,  143 

Gaylussacia  211, 213 

Gazania  183, 200 

Gelsemium  273 

Genista  94, 100 

Geutiana  (Gentian)  273,  272 

GENTIANACE.E  270 

GENTIAN  FAMILY  270 

Georgia  Bark  176 

GERANIACEiE  ^     77 

Geranium  78,  79 

GERANIUM  FVMILY  77 

Gerardia  231, 236 

Germander  246 

German  Ivy  194 

GESNERIACEJE  228 

Gesneria  228 
GESNERIA  FAMILY         228 

Gcum  116,  122 

Giant  Hyssop  251 

Gilia  260, 261 

Gill  251 

Gillenia  116,  121 

Giliiflower  53 

GINGER  FAMILY  328 

Giukgo-Tree  315 

Ginseng  167 

GINSENG  FAMILY  166 

Girasole  204 

Glade-MaUow  72 

Gladiolus  333, 335 

Glass  wort  284 

Gleditschia  99,  114 

Globe-flower  39 

Globe  Hyacinth  347 

Glottidium  106 

Gloxinia  228 
GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION 

30,352 

Gnaphalium  181,  189 

Goatsbeard  121 

Godetia  145 

Golden  Aster  195 

Golden  Chain  101 

Golden-Rod  195 

Golden  Saxifrage  137 

Gold- Fern  314 

Goldthread  39 

Gomphrena  286. 287 

Gonolobus  276, 278 

Good-King-Henry  285 

Goody  era  323,  32(5 

Gooseberry  133 

Goosefoot  285 
GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY      284 

Goose-grass  175,  287 

Gordonia  76 

Gossypium  70,  74 

Gourd  159 

GOURD  FAMILY  158 

GKAMINEiB  853 


106, 


158 

85 
347 
299 
353 
135 
355 
316 

231,  237 
262 
336 
318 
278 
luO 
256 
268 
251 
214 

108, 167 
373 
261 
107 
193 
149 
172 
357 
346 
74 
99, 113 

360,364 

27,309 

57 

858 

61,66 

823,324 
270 
293 
314 

Halesia  220, 221 

HALORAGE.?:  140 

HAMAMELACEiE  140 

Hamamelis  140 

Hardenbergia  97, 109 

Hardback  120 

Harebell  210 

Hare's-Foot-Fern  370 

Hart's-tongue  863, 367 

Haw  128, 172 

Hawkbit  206 

Hawkweed  207 

Hawthorn  128 

Hazel-nut  805 

Heal-all  262 

Ileart's-ease  69 

Heart-Seed  90 

Heath  214 

Heather  214 

HEATH  FAMILY  210 

Hedcoma  244,  248 

Hodera  166,  167 
Hedgehog  Cone-Flower       205 

Hedge-hyssop  237 

Hed'ge-^lusUrd  53 

Hedge-Nettle  253 

Hedvchium  328 

HelJnium  183, 200 

Helianthemum  60 

Helianthus  184, 203 

Hclichrvsum  190 

Heliophytum  255, 253 

II(>liopsis  184, 204 

hp:liotrope  family  255 

Heliotropium  (Heliotrope) 

255,257 
Hellebore  343 

UeUeborus  (HeUebore)   34,39 


Granadilla 

Grape 

Grape  Hyacinth 

Grass-Cloth  Plant 

GRASS  FAMILY 

Grass-of-ParuassuB 

Grass-of-the-Andes 

Grass- Wrack 

Gratiola 

Greek  Valerian 

Greenbrier 

Green-Dragon 

Green  Milkweed 

Green- weed 

Gromwell 

Ground  Cherry 

Ground  Ivy 

Ground  Laurel 

Ground-nut 

Ground-Pine 

Ground  Pink 

Ground  Plum 

Groundsel 

Guava 

Guelder  Rose 

Guinea  Corn 

Guinea-Hen  Flower 

Gumbo 

Gymnocladus 

Gymnogramme 

GYMNOSPERMOUS 

PLANTS 
Gynandropsis 
Gynerium 
Gypsophila 

Ilabenaria 
Ilabrotliamnus 
Hackberry 
Hackmatack 


380 


Helonias  338, 342 

Hemerocallis  840, 348 

Hemitelia  870 

Hemlock  Spruce  313 

Hemp  299 

HEMP  FAMILY  297 

Hemp-Nettle  252 

Henbane  269 

Hepatica  34,  86 

Heracleum  163, 166 

Herba  Impia  189 

Herb  Robert  79 

Hercules'  Club  106 

Herd's  Grass  356 

Hes  peris  51,  53 

Heteranthera  322 

Hetcrocentron  148 

Heuchera  132,  135 

IDbiscus  70, 74 

Hickory  801 

Hieracium  186, 207 

Hierochloa  856 

Hippuris  141 

Hoary-pea  lU6 

Hobble-bush  172 

Hog-Pea-nut  109 

Hogweed  188 

Holcus  855 

Holly  219 

HOLLY  FAMILY  218 

Hollyhock  71 

Holly-Grass  356 

Honesty  55 

Honey-Locust  114 

Honeysuckle  170 
HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY  1G9 

Hop  299 

Hop-Hornbeam  805 

Hop-tree  83 

Hordeum  357 

Horehound  252 

Hornbeam  305 

Horse-Balm  248 

Horse  Bean  111 

Horse-Chestnut  90 

Horse-Gentian  170 

Horse-mint  250, 251 

Horse-Nettle  207 

Horseradish  58 

Horse-Sugar  221 

Horse-tail  359 
HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY     359 

Horseweed  198 

Hoteia  137 

Hottonia  223, 225 

Houndstongue  191, 257 

Houseleek  138 

Houstonia  174,  176 

Hoya  276, 278 

Huckleberry  213 

Hudsonia  60 

Humea  181.  190 

Hamulus  297, 299 

Hyacinthus  340 

Hyacinth  348 

Hydrangea  132,  135 

Hydrastis  34  38 
HYDROCHARIDACEJE      321 

Hydrocotyle  163, 164 

Hydrolea  258, 260 

Hvdrophyllum  258, 259 
HYDROPHYLLACEiE  258 
HYMENOPHYLLACE^.    3^ 

Hyoscvamus  266, 269 

HYPERICACE^  61 

Hypericum  61 

Hypoxys  329, 330 

Hyptis  244, 247 


INDEX. 

Hyssopufl  (Hyssop) 

244,248 

Kale 

52 

Kahnia 

212,  216 

Iberis 

62,55 

Kennedya 

97, 110 

Ice-Plant 

157 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass          3^4 

Ilex 

219 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree 

113 

lilicium 

42,43 

Korria 

116,  121 

Ilysanthes 

231,  287 

Kidney  Bean 

'108 

Immortelle 

189, 190 

Kinniidnnik 

108 

Impatieus 

78,  bl 

Kitaibclia 

70,71 

Imphee 

357 

Knapweed 

187 

Ipomoea 

262,  2U3 

Knawel 

68 

Ipomopsis 

2bl 

Knot-grass 

287 

Indian  Bean 

227 

Knotweed 

287 

Indian  Com 

353 

Koelreuteria 

89,90 

Indian  Cress 

81 

Kohlrabi 

52 

Indian  Cucumber-Root       842 

Kosteletzskya 

70,73 

Indian  Currant 

170 

Kuhnia 

182, 191 

Indian  Fig 

153 

Indian  Hemp 

275 

LABIATiE 

243 

Indian  Mallow 

73 

Labrador  Tea 

217 

Indian  Millet 

357 

Laburnum 

94, 101 

Indian  Physic 
Indian  Pipe 

121 

Lactuca 

180,  208 

218 

Ladies'  Eardrops 

147 

INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY    212 

Ladies'  Smock 

55 

Indian  Plantain 

193 

Ladies'-Tresses 

326 

Indian  Poke 

343 

Lady-Fern 

S'57 

Indian  Rice 

853 

Lady's  Mantle 

125 

Indian  Shot 

328 

Lad3  's  Slipper 

327 

INDIAN-SHOT  FAMILY  328 

Lady's  Thumb 

288 

Indian  Turnip 

317 

Lagenaria 

158, 159 

Indian  Wheat 

289 

Lagerstroemia 

149, 150 

India-Rubber-Tree 

298 

Lambkin 

216 

Indigofera 

90, 106 

Lamb-Lettuce 

178 

Indigo-plant 

106 

Lanib'.^-Quartcrs 

285 

Inkberry 

219 

Lamium 

240,  252 

Inula 

182, 195 

Lantana 

241,  242 

Ircsine 

286 

Laportea 

297,  2t.9 

IRIDACEiE 

832 

Lai'pa 

180,  187 

Iris 

332,833 

Larch 

313 

IRIS  FAMILY 

332 

Large  Cane 

STA 

Irish  Broom 

100 

Larix 

310,  313 

Iron-weed 

190 

Larkspur 

40 

Iron-wood 

305 

Lathyrus 

98, 110 

Isanthus 

243,  246 

LAUKACE.i: 

290 

Isatis 

52,66 

LAUREL  FAMILY 

290 

Isoetes 

872,  374 

Laure?tinu8 

172 

Italian  May 

120 

Lavandula 

244,247 

Italian  MiUet 

857 

Lavatera 

70,71 

Itea 

132,134 

Lavender 

247 

Ivy 

167 

Lead-Plant 

103 

Ixia 

333 

Lead  wort 

222 

LEAD  WORT  FAMILY       222 

Jacobaean  Lily 

331 

Leaf-cup 

201 

Jacob's  Ladder 

262 

Leather-leaf 

215 

Jamestown- Weed 

269 

Loatherwood 

292 

Japan  Alspice 

131 

Lechea 

60,61 

Jasmiuum 

279,  280 

Ledum 

212, 217 

Jatropha 

298,  290 

Leek 

847 

JefFersonia 

45,  40 

LEGUMINOSiB 

94 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 

204 

Lciophyllum 

212,  217 

Jerusalem  Cherry 

268 

Lemna 

318 

Jerusalem  Oak 

285 

LEMNACEiE 

316 

Jerusalem  Sage 

253 

Lemon 

83 

Jessamine 

280 

Lemon-scented  Verbena      242 

Jewel-Weed 

81 

Lens 

98, 111 

Joc-Pye  Weed 

192 

LENTIBULACEiE 

225 

Jointed  Charlock 

56 

Lentil 

111 

Join  tweed 

287 

Leontodon 

185,  206 

Jonquil 

asi 

Leonurus 

246,  253 

Judas-tree 

113 

Lepachys 

186,  206 

JUGLANDACE^ 

300 

Lepidium 

52,56 

Juglans 

800 

Leptosiphon 

261 

JUNCACE^ 

349 

Lespedeza 

95,104 

Juncus 

349 

Lettuce 

208 

June-Berry 

129 

Leucanthemum 

183, 199 

Junipcrus  (Juniper) 

310,  815 

Leucoium 

330,  332 

Jupiter's-Beard 

177 

Leucotho'3 

21i  215 

Jussiaea 

142, 145 

Lever-wood 

365 

INDEX. 


881 


Levisticum 

163,165 

Liatris 

182, 191 

Ligustrum 

279,  280 

Lilac 

280 

LILIACE.E 

337 

Lilium 

3i0,  345 

Lily 

345 

LILY  FAMILY 

337,339 

Lily-of-the-Valley 

344 

Lime 

83 

Lime-tree 

75 

Limnanthemiim 

271,273 

Limnanthes 

77,79 

Limnobium 

321,  322 

Limnocharis 

S20,  321 

LINACEJi 

77 

Linaria 

230,  235 

Linden 

75 

LINDEN  FAMILY 

75 

Lindera 

291 

Ling 

214 

Linnaea 

169, 170 

Liuura 

77 

Lion's-Foot 

207 

Lippia 

241,  242 

Liquidambar 

140 

Liriodendron 

42 

Lithospermum 

254,  256 

Live-for-ever 

138 

Liver-leaf 

35 

Lizard's  Tail 

293 

LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY  293 

Loasa 

152 

LOASACE.E 

151 

LOASA  FAMILY 

151 

Lobelia 

208 

LOBELIACE.E 

208 

LOBELIA   FAMILY 

208 

Loblolly  Bay 

76 

Locust-tree 

107 

LOGANIACE.E 

273 

LOQANIA  FAMILY 

273 

Lolium 

356 

Long  Moss 

329 

Lonicera 

169, 170 

Loosestrife 

150,224 

LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY  149 

Lopezia 

142, 147 

Lophanthus 

245,  251 

Lophospemium 

231,  236 

Lopseed 

241 

Loquat-Tree 

129 

LOKANTHACE.E 

292 

Lotus 

47 

Lousewort 

239 

Lovage 

165 

Love-lies-Bleeding 

286 

Low  Spear  Grass 

354 

Lucerne 

101 

Ludwigia 

142,146 

Lunar  ia 

5^, -55 

Lungwort 

255 

Lupinus  (Lupine) 

94,100 

Luzula 

349,  350 

Lychnis 

64,65 

Lyeium 

267,  270 

Lycopersicum 

266,  267 

LYCOPODIACE^ 

372 

Lycopodium 

372 

Lycopsis 

255,257 

Lycopus 

244,  247 

Lygodium 

362,  371 

Lysimachia 

223,  224 

LYTHRACEiE 

149 

Lythrum 

150 

Maclura 

297,  299 

Madder 

174 

MADDER  FAMILY  173 

Madwort  66 

Magnolia  42 

MAGNOLIACE^  42 
MAGNOLIA   FAMILY         42 

Mahernia  75 

Maliogauy-tree  84 

Mahonia  45 

Malion  stock  53 

Maiden-hair  364 

Maize  358 

Malcolmia  61, 53 

MALLOW  FAMILY  70 

Mallow  71 

Malope  70,  71 

Malva  70,  71 

MALVACE^i  70 

Malvaviscus  70,  73 

Mamillaria  153,  156 

Mandevillea  275 

Mandrake  48 

Mancttia  cordifolia  173 

Man-of-the-Earth  263 

Maple  91  ; 

MAPLE   FAMILY  89 

lAIaranta  328 

Glares  tail  141 

Marigold  200  ' 

Marjoram  249  i 

Marrubium  246,  252  I 

Marsh-Mallow  71  ! 

Marsh-Marigold  39  I 

Marsh-Rosemary  222 

Marsh  St.  Johu's-wort  63 

Martyuia,  227, 228 

Maruta  183,  199 

Marvel-of-Peru  283 

Master  wort  166 

Matrimony-Vine  270 

Matthiola  51, 53 

Maurandia  231, 235 

May-apple  46 

Mayflosver  214 

Maypops  157 

Mayweed  199 

Meadow-Beauty  148 

Meadow- FoxtaU  a56 

Meadow  Grass  354 

Meadow-rue  36 

Meadow-Soft-Grass  355 

Meadow-Sweet  120 

Medeola  337, 342 

Medicago  94,  101 

Medick  101 

Melampyrum  232,  239 

Melanthium  338, 343 
MELANTIIIUM  FAMILY  337 

MELASTOMACEiE  148 
MELA3T0MA   FAMILY    148 

Melia  84 

MELTACE.E  84 

MELIA   FAMILY  84 

Melilotus  (Melilot)  94,  lOl 

Melissa  245, 249 

Melocactus  153,  156 

Melon  160 

Melon-Cactus  156 

Mclothria  159, 160 

MENISPERMACE^  44 

Menispermum    .  44 

Mentha  244,  247  i 

Mentzelia  151 

Menyanthes  271, 273 

Mennaid-weed  141 

Mertensia  254, 255 
M  ES  EM  BR  Y  ANTH  EM  E.E 

156 

Mesembryanthemum  156, 157 


Mexican  Tea  285 

Mezereum  291 
MEZERKUM  FAMILY       291 

Mignonette  57 
MIGNONETTE  FAMILY     57 

Mikania  182,  191 

Milfoil  199 

Milk-Pea  109 

MUk  Thistle  187 

Milk-Vetch  107 

Milkweed  277 
MILKWEED  FAMILY       276 

Milkwort  92 

Mimosa  99,  114 

MIMOSA  FAMILY  99 

Mimulus  231, 237 

Mint  247 

MINT   FAMILY  243 

Mirabilis  283 

Mist-Flower  l93 

Mistletoe  292 
MISTLETOE  FAMILY      292 

Mitchella  174,  l75 

Mitella  133,  137 

Mitreola  273 

Mitrewort  137 

Moccason-Flower  327 

Mocker-nut  301 

Mock-orange  119,  134 

Modiola  70,  73 

Mollugo  64, 68 

Molucca  Balm  253 

Moluccella  246, 253 

Slomordica  158 

Monarda  245, 250 

Moneses  212, 2ia 

Moneywort  224 

Monkey-Flower  237 

Monkshood  41 
MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS  316 
MONOPETALOUS  DIVI- 
SION 169 
Monotropa  212, 218 
Montbretia  333 
MOONSEED  FAMILY  44 
Moouwort  372 
Moose  wood  91,  292 
Moroea  333 
Morning  Glory  263 
Morus  297, 298 
Moss  Pink  •  261 
Motherwort  253 
Mountain  Ash  130 
Mountiiin  Holly  218 
Mountain  Laurel  216 
Mountiiin  Mint  248 
Mourning  Bride  178 
Mouse-ear  Chickweed  67 
Mouse-tail  37 
Mud-Plantain  322 
Mugwort  189 
Mulberry  298 
Mulgedium  186, 208 
Mullein  233 
MuUein-FoxgloTe  237 
Musa  329 
Muscadine  86 
Muscari  340, 347 
Muskmelon  160 
Musk-plaut  237 
M  usq  uas  h-Root  165 
Mustard  62 
MUSTARD  FAMILY  51 
Myosotis  "254,256 
Myosurus  34, 37 
Mvrica  305,  306 
MYRICACE^  305 


•dii2 

INDEX. 

Myriophyllum 

141 

Ophloglossum 

863,372    Penthorum 

137, 133 

Myrrhis  odorata 

164 

Opuntia 

152,  153    Pentstemon 

23?,  238 

Myrsiphyllum 

339,344 

Orache 

284 

Peppergrass 

66 

MYKTAOE^ 

149 

Orange 

83 

[  Peppermint 

247 

MYRTLJB  FAMILY 

149 

Orange-grass 

62 

I  Pepperidge 

168 

Myrtus 

149 

Orange-root 

88 

Perilla 

244,247 

Orchard-Grass 

354 

Periploca 

276,  279 

Nabalus 

185,  207 

ORCUIDACE^ 

323 

Periwinkle 

275 

NAIADACE^ 

316 

Orchis 

823,324 

Persea 

290,  291 

Naked  Eroom-rape 

229 

ORCHIS  FAMILY 

323 

Persimmon 

219 

Nandina 

44,45 

Origanum 

244,  249 

Peruvian  Bark 

I7rt 

Napaea 

70,72 

Oruithogalum 

340,346 

PETALOIDEOUS  mvj- 

Narcissus 

330 

OROBANCHACE^ 

228 

SION 

319 

Nasturtium 

51,  53,  81 

Orpine 

138 

Petalostemon 

95, 102 

Navelwort 

257 

ORPINE  FAMILY 

137 

Petilium 

346 

Neckweed 

234 

Oryza 

353 

Petroselinum 

165 

Nectarine 

118 

Osage-Orange 

299 

Petunia 

266,  269 

Negundo 

89,92 

Osiei- 

307 

Phacelia 

268.  269 

Nelumbiiun 

46 

Osmanthus 

281 

PH^NOGAMOUS  PLANTS" 

Nelumbo 

46 

Osmorrhiza 

163,164 

33 

Nemastylis 

333,335 

Osmunda 

362,  371 

Phalaris 

354 

Nemopanthes 

218 

OSMUNDACEiE 

362 

Phaseolus 

97, 108 

Nemophila 

258,259 

Ostrich-Fern 

370 

Pheasant's-eye 

fifi 

Nepeta 

245,  251 

Ostrya 

802,  305 

Pheasant's-eye  Adonis           37 

Nephrodium 

368 

Oswego  Tea 

260 

Phegopteris 

360,  367 

Nerium 

274, 275 

OxaUs 

77,78 

Philadelphus 

132, 134 

Nesaea 

150 

Oxeye 

204 

Phlebodium 

.     363 

Nettle 

299 

Ox-eye-Daisy 

199 

Phleum 

356 

NETTLE  FAMILY 

296,  297 

Oxybaphus 

283 

Phlomis 

246,  253 

Nettle-Tree 

298 

Oxydendrum 

212,  216 

Phlox 

260 

New-Jersey  Tea 

87 

Oyster-Plant 

206 

Phoradendron 

292 

New  Zealand  Flax 

341 

Phormium 

341 

New  Zealand  Spinach          I57 

Pachysandra 

293,  296 

Photinia 

117, 129 

Nicandra 

266,  268 

Paeon  ia 

34,41 

Phragmites 

854 

Nicotiana 

266,  269 

Pa?ony 

41 

Phryma 

241 

Nierembergia 

266,  269 

Painted-Cup 

239 

Phyllocactus 

153, 154 

Nigella 

34,40 

Palm 

316 

PhysaHs 

266,  268 

Night-Blooming  Cereus       154 

Palma-Christi 

295 

Physostegia 

245,  251 

Nightshade 

267 

Palmetto 

316 

Phytolacca 

284 

NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY   265 

Pampas  Grass 

358 

PHYTOLACCACEJE 

284 

Nine-Bark 

120 

Pancratium 

330,331 
357 

Picea 

312 

Niphobolus 

363 

Panicum 

Pickerel-weed 

322 

Nolana 

266,  267 

Pansy 

59 

PICKEREL-WEED  F.       322 

NOLANA  FAMILY 

266 

Papaver 

48 

Pie-plant 

289 

Nonesuch 

101 

PAPAVERACE^ 

48 

Pigweed 

285,  286 

Notholaena 

361,  364 

Papaw 

44 

Pimpernel 

225 

Nuphar 

46,47 

Paper-Mulberry 

299 

Pinckneya 

174, 176 

Nut-Grass 

a52 

Pardanthus 

333,334 

Pine 

311 

Nutmeg-flower 

40 

Parna.ssia 

132, 135 

Pine-Apple 

329 

NYCTAGINACEiE 

283 

Parsley 

165 

PINE-APPLE  FAMILY     329 

Nymphaea 

46,47 

PARSLEY  FAMILY 

162 

PINK  FAMILY 

309 

NYMPH^ACEiE 

46 

Parsley  Piert 

125 

Pine-sap 

218 

Nyssa 

167, 168 

Parsnip 

166 

Pinguicula 

225,226 

Partridge-berry 

175 

Pink 

64 

Oak 

302 

Partridge  Pea 

113 

PINK  FAMILY 

63 

OAK  FAMILY 

301 

Pasque-flower 

36 

Pink-Root 

273 

Oat 

355 

Passiflora 

157 

Pinus 

809.311 
61,62 

Oat-Grass 

855 

PASSIFLORACE.E 

157 

Pine-weed 

Oca 

79 

Passion  Flower 

157 

Pinxter  Flower 

217 

Ocimum 

243,  247 

PASSION-FLOWER 

Pipe-Vine 

282 

(Enothera 

144,  143 

FAMILY 

157 

PIPEWORT  FAMILY        352 

Ogeechee  Lime 

169 

Pastinaca 

163, 166 

Pipsesscwa 

218 

Oil-nut 

292 

Paulownia 

230,  233 

Piqueria 

182, 193 

Okra 

74 

Pea 

no 

Pisum 

98, 110 

Olea 

279,  280 

Peach 

118 

PITCHER-PLANT  I 

47 

OLEACEJE 

279 

Peanut 

106 

PITTOSPORACK/E 

57 

Oleander 

274.  275 

Pear 

129 

PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY    57 

OLEASTER  FAMILY         292 

PEAR  FAMILY 

117 

Planera 

296,  298 

Olive 

280 

Pearlwort 

67 

Planer-Tree 

298 

OLIVE  FAMILY 

279 

Pea-tree 

106 

Plane-tree 

300 

Omphalodes 

254,  257 

Pecan-nut 

301 

PLANE-TREE  FAMILY    300 

ONAGRACEiE 

141 

Pedicularis 

233,  239 

PLANTAGINACE/E 

221 

Oniou 

347 

Pelargonium 

78,79 

PLANTAIN  FAMILY         221 

Onobrychis 

95, 103 

Pellfea 

861,  365 

PLATANACE.E 

300 

Onoclea* 

861,  370 

Peltandra 

317, 318 

Platanus 

300 

Onopordon 

180, 187 

Pencil-Flower 

'103 

Platycerium 

360,  3.3 

Oaosmodium 

254,  255 

Pennyroyal 

248 

Platycodon 

£09,  210 

OPHIOaLOSSACEiE 

3-33 

Pentas  carnea 

173 

Pleurisy-Root 

277 

IKDEX. 


383 


Plum  118 

PLUMBAGINACE^  222 

Plumbago  222 

PLUxM  FAMILY  116 

Poa  354 

po'Jocarpus  311 

Podophyllum  45, 46 

Pogonia  324, 326 

Poinciana  113 

Poinsettia  294 

poison-Dogwood  84 

poison-Elder  84 

Poison  Hemlock  165 

Poison-Ivy  84 

Poison-Oak  84 

Poke  or  Pokeweed  284 
POKE  WE  ED  FAMILY       284 

Polanisia  57 

POLEMONIACE^  260 

Polemonium  260, 262 
POLEMONIUM  FAMILY  260 

Polianthes  330, 332 

Polyanthus  223 

Polygala  92 

POLYGALACE^  92 
POLYGALA  FAMILY          92 

POLYGpNACEiE  287 

Polygonatum  339, 344 

Polygonum  287 

Polymnia  184, 201 
POLY PET ALOUS 

DIVISION  33 

POLYPODIACEiE  360 

Polypody  363 

Polypremum  273 

Polypodium  860, 333 
Polypodium  Phegopteris  •   368 

Polystichum  369 

Pomegranate  150 

Ponime  Blanche  103 

Pond-Lily  47 

Pond  Spice  291 

Pondweed  316 
PONDWEED  FAMILY       316 

Pontederia  322 

PONTEDERIACExE  322 
Poor-Man's- Weatherglass    225 

Poplar  42, 308 
POPPY  FAMILY,  Poppy    48 


Populus 

Portulaca 

PORTULACACE-aS 

Potamogetoa 

Potato 

Potentilla 

Poterium 

Pi-airie  Clover 

Prairie  Dock 

Prickly  Ash 

Prickly- Pear  Cactus 

Prickly  Poppy 

Pride-of-India 

Prim 

Primrose 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY 

Primrose  Peerless 

Primula 

PRIMULACEiE 

Princes'  Feather 

Princes-Pine 

Prinos 

Privet 

Prosartea 

Proserpinaca 

Prunus 

Psidium 

Psoralea 

Ptelea 


307,  308 

69 

69 

316 

268 

116,  122 

117,  125 
102 
201 

82 

153 

49 

84 

£80 

223 

222 

330 

222,  223 

222 

286,  288 

218 

219 

280 

339,313 

141 

116, 118 

149 

95, 103 

82,83 


Pteris  861, 365 

Puccoon  256 

Pulsatilla  36 

PULSE  FAMILY  94 

Pumpkin  159 

Punica  149,  150 

Purslane  69 

PURSLANE  FAMILY  69 

j  Putty-Root  327 

Pycnanthemum  244, 248 

Pyrethrum  183,  199 

Pyrola  218, 217 

PYROLA  FAMILY  212 

Pyrrhopappua  186, 207 

Pyrularia  292 

Pyrua  117, 129 

Quaking  Grass  355 

Quamash  347 

Quamoclit  262, 2!^ 

QUASSIA  FAMILY  83 

Queen-of-the-Prairie  121,  126 

Queen's  Delight  295 

Quercus  302 

Quillwort  374 

Quince  130 

Quitch-Grass  366 

Radish  56 

R;igged-lady  40 

Ragged-Robin  65 

Ragweed  188 

Ragwort  194 

Ramie  299 

Ramsted  235 

RANUNCULACE^  33 

Ranunculus  34, 37 

Rape  52 

Raphanus  62, 66 

Raspberry  124 

Rattlebox  100 

Rattlesnake  Grass  355 

Rattlesnake  Plantain  326 

Rattlesnake-Root  207 

liattlesnake-Weed  207 

Ray  Grass  356 

Red  Bay  291 

Red-bud  113 

Red  Cedar  315 

Red  Pepper  268 

Red-root  87 

Red-top  353 

Redwood  314 

Reed  354 

Reed-Mace  319 
RESEDACE^,  Reseda         57 

Resurrection-Plant  374 

Retinospora  314 

RIIAMNACE^  86 

Rhamnus  86,  87 

Rheum  287, 289 

Rheumatism-root  46  i 

Rhcxia  148  I 

Rhodanthe  181,  190 

Rhododendron  212, 216 

Rhodora  212, 217 

Rhubarb  289 

Rhus  84 

Rhynchosia  97, 110 

Ribes  132, 133 

Ribgrass  221 

Rice  353 

Richardia  817,  318  i 

Ricinus  293, 295 

Ripplegrass  221 

Robinia  96, 107 

Robin's  Plantain  198 

Rochea  138, 139  i 


Rock-Cress  54 

Rocket  53 
ROCK-ROSE   FAMILY        60 

Roman  Wormwood  188 

ROSACEA  115 

Rosa  (Rose)  117,  126 

Rose-apple  149 

Rose-bay  216 

ROSE   FAMILY  115 

Rose-Mallow  74 

Rosemary  250 

Rose  of  China  74 

Rosin-Plant  201 

Rosmarinus  245, 250 

Rowan-Tree  130 

Royal-Fern  372 

Rubia  173, 174 

RUBIACE^  173 

Rubus  116, 124 

Rudbeckia  185, 205 

Rue  82 
Rue-Anemone 
RUE   FAMILY 
Ruellia 

Rumex  287, 
Ruscus 
Rush 

RUSH  FAMILY 

Russellia  221, 


Ruta 

RUTACE^ 
Rye 
Rye-Grass 


81 

240 

289 

344 

349 

349 

239 

52 

82 

81 

867 

856 


Sabal  816 

Sabbatia  270, 271 

Saccharum  358 

Sa«red  Bean  47 

Safflower  187 

Sage  249 

Sagina  64, 67 

Sagittaria  320 

Sago  Pahn  809 

Sainfoin  103 

St.  Andrew's  Cross  61 

St.  James  Lily  331 

St.  John's- Wort  61 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  F.        61 

St.  Peter's-Wort  61 

St.  Peter's  Wreath  120 

SALICACE^  807 

Salicornia  284 

Salisburia  311,315 

Salix  307 

Salpiglossis  229, 232 

Salsify  206 

Salsola  284 

Saltwort  284 

Salvia  245, 249 

Sambucus  170,  173 

Samolus  223, 225 

Sand-Mvrtle  217 
SANDALWOOD  FAMILY  292 

Sand  Spurrey  68 

Sandwort  67 

Sanguinaria  48, 49 

Sanguisorba  125 

Sanicula  (Sanicle)  162,  164 

SANTALACE.5:  292 

SAPINDACEiE  88 

Sapindus  89, 90 

Saponaria  64, 66 

SAPOTACEiE  220 
SAPPODILLA  FAMILY     220 

Sarracenia  47 

SARRACENI.\CE^  47 

Sarsiiparilla,  Wild  108 


384 


Sassafras  290, 291 

Satin-Flower  55 

Satureia  244, 249 

SAURURACE^  293 

Saururua  293 

Savin  315 

Savory  249 

Saw-Grass  352 
Saxifraga  (Saxifrage)    132, 136 

SAXIFRAGACE.*;  131 
SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY      131 

Scabiosa  (Scabious)  178 

Schallott  347 

Sclieuchzeria  819, 320 

Schizandra  42  43 

Schizaea  362, 371 

SCUIZ.4;ACE^  362 

Schizanthus  229  232 

Schizostylis  333 

Schollera  322 

Schrankia  99,  114 

Scilla  340, 347 

Scirpus  352 

SCITAMINEJE  328 

Scleranthus  64, 68 

Scolopendrium  361, 3o7 

Scoke  284 

Scorpion-grass  256 

Scotch  Broom  1(H) 

Scotcli  Thistle  187 

Scouring-Rush  359 

Scrophularia  231, 238 
SCROPHULARIACE^       229 

Scutch  Grass  356 

Scutellaria  245, 252 

Scurvy-Grass  54 

Sea  Elite  284 

Sea-Lavender  222 

Sea-Rocket  66 

Sea  Sand-Reed  353 

Secale  357 

SEDGE  FAMILY  352 

Sedum  138 

Selaginella  372, 373 

Self-Heal  252 

Sempervivum  137,  138 

Seneca  Grass  356 

Seneca  Snakcroot  93 

Senecio  182,  193 

Senna  113 

Sensitive-brier  114 

Sensitive-Fern  370 

Sensitive  Joint- Vetch  105 

Sensitive-plant  114 

Sequoia  310, 314 

Service-Berry  129 

Sesame  Grass  358 

Sesamum  (Sesame)  227 

SESAMUM   FAMILY  227 

Sesbania  96,  106 

Setaria  357 

Seymeria  231, 237 

Shadbush  129 

Sheep-berry  172 

Shell-Flower  263 

Shepherdia  292 

Shcpherd's-purse  65 

Shield- Fern  368 

Shin- leaf  218 

Shooting-star  223 

Shrub  Yellow-root  38 

Sicklepod  54 

Sicyos  159, 160 

Sida  70, 73 

Sidesaddle-Flower  47 

Silene  64,  65 

Silk-Flower  114 

Silk-tree  114 


INDEX. 

Silkweed 

277 

Spurge 

294 

Silphium 

184,  201 

SPURGE  FAMILY 

293 

Silver-Bell-Tree 

221 

Spurge-Nettle 

296 

Silver-Berry 

292 

Spurred  Butterfly-Pea         109 

Silver-Fern 

364 

Spurred  Valerian 

177 

Silybum 

180, 187 

Spurrey 

68 

SIMARUBACE^ 

83 

Squash 

159 

Siphocampylus 

209 

Squaw-root 

229 

Sisymbrium 

51,53 

Squaw-weed 

194 

Sisyrinchium 

833,335 

Squill 

347 

Slum 

163,165 

Squirrel-Corn 

50 

Skullcap 

252 

Squirting  Cucumber 

158 

Skimmia 

82,83 

Stachys 

246,  253 

Skunk  Cabbage 

318 

Staff-tree 

88 

Sloe 

118 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY       87 

Sniartwecd 

288 

Stagger-bush 

215 

SMILACE^ 

336 

Stag- horn  Fern 

363 

Smilacina 

839,344 

Stapelia 

276,  279 

Smilax 

834-336 

Staphylea 

89,90 

SMI  LAX  FAMILY 

336 

Star-Anise 

43 

Smoke-tree 

84 

Star-Cucumber 

160 

Snake-Cucumber 

158 

Star-Flower 

224 

Snake-head 

'    238 

Star-Grass 

822,330 

Snakeroot 

192,  282 

Star  of  Bethlehem 

'346 

Snapdragon 

235 

Star-Thistle 

187 

Snowball-tree 

172 

Starry  Campion 

66 

Snowberry 

170,  214 

Starwort 

^       196 

Snowdrop 

331 

Starwort  Chickweed 

67 

Snowdrop-Tree 

221 

Statice 

222 

Snowflake 

332 

Steeplebush 

120 

Sneozeweed 

200 

Stellaria 

64,67 

Sneezewort 

199 

Stenanthium 

838,342 

Soapberry 

90 

Stephanotia 

276,  278 

SOAPBERRY  FAMILY        88 

STERCULIACE^ 

75 

Soapwort 

66 

STERCULIA  FAMILY         75 

SOLANACE^ 

265 

Stickseed 

267 

Solanum 

266,267 

Stillingia 

293,  295 

Solidago 

182,  195 

Stitchwort 

67 

Solomon's  Seal 

344 

Stock 

63 

Sonchus 

186,  208 

Stone-Crop 

138 

Sophora 

98,  112 

Storax 

221 

Sorghum 

357 

STORAX  FAMILY 

220 

Sorrel 

289 

Storksbill 

79 

Sorrel-tree 

216 

Stramonium 

269 

Sour  Gum-tree 

168 

Strawberry 

123 

Sour-wood 

216 

Strawberry-bush 

88 

Sowbread 

224 

Strawberry  Blite 

286 

Southernwood 

189 

Strawberry  Geranium          136 

Sow  Thistle 

208 

Strawberry  Tomato 

268 

Spadiceous  Division 

316 

Strelitzia 

329 

Spanish-Bayonet 

348 

Streptopus 

839,343 

Spanish  Broom 

100 

Stuartia 

76 

Spanish  Trefoil 

101 

Stylophorum 

48,49 

Sparaxis 

333 

Stylosanthes 

95, 103 

Sparganium 

818,  319 

Styptic-Weed 

113 

Spartium  Junceum 

100 

STVRACACE^ 

220 

S  patter-Dock 

47 

Styrax 

220,221 

Spearmint 

247 

Succory 

208 

Specularia 

209 

Sugar  Cane 

358 

speedwell 

233 

Sumach 

84 

Spelt 

857 

SUNDEW  FAMILY 

69 

Spergula 

64,68 

Sunflower 

203 

Spergularia 

64,68 

Suaeda 

284 

Spicebush 

291 

Supple-jack 

87 

Spiderwort 

351 

Sutherlandia 

96 

SPIDERWORT  FAMILY  350 

Struthiopteris 

861,  870 

Spigelia 

273 

Swainsona 

96 

Spikenard 

166 

Sweet  Basil 

247 

Spinach 

285 

Sweet  Bay 

43 

Spinacia 

284,  285 

Sweet-Brier 

126 

Spindle-tree 

88 

Sweet  Cicely 

164 

Spira;a 

116,  120 

Sweet  Clover 

101 

Spiranthes 

823,326 

Sweet-Fern 

306 

Spleenwort 

366 

Sweet  Flag 

318 

Spoon-wood 

216 

Sweet  Gale 

306 

Spotted  Cowbane 

165 

SWEET  GALE  FAMILY  305 

Spring  Beauty 

69 

Sweet-gum  Tree 

140 

Spruce 

312 

Sweet-Leaf 

221 

INPEX. 


385 


Sweet-Potato 

263 

Toothwort 

55 

Verbeslna 

184 

,203 

S  wee  t-sceu  ted-Shrub 

131 

Torenia 

231,237 

Vernonia 

181 

190 

Sweet-sceuted  Vernal-Grass 

Torreya 

311,  315 

Veronica 

23l» 

,233 

355 

Touch-me-not 

81 

Vervain 

241 

Sweet  Sultana 

188 

Trachelium 

209 

VERVAIN  PATVm.-K 

241 

Sweet-Verbena 

242 

Tradescantia 

350,351 

Vetch 

110 

Sweet-W'iiiiain 

64 

Trailing  Arbutus 

214 

Vetchling 

110 

Swietenia  Mahogani 

84 

Tragopogon 

185,  206 

Viburnum 

170 

,172 

Sycamore 

300 

Tr  eac  le-M  us  tard 

54 

Vicia 

98 

,110 

Symp'.ocarpus 

317,  318 

Tread  softly 

295 

Victoria  regia 

46 

Symplocos 

220,  221 

Tree  Clover 

101 

Vinca 

274 

,275 

Symphoricarpus 

169,  170 

Tree  Ferns 

302 

Vincetoxicum 

276 

278 

Symphytum 

255,  257 

Tree  of  Heaven 

83 

VINE   FAMILY 

85 

Syriuga                 ISi 

,  279,  280 

Trefoil 

101 

Viola  (Violet) 

68 

Trichomanes 

862,  371 

VIOLACEiE 

68 

Tacamahao 

309 

Trichosanthes 

158 

VIOLET  FAMILY 

68 

Tacsonia 

157 

Trichostema 

243,  246 

Viper's  Bugloss 

255 

Tagetes 

185,206 

Trientalis 

223,224 

Virgin's-Bower 

35 

Talinura 

69 

Trifolium 

95,  101 

Virgilia 

112 

Tallow-tree 

295 

Triglochin 

319,  320 

Virginia  Creeper 

86 

Tamarack 

314 

Trigonella 

94,  101 

Virginia  Snakeroot 

282 

Tamarix 

63 

Trillium 

337,341 

Virginia  Stock 

53 

TAMARISCINE-i: 

63 

TRILLIUM   FAMILY         337 

VITACE^ 

85 

TAMARISK  FAMILY          63 

Triosteum 

169, 170 

Vitex 

241 

,243 

Tamus 

338 

Tripsacum 

358 

Tanacetum 

180,  188 

Triteleia 

341 

Wake  Robin 

841 

Tansy 

188 

Triticum 

356 

AV^aldsteinia 

116 

,121 

Tansy-Mustard 

53 

Tritoma 

840,  348 

Walking-leaf 

367 

Tape-Grasa 

322 

Tritonia 

333 

Wallflower 

54 

Taraxacum 

186,  207 

Trollius 

34,39 

Wall-Pepper 

139 

Tare 

110 

TropiRolum 

78,81 

Wall-Rue 

367 

Tarragon 

189 

True  Ferns 

330 

Walnut 

300 

Tartary  Wheat 

289 

True  Thistle 

186 

WALNUT  FAMILY 

300 

Tassel- Flower 

194 

Trumpet-Creeper 

227 

Water  Arum 

318 

Taxodium 

310,  314 

Trumpet-Flower 

227 

Water  Beech 

805 

Taxus 

310,  315 

Trumpet-fjeaf 

48 

Water  Chinquepin 

47 

TEA  FAMILY 

75 

Tsuga 

313 

Water-cress 

63 

Tea  Plant 

76 

Tuberose 

332 

Water-Hemlock 

165 

Tear-Thumb 

289 

Tulipa  (Tulip 

340,  346 

Water-Horehound 

247 

Teasel 

178 

Tulip-tree 

42 

Waterleaf 

259 

TEASEL  FAMILY 

178 

Tupelo 

168 

WATERLEAF  FAMILY 

258 

Tecoma 

226,  227 

Turnip 

52 

Water-Lily 

47 

Ten-O'clock 

316 

Turtle-head 

238 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY 

46 

Tephrosla 

96, 106 

Tussilago 

182, 193 

Watemielon 

160 

Testudinaria 

333 

Twin-Flower 

^70 

Water-Milfoil 

141 

Tetragonia 

156, 157 

Twin-lea^ 

46 

WATER-MILFOIL 

F. 

140 

Tetranthera 

291 

Twisted-staiK 

343 

Water  Oats 

353 

Teucrium 

243,  246 

Tvpha 

318,  319 

Water-parsnip 

165 

Thalia 

328 

TYPUACBiE 

318 

^Vater-pennywort 

164 

Thalictrum 

34,  36 

Water  Pepper 

289 

Thea 

76 

Ulmus 

296,297 

Water-Plantain 

320 

Themiopsis 

98, 112 

UMBELLIFER^ 

162 

WATER-PLANTAIN  F. 

319 

Thimbleberry 

124 

Umbrella-tree 

42 

Water-pimpernel 

225 

Thistle 

186 

Unicorn-Plant 

228 

\Vater-shicld 

46 

Thorn-Apple 

269 

Urtica 

297,  299 

Water  Star-Grass 

822 

Thoroughwort 

192 

URTICACEiE 

29a 

Water  Violet 

225 

Three-leaved  Nightshade    341 

Utricularia 

225 

AVater-weed 

822 

Thrift 

222 

Uvularia 

338,343 

WATER- WORT  FAMILY    63 

Thuja 

310,  315 

Watsonia 

833 

Thujopsis 

315 

Vaccaria 

64,  66 

Wax-Myrtle 

306 

Thunbergia 

240 

Vaccinium 

211,  213 

Wax-Plant 

278 

Thyme 

249 

Valeriana  (Valerian) 

177 

Wax-work 

88 

TlIYMELEACEiB 

291 

VALKRIANACE.E 

177 

Wayfaring-tree 

172 

T  Hymns 

244.  249 

Valcrianella 

178 

Weld 

57 

Tiarella 

133,  137 

VALKRIAN   FAMILY        177 

W.-Uingtonia 

814 

Tickseed 

201 

Vallisneria 

321,322 

Wliahoo 

298 

Tick-trefoil 

104 

Vallota 

331 

Wheat 

857 

Tiger-Flower 

aso 

Vanilla-plant 

191 

Whin 

100 

Tigridia 

333,335 

Vegetable  Serpent 

158 

Wliite  Alder 

217 

Tilia 

75 

Velvet-Grass 

356 

White  Bent  Grass 

853 

TILIACE^ 

75 

Velvet-Leaf 

73 

Wliite  Cedar 

315 

Tillaea 

133, 139 

Venus's  Fly  Trap 

60 

White  Lettuce 

207 

Tillandsia 

329 

Venus-hair 

3M 

White  Thorn 

128 

Timothy 

356 

Venus's  Looking-Glass        209 

Whiteweed 

199 

Toad-Flax 

235 

Veratrum 

838,343 

White-wood 

42 

Tobacco 

269 

Verbascum 

230,  2»i 

Whitlavia 

258 

,260 

Tomato 

267 

Verbena 

241 

Whitlow-Grass 

65 

Touthuche-tree 

82 

VERBENACE^ 

241 

Whortleberry 

213 

25 


386 


INDEX. 


■WHORTLEBERRY 

F. 

211' 

Woad 

56 

Yarrow 

199 

Wigandia 

258    Woad-Waxen 

100 

Yellow  Bachelor's-Button     92 

Wild  Allspice 

291 

Wollsbane 

41 

Yellow-Eyed  Grass 

351 

Wild  Balsam-Apple 

160 

Wood-Betony 

239 

YELLOW-EYED  GRASS 

Wild  bean 

108 

Woodbine 

170 

FAMILY 

851 

Wild  Bergamot 

250 

Wood-Nettle 

299 

Yellow  Jessamine 

273 

Wild  Comfrey 

257 

Wood-Rush 

350 

Yellow  Pond-Lily 

47 

Wild  Ginger 

282 

Woodsia 

361,  370 

Yellow  puccoon 

38 

Wild  Hyacinth 

347 

Wood-Sorrel 

78 

Yellow-Rocket 

54 

Wild  Liquorice 

175 

Woodwardia 

361,  366 

Yellow-Wood 

112 

Wild-Potato-Vine 

- 

264 

Worm-Grass 

273 

Yew 

315 

Willow 

307 

Wormseed 

285 

YEW  FAMILY 

310 

WILLOW  FAMILY 

307 

Wormseed-Mustard 

54 

Yucca 

840,348 

Willow-herb 

143 

Wormwood 

188 

Yulan 

43 

Wind-flower 

35 

Windsor  Bean 

111 

Xanthium 

180, 188 

Zamia 

809 

Winterberry 

219 

Xerophyllum 

338,342 

Zanthorhiza 

34,38 

Winter-cress 

54 

Ximinesia 

184,  203 

Zanthoxylum 

82 

Wintergreen 

214 

,218 

XYRIDACEiE 

351 

Zauschneria 

142, 143 

Wire-Grass 

354 

-356 

Xyris 

351 

Zea 

358 

Wistaria 

97 

,108 

Zinnia 

185,  206 

Witch  Grass 

'357 

Yam 

336 

Zizania 

353 

Witch-llazcl 

140 

YAM  FAMILY 

335 

Zostera 

316 

WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY  140 

Yard-Grafis 

856 

Zygadenua 

338,343 

THE   EN1>. 


f 


OTAmSTS  iPlClROSCOFE. 


This  Convenient  Instrument,  devised  and  manu- 
factwred  -first  for  the  use  of  the  Students  in 

has  given  so  great  satisfaction  there,  and  elsewhere, 
that  we  deem  it  a  duty  to  malce  it  better  known, 
and  offer  it  at  a  price  within  the  reach  of  all 
students. 


It  is  attached  to  a  box,  one  and  a  half  inches 
high  and  less  than  four  inches  long,  into  which  it 
is  neatly  folded  when  not  in  use.  The  needles  are 
used  for  dissecting  flowers,  or  other  objects,  too 
small  to  he  otherwise  handled  for  analysis.  The 
lenses  magnify  about  fifteen  diameters;  or,   with 

r 

three  lenses,  about  one-third  more. 

A  thousand  things  about  forest,  field  or  garden, 
afford  objects  of  intense  interest  for  daily  study. 

Prof  ASA  GRAY,  of  Harvard  University,  our 
-popular  American  Botanist,  says  of  it :  '^  You  are 
at  liberty  to  call  it  the  .«  Gi^y's  M.icf\oscope." 
J  do  not  think  anything  better  can  be  made  for 
the  money!* 

Price  of  Microscope,  with  two  lenses,  -    $2  00 

''     three  ''       -      2  50 

For  Sale  by 

-     IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOU  &  CO., 

138  <fi  140  Grand  St.,  K.  F.,  JP.  O.  Box,  1478, 

Publishers  of  Gra/s  (Botanies. 


f^n 


,'1 


/ 


Anon  Cl  c^^e 


CCot  . 


3  e*^ 


^ 


1.  S  pi  d  &.  ^ 


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9.^. 


AA(  C/IA ,  V  ^^<r.rJiA  ATlAJ^i  , 


7^ 


THIS   BOOK  IS  DUE  ON   THE   LAST  DATE 
STAMPED   BELOW 


RENEWED  BOOKS  ARE  SUBJECT  TO  IMMEDIATE 
RECALL 


LIBRARY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  DAVIS 

Book  Slii)-35m-7,'62(D296s4)458 


rClMM* 


^JMAirCu^    , 


--^CAt 


^  Gray,  A. 

J)£a-t       Field,   forest  and 
<f^..yA  garden  botany. 


Grrai 


'tT^' 


■ua^ 


'-'^, 


Call  Number 

QK117 
G7 


z     ttJ-c 


4^\ 


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QKin 

(j7 


259044 


